LAND PREPARATION FOR
ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL
LAND PREPARATION
- To provide a favorable soil environment
for the germination and growth of particular
crop.
- It is done in accordance with the
requirements of the crops.
- Land is prepared by the process of tillage
LAND PREPARATION
SPECIFIC BENEFITS OF LAND
PREPARATION
• Give the soil a fine tilth to increase nutrient
absorption
• Control pest
• Increase soil porosity and aerate the soil
• Incorporate crop residues and other inputs
• Mixes the soil to bring up leached deposits
• Levels the field
• Prepares the soil for subsequent farm
operation
TILLAGE
- Is the manual or mechanized manipulation
of the soil to provide a medium for proper
crop establishment and growth.
Jethro Tull
- Considered as the father of modern tillage
Khan, A. (2019). Tillage and Crop Production.
In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Agronomic Crops.
Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-
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THREE CLASSIFICATION OF TLLAGE
1. CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE -
- The field is stirred up to a certain depth
using various kind of implements. The final
condition depends on the purpose of tillage
and the crop to be produced.
THREE CLASSIFICATION OF TLLAGE
2. CONSERVATION TILLAGE
- It is the basic strategy entails practices in
which some crop residues remains on the soil
surface after the operation. Also called the
crop residue management.
1. CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE -
Two general type of Conventional
tillage:
• Primary Tillage – Minimum Tillage
• Secondary Tillage – Maximum
Tillage
A. PRIMARY TILLAGE
Usually done after harvest, It is a
deep/subsoiling operation. ex. Plowing
B. SECONDARY TILLAGE
Usually done before sowing. To further
break soil clods to have better tilth. Ex.
Harrowing
C. SPECIAL PURPOSE TILLAGE
a. Subsoiling
Subsoiler vs. Plow
A plow will turn over soil,
bringing lower soil (and the
nutrients within) upwards. A
subsoiler breaks up/loosens
the soil deeper down.
a. Subsoiler
a. Subsoiling
Leveling: ex. Laser leveling
3. SPECIAL PURPOSE TILLAGE
c. Blind tillage – to thin out or remove weeds
d. Clean tillage – top remove vegetation
e. Contour tillage – to reduce erosion
g. Bench Terracing – Bench terraces are a series of
level or virtually level strips running across the slope at
vertical intervals, supported by steep banks or risers.
SPECIAL PURPOSE TILLAGE
f. Wet tillage – to create impervious layer
TYPES OF LAND PREPARATION
• Lowland/wetland preparation
• Upland/dryland preparation
2. CONSERVATION TILLAGE (ZERO
TILLAGE)
2. CONSERVATION TILLAGE (REDUCED
TILLAGE)
STRIP TILLAGE
2. CONSERVATION TILLAGE (REDUCED
TILLAGE)
RIDGE TILLAGE
2. CONSERVATION TILLAGE (REDUCED
TILLAGE)
MULCH TILLAGE
A. LOWLAND/WETLAND
PREPARATION
3 systems of land preparation associated with the
culture of lowland rice:
• Land is flooded from land preparation and
throughout the growing period and is only
drained prior to harvesting.
• Initial tillage is performed before flooding before
harrowing and leveling.
• Land is prepared and sown seeds in the dry
condition and flooded after seeds germination
and all throught the growing season
A. LOWLAND/WETLAND
PREPARATION
• Soaking - PLOWING AND
• Plowing HARROWING ARE DONE
UNDER SUBMERGED
• Harrowing CONDITIONS WHICH CAUSE
“PUDDLING” OF SOIL
• Leveling
LAND PREPARATION FOR RICE
PRODUCTION
• Fixing dikes to improve water
impounding
• Soaking paddies with water 2 to 3 days
before plowing/rotavating.
• Harrow the area 7-10 days after plowing
with combined tooth harrow.
• 7-10 days after harrowing level the field
with a planer or leveling board
WATER REQUIREMENTS
• For land operation alone, the
requirements to soak the land , with
allowances for evaporation and
percolation are about 725 mm for
WHAT IS PUDDLING?
- Or wet cultivation
is the most common
soil preparation
technique used for
lowland rice
production.
PUDDLING PROCESS
• Mechanical reduction in the specific
rotation of soil
• Only soils with >20% particles are prone
to puddling
• Reduction of 91-100% macropore volume
increase in microporosity
• Formation of impermeable layer to
increase in water holding capacity.
ADVANTAGES OF PUDDLING
ESPECIALLY IN RICE PRODUCTION
• Reduced draft requirements for tillage
• Weed control
• Nutrient availability
• Conservation of water soluble nutrients
B. UPLAND/DRYLAND
PREPARATION
• Plowing - PLOWING AND
• Harrowing/ HARROWING ARE DONE IN
DRY (MOIST) CONDITION
• rotavation
AND SOIL IS “NON-PUDDLED”.
• leveling
PHYSICAL CHANGES
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Flooding breaks soil clod • No flooding; tillage is
into smaller aggregates convenient
• Puddling destroys soil • Soil structure and
structure, soil is granulation are maintained
compacted
• Macropores are lost and • Macropores and micropores
only micropores prevails are maintained
• Upon drying bulk density
is much increased
Macropores and Micropores
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Puddling results in high • Downward movement of
soil water retention, water is normal and drains
percolation of water easily
• Upon drying, puddled • Tillage is easy
soils become denser,
harder and structureless.
