Maansarovar Law Centre ENGLISH

PRACTICE PASSAGES OF ENGLISH

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 1

The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP) said international and intra-regional trade costs of India remained higher
compared with the trade costs of best-performing economies in Asia and the
Pacific, although a declining trend has been observed since 2009. However, it said
in addition to India's robust economic growth and large domestic market, the
Government's "Make in India" initiative and easing of FDI regulations for about 15
sectors including aviation, defence and pharmaceuticals may contribute to the FDI
attractiveness of India. On the other hand, overseas investment from India
contracted considerably by 36 per cent, which may reflect FDI diversion as Indian
investors start to invest more at home than overseas, ESCAP said in its recently
released Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Report 2016.
FDI inflows to India expanded by 10 per cent on average during 2010-2015, while
in 2015 inflows recorded an even stronger expansion at 27.8 per cent, which was
significantly higher than the Asia-Pacific region's average 5.6 per cent, ESCAP
said. The services, construction development, computer software and hardware,
and telecommunications actors attracted the highest investments, it added.
Asia-Pacific trade flows were wavering amid sluggish global economic and trade
growth, downward movement of world commodity prices and an uncertain policy
environment, the report said. Sluggish growth in trade is expected to continue
through to the end of 2016. In 2015, Indian goods exports shrank by 17.2 per cent,
which was close to twice as much as the Asia-Pacific region decline of 9.7 per
cent, it said. However, it added that India was the largest partner with several
economies in South Asia, such as Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Since India is the
fastest-growing emerging economy, it is somewhat expected to start filling the
void in demand for intra-regional exports that will emerge with the rebalancing of
China's trade patterns, the report said.
Rebounding somewhat, exports from Asia-Pacific are expected to increase by 4.5
per cent and imports by 6.5 per cent in developing countries of Asia and the Pacific
in 2017, but the Report forecasts more modest growth in exports and imports in
volume terms, at 2.2 per cent and 3.8 per cent, respectively, ESCAP said in a
statement.
A worrying trend on another front is the increased usage of restrictive trade
policies, especially non-tariff measures, within the Asia-Pacific region, which is

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partly driven by past distorted trade measures and current excess capacity in
several key sectors, ESCAP said. Additionally, the region is seeing a proliferation
of preferential trade agreements (PTA), with Asia and the Pacific rim contributing
to almost 63 per cent of world PTAs, curbing a momentum towards region-wide
free trade, it added.
The report revealed that the region had improved its market share in the
commercial services trade, with the services trade more than doubling between
2005 and 2015, from just under $600 billion to close to $1,400 billion.
These aggregates, however, conceal the fall in the region's export and import of
services by 4.5 per cent and 4.9 per cent in 2015, respectively, compared with the
previous year, mainly due to persisting economic uncertainty resulting in the
global decline in merchandise trade and a depressed demand for the services sector
including transport.

1. What was the average expand of FDI inflows to India during 2010-2015?
(a) 12%
(b) 5%
(c) 14%
(d) 10%

2. By what % the aggregates conceal the fall in the region's export services in
2015?
(a) 4.5%
(b) 5%
(c) 7%
(d) 4%

3. What is the worrying trend on another front in the passage?

(a) Trade with China
(b) Declining trend in trade
(c) Ease in FDI regulation
(d) Increased usage of restrictive trade policies

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4. According to the report by how much the region had improved its market share
in the commercial services trade between 2005 and 2015?
(a) Close to $400 billion
(b) Close to $20 billion
(c) Close to $600 billion
(d) Close to $1400 billion

5. What is the meaning of the word proliferation’?

(a) Rapid decrease
(b) Slow decrease
(c) Slow increase
(d) Rapid increase

2. Isamat Chughtai's celebrated masterpiece “Lihaf” needs to be analysed under the

interwoven themes of marriage, the subjugation of women and the oppression and
neglect of female sexuality and desire. Here, in het typical style. Chughtai raises
important questions on marriage as an economic and social enterprise, the socially
constructed subordinate role of women in marriage, her sexual fantasies and
frustrations and her subsequent sense of loneliness.
The fact that Nawab “installed her (Begum Jan) in the house along with furniture”
highlights how the institution of marriage commodities women and reduces them
to the object of a mere business transaction. Chughtai critiques the mercenary
aspect of marriage that dehumanizes women to fulfil societal obligations and
aspirations of upward mobility. Begum Jan was married off to the Nawab by her
family, in spite of their age difference, so as to rid themselves of the financial
burden and the social taboo of having an unmarried woman in the house.
Moreover, since Begum Jan's family was poor in her marriage to a rich and
influential Nawab. they saw an opportunity to gain economic favour. The status
accorded to marriage as an unbreakable social norm, an unquestionable obligation
is also dealt with in the short story. It was and has been till today one of the most
important and absolutely essential tenets of the society. Even the Nawab,
irrespective of his immense power and formidable position had to marry, although
the opposite sex held no appeal for him owing to his ‘mysterious hobby". In the
process, poor Begum became a victim to the repressive customs ingrained in the
institution of marriage. While the Nawab continued his homosexual exploits, the
Begum was condemned to a life of confinement and subjugation. He never
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displayed any interest in his wife's life, her wishes, desires and problems and in
fact, completely neglected and dismissed her presence in his life. Begum Jan was
just his social stamp of approval, a heterosexual cover to escape ridicule and
suspicion of society for his inborn homosexual orientation Beyond that, the Nawab
"totally forgot her presence.
In conclusion, it can be said that the redeeming feature of this story, however, lies
in the fact that Chughtai does not leave Begum Jan in this state of complete
desolation and immense depression, but allows her the agency to make a bold
choice of homosexuality in indulging with the maidservant Rabbu “who pulled her
back from the brink” Irrespective of whether the story in the end, endorses
homosexual behaviour or not the very fact that Begum Jan is allowed some sort of
sexual autonomy in the midst of social confinement subjugation, repression and
social ridicule, leaves behind an emphatic message.

6. According to the passage, what aspect of marriage Chughtai critiques?

(a) Mercenary
(b) Arranged marriage
(c) Societal norms
(d) None of the above

7. Which one of the following is the synonym of the word subjugation' as used in
the context of the passage?
(a) Liberate
(b) Emancipate
(c) Pacify
(d) Discharge

8. Which one of the following is the antonym of the word ‘brink’ as used in the
context of the passage?
(a) Center
(b) Edge
(c) End
(d) Last

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9. Pick out the incorrect statement from the following:

(a) The Nawab expressed no interest in his wife's life
(b) Under the garb of a social norm and societal obligation, marriage as an
institution, often tends to oppress the participants involved.
(c) Chughtai critiques the mercenary aspect of marriage
(d) Begum Jan married the rich Nawab to enjoy a luxurious life.

10. Pick out the correct statement from the following:

(a) Begum Jan critiques the mercenary aspect of marriage that dehumanizes
women to fulfill societal obligations and dreams of upward mobility
(b) Begum Jan was from an elite class of the society
(c) Chughtai leaves Begum Jan in this state of complete desolation and Immense
depression
(d) Chughtai raises important questions on marriage as an economic and social
enterprise.

3. What better commentary than President Lincoln in his own words? Read his
address below:
Fellow countrymen!
At this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office, there is less
occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement,
somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper Now, at
the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly
called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the
attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be
presented. The progress of our arms upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well
known to the public as to myself and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and
encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction regarding it is
ventured.
On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously
directed to an impending civil war All dreaded it all sought to avert it. While the
inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving
the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it
without war - seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects, by negotiation.
Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the

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nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the
war came.
One-eighth of the whole population were coloured slaves not distributed generally
over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a
peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause
of the war to strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for
which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by wars while the government
claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it.
Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has
already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with,
or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph,
and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray
to the same God, and each invokes his aid against the other.
It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in
wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not, that
we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered - that of neither has
been answered fully. The Almighty has his purposes. 'Woe unto the world because
of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom
the offense cometh.’
If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the
providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through his
appointed time, he now wills to remove and that he gives to both North and South
this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we
discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a
living God always ascribe to him?
Fondly do we hope - fervently do we pray-that this mighty scourge of war may
speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by
the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and
until every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the
sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said. “The
judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether”.
With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the
nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his
widow, and his orphan -- to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting
peace among ourselves and with all nations.

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11. What is the occasion of this speech?

(a) Presidential oath
(b) Second Presidential oath
(c) Onset of a civil war
(d) After the civil war

12. What, according to the author, was the cause of the war?
(a) Dissolution of the union.
(b) Interest of the slaves
(c) Differences between Whites and Blacks
(d) Both (b) and (c)

13. Who are the participants of the discussed war?

(a) Russia and USA
(b) God and American slavery
(c) Northern and Southern America
(d) America and Europe

14. What does the author calls the God?

(a) Fair
(b) Unjust
(c) Partial
(d) Enriching

15. What do you understand by the word 'Unrequited'?

(a) Hard work
(b) Self-love
(c) Unfruitful
(d) Not rewarded

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4."At long last. I can say a few words of my own. I have never wanted to withhold
anything, but until now it has not been constitutionally possible for me to speak.
A few hours ago, I discharged my last duty as King and Emperor, and now that I
have been succeeded by my brother, and Duke of York, my first words must be to
declare my allegiance to him. This I do with all my heart.
You know all reasons which have impelled me to renounce the throne. But I want
you to understand that in making up my mind I did not forget the country or the
empire, which, as Prince of Wales and lately as King I have for twenty-five years
tried to service.
But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impossible to carry
the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King as I would
wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love.
And I want you to know that the decision I have made has been mine and mine
alone. This was a thing I had to judge entirely for myself. The other person most
nearly concerned has tried up to the last to persuade me to take a different course.
I have made this, the most serious decision of my life, only upon the single thought
of what would, in the end be best for all.
This decision has been made less difficult to me by the sure knowledge that my
brother, with his long training in the public affairs of this country and with his fine
qualities, will be able to take my place forthwith without interruption or injury to
the life and progress of the empire. And he has one matchless blessing, enjoyed by
so many of you, and not bestowed on me a happy home with his wife and children.
During these hard days, I have been comforted by her Majesty, my mother, and by
my family. The ministers of the Crown, and in particular, Mr. Baldwin, the Prime
Minister, have always treated me with full consideration. There had never been any
constitutional difference between me and them, between me and Parliament. Bred
in the constitutional tradition by my father, I should never have allowed any such
issue to arise.
Ever since I was Prince of Wales, and later on when I occupied the throne, I have
been treated with the greatest kindness by all classes of the people wherever I have
lived or journeyed throughout the empire. For that, I am very grateful
I now quit altogether public affairs and I lay down my burden. It may sometime
before I return to my native land, but I shall always follow the fortunes of the
British race and empire with profound interest, and if at any time in the future I can
be found of service to His Majesty in a private section, I shall not fail.
And now, we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness, and
prosperity with all my heart. God bless you all God save the King!"
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16. Which blessing does the new king has but the old king didn't have?
(a) Public affairs
(b) Kindness
(c) A family-Wife and children
(d) Compassion towards the Kingdom.

17. The new king was earlier

(a) Prince of Wales
(b) Duke of York
(c) In charge of Public affairs
(d) A normal citizen

18. To which country does the author belongs to?

(a) United States of America
(b) Egypt
(c) England
(d) France

19. What can be the antonym of the word 'allegiance?

(a) Treachery
(b) Loyalty
(c) Faith
(d) Doubt

20. What does the author tells about the independence of his decision?
(a) The decision was influenced by the other person concerned
(b) The decision was completely independent
(c) The decision was encouraged by the author's family members
(d) The author had to decide for the benefit of his younger brother

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5. Each moment contains two phenomena, creation and dissolution, because

opposites in life create the required cosmic balance. Just like our in-breath and
outgoing breath, there is continuous rhythm in the cosmos. Day cannot exist
without night and so too with all other things in life. Birth-death, male-female,
peak valley, good-bad, positive negative, hot-cold, and so on may all seem like
opposites but there is a definite interdependence between the two polarities that
creates cosmic harmony. And this cannot be better explained than Shiva himself.
Shiva essentially means that which is not. He also embodies the concept of the
union in his state of Ardhnarishwara, a blend of male and female energies and also
of anger and compassion Trinity of gods in Hinduism is Brahma the deity of
creation, Vishnu, the deity of maintenance, and Shiva, of destruction or dissolution
of the universe Shiva is also infinite love and kindness, always ready to fulfil the
wishes of devotees
Shiva is a reminder to devotees that without this dynamic balance of opposites, life
would be chaos. Without the existence of night, day would become dull, without
woman, man would be incomplete. They seem like opposites, but are essentially
one. Our mind often agitates as to why birth cannot be without death. But, it is
equally true that birth and death are one and not separate from each other. And,
that is what Shiva symbolizes.
Every birth brings death and every death brings new life. Shiva represents the very
peak of human evolution and the ultimate in life. To attain this, Shiva has given
112 methods of meditation. Life is a phenomenon of coming into form, and death
is moving into the formless.
Since Shiva essentially means the formless, we do not keep pictures of Shiva in
temples. Instead, we have him represented as Shivalinga. This aptly represents the
merging of both form and formless, indicating the concept of Shiva.
He makes us aware that all beings ultimately end up as non-beings and this world
is a transit camp. Shiva brings this awareness for transformation, and turns the
search within, so that seekers eventually move towards ultimate existence. If we
realize this formless-form, then Shiva appears as a deity of compassion and
liberation.
The idea of oneness has always been emphasized by Indic sages. The
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad says that the one who perceives life in different forms,
is distanced from the inner reality of Self. This world, gods, Vedas, beings, and
everything present in existence are all part of our inner Self. Everything is united in
one deep state of unity. The conch and drums are different instruments containing
different kinds of notes. Together, they produce beautiful music.

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In the concept of Ardhanarishwara, Shakti is feminine and Shiva is masculine but

both are inseparable and united in total unity and harmony. Every individual has
the traits of Ardhanarishwara. Opposites give us a chance to do things right. If we
move against nature, we become unhappy and miserable, and that is a warning to
put our house in order, by bringing back balance. Misery is not separate from
happiness, but rather the absence of the latter. We see them as two because our
minds cannot see through opposites, but when the mind is dropped, we are simply
looking at life with totality and unity. In Shiva, we see both, diversity and unity.

21. How does the author describe the Lord Shiva

(a) Destructive
(b) Harmless
(c) Full of wrath
(d) Protective

22 What is the idea of oneness that is discussed in the passage?

(a) Unity of all living organisms
(b) Unity in inner self
(c) Practice of Hinduism
(d) Respecting nature

23. Why do we not keep pictures of the Lord Shiva in temples?

(a) Shiva represents death
(b) Shiva cannot be depicted in a picture
(c) Shiva is the concept of form and formless
(d) Picture of Lord Shiva is very disturbing and scary

24. Which of the following statements are true in the light of the passage?
(a) Misery and happiness is one thing
(b) Misery is nothing but the absence at happiness
(c) Balancing of the opposites is the elixir of life
(d) All of the above

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25. What are the traits that each individual possess?