Tillage without water
submergence is difficult.
CHEMICAL CHANGES
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• There is an oxidized • Dry and well aerated
layer (1cm) thick. Hosts of throughout the root zone.
aerobic organisms Aerobic organisms abound
• Next layer is reduced • No reduced layer, unless the
zone occupied by plant soil is poorly drained
roots.
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Molecular Oxygen is • Molecular oxygen is present
depleted
• Anaerobic • Aerobic organisms abound
microorganisms
• Decrease redox potential • Redox potential is high and
takes positive value
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Increase in pH of acid • Soil pH is stable at either
soils in submerged soil the low or high side
and decrease of
Calcareous soils
convergence to pH 6
and 7
• Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ • Fe and Mn in the unreduced
• Mn4+ to Mn2+ form and not readily
available.
Flooding also reduces the soil redox potential, increases the pH of acid soils
(largely because of a change of Fe3+ to Fe2+), and decreases the pH of
alkaline soil (mainly because of CO2 accumulation which eventually forms
H2CO3). Soil inundation also decreases the rate of decomposition of
organic matter, sometimes by as much as half. Whereas the organic matter
in unflooded soil is decomposed by a variety of aerobic organisms
(including bacteria, fungi, and soil fauna), decomposition in flooded soil is
accomplished only by anaerobic bacteria. A variety of toxic compounds
accumulate in flooded soils. Some of these (e.g., ethanol, acetaldehyde,
and cyanogenic compounds) are produced by the roots. Compounds
produced by anaerobic bacteria in flooded soil include gases (N2, CO2,
methane, and hydrogen), hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, volatile fatty
acids, nonvolatile acids, phenolic acids, and volatile S compounds
(Ponnamperuma, 1984).
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Increase the supply and • Microorganisms are
availability of Nitrogen, biologically active and can
less Nitrogen is utilize a lot of Nitrogen
immobilized through
conversion of
Microorganisms
• Increase availability of P, • Less availability of such
K, Si, and Mo nutrients to plants
Lowland (Wetland) Upland (Dryland preparation)
• Decrease in the • Availability of Zinc and Cu
concentration of water is not affected
soluble Zinc and Cu
• Generation of CO2, • Generation of Nitrous oxide
Nitrous, much methane and methane. Carbon
and other compounds Dioxide is generated by
organic matter
decomposition
POWER SOURCE AND FARM
IMPLEMENTS
• Traditional
• Animal drawn or tractor drawn implement. Iplements
for tillage: plow, harrow, puddlers. Rotary puddlers
generally are better than ploughs. Tend to compact the
subsoil, chop and press doen organic matter and
require relatively low drafts compared to plows
• Modern
LAND PREPARATION UNDER
SUBMERGED CONDITION
This requires at least one plowing, two
harrowing, and one leveling operation,
all done in muddy or puddle condition
FOLLOWING ARE THE LIST OF POWER
SOURCE AND FARM IMPLEMENTS:
POWER SOURCE AND FARM IMPLEMENTS
POWER SOURCE AND FARM IMPLEMENTS
POWER SOURCE AND FARM IMPLEMENTS
SINGLE-AXLE WALKING OR PEDESTRIAN TRACTORS (5-10 BRAKE HP)
DOUBLE-AXEL PEDESTRIAN TRACTORS (8-15 HP)
FLOATING ROTARY TILLERS FOR WETLAND TILLAGE
LAND PREPARATION UNDER DRY CONDITION
In this system, plowing is done in the dry
condition (non-flooded) usually by tractor
operations but the subsequent harrowing,
puddling and leveling are done under flooded
conditions.
DRYLAND-TILLAGE FOR DRY-SEEDED RICE
(DSR) CULTIVATION
Plowing and harrowing operations are done in
dry or non-puddled state of the soil. Direct
seeding is employed and the early rains
germinate the seeds. Water is introduced after
seedling establishment just like in ordinary
lowland rice culture. Common in rainfed areas.
LAND PREPARATION FOR UPLAND (DRYLAND
CONDITION)
• Can be applied for upland rice but can also be
done for lowland fields.
• Not puddled and there is no freestanding in the
field.
• To smooth and firm seedbed, control weeds, and
incorporate organic materials and fertilizer in the
soil.
• Use when labor and water are scarce.
LAND PREPARATION FOR UPLAND (DRYLAND
CONDITION)
• Can be applied for upland rice but can also be
done for lowland fields.
• Not puddled and there is no freestanding in the
field.
• To smooth and firm seedbed, control weeds, and
incorporate organic materials and fertilizer in the
soil.
• Use when labor and water are scarce.
PURPOSES OF TILLAGE
• 1. To develop a desirable soil structure
• 2. To incorporate stubble and weed into the soil
• * Use of Rotary Tillers (rota-tilling or rotavating)
• PLOWING
• to cut into furrow slices
• To partially pulverize the soil
• To incorporate underneath the soil
• Harrowing
• To pulverize
• Level the field
• Compact the soil to a certain degree
• Destroy weeds as they atart to grow
LAND PREPARATION
TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT
MOULD BOARD PLOW
DISC PLOUGH
DISC PLOUGH
DISC PLOUGH
PADDY POWER
TRANSPLANTER
Intercultivator