(a) Femininity and masculinity
(b) Unity
(c) Kindness
(d) Opposite traits

6. I cried because I had no shoes until I met a man who had no feet
I'm not sure about the giver of the quote in this title. I used to believe it to have
been said by Shakespeare but when I searched Google to confirm. I found that
quite probably, it could be given by some other significant personality too.
Regardless of the individual who quoted, it's marvellous! And how true, is it not
common between us humans? One more saying goes like today is the tomorrow
that you dreamt about yesterday in all of our today's we keep running and running
madly-blindly for a better future. And when that future finally comes, we simply
forget that we have always been waiting for this. Even if we remember it
momentary. We immediately switch to thoughts about our upcoming future
attempting to attain more and more and more. Well, good thing, of course, we
should always work hard and smart to do bigger and better things in life but bad is
when we forget to cherish what we have already achieved. Some of us
subconsciously do it so much that one can find them complaining and cribbing all
the time.
If I talk about myself, somehow even in the worst phase of my life. I had a vague
flame of hope and positivity alive in my heart. Although it was striving to keep
burning and wasn't very visible on the outside, still it existed. Thankfully, I have
always had a habit of finding pleasure in small things in life.
That combined with a sense of gratitude to the Almighty has worked wonders.
During that miserable phase of my life, whenever I used to sit on the window of a
vehicle while traveling. I had a habit of getting lost in my world while having a
look at the surroundings. Every time while doing that my eyes fell upon someone
genuinely poor and hungry, usually covered in torn clothes, I felt compassion. I say
‘genuinely’ because I feel that these days not ever person is pitiable.
You never know when they might be taking it. Also, I had read somewhere long
back that offering money to every other beggar you come across, promotes the
business of gangsters behind begging. So, I always refrain from giving money to
such people, especially if otherwise young and healthy. But yes, knowingly or

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unknowingly always a prayer emerged from my heart that may God help the
person if he deserved it.
Besides, I used to feel thankful to Him for bestowing all the blessings on me that I
had at that moment. Even if it meant just necessities, belongings, and my angel-
hearted people around. Of course, as per human nature, I did wish for a better life
and more to call mine but all in all, I felt contentment
And this always added to my zealful perseverance. Even at my worst. I used to
believe in the saving ‘there is always-always-always something to be thankful for’.
Thus, positivity kept getting added to my life, visibly or non-visibly. And the
outcome is here, in front of you. I continue to have the belief that I am completely
content while giving my best to achieve more and more. Some of you might
wonder if I am still wishing to achieve more and more, how come I am content at
the same time. Well, let me clarity.
It just means, I sure am working on myself to be refined and groomed while
looking up. But by saving I’m content, I mean I am not restless about the results. I
am not worried about getting more. Most importantly, I am not comparing myself
with anyone anymore since long back. I do cherish my feet and while I do work on
getting a pair of shoes I am not crying for them. I am thankful. I am content

26. What is the message author is trying to convey through the passage?
(a) Gratitude and determination is important in life
(b) There is a man who had no feet
(c) Giving money to the beggars promotes begging
(d) One should not strive for a better future after some time

27. When did the author felt gratitude in his life?

(a) When he saw the life of his friends
(b) When he had miserable failures in the past
(c) When he always sat on the window seat of the car
(d) When he saw the genuinely poor people

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28. The author described the things that we run for are
(a) Greedy
(b) Short-lived life
(c) Temporary
(d) Over exaggerated

29. What is the most important thing to remember in miserable times?

(a) A flame within
(b) A burning heart
(c) A zealous mind
(d) An ambition

30. Which of the following word is similar to the word perseverance?

(a) Endurance
(b) Fickleness
(c) Joy of life
(d) Gratitude

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE - 1
1 D 16 C
2 A 17 B
3 D 18 C
4 D 19 A
5 D 20 B
6 A 21 A
7 C 22 B
8 A 23 C
9 D 24 D
10 D 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 B 27 D
13 C 28 B
14 A 29 D
15 D 30 A

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 2

1.
Ask people about barbershop music and they'll generally conjure a familiar image:
four old men in bow-striped vests and straw hats, swaying with canes, warbling
standards in earnest Hello my baby, hello my darling, hello my ragtime gal!
The image is not completely absurd. In the nascent days of the Barbershop
Harmony Society - an organization founded in 1938 that preserves and promotes
barbershop music - these hallmarks were common. But in the eight decades since
the organization was founded, bow-striped vests have given way to crisp suits:
standards are still sung, but so are contemporary hits; and decorative canes have
been banished to the unused props bin. There are men from all generations,
including kids and teens and hipster 20-somethings, their moustaches fitting right
in. And, yes, there are women.
I’ve known about the female barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines
International, my entire life my grandma has been a member for 50 years and
counting. But as a kid, barbershop was an abstraction to me, shaded in coolness.
When my grandma talked about her barbershop singing, I envisioned women older
than I ever imagined becoming, crooning listlessly in retirement homes. But then,
when I was ten, my mom re-joined (she had been a member before I was born).
and I attended my first regional contest to watch her compete with her quartet.
The competition stage looked like something out of Broadway : glaring Spotlight,
thick curtain, stage lights that shifted colour for each performer. Two giant
jumbotron screens displayed the action to those who couldn't see, as if this were a
sports game featuring the fearsome battle of flashy costumes and four-part
harmony.
As I watched each quartet enter and exit the vast stage - all decked out in matching
sequined gowns singing in rigorously rehearsed synchronicity and displaying
carefully planned choreography moves - I felt my stomach drop I couldn't fathom
my shy mother who often broke out into an anxiety rash during social gatherings,
being so openly expressive in front of hundreds of people. Would her voice
quiver? Would her eyes open wide, like a deer in the spotlight? Would she choke?

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From the movement she stepped on stage, I knew I didn't need to worry. She was
not just comfortable, but confident: stride brisk smile wide voice perfectly
controlled. As the quartet finished their ballad with a husband “smile my honey
dear, while I kiss away each tear/or else I shall be melancholy too,” the arena
became pin-drop silent, then erupted into rapturous applause.
The experience was, in a word, thrilling - especially once the quartet ended up
taking second place, turning my mom into, for all intents and purposes, a star.

1. The Barbershop Harmony Society was found to promote

(a) Barbershop dance
(b) Barbershop music
(c) Barbershop literature
(d) Barbershop culture

2. What was the author's age when her mom re-joined the female barbershop
organization?
(a) 10 years
(b) 12 years
(c) 13 years
(d) 8 years

3. At the starting of passage author is talking about the

(a) Social barriers of barbershop music
(b) Presentation of barbershop music
(c) Image of barbershop music
(d) Usefulness of barbershop music

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4. Which of the following defines the correct meaning of "jumbotron screens"?

(a) Rectangular screens
(b) Giant screens
(c) Plain screens
(d) Tilted screens

5. In what context "Fathom" is used in the statement "I couldn't fathom my shy
mother, who often broke out into an anxiety rash during social gatherings, being so
openly expressive in front of hundreds of people" by the author?
(a) To understand
(b) To describe
(c) To point out
(d) To declare

2.
About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great
Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed
on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern
California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by
a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as
the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches, nutcrackers have
phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed,
however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows
in spring, a seedling appeared above ground - a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of
bright-green shoots.
Most seedlings die within a year, the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per
cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The
landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White
Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees--trunks, limbs, roots,
and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the
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Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the
Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to
rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients
and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their
ancestors-a city within a cemetery.
Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding
trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise
agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would
have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic
shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in
groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may
have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it
resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with
relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few
hundred years--by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was
probably forty or fifty feet in height.
Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable
number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers,
survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving
conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to
grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand.
Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the
bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil,
which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in
nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine
beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

6. According to author what is the mortality rate of seedlings?

(a) 88%
(b) 29%
(c) 99%
(d) 78%

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7. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in which region?

(a) Carbonate Woodland
(b) Subalpine regions of the Great Basin
(c) High-Elevation Carbonate Mountains
(d) Tonopah Uplands

8. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-

holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first ................
(a) 15 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 20 years
(d) 13 years

9. Which of the following species of tree do not survive for thousands of years?
(a) Oaks
(b) Cypresses
(c) Spruce
(d) Junipers

10. What is the name of Great Basin bristlecone pine?

(a) Pinus longaeva
(b) Pinus aristata
(c) Pinus canariensis
(d) Pinus coulteri

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3.
Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the
'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the
most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning
achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political
excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are
aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius
who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-
repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the
underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833
in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being
with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying
chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and
highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to
Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and
turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist
experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination.
However, in 1864. just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an
invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of
nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including
his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster.
Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into
trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his
view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and
produced Dynamite, safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his
invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive
became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with
engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it.
Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal
cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and
plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and
virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination.
He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer

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explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355
patents in explosives and synthetic materials.
Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing
cannon shells and other fear-inspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by
Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering
and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often
quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be
utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered
himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create
deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross
miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to
change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

11. Who started the process of the prestigious Nobel Prizes?

(a) USA
(b) Alfred Bernhard
(c) The author
(d) UK

12. Why did Alfred's faith in mankind reduced?

(a) The world didn't give his invention the credit it deserved
(b) The engineering companies tried to steal his inventions
(c) The inventions became a bane to mankind
(d) Cannot be answered

13. How did Alfred lose Emil?

(a) He committed suicide due to his brother's failures
(b) One of the experiments went wrong
(c) He was not supporting enough
(d) He died due to illness
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14. What did Alfred Nobel expect from various countries after they knew about his
inventions?
(a) He expected them to live in peace and be dreaded by the use of dynamites
(b) He expected them to exploit his inventions in full capacity
(c) He expected them to use the dynamites in the wars
(d) He expected them to give him his due credit

15. Why did Alfred considered him a pacifist?

(a) He wanted to deter war
(b) He wanted to use dynamites for dreading countries
(c) He wanted the countries to abolish democracy
(d) He wanted to rule the countries with his invention

4.
Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones
about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10
times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her
critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women
writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their
world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and
Slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that
every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's
day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become
more humane," she says.
A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to
write. He justified his right to do so saying "you know, the one who eats the
omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied,
"but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not
the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of
omelette might change altogether."

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Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two-
omelette eaters' literature and hens literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too,
but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and
again.
And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable
listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it.
Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.
But whether they accept it or not all the literature in this world is either of or about
women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time
immemorial Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by
a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably
that of a man's. That explains it.
The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women
have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today
many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is
why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind
us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom and
its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other
half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

16. What does KR Meera wants people to act on Women's day?

(a) Do not envy woman
(b) Celebrate women every day
(c) Not to be masculine
(d) To be humane

17. How did Meera categorize the world's literature in real sense?
(a) Hen and cock
(b) Omelette and hen
(c) Discoverer of stories and creator of the stories
(d) Writer of the stories and real characters of the story
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18. Why women are the custodians of stories in all societies?

(a) They are the creators of all stories
(b) They are the first storytellers of our lives
(c) They are the real caretakers of the stories
(d) Both (b) and (c)

19. Why are there fewer women writers as compared to men?

(a) Men envy women
(b) Men do not allow women to write and compete with them
(c) Women are always underestimated
(d) Women succumb to the household chores only

20. What is the meaning of the word 'insinuation?

(a) Coming stealthy
(b) Retract
(c) Domination
(d) Inevitable

5.
An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones
thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same
happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are
present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes
whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This
hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those
stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be
pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have
a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with

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them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and
adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance.
But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most
criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they
desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark
web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in
the scene.
Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their
adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their
sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not
very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like
getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not
completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and
transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the
acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging
from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole
world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as
'Sun'.
Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We
are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind.
Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the
speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked
in the mad rush.
Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree
around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you
are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

21. What does the magic of acceptance do?

(a) Helps to remain content
(b) Helps to move on
(c) Helps to settle issues with yourself
(d) Helps to fight back

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22. How do these humble people transform and hit back?

(a) By shining bright like a star
(b) Coming out of the dark web
(c) By the magic of acceptance
(d) By taking the help of others

23. Which of the following word is similar to abundance?

(a) Profusion
(b) Paucity
(c) Arduous
(d) Gargantuan

24. Which of the following word is not a synonym of instinct

(a) Inner tendency
(b) Outlandish
(c) Hunch
(d) Divination

25. What is the message the author is trying to convey?

(a) Acceptance is the magic
(b) Recognise the true magicians
(c) Value the sensitive people around us
(d) We should not run over others to achieve success

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6. Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a
lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same
elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.
This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked
over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap.
There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap.
She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge
brush.
"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my
nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."
She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's
shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its
ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."
"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.
She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake
and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."
"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum
hanging from their shells?" I asked.
"Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.
I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I
mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes
all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to
help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized
efforts here truly making a difference?
The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed
off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could
talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

26. Why did the old woman clean turtles?

(a) She wanted to make a difference in the turtles life.
(b) She made herself helpful to the others and hence making her life meaningful

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(c) She loved the turtles and did something to show her love
(d) She helped turtles to find a purpose in her life

27. How does the algae hurt the turtles?

(a) It makes them weak
(b) It makes them old
(c) It hinders in the proper functioning of their body
(d) All of the above

28. What do you understand by nosiness?

(a) Peeping
(b) Inquisitiveness
(c) Helplessness
(d) Audacity
29. What did the author think of the old lady's acts?
(a) Kind but not significant
(b) Sensitive but stupid
(c) Humane but waste of time
(d) Kind but useless

30. Which of the following word is closest to giggling?

(a) Smirk
(b) Frown
(c) Roar
(d) Chuckle

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE – 2
1 B 16 D
2 A 17 C
3 C 18 D
4 B 19 B
5 A 20 A
6 C 21 A
7 B 22 D
8 C 23 A
9 C 24 B
10 A 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 C 27 C
13 B 28 B
14 A 29 A
15 A 30 D

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 3

1.
I put on a pair of wool socks, slippers, mittens, earmuffs, and a surgical mask,
remove my shirt, and open the door of a coffin-sized chamber, thereby releasing
vapour into the room. I glance up at the screen inside my human freezer as it starts
to count down the three minutes. I'll spend in a tiny room chilled by air that is
negative 220 degrees Fahrenheit. It is noon and I have not eaten since 6 p.m., other
than a cup of coffee that I put in a blender with a pat of butter and some coconut
oil.
I'm going to live forever, Unless I freeze to death trying for the next 10 weeks, I'm
full-on biohacking
Four years ago, I got into great shape for an article by having a celebrity trainer,
Harley Pasternak, put me on the program he used for actors who had landed roles
as superheroes. I walked 12,000 steps a day, lifted weights four days a week, and
ate five meals a day that consisted of low-fat protein, a lot of high-fibre fruits and
vegetables, and a little healthy fat. I looked great. I felt good. I experienced the joy
of being hated by my friends and family.
But I was going to be dead by 90.
Silicon Valley bros see a century of human life as a 20th-century limitation. If we
went from a TRS-80 to an iPhone in 30 years, we can surely double human life
using big data and self-quantification. What is the body if not another piece of
hardware waiting to be hacked? Isn't it time that death got disrupted?
Such a bro friend of mine, Jason Diaz, was visiting L.A. and said he didn't have
time for lunch, but I could meet him at the biohacking conference he'd flown out
for. He had sold his company and realized the stress, long hours, and poor eating of
entrepreneurship had damaged his body. He had his telomeres tested and was told
his biological age was 25% higher than his physical age. This made him,
conceptually, 54, just one year younger than his grandfather was when he died.
Now Diaz was setting a goal of seeing the 22nd century. "There's been so much
bad data: Don't eat eggs! Only eat the yellows! Only eat the whites! We finally
have good data today," Diaz said. "Me living to 127 is not out of the realm of
possibility."
The annual conference (the next one is in March) is thrown by biohacking activist
Dave Asprey, the founder of Bulletproof coffee and author of Super Human. The
Bulletproof Plan to Age Backward and Maybe Even Live Forever. Asprey defines

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biohacking as the art and science of changing the environment around you and
inside you so that you have full control over your own biology."
Asprey, a 46-year-old former information technology exec who lost 100 pounds
and says he fixed his Asperger's syndrome in part by changing his diet and
removing toxins from his environment, has injected stem cells into his penis. He
had his blood filtered externally and put back in his body, implanted a blood
glucose monitor into his arm, and shoves some of his 150 daily supplements up his
butt. His self-experiments lack scientific rigour--he's a test group of one and has no
way to account for the placebo effect. But as he explained on Dax Shepard's
podcast, "Medicine and science want to know why, I don't care. The body is a
frickin' black box."
The biohackers' credo is : "Dude, just try it."
By the end of the conference, Diaz had convinced me to give biohacking a try.
Resistance to Silicon Valley utopian sales pitches, as we have all learned, is futile.
Asprey agreed to put me on a three-day-a-week program at his Upgrade Labs gym,
which costs $1,440 per month. Over 10 weeks we'd track my change not through
before-and-after photos but through analysis of my blood, stool, cells, body fat,
resting heart rate, heart rate variability, deep sleep, and REM sleep. I was going to
become bionic.

1. What term is used by author to justify the situation of first stanza?

(a) Dieting
(b) Biohacking
(c) Bio adaptation
(d) Diet regulation

2. During the program of Harley Pasternak author didn't__________.

(a) walk 12,000 steps a day
(b) lifted weights four days a week
(c) eat low fibre fruits and vegetables
(d) eat five meals a day

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3. When Jason Diaz had his telomeres tested, what percentage of age were found
higher than his physical age?
(a) 15%
(b) 20%
(c) 25%
(d) 30%

4. Who defines biohacking as "the art and science of changing the environment
around you and inside you so that you have full control over your own biology."?
(a) Dave Asprey
(b) Jason Diaz
(c) Jason Asprey
(d) Dave Diaz

5. According to author what is biohackers credo?

(a) "Bro, just try it."
(b) "Dude, just don't try it."
(c) "Bro, just don't try it."
(d) "Dude, just try it."

2.
In the beginning, there was the pub. And the people saw that the pub was good.
The pub was the Old Forge, and the Guinness Book of World Records declared it
the most remote pub on mainland Britain. It was set in the village of Invere, the
only major settlement on Scotland's Knoydart peninsula, a wild finger of land with
a population of 100. To get there, you had two choices-catch a six-mile ferry from
the little port of Mallaig, or set out on a two-to-three-day hike across some of the
most isolated mountains in Western Europe-an attempt referred to by the British
outdoor community as a "walk-in. The trek from the hamlet of Glenfinnan is some
27 miles, crossing swollen rivers and lonely mountains along vague and vanishing
trails. With every mile walked, every sprain of ankle, every squelch of bog, the
beer tasted sweeter.
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For many years, the legend of the Old Forge echoed down the glens and out across
the world. I heard stories of midsummer nights when the light never quite left the
sky and the music never left the pub- the fiddles reeled, the beer flowed, walkers
steeled their trail-weary limbs and danced on the tables and out into the streets in
the gathering dawn. The hangovers lasted an eternity. It's a classic British
experience, says a friend who made the walk-in in 1996. Getting to the Old Forge
was a golden moment I can still taste the first pint."
But then the trouble started.
In 2012, a new landlord took over the pub, and, fairly or unfairly, a wave of
negative publicity followed. There were newspaper stories about a police search
for unlicensed hunting firearms at the Old Forge in 2014 (the guns were
confiscated but no criminal charges were filed) and unpaid utility bills (the owner
reportedly settled with the electricity company out of court). There was talk that
the owner was excluding locals and muddy visitors. Those of us who watched from
afar wondered if it was going to be the end of the legend.
Then, earlier this year, British papers reported that disgruntled regulars had
constructed their own drinking spot directly across the road from the Old Forge in
protest. Called the Table, it was said to have started as a plank of wood that
evolved into a little shack and essentially served as a DIY pub, built, maintained,
and patronized by the most remote community on mainland Britain.
What did this mean for the famous pilgrimage to the Old Forge? Would hikers be
welcome at this new place?
In late October, I boarded a sleeper train to Fort William, Scotland, from London's
Euston station. Passengers snored as we trundled northward through the cities of
northern England, passing scenes of spires and chimneys Silhouetted against a
starless sky. There was a faint glow in the east as we rolled across the border. By
the time my alarm sounded, and the curtains parted, we awoke to a new world. In
place of parking lots and factories, there were mountains and moors, lake and
forest, heather and bracken. Fresh ice glinted, glass brittle, on the ponds. A stag
galloped in the first rays of morning sunshine.

6. In the passage author is sharing the experience of a/an

(a) Event
(b) Journey
(c) Friendship
(d) Rivalry

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7. What was the name of pub author visited?

(a) Ty Coch Inn
(b) The Bounty
(c) Tan Hill Inn
(d) Old Forge

8. "It's a classic British experience," says a friend who made the walk in the Old
Forge in
(a) 1994
(b) 1996
(c) 1995
(d) 1993

9. "Trundle" is described best by which of the following

(a) Moving slowly
(b) Moving fast
(c) Moving in wrong direction
(d) Doing the right thing

10. From where you can get a ferry to reach the village of Inverie?
(a) Port of Knoydart
(b) Fort William
(c) Port of Mallaig
(d) Port of Keld

3.
Ms. Ryan and Ms. Markova have found what they call three zones of existence :
comfort, stretch, and stress Comfort is the realm of existing habit. Stress occurs
when a challenge is so far beyond current experience as to be overwhelming It's

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that stretch one in the middle activities that feel a bit awkward and unfamiliar
where true change occurs
"Getting into the stretch zone is good for you," Ms. Ryan says in "This Year I Will
It helps keep your brain healthy. It turns out that unless we continue to learn new
things which challenges our brains to create new pathways they literally begin to
atrophy, which may result in dementia. Alzheimer's and other brain diseases.
Continuously stretching ourselves will even help us lose weight, according to one
study. Researchers who asked folks to do something different every day listen to a
new radio station, for instance found that they lost and kept off weight. No one is
sure why, but scientists speculate that getting out of routines makes us more aware
in general
She recommends practicing a Japanese technique called Kaizen, which calls for
tiny, continuous improvements.
"Whenever we initiate change, even a positive one, we activate fear in our
emotional brain,” Ms. Ryan notes in her bock. If the fear is big enough the fight-
or-flight response will go off and we'll run from what were trying to do. The small
steps in Kaizen don't set off fight or flight, but rather keep us in the thinking brain,
where we have access to our creativity and playfulness.”
Simultaneously, take a look at how colleagues approach challenges, Ms. Markova
suggests. We tend to believe that those who think the way we do are smarter than
those who don't. That can be fatal in business particularly for executives who
surround themselves with like-thinkers. If seniority and promotion are based on
similarity to those at the top chances are strong that the company lacks intellectual
diversity.
"Try lacing your hands together," Ms. Markova says "You habitually do it one
way. Now try doing it with the other thumb on top. Feels awkward, doesn't it?
That's the valuable moment we call confusion when we fuse the old with the new.”
After the churn of confusion, she says, the brain begins organizing the new input,
ultimately creating new synaptic connections if the process is repeated enough.
But it during the creation of that new habit the "Great Decider" steps in to protest
against taking the unfamiliar path," “you get convergence and we keep doing the
same thing over and over again," she says.
"You cannot have innovation," she adds, unless you are willing and able to move
through the unknown and go from curiosity to wonder.

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11. What are the authors trying to insist in this paragraph?

(a) We should listen to the new radio stations every day
(b) We should not let ourselves out of our comfort zones
(c) We should never work with like-thinkers
(d) We should instill the practice of Kaizen in our daily lives

12. How the company will be affected by the promotion of like-thinkers only?
(a) It will create ego issues among the employees.
(b) People will follow the like-thinkers for promotion
(c) Company will lack innovation
(d) Company is more likely to be inclined towards one philosophy

13. How does getting into a stretch zone helps us to lose weight?
(a) Scientists have no answer for it
(b) It makes us more aware
(c) It makes us to eat less and be aware
(d) It makes us physically active.

14. What is the best exercise for our brains according to the authors?
(a) Meditation
(b) Getting into the stretch zone
(c) Making yourself uncomfortable
(d) By challenging yourself

15. What is the Great Decider" discussed in the passage?

(a) Protest against taking the unfamiliar Path
(b) Creativity & Playfulness
(c) Synaptic connections
(d) Cannot be answered

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4.
If you’re living in a democratic society that protects individual rights, you have
Kant to partially thank for that. He was the first person to ever envision a global
governing body that could guarantee peace across much of the world. He described
space time in such a way that it inspired Einstein's discovery of relativity. He came
up with the idea that animals could potentially have rights, invented the philosophy
of aesthetics and beauty and resolved a 200-year philosophical debate in the span
of a couple hundred pages. He reinvented moral philosophy, from top to bottom,
overthrowing ideas that had been the basis of western civilization since Aristotle.
Kant was an intellectual badass. If brains had balls, Kant would have been made
out of steel and walked funny. His ideas particularly about ethics, are still
discussed and debated in thousands of universities today.
And that's what I want to talk about Kant's moral philosophy, and why it matters
Kant's moral philosophy is unique and counterintuitive. Kant believed that for
something to be good, it had to be universal that is, it can't be right to do something
in one situation and "wrong to do it in another. If lying wrong, it has to be wrong
all the time. It has to be wrong when everyone does it. If it isn't always right or
always wrong, then that cannot be a valid ethical principle.
Kant called these universalized ethical principles categorical imperative-rules to
live by that are valid in all contexts, in every situation, to every human being.
It's so impossible, it sounds ludicrous. But Kant made a hell of an attempt. He
made a number of attempts at creating categorical imperatives. Some of those
attempts were quickly ripped to shreds by other philosophers. But others have
actually held up the test of time to some degree.
One of them, in particular, has kind of stuck. And in all of my yeas reading and
studying philosophy, psychology, and other sciences, it's one of the most powerful
statements I've ever come across. Its implications reach into every area of each
person's life. In a single sentence, it sums up the bulk of all of our ethical intuitions
and assumptions. And in each situation, it points to a clear direction for how we
should be acting and why.
Kant believed that rationality was sacred. When I say rationality. I don't mean like
sudoku or chess grandmaster rationality. I mean rationality as the fact that we are
the only known creatures in the universe that are able to make decisions, weigh
options, and consider the moral implications of any and every action
To Kant, the only thing that distinguishes us from the rest of the universe is our
ability to process information and act out consciously in the world. And this, to
him, is special. Exceedingly special. For all we know, we are the only shot the

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universe has at intelligent self-organization. Therefore, we need to take it seriously.

And, therefore, rationality and protecting conscious choice must be the basis for all
of our moral reasoning

16. For what, Kant made a lot of attempts?

(a) Intuitive morals
(b) Categorical imperatives
(c) Animal's rights
(d) Global peace

17. Which is the most powerful philosophy of Kant according to the author?
(a) Categorical imperatives
(b) Consciousness among humans
(c) Intelligence of humans
(d) Human emotions

18. Why do we need to take our rationality seriously?

(a) It must be used with moral reasoning
(b) It is a rare thing among all the species of the universe
(c) It can be snatched back
(d) Rationality forms the backbone of the universe

19. Which of the following is true about Kant?

(a) He was the first person to envision global peace
(b) He was the first person to define the philosophy of beauty
(c) He was the first person to invent moral philosophy
(d) All of the above

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20. Which of the following can be defined as ludicrous?

(a) Magical
(b) Absurd
(c) Unimaginable
(d) Rational

5.

My sister is a soldier. I remember when she came home and announced to our
mother that she was going to enlist in the army. My mother replied, "You're
terribly young. It's too difficult, challenging and dangerous, you really should
reconsider.

My sister Darlene said, "I'm 18, which is old enough, and through the army, I'll be
able to make progress. Right now, all I can get is part-time work while I go to
community college. I need to have a career, not a part-time job, I need a college
education, and the army will pay for that when I've finished my tour of duty, so
this is about my future."
My mother cried and said, "There is a war, you will be in dangerous situations.
I said, "Don't worry, They don't send women to fight on the front lines in wars, so
they are not in great danger. If it was me that would be a different situation."
Darlene said. "Don't worry, I'm cautious, I won't take unnecessary risks.”
Despite that assurance, my mother stayed worried. My sister went to training camp
for three months, and when she returned, she said, "I'm glad I enlisted, it was a
wise decision Training was challenging we have to get up at 5:00 every morning,
the work was demanding we drilled a lot but we learned skills. You have to be on
time, and you have to follow all the directions, but they keep you occupied, so you
don't get bored. I like the other recruits in my platoon we all supported each other
in the exercises.”
My mother said, "I'm proud of you, but I'm still concerned about your safety.
"Don't worry, Mom. If I do get sent to the war zone. I'll be extremely careful."
My sister did go to the war one when her unit was sent to Iraq. I had no idea where
that was, so I looked it up on the Internet Iraq is on the other side of the world.

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My sister purchased a computer before she departed, and she showed us how to use
it to send email. I'm glad she did because we sent notes to her on it every day, then
when she could she responded, but usually not immediately. She reported the
weather and the people, but she didn't describe her activities. Here's what she wrote
in one note.
It's extremely hot here, and we have to wear heavy clothes, which makes it really
challenging though, they are bullet-proof for protection. Most of the local people
here are supportive, and the soldiers are great companions. Don't worry, you can
rely on me to be careful, I know how important it is to be cautious See you in
September.”
She would end every communication that way don't worry, see you in September.
But then September came and she communicated a disappointing message, "We
have to stay longer: I'm not sure how soon I'll be returning. Don't be discouraged,
I'll be there."
My mother checked the email every day for the next week and didn't get a
message. She was increasingly concerned, and then she got a reassuring note "I'm
fine, sorry I couldn't email for some time, we were on assignment. Don't worry. I'm
being careful."
So it went on. We waited and waited, and I worried, too. The news reports on the
war on TV looked dangerous, and my mother would cry when we saw those
reports.
October went by then November, then it was December My mother bought some
presents for my sister and dispatched them by mail. She said, "I really wish
Darlene could return for Christmas. Every time the phone rang or someone
knocked on the door, she hoped it might be Darlene coming home by surprise. But
she didn't get her wish, so Christmas was uniquely sad this year not the holiday we
had appreciated in the past.
Then on New Year's eve, the doorbell rang, and we rushed to open it. My mother
said later she was a little afraid every time the doorbell rang that it might be
someone to announce bad news that there was a problem with Darlene. But this
was the opposite, this was the best news we could have received. It was Darlene!
We'll have a really happy new year now,

21. Why did Darlene need the army job?

(a) She wanted a part-time job
(b) She wanted to go to community college

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(c) She wanted a career

(d) She wanted to become a military officer

22. Why the mother was afraid every time the doorbell rang?
(a) She expected Darlene on the door
(b) She was afraid of some bad news of Darlene
(c) She was afraid of the war situation
(d) She was sad because Christmas didn't go well

23. How did Darlene describe the situation in Iraq?

(a) Iraq was a very disturbed and unsafe area
(b) Iraq was supportive and soldiers were friendly
(c) Women were being protected and kept in the last line of the army
(d) There were usage of guns and bullets and that's why Darlene needed
bulletproof jackets

24. What was the mother's wish on Christmas?

(a) To send presents to Darlene
(b) Celebrate Christmas with Darlene
(c) Wished Darlene to quit her job and return home
(d) Darlene should take some days off work and return home

25. Why did the author say that if it was me, that would be a different situation"?
(a) The Author sarcastically said that Darlene was weak
(b) The Author is not a woman
(c) The Author was teasing Darlene by saying this
(d) Cannot be answered

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6.
At last, they were sate. A brave little company of pioneers from the Atlantic coast
crossed the Mississippi River. They finally succeeded in climbing to the top of the
great Rockies and down again into a valley in the very midst of the mountains. It
was a valley of brown, bare, desert soil in a climate where almost no rainfalls. But
the snow on the mountain-tops sent down little streams of pure water; the winds
were gentle. Like a blue jewel at the foot of the western hills was a marvelous lake
of saltwater, an inland sea. Some wanted to keep going, but most said, this is where
we should live - the journey is accomplished. So the pioneers settled there and built
themselves huts and cabins so they could survive the first winter.
They were used to challenges. It had taken the many months to make a terrible trip.
Many had died of illness on the way then many died of hardship during the winter.
The supplies they had brought in their wagons were so nearly gone that by spring
they were living party on roots, dug from the ground. All their lives now depended
on the crops they could raise in the valley. They made the barren land fertile
bringing mud from the river to the dry land and creating irrigation channels. They
planted corn and rain and vegetables, and everyone collaborated. Then it was an
anxious time as they watched for the plants to grow, with hopes, and prayers, and
careful eyes.
In good time the brown earth was covered with a carpet of tender, green, growing
things. No farmer's garden could have looked better than the great garden of the
desert valley. And from day to day the little plants grew and flourished till they
were all well above the ground they had succeeded. James, who was the head of
the group, said, "We finally will have all the food we need. We have achieved our
goal."
Then a terrible thing happened. One day, the men who were watering the crops
saw a great number of crickets swarming over the ground at the edge of the
gardens nearest the mountains. They were hopping from the barren places into the
young green crops, and as they settled down they at the tiny shoots and leaves to
the ground. More came, and more, and evermore, and as they came they spread out
till the covered a bit corner of the rain field. Yet still more and more, till it was like
an army of black hopping crawling crickets, streaming down the side of the
mountain. James said. "Watch out, they're going to eat our food. We will be
ruined."
Everyone tried to kill the crickets by beating them down, but the numbers were so
great that it was like beating at the sea. Suddenly, from far off in the air toward the
great saltlake, there was the sound of flapping wings. It grew louder. It looked like
a white cloud rising from the lake, a flock of sea gulls flying toward them.

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Hundreds of gulls rose and circled and came on "The gulls! The gulls!" James
cried. "They will rescue us. It is a miracle. The gulls flew overhead, with a shrill
chorus of whimpering cries, and then, in a marvelous white cloud of outspread
wings and hovering breasts, they settled down over the field. "Look, look," James
said. "See! They are eating the cricket! They are saving our crop. We are restored."
It was true. The gulls ate the crickets, and when at last they finished, they had
stripped the fields of that pest. The pioneers had moved to the right place after all.
It had taken a lot of work, great determination, and courage. They had met and
overcome obstacles, solved problems, and would survive. Without the gulls, what
might have happened is not certain, but the future was secure the pioneers were
confident.

26. Where did the pioneers decided to settle?

(a) On a mountain valley
(b) In the desert
(c) On a plateau
(d) On the bank of the river

27. Which of the following was the anxious time for the pioneers?
(a) Crossing the Mississippi river in harsh weather conditions
(b) Converting the desert soil into an irrigating land
(c) Waiting for the vegetables to grow
(d) Climbing to the top of the rookies

28. Why did James asked the pioneers to watch the crickets?
(a) Crickets were swarming from the barren land towards them
(b) Crickets were eating the tiny shoots from the ground
(c) Crickets were eating their cooked food
(d) Crickets were destroying their tents

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29. How did the sea gulls restored the pioneers?

(a) They showed the pioneers a more fertile land filled with crops and vegetables
(b) They restored them by fighting the pests
(c) They saved them by irrigating their land again
(d) They brought new hope for the pioneers

30. Why did the pioneers felt confident in the future?

(a) They overcame many obstacles to reach the valley
(b) They survived the winter season in the valley
(c) They realised the hope and determination to fight was present in them
(d) They were secured that they will always be saved by the gulls

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE – 3
1 B 16 B
2 C 17 B
3 C 18 B
4 A 19 A
5 D 20 B
6 B 21 C
7 D 22 B
8 B 23 B
9 A 24 B
10 C 25 B
11 D 26 B
12 C 27 C
13 B 28 B
14 B 29 B
15 A 30 C

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 4

1.
An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of
the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men,
women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel
bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the
wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded
along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my
business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what
point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were
not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.
"Where do you come from?" I asked him
"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.
That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.
"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.
Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave
the town of San Carlos.”
He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty
clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What
animals were they?"
"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

1. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) The old man was wearing steel-rimmed spectacles
(b) The old man was wearing an old shirt and pant
(c) The old man was wearing very dusty clothes
(d) The old man was wearing steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes

2. According to the passage, who else besides human beings crossed the bridge?
(a) Men, woman and children
(b) Mules and horses
(c) Carts and trucks

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(d) Soldiers and carts

3. ………………were helping to push the mule drawn carts

(a) The horses
(b) The villagers
(c) Mules
(d) Soldiers

4. According to the passage, what was the old man doing?

(a) He was sitting in the cart
(b) He was sitting over the bridge
(c) He was sitting by the side of the road
(d) He was sitting on the banks of the river

5. The old man was sitting................ .

(a) to admire the scenery
(b) to watch the passers by
(c) because he was so tired that he couldn't go any further
(d) waiting for his family

2.
Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000
kilometres long mountain range with peaks more than 8.000 metres high, won't be
enough to capture its grandeur Spectacular… awesome… majestic ...
breathtaking… stunning … magnificent…. None of these adjectives does justice to
these mountains known as ‘the roof of the world’. Little wonder that local people
revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and
that travellers come from all over the world
Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze
and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species
such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded

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vulture … and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants.
16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 60
invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10
years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12.000 species of plants, mammals,
birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species
discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas
between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. They remind us that despite
our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised, says our conservation
adviser, Mark Wright. "If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to
protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.
Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red,
webbed feet to glide through the air: three species of scorpion, one of which is the
first scorpion to be found in Nepal, and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer.
At just over half a metre tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally
extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. Most people are blissfully unaware of
this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometres long and, in places, twice as deep as
the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently,
they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the
year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant
discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-metre-high palm tree."
Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five
countries and a wide range of temperatures Nature doesn't respect boundaries and
working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas are
likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own
micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of
wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become
less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from
drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the
Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the
resources nature provides
Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the
countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the
harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square
kilometres of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected.
This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and
the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor and we'll continue to help
local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that

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secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more
secrets.

6. Which of the following statements is true in the context of the ultramarine blue
plant?
(a) It can change the colour of the flower according to the air temperature
(b) It can exist in extreme conditions
(c) It provides the biggest flower
(d) All of the above

7. The Himalayas are known as the……………….

(a) Roof of the world
(b) King of the mountains
(c) Wonder of world
(d) Huge mountains

8. According to the passage, what are the latest discoveries?

(a) A bright green frog and three species of scorpion
(b) Snow leopard
(c) Bearded vulture
(d) All of the above

9. Which area amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperature?
(a) Northern Himalayas
(b) Western Himalayas
(c) Eastern Himalayas
(d) All of the above

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10. Which species are globally threatened?

(a) Bearded vulture
(b) Green frog
(c) Asian elephants and rhino
(d) All of the above

3.
I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at
Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild
excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world
was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you
were there.
Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all
over, even from tiny towns in Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and
proclaimed, "This is my fight too. He unyoked his oxen, left his pelow in the
furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that
was like
Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us,
but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did
not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not
fought before, they were extremely brave and the British gave up without a fight.
Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around
Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester we were all terribly excited and
determined. I was afraid too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and
brave. Just imagine what it was like then.
The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of
June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place
for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula
known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th. How do you think we felt?
The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such
bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we
all worked together. Although it was a struggle we remained strong. I really
believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the
battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings
that I felt then.
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I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well.
Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it.
It was difficult and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country.
We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those
days and smile. I hope you do, too.

11. Which country fought the battle of Bunker Hill?

(a) USA
(b) Britain
(c) Egypt
(d) France

12. Which day is celebrated as Independence Day in the USA?

(a) 9 September
(b) 4 July
(c) 10 July
(d) 16 June

13. Why did the Great Mountain Boys did not join the author for the war?
(a) They had not fought before
(b) Britain gave up without a fight on hearing their names
(c) They went to take over some other place
(d) They did not want to fight with the author

14. Why did the author think that the world was different that day?
(a) Everyone was going to Boston
(b) The author and his father decided to join the army
(c) People were filled with excitement to fight for their freedom
(d) All of the above

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15. What do you understand by ‘vividly’?

(a) Intensely deep images
(b) Unclear and blurry
(c) Confused
(d) Vague

4.
The wagon train departed bright and early this morning I was disappointed that I
had to tell my friends goodbye, but I had chosen to remain here in Denver By that
point, we had already been traveling for several long months. I was sorry to leave
St. Louis, but I heard there was gold in California. It was June when we had first
left St. Louis and it was October when we got to Denver. I had made the difficult
decision that I would not be continuing onward with the rest of the families on the
wagon train
When we left St. Louis, we were extremely excited, because we were planning on
traveling all the way to the Ocean. We would journey to California. But that was
not to be for my family.
Almost immediately, we stumbled upon the first major problem of our trip. Our
very first day on the road, a wheel flew right off of our wagon. The wheel was
badly cracked, which meant we were unable to repair the damage ourselves. Since
we were not terribly far from St. Louis at that point. John rode all the way back
there on his horse. He returned to the wagon train with a brand new wheel;
however that took nearly an entire day while the other families waited.
After that, we struggled with yet another problem. There was an awful rainstorm,
and with it came so much mud that the oven pulling our wagons were unable to get
the wagons moving again. We had to wait for the rain to stop completely and for
the mud to dry before we could continue onward. Because of this, we lost an
additional two days.
We were unbelievably exhausted and it had been a mere two weeks, but we kept
on traveling. Unfortunately, We then had to stop once more because the Brown
family fell ill. We waited a few days for them to recover, but they eventually gave
up and turned back.
Every single day, we faced very difficult work, but we still persevered.
Nevertheless, by the time we arrived in Denver, it was just too much to handle. We
had decided then that we were going to leave the wagon train. That night, we
informed the wagon master of our plans.
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The wagon master asked us to change our minds, and told us, "We've overcome the
worst, now. However, I knew our trip would certainly not be getting any easier.
The mountains we had just crossed were only the beginning. It had already been
such hard work to get where we were now, and I knew it would be even more
difficult to reach the ocean in California. That is when we decided the best option
was to remain here in Denver.
Today, I have gone off to hunt for a new job. There are several jobs in the mines,
and I hope to fill one of the positions. Then, we will be able to get our own home. I
am extremely thankful that living in a tent beside the covered wagon is over.
Instead, we will have a permanent place where we can live.
Although I will greatly miss my friends, I will not miss all the troubles and
hardships we endured. I wrote a letter to a friend I made on the trip. I wanted him
to know we are doing well although I miss him.

16. What was the final destination of the wagon?

(a) New York
(b) California
(c) Denver
(d) St. Louis

17. Why did the author left the wagon train and stopped at Denver?
(a) They changed their plans and didn't want to go to California
(b) They wanted to stay in Denver
(c) They were tired of the journey and lost perseverance
(d) They wanted to find gold in Denver

18. How long was the author's journey?

(a) 2 months
(b) 4 months
(c) 9 months
(d) 6 months

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19. Why did the wagon master tried to change author's mind?
(a) He thought that the journey from Denver will be smooth
(b) He thought that he will not be able to continue without the author
(c) He knew that the journey will be more difficult and he will need the author's
support
(d) Both (b) and (c)

20. What day is it in the first stanza?

(a) The author started his journey from St. Louis
(b) The author left the wagon to live at Denver
(c) The author planned to go to California for the gold
(d) The author is already at California reminiscing the past

5.
This March it would be 10 years since my mother passed away. The death of a
parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people
will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parents is unavoidable,
but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children
psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes
unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know
these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving
process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you.
Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.
No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and
perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and
however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.
For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes, if we accept that, in
some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their
deaths will affect us deeply too.
The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and
emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but
we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss

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reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about
your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.
This is true for losing a mother because of the synchronous mother-child
relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family
members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to
children of their own.
Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and
nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any
other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly
goes, it just gets easier to deal with time. The process of grief varies from person to
person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The
successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know
their grandmother.
However, grieving, is important because it honours the loved one and the
relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that
person, grieving is detaching and letting go so we can move on, not forgetting but
remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of
therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the
suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it
leaves us with wonderful memories.

21. Why is the loss of a mother is more impactful?

(a) Mother is the one who helps in relating with the family
(b) Mother is the most loving person on earth
(c) A child bonds first with mother in her womb
(d) Mothers are more loving than fathers

22. Why grieving is important?

(a) We remember the loss of loved ones for the rest of our life
(b) Grieving helps in forgetting our loved ones
(c) Grieving helps in moving on in our life
(d) The hurting ends after a definite period of grieving

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23. Why are the feelings not a setback in the grieving process?
(a) These feelings are your love for the gone souls
(b) These feelings ensures the presence of your loved ones on important occasions
(c) These feelings let you accept the pain of grieving
(d) These feelings let you celebrate your occasions

24. Which of the following words best describe 'harrowing?

(a) Hopeless
(b) Unimagined
(c) Distressful
(d) Superior

25. Which of the following is the exact opposite of tenacious?

(a) Clinging
(b) Loose
(c) Retentive
(d) Dogged

6.
Back in the 1950s and 60s, the world changed. Modern economies moved people
out of factories and fields and into office buildings. Whereas you used to have to
stand on your feet all day and work very hard to make a buck, now, the best-paying
jobs simply asked that you sit at a desk for as long as possible without ever getting
up.
Our bodies aren't particularly adapted for a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, it turns out
that sitting around all day munching on donuts and soda is downright awful for
your physical health. As a result, we began to see epidemics of obesity, diabetes,
and heart disease around the same time that everyone got cushy office jobs.
People's bodies were falling apart, becoming overly sensitive, and not functioning
correctly.

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To counteract this sedentary lifestyle, we all came together and developed a fitness
culture to counteract the health crisis. People realized that if modern life had you
sitting around all day watching a screen, that you needed to set aside time in your
day to go lift something heavy or run around a little bit. That kept your body
healthy and stable and strong. Jogging became a thing. Gym memberships were
invented. And people wore spandex and jumped around on VHS tapes, looking
absolutely ridiculous. The eighties were great.
Our bodies are designed in such a way that they need to be challenged and stressed
to a certain degree, otherwise, they become soft and weak, and the smallest
endeavours-walking up a flight of stairs, picking up a bag of groceries-will begin
to feel difficult or impossible. It turns out that these small, conscious efforts to
stress our bodies are what keeps them healthy.
The same way removing stress and strain from our physical bodies causes them to
become fragile and weak, removing mental stress and strain from our minds makes
them fragile and weak.
The same way we discovered that the sedentary lifestyles of the 20th century
required us to physically exert ourselves and work our bodies into healthy shape, I
believe we're on the cusp of discovering a similar necessity for our minds. We need
to consciously limit our own comforts. We need to force our minds to strain
themselves, to work hard for their information, to deprive our attention of the
constant stimulation that it craves.
The same way the consumer economy of the 20th century called upon us to invent
the nutritional diet, I believe that the attention economy of the 21" century calls
upon us to invent an attention diet.

26. What is a sedentary lifestyle?

(a) Lifestyle with no physical activity
(b) Lifestyle with junk food
(c) Lifestyle with heavy lifting jobs
(d) Lifestyle with drugs and supplements

27. Why are our bodies need to be challenged?

(a) It will help in keeping us ready for the worst situations
(b) To prevent heart diseases
(c) To overcome all challenges that may come in our way

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(d) It will help in evolving as a healthy person

28. Why there was a rise in diseases like heart attacks, obesity, etc?
(a) People lacked stress in their lives
(b) People started enjoying the cushy office jobs
(c) People started getting gym memberships
(d) People started ridiculous dances on VHS tapes

29. Which of the following is similar to the word “cusp”?

(a) Point of transition
(b) Endpoint
(c) Similar point
(d) Discovering point

30. Which of the following can be used instead of endeavours?

(a) Ventures
(b) Activities
(c) Challenges
(d) Failures

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 4
1 D 16 B
2 C 17 C
3 D 18 B
4 C 19 A
5 C 20 B
6 A 21 A
7 A 22 C
8 A 23 A
9 C 24 C
10 A 25 B
11 A 26 A
12 B 27 D
13 C 28 B
14 C 29 A
15 A 30 A

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 5

1.
Many people mistakenly believe that the ability to learn is a matter of intelligence.
For them, learning is an immutable trait like eye colour, simply luck of the genetic
draw. People are born learners, or they're not the thinking goes. So why bother
getting better at it?
And that's why many people tend to approach the topic of learning without much
focus. They don't think much about how they will develop an area of mastery.
They use phrases like "practice makes perfect without really considering the
learning strategy at play. It's a remarkably ill defined expression, after all. Does
practice mean repeating the same skill over and over again? Does practice require
feedback? Should practice be hard? Or should it be fun?
A growing body of research is making it clear that learners are made, not born.
Through the deliberate use of practice and dedicated strategies to improve our
ability to learn, we can all develop expertise faster and more effectively. In short,
we can all get better at getting better.
Here's one example of a study that shows how learning strategies can be more
important than raw smarts when it comes to gaining expertise. Marcel Veenman
has found that people who closely track their thinking will outscore others who
have sky-high IQ levels when it comes to learning something new. His research
suggests that in terms of developing mastery, focusing on how we understand is
some 15 percentage points more important than innate intelligence.
Here are three practical ways to build your learning skills, based on research .
Organize Your Goals
Effective learning often boils down to a type of project management. In order to
develop an area of expertise, we first have to set achievable goals about what we
want to learn. Then we have to develop strategies to help us reach those goals.
A targeted approach to learning helps us cope with all the nagging feelings
associated with gaining expertise Am I good enough? Will I fail? What if I'm
wrong? Isn't there something else that I'd rather be doing?
While some self-carping is normal, Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura says

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these sorts of negative emotions can quickly rob us of our ability to learn
something new. Plus, we're more committed if we develop a plan with clear
objectives. The research is overwhelming on this point. Studies consistently show
that people with clear goals outperform people with vague aspirations like "do a
good job.” By setting targets, people can manage their feelings more easily and
achieve progress with their learning,
Think About Thinking
Metacognition is crucial to the talent of learning. Psychologists define
metacognition as “thinking about thinking,” and broadly speaking, metacognition
is about being more inspective about how you know what you know. It's a matter
of asking ourselves questions like Do I really get this idea? Could I explain it to a
friend? What are my goal? Do I need more background knowledge? Or do I need
more practice?
Metacognition comes easily to many trained experts. When a specialist works
through an issue, they'll often think a lot about how the problem is framed. They'll
often have a good sense of whether or not their answer seems reasonable.
The key, it turns out, is not to leave this sort of thinking about thinking to the
experts. When it comes to learning, one of the biggest issues is that people don't
engage in metacognition enough. They don't stop to ask themselves if they really
get a skill or concept.
The issue, then, is not that something goes in one ear and out the other. The issue is
that individuals don't dwell on the dwelling. They don't push themselves to really
think about their thinking.
Reflect on Your Learning
There is something of a contradiction in learning. It turns out that we need to let go
of our learning in order to understand our learning. For example, when we step
away from a problem, we often learn more about a problem. Get into a discussion
with a colleague, for instance, and often your best arguments arrive while you're
washing the dishes later. Read a software manual and a good amount of your
comprehension can come after you shut the pages.
In short, learning benefits from reflection. This type of reflection requires a
moment of calm. Maybe we're quietly writing an essay in a corner-or talking to
ourselves as we're in the shower. But it usually takes a bit of cognitive quiet, a
moment of silent introspection, for us to engage in any sort of focused deliberation.

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1. Which of the following is not a question raised by author while considering the
learning strategy as ill-defined expression?
(a) Does practice mean repeating the same skill over and over again?
(b) Does practice require feedback?
(c) Should practice be for a limited time span?
(d) Should practice be hard? Or should it be fun?

2. Who found that people who closely track their thinking will outscore others who
have sky-high IQ levels when it comes to learning something new?
(a) Henry Veenman
(b) William Veenman
(c) Lucy Veenman
(d) Marcel Veenman

3. Which of the following is not a part of three practical ways to build your
learning skills, based on research?
(a) Organize Your Goals

(b) Copy the Ideas

(c) Think About Thinking

(d) Reflect on Your Learning

4. Identify the antonym of ‘metacognition’.

(a) Self-awareness

(b) Self-ignorance

(c) Selfishness

(d) Self-recognition

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5. Psychologists define metacognition as……………..

(a) Think About Process

(b) Thinking about Progress

(c) Think About Thinking

(d) Thinking about Working

2.
Cornell professor of economies Robert Frank says he's alive today because of
"pure dumb luck" In 2007, he collapsed on a tennis court, struck down by what
was later diagnosed as a case of sudden cardiac death, something only 2 percent of
victims survive. Frank survived because even though the nearest hospital was 5
miles away, an ambulance just happened to be responding to another calla few
hundred yards away at the time. Since the other call wasn't as serious, the
ambulance was able to change course and save Frank. Paddles were put on him in
record time. He was rushed to the local hospital, then flown by helicopter to a
larger one where he was put on ice overnight. Most survivors of similar episodes
are left with significant cognitive and physical impairments. Frank was back on the
tennis court just two weeks later.
Frank says his research ideas often come from his own experience, and his work on
luck is no exception. His book, Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of
Meritocracy, argues that the role of luck in life, and specifically in economic
success, is not as widely appreciated as it should be. The book claims that if the
prosperous were more cognizant of luck's role in their success they would be more
supportive of government efforts to spread opportunity, and of the higher taxes
they'd have to pay as a result.
Frank's other writings include the books The Winner Take-All Society (with Philip
J. Cook). The Darwin Economy, and Principles of Economics (with Ben S.
Bernanke.) as well as an economics column that has run in The New York Times
for over a decade. I spoke to him on the phone recently while he waited for his car
to be repaired at Syracuse dealership. He was warm and engaging and interested in
my own experiences with luck and success, answering my questions as if he had all
the time in the world.

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What evidence is there that people don't appreciate the role of luck in their lives as
much as they should? If people want to see a vivid example of that, I would steer
them to the website that chronicled the reactions of voters to two political
campaign speeches in 2012, one by Elizabeth Warren, the other by Barack Obama.
The content of the speeches was essentially the same and if you read both
transcripts carefully, you'd say, "Wow. There’s nothing controversial here." What
each one said in effect was that, in addition to working hard and being good at
what you do, If you're a business owner, also you ship your goods to market on
roads that the community paid for, you hired workers that we helped educate, we
hired policemen, firemen to keep you safe. So, your success such as it is a product
not just of your own talents and efforts, but it's a community project.
The reaction was overwhelmingly hostile to the speeches. The people who run
businesses seemed to think that Obama and Elizabeth Warren were saying that
they didn't deserve to have succeeded, that they were impostors by occupying these
lofty positions that they had won. That wasn't the message at all, but it was hard for
people to hear the totally reasonable and uncontroversial messages of those
speeches
The whole process of constructing life narratives is based in ways that almost
guarantee that people won't recognize the role of chance events adequately. So,
you've been successful, you've been at it 30 years. It's true that you've worked hard
all that time, you got up early, you put in a lot of effort, those memories are all
very plentiful and available in your memory bank. You've solved lots of difficult
problems. You remember examples of those, too. You know the formidable
opponents that you've vanquished along the way. How can you forget them? So, if
somebody says, "Why did you succeed?" those things are going to get top billing
in your story.

6. Which of the following most accurately express the author's main idea in the
passage?
(a) People should be believing in luck
(b) People often appreciate the role of luck in their lives
(c) People don't appreciate the role of luck in their lives as much as they should
(d) People don't believe in luck

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7. What does the word “overwhelmingly” as used in passage mean?

(a) With a great reference
(b) With a great majority
(c) With a great meaning
(d) With a great work

8. What can be infer from the passage about the content of the speech of two
leaders Elizabeth Warren and Barack Obama?
(a) Your work is not just of your own talent but it's a community product
(b) Your success is not just of your own luck but it's a community product
(c) Your success is not just of your own luck but it's a community project
(d) Your success is not just of your own talent but it's a community project

9. According to the author what is going to get on top in the stories of your life?
(a) Your hard work, efforts and experiences of tough and easy situation you have
had
(b) Your luck and experiences of tough and easy situation you have had
(c) Your hard work, luck and experiences of tough and easy situation you have had
(d) Your luck, opinions and experiences of tough and easy situation you have had

10. Which of the following is similar word of 'vanquished?

(a) Get the better of
(b) Make mincemeat of
(c) Conquer
(d) Defeated

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3.
The quality of your sleep is determined by a process called the sleep-wake cycle.
There are two important parts of the sleep-wake cycle
1. Slow-wave sleep (also known as deep sleep)
2. REM sleep (REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement)
During slow-wave sleep the body relaxes, breathing becomes more regular, blood
pressure falls, and the brain becomes less responsive to external stimuli, which
makes it more difficult to wake up. This phase is critical for the renewal and repair
of the body. During slow wave sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone,
which stimulates tissue growth and muscle repair Researchers also believe that the
body's immune system is repaired during this stage. Slow-wave sleep is
particularly critical if you're an athlete. You'll often hear about professional
athletes like Roger Federer or LeBron James sleeping 11 or 12 hours per night.
As one example of the impact of sleep on physical performance, consider a study
researchers conducted on the Stanford basketball players. During this study, the
players slept for at least ten hours per night (compared to their typical eight hours).
During five weeks of extended sleep, the researchers measured the basketball
players accuracy and speed compared to their previous levels. Free throw shooting
percentage increased by 9 percent. Three-point shooting percentage increased by
92 percent. And the players were 0.6 seconds faster when sprinting 80 meters. If
you place heavy physical demands on your body, slow-wave sleep is what helps
you recover.
REM sleep is to the mind what slow-wave sleep is to the body. The brain is
relatively quiet during most sleep phases, but during REM your brain comes to life.
REM sleep is when your brain dreams and re-organizes information. During this
phase, your brain clears out irrelevant information, boosts your memory by
connecting the experiences of the last 24 hours to your previous experiences, and
facilitates learning and neural growth. Your body temperature rises, your blood
pressure increases, and your heart rate speeds up. Despite all of this activity, your
body hardly moves. Typically, the REM phase occurs in short bursts about 3 to 5
times per night.
Without the slow-wave sleep and REM sleep phases, the body literally starts to die.
If you starve yourself of sleep, you can't recover physically, your immune system
weakens, and your brain becomes fogy. Or, as the researchers put it, sleep-
deprived individuals experience increased risk of viral infections, weight gain,
diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, mental illness, and mortality,

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To summarize: slow-wave sleep helps you recover physically while REM sleep
helps you recover mentally. The amount of time you spend in these phases tends to
decrease with age, which means the quality of your sleep and your body’s ability to
recover also decrease with age.

11. Why does the body start to die without sleep?

(a) It does not get to dream
(b) It doesn't get to repair itself
(c) It does not let the brain rest
(d) It creates confusion for various organs including the brain

12. Why does our sleep tend to decrease with age?

(a) There is less physical hard work for the body to fall asleep
(b) The quality of sleep decreases
(c) The amount of time of the two phases decreases
(d) Lots of physical illness is in the body to recover

13. What do the statistics of a player's performance in sports show about the sleep?
(a) The more you work, the more your body needs deep sleep to repair muscles
(b) Physical work requires more REM during sleep
(c) For more physical exertion, our body needs both increased slow-wave and
REM
(d) The more you sleep, the more you become lazy

14. During exams, why do the students need adequate sleep?

(a) The students need adequate sleep to remember what they have learned
(b) The students need adequate REM cycles to recover mentally
(c) The students need adequate deep sleep to repair tissues and muscles
(d) The students need sleep to relax and release their stress

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15. Why does the brain comes to life during REM?

(a) To facilitate growth and repair
(b) To enhance learning and neural growth
(c) To dream about the future experiences
(d) Brain does not come to life during REM

4.

Bronnie Ware is a nurse in Australia. She has spent more than a decade of
counselling dying people. Over that time span, she began recording the top regrets
that people have on their death bed.
After 12 years she concluded that the most common regret of all was this:
"I wish I'd had the courage to live a life true to myself, not the life others expected
of me.
Why is this such a common dying regret at the end of our lives? And how can you
make sure that you don't end up feeling the same way?
If you're reading this, then you probably have the power to make decisions in your
daily life. It's rare that we are actually forced to live in a way that we don't want to
live (thankfully). But somehow, many of us still end up wishing we had lived in a
way that was more true to ourselves”.
Here's why I believe this happens:
Anytime I find myself feeling stuck in neutral, it's usually the result of not having a
clear target. I find myself doing work without defining what the work should
actually be or hoping for a change without determining the underlying actions that
would lead to it. In other words, I'm not being clear about what I care about and
how I can get there. More on this in a moment.
Here's the result :
If you never draw a line in the sand and clarify what is really important to you,
then you'll end up doing what's expected of you. When you don't have a clear
purpose driving you forward, you default to doing what other people approve of.
We're not sure what we really want, and so we do what we think other people
want.
The grey areas in life usually arise when we haven't decided what we believe

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This is the position I think we all find ourselves in from time to time. And it's one
reason why I think many of us end up living the life others expect us to live instead
of a life that is true to ourselves
I think often about how I can get better at living with purpose and how I can live
an important life instead of urgent one. When it comes to being clear about what
I'm doing and why I'm doing it. I like to use a technique that I call the Bullseye
Method.
"If you didn't know where the target was located, you would never fire an arrow
and expect to hit the bullseye.”
And yet we often live our lives this way. We wake up and face the world day after
day (we keep firing arrows), but we are focused on everything except the bullseye.

16. What is the bullseye according to the author?

(a) Eye of a bull
(b) The target on the arrow board
(c) The target of your life
(d) The target of other's lives

17. What is the grey area of our lives

(a) When we follow what others do
(b) When we are not clear with ourselves
(c) When we got lost living according to the other
(d) When we have too much stress in our lives

18. What is the result given by the author in the passage?

(a) We should draw in the sands
(b) We should never approve of what others say or recommend
(c) We should never follow the path that is followed most by others
(d) We should always prioritise the things which we want for ourselves and what
others want

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19. According to the author, why do we end up living less truthful to ourselves?
(a) We don't recognise how to live true to our self
(b) We don't know what do we want and how can we get it
(c) We are not able to achieve the target of our lives
(d) We are too busy living according to the others

20. Which of the following can be used instead of bullseye?

(a) Holy grail
(b) Lion's spot
(c) Fiasco
(d) Debacle

5.

Hotels will just keep upping the fitness ante, with bigger, more spectacular gyms,
more inspiring, fitness classes held inside and out more expert led, local runs and
hikes more free workout gear bikes and pedometer more in-room virtual training
and more partnerships with leading fitness consultancies or gym brands to deliver
state-of-the art facilities and classes-and even personal trainers and nutritionists.
And with more hotels now sporting such dazzling, fitness amenities, and classes
worthy of uber-trendy urban studios, the buzz is pulling in more locals (and
profitable memberships), meaning more hotels are becoming the local wellness
hangout.
If the free workout-in-a-bag (packed with yoga mats, dumbbell sets jump-ropes,
resistance bands, workout . DVDs, running maps, etc.) was catching fine last year,
it's now a conflagration. One example: Rattles Praslin in the Seychelles will deliver
up all these extras, along with an in-room trainer who leads you through a custom
workout.
Many more hotels, like Wyndham's Tryp Hotels (110 across Europe and Central
South America), are offering free workout shoes and clothes, as well as installing
sophisticated equipment like elliptical machines into guestroom. And more hotels
are peddling free bikes, like Kimpton's 50+ US boutique properties.

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Fitness centers are getting vaster, with distinct areas for cardio, weights, functional
fitness and free zones for TRX or kettle bell training And many more hotels, like
The Four Seasons in Nevis or Omni Hotels, keep gyms open 24/7. Just as more,
like Oberoi properties in New Delhi, Mumbai and Dubai, keep their spas open
around the clock.
Far more hotels are offering yoga, boot camps and menus of hot, branded fitness
classes, at a rate unimaginable just a couple years ago. And they're able to execute
these fitness programs either by bringing in local practitioners, or through
partnerships with nearby gyms studios. While free to guests locals are paying $25-
$40 a class to get in on all the forward-thinking fitness fun.
Yoga at hotels is getting especially common and creative: from stand-up
paddleboard yoga at places like The Tides Inn in Virginia (where non-guests
happily pay $40) and Hawaii's The Fairmont Orchid. Popular aqua-yoga classes
rule the pool at The Hotel Wilshire (LA), while Ashtanga yoga with the dolphins
makes headlines at The Mirage in Las Vegas. The James Hotel (NYC) proves if
you put yoga on a gorgeous rooftop, they will come. Some hotels actually house
independent yoga studios, like 889 Yoga & Wellness Spa at Thompson in Toronto,
so guests can hit classes anytime all day. At the Mandarin Oriental in Bangkok, an
in-house yogi trainer is on call.
More hotels are hooking up with local gyms and studios to offer yoga, Pilates,
spinning, you name it classes, Just a short stroll away. That's a lot of "bang' for
guests with no hotel investment bucks. One example the Indigo Chelsea (NYC) has
linked with indoor cycling studio, Revolve, letting guests redeem free, branded
"rides”.
Hotels that think "fabulous gym," and then think beyond the gym, to fun classes
and outdoor experiences, create a halo of happiness around the property, and it's a
smart local market revenue generator. They're turning the lonely, avoided gym
routine into a meaningful social activity and creating more memorable stays.

21. What is the theme of the passage?

(a) Hotels are offering lavish fitness services to attract more guests
(b) Hotel industry wants to aware people about importance of fitness
(c) Customers are demanding about fitness gears
(d) Customers don't mind paying extra for providing fitness services

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22. How fitness centers are getting vaster?

(a) By introducing yoga services
(b) By providing spa services
(c) With distinct areas for cardio, weights, functional fitness and free zones for
TRX or Kettle bell training
(d) All of the above

23. What do you understand by 'conflagration'?

(a) Boring
(b) Calm
(c) Disaster
(d) Outrage

24. What is a 'smart local revenue generator for hotels?

(a) Providing yoga mats for free
(b) Providing fun-activities and outdoor experiences
(c) Providing free classes on physical training
(d) None of the above

25. According to the passage, how much locals are paying for a single fitness
class?
(a) $25-$40
(b) $80-$100
(c) $10-$30
(d) $50-$60

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6.

If you go to the Rehabilitation Institute in Chicago, you will see someone working
to help patients. This is a job that that helps people do more. It is a job that takes
patience and skills. This person is a Physical Therapist. As you read what one
person says about her job, imagine yourself doing this kind of work someday. How
would you feel if every day you helped people make progress?
I work closely with people who have hurt themselves. Their injuries may be as
mild as having a sore shoulder, knee, or back, or as severe as having paralyzed legs
and/or arms. It's my job to evaluate what their problems are and come up with
ways to help make them better, stronger, take their pain away or teach them to
walk and do things for themselves again.
I need to be able to communicate well with people of all ages and backgrounds
every day. I need to be able to talk to people I've never met and ask them personal
questions that help me to understand what is wrong with them. I can’t be shy
around new people and I need to be clear in my communications with them.
I chose to go into physical therapy because I love to be with people and talk with
them. I decided that I didn't want to use the computer all day or answer the
telephone or be in a lab doing experiments. I wanted to be around people and I
wanted to be an important part of helping them feel better.
To prepare to become a Physical Therapist, I had to finish college and then go to
graduate school for 3 years. In that time, I learned all the muscles in the body and
all the organs and how they work. I learned how to figure out what is weak and
what hurts on people and then how to help. I prepared for knowing all that by
taking a lot of classes in biology, chemistry, math, physics, anatomy, physiology,
and psychology.
What I like about my job is that it is always very interesting and never boring. I
like that I am never alone but surrounded by people all the time. They tell me that I
have made a difference in their lives and when I go home at night, I know that I
have touched someone else's life and they appreciate the work I did for them. I also
love that my job combines being active and physical with being a thinker and
doing a lot of problem-solving.

26. Why did the author become a physical therapist?

(a) She wanted to do something impactful in people's lives
(b) She wanted to run for the social services awards
(c) She wanted to be a social person

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(d) She wanted to have an interesting job

27. What type of people does the author deal with?

(a) People who are mad
(b) People who hurt themselves and need help
(c) People who need help while doing their personal chores
(d) People who are psychos

28. What is the main idea of the passage?

(a) To help people with problems
(b) To be around people for help physically and mentally
(c) The demanding job of a physical therapist
(d) The over giving job of the author

29. Which of the following is a synonym for mild?

(a) Gentle
(b) Distress
(c) Nervous
(d) Fierce

30. Which of the following can be described as anatomy?

(a) Branch of biology concerned with structures of the organisms
(b) Branch of biology concerned with functioning of the organs
(c) Branch of biology concerned with the functioning of the brain
(d) Branch of biology concerned with the study of life

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE - 5
1 C 16 C
2 D 17 B
3 B 18 D
4 B 19 B
5 C 20 A
6 C 21 A
7 B 22 C
8 D 23 D
9 A 24 B
10 D 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 C 27 B
13 A 28 A
14 B 29 A
15 B 30 A

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 6

1.
Environmental pollution is one of the serious problems faced by the people in the
country, especially in urban areas, which not only experiences rapid growth of
population due to high fertility, low mortality and increasing rural-urban migration,
but also industrialization which is companied by a Towing number of vehicle. In
India, the rapid incense of human numbers combines with desperate poverty to
deplete and pollute local resource buses on which the livelihood of present and
future generations depends. Though the relationship is complex, population size
and growth tend to expand and accelerate these human impacts on the
environment.
According to the World Development Indicators Report, in 1997, 1.5 billion
people live exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution, 1 billion live without
clean water and 2 billion live without sanitation. The increase in population has
been tending towards an alarming situation. The world's population was estimated
to be 6:14 billion in mid-2001 and projected 7.82 billion and 9.04 billion in the
year 2025 and 2050 respectively. The contribution of India alone to this population
was estimated to be 1033 million in mid-2001 which has been projected 1363
million and 1628 million in 2025 and 2050 respectively. (2001 World Population
Data Sheet). According to the provisional results of the Census of India 2001, the
population of India on 1st March 2001 is 1027 million. If the world population
continues to multiply, the impact on the environment could be devastating.
Population impacts the environment primarily through the use of natural resources
and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stresses like
biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. India is
the world's sixth largest and second fastest growing producer of greenhouse gases.
Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai are three of the world's ten most populated cities.
Two-thirds of city dwellers lack sewerage, one-third lack potable water. India
grows equivalent of another New York City every year in its urban population. By
the year 2000, more than 350 million Indians will live in cities. In the next 15
years, more than half of Indians will be urban dwellers 1/3 will be slum dwellers
and squatters.
India is one of the most environmentally degraded countries in the world and it is
paying heavy health and economic price for it. According to a World Bank-
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sponsored study, estimated environmental damage in the year 1992 amounted to

about the US $ 10 billion or Rs. 34,000 crores, which is 4.5% of GDP: Urban air
pollution costs India US $ 1.3 billion a year. Water degradation leads to health
costs amounting to US $ 5.7 million every year nearly 60 percent of the total
environmental cost. Soil erosion affects 83 to 163 million hectares of land every
year. Besides, land degradation leads to productivity loss equal to US $ 2.4 billion
or 4 to 6-3 percent of the agricultural products every year (UNDP 1998).

1 According to the provisional results of the Census of India 2001, what is the
population of India on 1 March 2001?
(a) 1027 million
(b) 7.80 million
(c) 7.84 million
(d) 7.78 million

2. By what percent water degradation leads to health costs of the total

environmental cost to India every year?
(a) Nearly 50 per cent
(b) Nearly 35 per cent
(c) Nearly 60 per cent
(d) None of the above

3. Choose the correct meaning of the word "deplete as highlighted in the

paragraph in context to the whole from the given options.
(a) Increase
(b) Wanting
(c) Plenty
(d) Diminish

4. How much the urban air pollution costs India in a year?

(a) US $ 4 billion
(b) US $ 1.3 billion
(c) US $ 2 billion
(d) US $ 25 billion

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5. Choose the correct meaning of the word ‘devastating' as highlighted in the

paragraph in context to the whole from the given options.
(a) Healthy
(b) Productive
(c) Fortunate
(d) Deadly

2.
At exactly 9:27 pm when dusk slips into darkness in the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park, the “light show" begins. It's June, and for two weeks in Elkmont,
Tennessee, the fireflies pool their efforts. Instead of scattershot blips of light in the
summer sky, the fireflies—thousands of them-pulse together in eerie, quiet
harmony. It's as if the trees were strung up with Christmas lights: bright for three
seconds, dark for six, and then bright again, over and over. It continues this way
for hours.
As a child, Lynn Faust would huddle with her family on the cabin porch to watch
the spectacle. They'd sit, mesmerized by the “drumbeat with no sound." And
though they'd appreciated the show for generations, Faust never thought the event
was newsworthy. “I”d assumed there was only one kind of firefly and thought they
did a nice show in the Smokies," she says.
The natural world has long enchanted Faust. In college, she majored in forensic
anthropology and minored in forestry. In her twenties, she circumnavigated the
globe for three years, visiting islands you could only get to by boat, learning about
cultures before they disappeared, pursuing underwater photography. Today, in her
60s, she's a naturalist who writes scientific papers and field guides about fireflies.
But she wasn't always obsessed with the insect. In fact, her academic interest began
only in the '90s, when she read an article by Steven Strogatz, a Cornell
mathematician in which he marvelled at a species of Southeast Asian firefly that
synchronized its flashes, Highlighting how rare this phenomenon was, Strogatz
noted that there were no synchronous fireflies in the Western Hemisphere.
This struck Faust as odd. It contradicted the light shows she had seen growing up.
As she dug deeper, Faust found that while there had been more than 100 years of
colloquial accounts of North American fireflies flashing in sync. scientists
discounted those reports, attributing them to lore or optical illusion, Faust knew the
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truth that her Tennessee fireflies were every bit as special as the species in Asia.
But how could she prove it?

6. Which of the following is opposite to "Eerie?

(a) Uncanny
(b) Sinister
(c) Reassuring
(d) Spooky

7. The light show of ........... . is compared with Christmas lights in the passage.
(a) Fire in fair
(b) Festival lights
(c) Fire rings
(d) Fireflies

8. What were the observations of Faust which was later discounted as optical
illusion by scientists?
(a) Synchronous lighting of fireflies
(b) Random lighting of fireflies
(c) Odd behaviour of fireflies
(d) Flying pattern of fireflies

9. Whose article generated the interest of Lynn Faust in fireflies?

(a) Jane Austen
(b) Steven Strogatz
(c) Charles Dickens
(d) John Donne

10. In college, she majored in forensic anthropology and minored in …………... .

(a) Forensic Science
(b) Chemistry
(c) Forestry
(d) Philosophy

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3.
The Potawatomi tribe came to this area several hundred years ago and established a
home here for many decades. In summer, the families all relocated to one large
village, while, in winter, they set up separate, smaller camps. The following
paragraphs describe a typical year for a Potawatomi family in this area a couple of
hundred years ago. Can you imagine their homes as you read about their routines
in the different seasons?
In the summer, we live in a big village where we use large poles to build our new
house. Even though we cook outside, we build the roof so that it is a shelter over
the cooking area as well. Therefore, the roof covers more than just the floor space,
where we sleep. In the big village, my mother and I use a shoulder bone from a
deer to plough our fields and plant our seeds. It is very difficult to work, though,
because of our hard work, we will have an abundant amount of food in the fall and
can even share with other families if they do not have enough. We get to see our
friends and the entire extended family, and there are so many exciting things to see
and do in the summer. All of that makes summer my sister's favourite season, and
it really is a fun time for all of us. My siblings and I get to roam and explore and go
swimming. My mother also likes it because being with our big family means there
are people to assist with the work and other people to talk with; she also gets to see
her own brothers and sisters. My father gets to sit with the other men and he
doesn't have to worry about us having enough food for a while. There is plenty of
work to do, but everyone helps and there is a company.
In the fall, we have a great amount of food-big squashes and pumpkins and corn, as
well. Every day, I am able to harvest even more beans. We dry the big gourds to
eat in the winter when we will have less food and when it will be too cold to went
to search for more. My father found salt from a salt spring, which we are using to
dry the meat. This is so exciting because we sometimes run out of meat before the
winter ends, or often times it spoils before we have a chance to eat it. I search for
nuts and berries from the forest. Occasionally, I eat them when I find them, but I
try to bring most of the home and we dry those too. Soon we will move to our
winter site.
It is now winter and when we started looking for a place for our winter camp, we
saw deer and raccoons. Therefore, we knew this would be a good place for
hunting, and that we will even be able to have fresh meat this year. We set up a
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wigwam, which will be our house for the winter months. We stuck one end of tree
branches in the ground and then tied them together in the middle. In the winter, we
cook inside and we had to remember to leave a gap for the smoke from the fire to
get out. In order for the wigwam to stay warm on the inside, we had to paste bark
on the outside to insulate it and to help trap the heat inside. Today, it is cold and it
just showed. My father says that he will be able to see the tracks of elk in the snow
and can more easily hunt them now. He will soon go to hunt and my mother says
that afterward we will have plenty of food, but also plenty of work as well; we will
have to cut the meat from the animal and separate the skin to make blankets and
rugs.
It is starting to get warmer, which means the spring is coming. In the spring, we
can always find my favourite food maple syrup. We make a hole in a tree and then
the sweet juice comes out of the tree. My father made a fishing net from deer sinew
and will go out to fish soon. He tied shells to the bottom of the net and when they
fill with water, it sinks to the bottom of the stream. This summer, my brother will
get to fish, as well. He has a line and a hook, which he uses to fish in the lake.
Since we get fish in the winter only when we go out and cut through the ice,
fishing is primarily a spring and summer job. I like fish and like to watch my father
and my brother standing by the lake or the stream. My father likes the spring best.
He says it is a time of hope because we start to see all the things that went to sleep
in the winter waking up again. He hears the birds sing and sees the plants start to
grow again. I like spring, too because soon we will see the flowers.

11. Why does the author's father like spring season the most?
(a) Everyone comes to life in the spring season
(b) Because maple syrup can be founded easily in spring
(c) Fishes can easily be caught
(d) There is not much difficulties in finding shelter and food

12. What is the theme of the passage?

(a) The struggles of a tribe
(b) A typical year of a tribe's life
(c) The importance of nature for tribes
(d) Hardships of a tribal family

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13. What does the author look for while choosing a winter site?
(a) A place where there are deer and raccoons
(b) A place where there are enough animals to hunt
(c) A place where elks are present
(d) A place where they can find a suitable wigwam

14. What are the exciting things to do for the author in the summer?
(a) The author gets to see his extended family and siblings
(b) The author explores the village and go for swimming with his siblings
(c) The mother gets some extra help for household chores
(d) They have abundant food in summers

15. What do you mean by bark which the author used for insulation?
(a) Outermost layer of the trunk
(b) Skin of the raccoon
(c) Special type of fur found in deer
(d) A type of rug used for trapping heat

4.
On a stormy night of thunder and lightning, Caesar's wife Calpurnia dreamt of
Caesar's murder and cried out thrice for help. Then she narrated to Caesar her most
unnatural fears and decided not to allow Caesar to go outside. Though she did not
heed omens and forecasts, the fierce dream shook her own self-confidence. Caesar,
being a strong and powerful general, did not believe in omens and replied that if
any enemy would confront him, he would lose his feet. Calpurnia was trembling
with fear and tried to justify her dreams to which Caesar replied, "Cowards die
many times before their deaths." But, Calpurnia was not satisfied with his reply
and she tried to persuade her husband to stay at home. But Caesar acclaims that
death is inevitable in one's life and one cannot avoid it. Calpurnia finally persuaded
Caesar not to attend the senate. Caesar decided to inform Mark Antony to pass on a
message that he is ill and would not be coming. That would help Caesar to stay at
home.
In the meantime, Brutus appeared at Caesar's door and listened carefully to the
couple's conversation. Then he showed his reluctance to tell a lie in front of the
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senate-house. He then very cleverly asks for the reason behind Caesar's incapacity
to attend the senate-house. Caesar described the dream that Calpurnia saw. Brutus
laughed at Calpurnia's decision not to allow Caesar to attend the senate. Brutus
very cleverly side lined the significance of Calpurnia's dream and instigated Caesar
to go ahead with his dedston Brutus explained how the senators were interested in
crowning Caesar: Caesar thus, prepared himself to go to the senate with Brutus and
other conspirators - Publius, Ligarius, Metellus, Casca, Trebonius and Cinna who
came later on to Caesar's house.
The conspirators along with Caesar arrive at the senate-house. Caesar also takes his
seat. Then Metellus kneels down before Caesar and urges him to allow his
banished brother to return to Rome. Caesar does not agree with that petition and
refuses. But the plea for his brother by Brutus and Cassius surprised Caesar. Sull
he did not change his sentence even as all the conspirators gathered around him.
When Casca commented, "Speak hands for me," they came forward to attack
Caesar and stabbed him to death. Before his death, Caesar could not believe that
Brutus too was among the conspirators, saying, "Et tu, Brute."
The death of Caesar cheered the conspirators led by Brutus and Cassius. They
dipped their hands in Caesar's blood and prepared to run in the street shouting
peace, freedom and liberty. In the meantime, Antony arrived there and urged them
to allow him to take the body and give Caesar a public eulogy. Though Cassius
was not willing to let Antony speak, Brutus allowed him to speak. They came
down to the streets of Rome and Cassius and Brutus delivered their speeches to the
plebeians.
Brutus tried to justify his support for the murder of Caesar He argued that the
freedom of the Romans was under threat. He asked the crowd whether the right
thing was done, otherwise he was ready to commit suicide for what he has done.
But they reply, "Live, Brutus, live, livel" He then allowed Antony to deliver his
speech alone and returned home.
Now it was a great opportunity for Antony. He took full advantage of the speech
he delivered. He narrated to the listening crowd that Caesar was a great patriot who
served his country selflessly. He looked after the betterment of Rome and loved
Rome above all. He read Caesar's will, elaborating that Caesar has given every
Roman a part of his inheritance. He justified the conspirators" deed as wrong. He
urged the Romans to think about the wrongdoers. Antony also reminded them of
the magnanimity of Caesar. He took the example of his refusal to accept the crown
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thrice on the Lupercal. Here Caesar's refusal proved that he was not ambitious at
all. Antony proved wrong the tears of the conspirators that Caesar would turn
dictator. Antony's speech put the emotions of the Romans in fire. He again
described vividly how the noble Brutus has deceived Caesar. The speech agitated
the mob and they came forward to seek revenge against the traitors. They shouted,
"Revenge! Burn! Firel Seekl Kill Slay!" Then the plebeians carried away the body
of Caesar and the situation turned to anarchy. Antony now suggested that he had
done whatever he was supposed to do. Now it was up to the people.

16. How many times Calpurnia cried for help in the story?
(a) Three times
(b) Twice
(c) Once
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

17. Who led the conspirators?

(a) Brutus and Calpurnia
(b) Calpurnia and Cassius
(c) Brutus and Cassius
(d) None of the above

18. What does the phrase “Et tu, Brute” infer?

(a) Amazement of Caesar towards Brutus
(b) Joy of Caesar towards Brutus
(c) Betrayal of Brutus towards Caesar
(d) Both (a) and (c)

19. What did Antony urge to Romans?

(a) To punish Brutus
(b) To think about the wrongdoers
(c) To grieve
(d) All of the above

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20. Which of the following is the most appropriate of the word 'instigate' in the
context of passage?
(a) Provoke
(b) Get going
(c) Begin
(d) Start

5.
Pablo Picasso. He is one of the most famous artists of the 20th century and a
household name event among people who like myself, consider themselves to be
complete novices in the art world.
I recently went to a Picasso exhibition. What impressed me the most was not any
individual piece of art, but rather his remarkably prolific output. Researchers have
catalogued 26,075 pieces of art created by Picasso and some people believe the
total number is closer to 50,000.
When I discovered that Picasso lived to be 91 years old, I decided to do the math.
Picasso lived for a total of 33,403 days. With 26,075 published works, that means
Picasso averaged I new piece of artwork every day of his life from age 20 until his
death at age 91. He created something new, every day, for 71 years.
This unfathomable output not only played a large role in Picasso's international
fame, but also enabled him to amass a huge net worth of approximately $500
million by the time of his death in 1973. His work became so famous and so
numerous that according to the Art Loss Register, Picasso is the most stolen artist
in history with over 550 works currently missing.
What made Picasso great was not just how much art he produced, but also how he
produced it. He co-founded the movement of Cubism and created the style of
collage. He was the artist his contemporaries copied. Any discussion of the most
well-known artists in history would have to include his name.
Many of the qualities that make people great have shadow sides as well. Picasso's
singular focus on art meant that everything else in life had to take a back seat,
including his relationships and his children.
Most humans have a primary relationship with their lover and maintain a variety of
hobbies and interests during different periods, Picasso was the reverse. His primary

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relationship was with his art, while his lovers were like hobbies and passing
interests, things he experimented with for a period here and there.
Some scholars believe Picasso's many relationships were essential to the
progression of his art. According to art critic Arthur Danto, "Picasso invented a
new style each time he fell in love with a new woman."
This was the shadow side of his strength as an artist. The qualities that made
Picasso one of the greatest artists of all-time may very well have made him a
terrible life partner too. They are like two sides of the same coin. You couldn't
have one without the other.

21. What do you mean by novices?

(a) Experienced
(b) Rookie
(c) Professional
(d) Stranger

22. What was Picasso's shadow side according to the author?

(a) His personal life including passing affairs
(b) His bad parenting
(c) His loyalty towards his family
(d) His casualness towards his wife

23. What, according to the author, are two sides of the same coin?
(a) Progress and family support
(b) Professionalism and hobbies
(c) Progress and shadow side
(d) Great artist and bad husband

24. What impressed the author the most at Picasso's exhibition?

(a) His numerous artwork
(b) His piece of art
(c) His innovation and creativity
(d) His concept of cubism

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25. What can we use from the given below options instead of unfathomable
output?
(a) Incalculable output
(b) Exceptional output
(c) Notable output
(d) Prominent output

6.
I played baseball for 17 years of my life. During that time, I had many different
coaches and I began to notice repeating patterns among them.
Coaches tend to come up through a certain system. New coaches will often land
their first job as an assistant coach with their alma mater or a team they played
with previously. After a few years, the young coach will move on to their head
coaching job where they tend to replicate the same drills, follow similar practice
schedules, and even similarly yell at their players as the coaches they learned from.
People tend to emulate their mentors.
This phenomenon - our tendency to repeat the behavior we are exposed to -
extends to nearly everything we learn in life.
Your political or religious beliefs are mostly the result of the system you were
raised in. People raised by Catholic families tend to be Catholic. People raised by
Muslim families tend to be Muslim. Although you may not agree on every issue,
your parent's political attitudes tend to shape your political attitudes. The way we
approach our day-to-day work and life is largely a result of the system we were
trained in and the mentors we had along the way. At some point, we all learned to
think from someone else. That's how knowledge is passed down.
Here's the hard question: Who is to say that the way you originally learned
something is the best? What if you simply learned one way of doing things, not the
way of doing things?
Consider my baseball coaches. Did they actually consider all of the different ways
of coaching a team? Or did they simply mimic the methods they had been exposed
to? The same could be said of nearly any area in life. Who is to say that the way
you originally learned a skill is the best way? Most people think they are experts in
a field, but they are really just experts in a particular style.

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In this way, we become a slave to our old beliefs without even realizing it. We
adopt a philosophy or strategy based on what we have been exposed to without
knowing if it's the optimal way to do things.
There is a concept in Zen Buddhism known as shoshin, which means "beginner's
mind." Shoshin refers to the idea of letting go of your preconceptions and having
an attitude of openness when studying a subject.
When you are a true beginner, your mind is empty and open. You're willing to
learn and consider all piece of information, like a child discovering something for
the first time. As you develop knowledge and expertise, however, your mind
naturally becomes more closed. You tend to think, "I already know how to do this
and you become less open to new information.
There is a danger that comes with expertise. We tend to block the information that
disagrees with what we learned previously and yield to the information that
confirms our current approach. We think we are learning, but in reality we are
steamrolling through information and conversations, waiting until we hear
something that matches up with our current philosophy or previous experience, and
cherry-picking information to justify our current behaviours and beliefs. Most
people don't want new information, they want to validate information.
The problem is that when you are an expert you actually need to pay more
attention, not less. Why? Because when you are already familiar with 98 percent of
the information on a topic, you need to listen very carefully to pick up on the
remaining 2 percent.
As adults, our prior knowledge blocks us from seeing things anew. To quote zen
master Shunryo Suzuki, "In the beginner's mind there are many possibilities, but in
the expert's there are few."

26. What is the message the author is trying to convey?

(a) We should always be open to new information
(b) Sports coaches should always look for new methods
(c) The author is emphasizing on the practice of shoshin
(d) Experts tend to ignore all the information which they don't possess

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27. What do you understand by 'shoshin?

(a) A practice of becoming a beginner
(b) A practice of clearing the previous information and starting afresh
(c) Buddhism practice for becoming religiously independent
(d) The practice of not inheriting our parent's ideologies

28. What is the danger that comes with expertise?

(a) They are ready to take more information
(b) They are not able to find the rest 2% information
(c) They validate information
(d) They just want to please themselves

29. What do you understand by "cherry-picking information”?

(a) Choosing favourable information
(b) Choosing very common information
(c) Moulding the information for own good
(d) Emitting wrong information

30. Which of the following can be used instead of mimic?

(a) Impersonate
(b) Modify
(c) Praise
(d) Obsolete

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE - 6
1 A 16 A
2 C 17 C
3 D 18 D
4 B 19 B
5 D 20 A
6 C 21 B
7 D 22 A
8 A 23 C
9 B 24 A
10 C 25 A
11 A 26 A
12 B 27 B
13 B 28 C
14 B 29 A
15 A 30 A

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 7

1.
On April 9, 1990, American newspapers reported on an unusual deal. Pepsi had
come to a three-billion-dollar agreement with Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had
long traded Stolichnaya vodka in return for Pepsi concentrate, But this time, Pepsi
got 10 Soviet ships. This wasn't the first time that Pepsi sold soft drinks in return
for a flotilla. The previous year, the company even received warships. This
situation - a soft drink conglomerate briefly owning a fairly large navy - was the
unusual result of an unusual situation : a communist government buying a product
of capitalism from the country it considered its greatest rival.
It began with a rare exchange of culture. In the summer of 1959, the U.S.S.R. held
an exhibition in New York, and the United States reciprocated. The American
National Exhibition in Sokolniki Park, Moscow, featured American products: cars,
art, fashion, and an entire model American house. A number of still-familiar
brands sponsored exhibits and booths, including Disney, Dixie Cup Inc, IBM, and
Pepsi.
That month, many Russians got their first taste of Pepsi. One of them was Soviet
leader Nikita Khrushchev. On July 24, then-Vice President Richard Nixon showed
Khrushchev the exhibition. It became the scene of the infamous Kitchen Debate.
While standing in a mock-up of an American kitchen, Nixon and Khrushchev
traded barbs about communism and a recent American resolution on "captive
states" under Soviet power. Nixon also led Khrushchev towards a display booth
that dispensed nothing other than Pepsi-Cola, Symbolically, the booth offered two
batches-one mixed with American water, the other with Russian.
It was a set up. The night before, a Pepsi executive, Donald M. Kendall, had
approached Nixon at the American embassy. As the head of Pepsi's international
division, he'd defied the company's leaders in deciding to sponsor a booth and
attend the exhibition. To prove that the trip was worthwhile, he told Nixon, he "had
to get a Pepsi in Khrushchev's hand." Nixon delivered. A photographer caught
Nixon and Khrushchev together as the Soviet leader gingerly sipped his cup of
Pepsi. Kendall stands to the side, pouring another cup. Khrushchev's son later
recalled that many Russian's first take on Pepsi was that it smelled like shoe wax
But, he added, everyone remembered it, even after the exhibition was over.
For Kendall, the photo was a triumph. He had big plans for the brand's expansion,
and the Khrushchev photo op catapulted him up the ranks at Pepsi. Six years after
the American National Exhibition, Kendall became CEO. The U.S.S.R. was
Kendall's land of opportunity, and his goal was to open it to Pepsi. In 1972, he
succeeded, negotiating a cola monopoly and locking out Coca-Cola until 1985.
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Cola syrup began flowing through the Soviet Union, where it was bottled locally. It
was a coup: As the New York Times put it, the soda was "the first capitalistic
product" available in the U.S.S.R. Pepsi had become a pioneer. But there was one
issue, money.
Soviet rubles were worthless internationally, with their value determined by the
Kremlin. Soviet law also prohibited taking the currency abroad. So, the U.S.S.R.
and Pepsi resorted to barter. In return for cola, Pepsi received Stolichnaya vodka to
distribute in the United States. By the late 1980s, Russians were drinking
approximately a billion servings of Pepsi a year. In 1988, Pepsi broadcast the first
paid commercials on local TV, starring none other than Michael Jackson. The
bartering worked well—Stolichnaya was popular in the United States. An
American boycott in response to the Soviet-Afghan war, however, meant that Pepsi
wanted something else to trade.
So, in the spring of 1989, Pepsi and the Soviet Union signed a remarkable deal.
Pepsi became the middleman for 17 old submarines and three warships, including a
frigate, a cruiser, and a destroyer, which the company sold for scrap. Pepsi also
bought new Soviet oil tankers and leased them out or sold them in partnership with
a Norwegian company. In return, the company could more than double the number
of Pepsi plants in the Soviet Union. (It also ignited jokes that Pepsi was taking the
Cola Wars to the high seas).

1. In the American National Exhibition, which of the following brand was not
included?
(a) Disney
(b) IBM
(c) BMW
(d) Dixie Cup

2. Which of the following word is similar to "Conglomerate"?

(a) Group
(b) Different
(c) Individual
(d) Similar

3. In which year Kendall succeeded negotiating a cola monopoly and locking out
Coca-Cola until 1985?
(a) 1978
(b) 1976
(c) 1972
(d) 1980
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4. How many ships did Pepsi get in 1990 from The Soviet Union in exchange of
Cold drink?
(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 10
(d) 13

5. As the head of Pepsi's international division, who approached to Nixon at the

American embassy ?
(a) Ramon Laguarta
(b) Donald M. Kendall
(c) Khrushchev
(d) Indira Nooyi

2.
Besides affecting human health, air pollution is also causing malnutrition in trees
by harming a fungi that is important for providing mineral nutrients to tree roots.
Mycorrhizal fungi is hosted by the trees in their roots to receive nutrients from the
soil. These fungi provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium from soil in exchange for carbon from the tree. This plant-fungal
symbiotic relationship is crucial for the health of the tree. However, high levels of
the nutrition elements like nitrogen and phosphorus in the mycorrhizae changes
them to act as pollutants rather than nutrients.
The signs of malnutrition can be seen in the form of discoloured leaves and
excessive falling of leaves. There is an alarming trend of tree malnutrition across
Europe, which leaves forests vulnerable to pests, disease and climate change. The
researchers noted that ecosystem changes can negatively affect tree health. Further,
they found that the characteristics of the tree - species and nutrient status - and the
local environmental conditions like the atmospheric pollution and soil variables
were the most important predictors of which species of mycorrhizae fungi would
be present and their numbers. These also proved to have a large impact on the
fungi.

6. Which fungi is hosted by the trees in their roots to receive nutrients?

(a) Ascomycota
(b) Microsporidia
(c) Mycorrhizal
(d) smuts
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7. Air pollution is affecting trees as malnutrition besides ………….. .

(a) animal health
(b) human health
(c) monuments
(d) plastic

8. What are the signs of malnutrition can be seen in trees?

(a) Discoloured leaves
(b) Excessive falling of leaves
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these

9. What are the essential nutrients provided by Mycorrhizae fungi from the soil?
(a) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
(b) Nitrogen, iron and potassium
(c) Nitrogen, phosphorus and Sulphur
(d) Iron, sulphur and potassium

10. Mycorrhizae changes high levels of nutrition elements to act as ____________

rather than nutrients.
(a) soil variable
(b) minerals
(c) garbage
(d) pollutants

3.
"She can fly," I said. I’ve trained her."
My dad didn't even look at me.
"Rubbish. You got wings? Where are they?"
He pinched my skin between my shoulder blades and laughed. I shook his hand off
and held on to the box. Inside the bird flapped around and let out another cry.
She hated being inside that box. But I had to put her in the thing to get her here.
The wind blew harder. Icy-cold in my face.
"That's a strong wind," said dad. "Sure that pigeon can fly in this?"
He knew she wasn't a pigeon.
"She's not a pigeon," I said, "I told you before."
"Oh yeah, that's right. A seagull. One of those noisy damn things."

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I went to say something but clamped my lips together. He didn't have one good
word for Elsie. That's what I called her. After mum's grandmother. Elsie. It just
sounded right. An old-fashioned name for her. It suited her.
She flapped around inside the box and screeched. I held tightly onto the sides of it.
She moved around so much I nearly dropped the box earlier.
My dad didn't notice. He was busy telling our neighbour about going to the top of
the hill at the end of Station Road.
“Got to let this bird out," he said. “It's been with us since he found it on the ground.
Surprised it lasted this long, to be honest.
The neighbour gave me a friendly nod but I pretended to be busy securing the box.
That's when Elsie shook about inside and the box nearly fell out my hands.
All the way to Station Road, dad made comment after comment. Always the same
thing. That stupid bird won't fly. That stupid bird is lucky to be alive.
No reason she shouldn't be alive. I fed her. I made sure she ate every day. Just a
little blob when I found her on the ground. She hardly had any feathers and her
eyes were almost completely shut. But I touched her and she moved a little bit. So
I took her home.
Mum said I couldn't keep her in the house
"It's dirty," she said. "It might have fleas."
"She's a she, mum," I said. "And she doesn't have fleas. I washed her."
I didn't know what to give her. The pet shop man said that she would die in two
days. He wasn't interested, anyway. I went to the library instead and found a book
on birds. There was a picture of a man feeding a baby bird some milk. I didn't
know birds could drink milk. I didn't know what they drank. All I knew was that I
had to feed her something or she would die.
I didn't want the pet shop man to be right. I wanted to make her live and then go
down to his shop and tell him. Tell him to his face.
"So what you planning on doing," said dad. "Throwing it off the top here?"
He didn't know anything.
"I'll help her," I said. "I've been helping her for the last two weeks."
Dad laughed again. The same laugh whenever he thought he was right. A smug
laugh, mum called it. But she always smiled when he laughed like that. She liked it
when he proved himself right and her wrong. That's what being married is all
about. One person is always right and the other one is always wrong and that's how
they live forever.
I wouldn't do that.
"Come on then," said dad. "Get on with it. It's freezing up here."
I put the box on the grass and knelt down to open the lid. As I fumbled with the
two cardboard flaps, Elsie flapped around inside
"Come on, girl," I said in what I hoped was a soothing voice. "Come on now."
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"Saying your last goodbyes?" said dad. "So sad."

He couldn't say any more as he went into one of his coughing fits. He bent over
and hacked and hawed as he tried to clear his chest.
I got the flap open and Elsie let her wings spill outside and into the cold air. She
stretched them above her head at awkward angles.
"Come on, girl," I whispered. I put my hands down the insides of the box and slid
my fingers under her tiny body. She pecked at my fingers in a rapid motion. I was
used to her doing it. When she first did it I pulled my fingers away.
"It's okay," I said. "I'll help you."
Elsie calmed down a little, and I got my fingers underneath her body. She appeared
so strong with all her feathers now, but I could feel how skinny she was. She ate
her own weight in food every day but still like a little bag of bones.
I pulled her out of the box and held her close to my chest.
My dad had gone quiet. I didn't look at him in case it made him start again.
The grass sloped down in front of me and then went at a sharper angle down. I got
as far as I could and stopped. She had done it so many times before with me. I had
held her, and she flew right to the end of the garage. One time she flew into the
door. She was strong, I could feel it.
I held my hands up higher to give her a full view of what was in front of us.
"Come on, girl," I said. "You got this."
I closed my eyes and lifted my hands higher. She let out a cry, it sounded like she
said Far. Faaaar!
Then I felt her wings pound the air. I could feel her body lifting.
And she was gone.

11. Why did the author named the bird 'Elsie’?

(a) The bird was old-fashioned
(b) Elsie was the author's mother's grandmother's name
(c) His dad hated Elsie
(d) The name was liked by the author's mother

12. What did the author want to tell the pet shop man?
(a) That he was right about the bird
(b) That the author was able to save Elsie's life
(c) That he did not know birds and animals
(d) That he was too heartless and a negative person

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13. Why did the bird was lucky to be alive according to the author's father?
(a) The bird was injured and lying unconscious on the ground
(b) The bird had no feathers
(c) The bird was very skinny and weak
(d) The bird ate her own body fat and had no strength

14. Where did the author take Elsie to fly?

(a) At the end of the garage
(b) In the backyard
(c) Near the neighbour's house
(d) At the end of the hill

15. What do you understand by 'screeching’?

(a) Flapping of wings
(b) Loud, harsh noise
(c) Noise caused due to pain
(d) Noise of scratching

4.
The Bhagwad Gita helps seekers strive for self-realization in different ways. It
recommends three paths to achieve the supreme goal - Jnana Yoga, the way of
knowledge; Karma Yoga, the way of action; and Bhakti Yoga, the way of
devotion. One can attain perfection by choosing any of these paths, according to
one's nature, interests, temperament, and disposition.
The idea of one god is also professed here. Sri Krishna says, by whatsoever way
men seek me, even so, do I accept them (the same way). This implies that the
entire world is a family. Freedom of action is derived from the Law of Karma,
subject to the fruit received according to deeds performed.
Krishna gives great consolation to sinners the most, and assures their
transformation to leading a pious life with absolute devotion to the Supreme.
Krishna says in the Gita, 'If the sinner worships me with exclusive devotion, such a
person becomes righteous and gets peace. My devotee does not suffer any
degeneration and degradation.’
The Gita gives confidence by releasing the guilt feelings of sinners and helps to
make their future life better with strong desire and determination for sole devotion
to god, followed by leading a righteous life. This will pave the way for salvation
Krishna says, he who while leaving the body, thinks of me alone even at the time
of death, attains me, there is no doubt about it. Start walking on the righteous path

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now, to avoid the pitfalls of the results of karma and the conditioning of mind at
the fag end of the life.

16. Which of the following phrase defines the word Karma'?

(a) What goes around comes around
(b) Foul plays in the destiny
(c) Good deeds are in your way from your past life
(d) The more the merrier

17. How does the idea of one god is professed in the Bhagwad Gita?
(a) Every man is asked to worship Lord Krishna
(b) Every sinner is advised to worship Lord Krishna
(c) A man may worship the god in any form, any manner to attain salvation
(d) Bhagwad Gita gives various ways for reformation which are acceptable to
all religions

18. What is the supreme goal the author is talking about in the passage?
(a) Salvation
(b) Reformation
(c) Peace
(d) Self-realization

19. How does, according to Bhagwad Gita, a sinner can attain salvation?
(a) By leading a righteous path
(b) By devoting themselves to God
(c) By self-realization
(d) All of the above

20. What do you understand by 'salvation?

(a) Self- realization
(b) Redemption
(c) Reformation
(d) Devotion to God

5.
Full of blood, passion and extraordinary feats of athletic endeavour, the Olympic
Games were the sporting, social and cultural highlight of the Ancient Greek
calendar for almost 12 centuries.
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"It is hard for us to exaggerate how important the Olympics were for the Greeks,"
Paul Christesen, Professor of Ancient Greek History at Dartmouth College, USA,
said.
“The classic example is that when the Persians invaded Greece in the summer of
480 (BC), a lot of the Greek city states agreed that they would put together an
allied army, but they had a very hard time getting one together because so many
people wanted to go to the Olympics. So, they actually had to delay putting the
army together to defend the country against the Persians.
The threat of invasion or not, the Games took place every four years from 776 BC
to at least 393 AD. All free Greek males were allowed to take part, from farmhands
to royal heirs, although the majority of Olympians were soldiers. Women could not
compete or even attend. There was, however, a loophole to this misogynistic rule -
chariot owners, not riders, were declared Olympic champions and anyone could
own a chariot. Kyniska, daughter of a Spartan king, took advantage of this,
claiming victory wreaths in 396 BC and 392 BC.
At their heart, the Games were a religious festival and a good excuse for Greeks
from all over the Mediterranean basin to gather for a riotous barbeque. In the
middle day of the festival, a vast number of cows were slaughtered in honour of
Zeus, King of the Greek Gods-once he had been given a small taste, the rest was
for the people.
For the first 250-plus years, all the action took place in the sanctuary of Olympia,
situated in the north-western Peloponnese. Pock-marked by olive trees, from which
the victory wreaths were cut, and featuring an altar to Zeus, it was a hugely sacred
spot.
The Games lasted a full five days by the fifth century BC and saw running,
jumping and throwing events plus boxing, wrestling, pankration and chariot racing.
At least a 40,000 spectators would have packed the stadium each day at the height
of the Games' popularity, in the second century AD, with many more selling their
wares outside.

21. For how many centuries the Olympic Games were the sporting, social and
cultural highlight of the Ancient Greek calendar?
(a) Almost 12 centuries
(b) Almost a decade
(c) Almost a year
(d) None of the above

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22. What was the loophole for the mentioned misogynistic rule?
(a) Queens were declared champions without any participation
(b) Chariot owners were declared Olympic champions, and anyone could own a
chariot
(c) Female competitors were also allowed to participate
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

23. How long the games lasted during the fifth century?
(a) 5 days
(b) 7 days
(c) 10 days
(d) None of the above

24. From which tree the victory wreaths were made?

(a) Olive tree
(b) Mango tree
(c) Apple tree
(d) None of the above

25. Where did all the actions took place for more than 250 years?
(a) North-western Peloponnese
(b) Athens
(c) Mediterranean basin
(d) None of the above

6
Thanksgiving Day did not become an official holiday until Northerners dominated
the federal government. While sectional tensions prevailed in the mid-19th
century, the editor of the popular magazine Godey's Lady's Book, Sarah Josepha
Hale, campaigned for a national Thanksgiving Day to promote unity. She finally
won the support of President Abraham Lincoln. On October 3, 1863, during the
Civil War, Lincoln proclaimed a national day of thanksgiving to be celebrated on
Thursday, November 26.
The holiday was annually proclaimed by every president thereafter, and the date
chosen, with few exceptions, was the last Thursday in November. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, attempted to extend the Christmas shopping
season, which generally begins with the Thanksgiving holiday, and to boost the
economy by moving the date back a week, to the third week in November. But not
all states complied, and, after a joint resolution of Congress in 1941, Roosevelt
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issued a proclamation in 1942 designating the fourth Thursday in November

(which is not always the last Thursday) as Thanksgiving Day.
As the country became more urban and family members began to live farther apart,
Thanksgiving became a time to gather together. The holiday moved away from its
religious roots to allow immigrants of every background to participate in a
common tradition. Thanksgiving Day football games, beginning with Yale versus
Princeton in 1876, enabled fans to add some rowdiness to the holiday. In the late
1800s, parades of costumed revellers became common In 1920. Gimbel's
department store in Philadelphia, staged a parade of about 50 people with Santa
Claus at the rear of the procession. Since 1924, the annual Macy's parade in New
York City has continued the tradition, with huge balloons since 1927. The holiday
associated with Pilgrims and Native Americans has come to symbolize
intercultural peace, America's opportunity for newcomers, and the sanctity of home
and family
Days of Thanksgiving in Canada also originated in the colonial period, arising
from the same European traditions, in gratitude for safe journeys, peace and
bountiful harvests. The earliest celebration was held in 1578, when an expedition
led by Martin Frobisher held a ceremony in present-day Nunavut to give the safety
of its fleet. In 1879, Parliament established a National Thanksgiving Day on
November 6; the date has varied over the years. Since 1957, Thanksgiving Day has
been celebrated in Canada on the second Monday in October.

26. Who campaigned for a National Thanksgiving Day to promote unity?

(a) Sarah Josepha Hale
(b) Abraham Lincoln
(c) Franklin D. Roosevelt
(d) None of the above

27. What do you understand by the term 'reveller' in the context of the passage?
(a) A drunken person
(b) A person who enjoys themselves
(c) A sad person
(d) All of the above

28. Since when Thanksgiving Day has been celebrated in Canada?

(a) 1879
(b) 1578
(c) 1980
(d) 1957

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29. How did Thanksgiving became more a time to gather together and less
religious?
(a) The country became more urban
(b) The family members began to live farther
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

30. What was the reason of shifting the Thanksgiving celebration day?
(a) People couldn't wait to celebrate the day
(b) To extend the Christmas shopping season
(c) To help boost up the economy
(d) Both (b) and (c)

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 7
1 C 16 A
2 A 17 C
3 C 18 D
4 C 19 D
5 B 20 B
6 C 21 A
7 B 22 B
8 C 23 A
9 A 24 A
10 D 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 B 27 B
13 A 28 D
14 A 29 C
15 B 30 D

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 8

1.
What would it mean for your business if the Internet went down? Not just a
network or two, for a few hours, but a large-scale, long-term shutdown of the Web
itself. The idea that hackers or governments (or hackers hired by governments)
could disable or disrupt the communications infrastructure that the world relies on
sounds like fodder for a big-budget summertime thriller; But on a more prosaic
level, the reality is that natural disasters such as Hurricane Sandy or technological
errors could also cut off large sections of the world from the Internet. And although
the Department of Homeland Security take fears of a widespread crash seriously (it
has funded research to build a replica of the Internet, testing what would happen if
it went down in various doomsday scenarios), a new study from G. Stevenson
Smith at Southeastern Oklahoma State University points out that this concern isn't
necessarily shared by businesses. To be sure, plenty of firms are on alert for cyber-
attacks that could target their internal systems, but companies are still mostly
unprepared for a large-scale Internet disaster.
Just think of how many business functions assume Internet connectivity is a given.
Consider being unable to use smartphones, email, electronic banking, online
medical records sharing, supply chain and delivery technology, and the tech
involved in operating mass transit. It is difficult to overstate the impact of a serious
Internet outage across the U.S. - or even global - business landscape. But, the
author of the study writes, someone's got to imagine it. Building on his experience
analysing cyber-security and financial risk issues, along with performing an
analysis of the latest media reports and research on the still-fledgling topic, Smith
suggests that the job of anticipating and reacting to the Internet disaster should fall
to a predetermined emergency response (ER) team. Not unlike the ER teams
trained to help colleagues evacuate a building in the event of a fire or natural
disaster or terror threat, this specialized squad would be ready to deal with
catastrophic Internet outages at a moment's notice.
Who should be a part of this team? Although it might be tempting to build such a
specialized unit around your existing IT department, Smith argues that the modern
IT staff is mostly involved in the upkeep of a firm's internal network. It should not
be assumed that their know-how extends to external crises. Therefore, the IT team
should assume an ancillary role. It's also important not to bog down the ER team
with too many members of senior management. What's needed in a time of
technological crisis is quick thinking, not deliberation, he argues.
Smith suggests the ER team should exist outside the regular organizational chart,
be fairly streamlined, and be led by the company's chief communications officer
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(CCO). Under the CCO, a few key internal managers and Internet forensic
specialists - who are typically outside consultants — should be ready to assemble,
plan in hand, as soon as there is a hint of trouble, and they should be given the
authority to oversee the event. Smith suggests having a basic plan to cover 48 to 72
hours without Internet access, The ER squad should also include a corporate
attorney who can review whether connectivity losses violate any legal agreements
with partners and suppliers; a liaison manager to keep upper management briefed
as events unfold; an HR representative who can help the team safeguard employees
confidential information; and a public relations supervisor who can explain the
evolving situation to employees and the public if there's limited Internet access,
and be ready with a statement once full connectivity is restored.
Most important, according to Smith, is for the response team's key cadre of
external technicians (who have both familiarity with the company's
communications platform and expertise in Internet infrastructure) to be given the
freedom to respond to rapidly shifting attacks. “Before any problems begin, higher-
level management needs to provide the technicians with a priority blueprint as to
which processes in the company are most important to keep open,” Smith writes;
examples include those relating to billing, customer records, vendor contracts,
employee interfaces, inventory control, and book-keeping.
For shorter-term outages, companies should, at a minimum, have contracted with a
backup ISP in case their primary carrier fails. They should also make sure their
business and accounting records are backed up and, if possible, have the capacity
to store the data that would be accumulated during a blackout period.
For longer-term interruptions, the ER team should ensure that firms have the
necessary hardliner connectivity to operate critical business functions. It's also
helpful to have a few mobile data centres on hand-large SUVs, equipped with
servers and satellite dishes, that facilitate the flow of communication even while
certain segments of the Internet are down. "It might sound………” far-fetched, but
you never know what Hollywood screenwriters - or real-life hackers - will think of
next."?

1. Which of the following statements suggest(s) the author's ultimate concern?

(I) Lack of consideration by most of the companies around the world regarding
large-scale Internet disaster
(II) Failure of the global leaders in dealing with natural disasters affecting both the
large-scale and small-scale industries.
(III) Threat to cybersecurity globally and the dearth of any extensive plan to deal
with it.
(a) Only (I)
(b) Both (I) and (II)
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(c) Both (I) and (III)

(d) All (I), (II) and (III)

2. Which of the following statements weaken(s) the G. Stevenson Smith's

emergency response team plan?
(I) The emergency response team should not be trained like other specialized
forces who help people evacuate a building in the event of a fire or natural disaster.
(II) The emergency response team should not include too many members of
senior management.
(III) There should only be a supplementary role of the IT department in the
emergency response team.
(a) Only (I)
(b) Only (II)
(c) Only (III)
(d) Both (I) and (III)

3. What does the author mean by the statement – "It might sound………” far-
fetched, but you never know what Hollywood screenwriters - or real-life hackers -
will think of next."?
(a) The author believes that the emergency response team might disperse the
complete threat of immediate cyber-security breach or any financial risks
associated with it
(b) None of the rationale is given as options
(c) There is uncertainty regarding the success of the ER team in ensuring the
necessary hardline connectivity to operate critical business functions
(d) The author is concerned about the possibility of large-scale Internet disaster in
the coming years and the need to build the emergency response team on time to
tackle the same

4. Which of the following words can replace the word ‘given' as used in the
passage without altering its meaning and grammatical usage?
(a) predetermined
(b) reality
(c) consignment
(d) conjecture

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5. What does the author want to convey through the given passage?
(I) There should be a global awareness about the prospects of Internet outages
before it becomes a reality.
(II) Companies around the world need a comprehensive plan in place to ensure that
critical business can still get done in the case of a prolonged Web outage.
(III) The impact of serious Internet shutdown across the globe cannot be imagined
via mere anticipation; rather all the possibilities should be dealt with grave
concern.
(a) Only (III)
(b) Both (I) and (II)
(c) All (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (II)

2.
"Literacy", the ability to read and write is often equated with "education", but is
not the same. Literacy is a step to education. For me, education is the complete
development of a person in terms of knowledge, sensibility, and most important,
behaviour in different situations. Let us take an example of a person who knows
very well to read and write. He is very fluent in English. Thus, we can say that he
is literate. But can we say that he is well educated? I doubt I can say he is educated
only if his knowledge and information gained is reflected in his actions.
A person who is literate in a language is considered illiterate when he goes to a
foreign land having another language, but his behaviour will reflect his educated
mind everywhere. Literacy cannot make a person wise, but education can. An
educated man can only bring around changes in society and contribute to the
development of society, which leads to the development of the nation.
To make people and children educated, we must take care of the teaching
methodology. We must have efficient and eminent teachers who can educate the
young generations as the mind once enlightened cannot become dark. The students
of different capabilities must be mixed together in a proper order without
discrimination so that they can learn from each other
Everybody has his or her own capability and interest. We must encourage them to
excel in the fields in which they desire to grow. They must be provided with the
option to develop themselves. If we judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, then
we are making a fool of us only.

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6. As per the above passage, the author considers literate to

(a) A person who is fluent in English
(b) A person who is completely developed in terms of his knowledge and behavioir
(c) A person who knows how to read and write
(d) A person who took his education from efficient and eminent teachers

7. On the basis of the above paragraph, what about a person can be best deduced if
he is excellent in different situations?
(a) He is educated but nothing can be judged about his literacy
(b) He is literate but not educated
(c) He is neither literate nor educated
(d) He is both literate and educated

8. A person who is literate in a language can be considered illiterate

(a) When he goes to a foreign land having the same language
(b) If he cannot contribute to the development of his society
(c) If he cannot read and write even though his overall behaviour is good
(d) When he goes to a foreign land having another language

9. According to the above passage, which of the following statements is not

correct?
(a) A person's behaviour reflects his educated mind
(b) Education cannot make a person wise, but literacy can
(c) If a mind once enlightened cannot become dark
(d) Different people have different capabilities and interests

10. What, according to the above passage, cannot contribute to making people and
children educated?
(a) Encourage them to excel in the fields in which they desire to grow
(b) The students of different capabilities must be mixed together in a proper order
without discrimination while teaching
(c) Teach them to behave in public
(d) Efficient and eminent teachers

3.
Like many other countries in Europe, the United Kingdom (or the UK) is part of
the European Union—but that is about to change.
On the 23rd of June 2016, British people voted to leave the European Union. This
has become known as "Brexit", a combination of the words 'Britain' and 'exit'.
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The EU, as it's more commonly known, is a group of European countries who have
all signed up to a series of agreements. Members of the EU can trade freely with
each other without having to pay fees, and people who were born in an EU country
can live and work in any other EU country without needing a visa. The member
countries often have similar laws, especially about development and agriculture.
At the moment (April 2018) the UK is still a member of the European Union. After
the vote, they had to inform the rest of the EU about their decision by triggering
Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The UK and the EU are currently in two years of
negotiations to try to reach new agreements on trade and the movement of people.
Directly after the Brexit vote, the value of the UK's money - the pound - dropped
quickly. This was good news for any company that buys things in the UK and sells
them abroad, but bad news for anyone trying to sell in Britain.
Many people were predicting that Brexit would cause a recession. So far the
British economy is fairly steady, but there are some worrying signs, such as the
housing market slowing down and stock prices falling. So far, employment has not
been affected too much. The UK will be looking for new trading partners after
their agreements with the EU are finished, so we could see the UK trying to
strengthen their relationships with current partners such as the USA, Canada,
China, or Saudi Arabia.
Europeans living and working in the UK may eventually need to apply for a visa so
that they can stay. Whether or not that happens depends on the result of the UK's
negotiations with the EU. There are also many Brits living in Europe, who may
also either need to apply for a visa for the country they are currently living in or go
back to the UK.
It is unlikely that Brexit will have much of an effect on tourist visas; the UK will
still want tourists to visit the country and they already have a reciprocal agreement
with many countries to allow its citizens visa-free entry.
The UK will soon be able to make its own laws on things previously controlled by
the EU, such as fishing quotas or employment rights.
In the end, we won't know the real effects of leaving the European Union until the
UK and the EU have finished negotiating, which will be several years from now.
One thing is for sure; it is in both the UK and Europe's best interests to make sure
the change is a smooth one.

11. Why were people predicting a recession after the Brexit?

(a) Brexit caused the value of the pound to drop steadily
(b) Brexit caused the rise in the value of the pound
(c) Brexit caused a steady rise in the inflation rate in Britain
(d) Brexit would cause significant changes in VISA and employment laws

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12. Why would Europeans living in UK require to apply for a visa?

(a) Visa would be required to visit every country
(b) Visa would be required as the UK is separated from the EU
(c) Visa would be required as the UK is separated from Europe
(d) Visa would be required as the UK is a separate country

13. Why is UK strengthening with the other partners like Canada, China, Saudi
Arabia?
(a) To Improve trade relations
(b) After Brexit, it would need new trading partners
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

14. What do you understand by 'steady'?

(a) Balanced
(b) Shaking
(c) Volatile
(d) Varying

15. Which of the following cannot be used instead of 'combination’?

(a) Amalgamation
(b) Fusion
(c) Severance
(d) Mingling

4.
"Cup of tea, love?
Stan stood by the kitchen sink. His wife shuffled in and sat at the table.
“Yes, please." she whispered.
Stan knew that Margaret needed at least another ten minutes before she fully
awoke. This was their usual morning routine and had been for the last thirty-two
years. He stood by the sink, waiting for the kettle to boil, and she sat at the table
staring into space.
Bonnie, their pet dog, snapped and barked at Stan's ankles.
“What's the matter with you?" said Stan. He turned to his wife "Dog's gone mad."
"She needs to go outside," said Margaret, rubbing a hand over her face.
The dog ran to Margaret, put its paws on her knees, and yapped frantically.
"You need to go wee-wees?" said Margaret, leaning down towards the dog.
Stan stared out into the back garden. It was in near-total darkness.
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"Bit of a gloomy day," he said. "Still, it is November."

Outside the garden was still. The trees at the back, the well-tended rose bushes
Stan's pride and joy and the plants and lawn all shrouded in dark grey.
"Lisa's coming over today," said Margaret. "She wants Lasagne for lunch. There's
one in the freezer."
"Oh well," said Stan. Lasagne for lunch it is then."
He didn't mind. He would eat anything that Lisa wanted. His grand-daughter.
Seven years old and she could do no wrong.
Bonnie yapped and snarled at Stan's feet again.
"What's got into this dog?" he said. "She's going frantic."
The kettle whistled as the water boiled and Stan turned off the gas.
I hope she hasn't been next door again," said Margaret. "Maybe she's had some of
the fertilizer like last time." Stan poured hot water into the teapot.
“We never really knew if it was the fertilizer," said Stan. "We just said it might
have been."
Their next-door neighbour had used a new fertilizer on his lawn. Margaret thought
that Bonnie had eaten some of it and it had made her ill.
But no one really knew.
Stan put the lid on the teapot. He always gave it two minutes to stew. Then, a
proper cup of tea. Just right.
He crouched down to take a closer look at the dog. As he reached out a hand to
stroke her head, she cuddled under his arm and whimpered. Her eyes were wide
open in fear.
"What's the matter, girl?" said Stan.
"Can you hear that?" said Margaret.
Stan stood upright and peered out into the garden again. Why was it so dark?
It was nearly seven. The days were shorter in November but it shouldn't be this
dark.
“There it is again," said Margaret. She stared down the hallway to the front door.
"Stan?”
Stan could hear it too now. Voices coming from outside.
"There's something going on outside," he said. "I”II just take a quick look."
"Mind the dog, Stan," said Margaret. "Don't let her out."
He went to the front door and opened it. Outside was like the middle of the night.
In the small drive of their house, their neighbour stood, dressed in his underwear
and a pair of slippers.
"I can't believe it," he said, "I just can't believe it."
Stan stared back at him. He looked comical standing there in his shorts and vest.
The slippers on his feet were for a woman. His wife's slippers.
"Bob?" said Stan. "What's going on?"
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Bob the neighbour shook his head and gave Stan a grin. "I can't believe it. It's -- It's
just incredible."
Over the road, Stan saw the woman who lived in the house opposite. They didn't
speak that often, just said hello and that was about it. In her arms was her daughter.
The girl had her arms wrapped around her mother's waist, holding her tight
Bonnie barked and whimpered behind him.
Margaret called out to him. "Stan? What is it?"
Other neighbours were in the street. All dressed in their pyjamas or in their
underwear, all staring up at the sky. A car had stopped in the middle of the road.
The driver stood by his car and gazing up above his head.
Stan tilted his head and looked above.
Then he saw it.
A huge expanse of metal. A great network of shining steel where the sky should
be. It covered the entire space above their heads. A spaceship, bigger than the
entire road, larger than anything in the whole town.
A stream of small lights flickered and raced from one end to the other.
"I can't believe it," said Bob the neighbour. He let out a laugh, like a child. "I just
can't believe it."
"Stan, what is it?" Margaret called out from behind him. "What's going on?"
The edges of the spaceship veered off into the far distance. Just outside the
perimeter of the spaceship, Stan could make out a strip of early morning sunlight.
"Margaret," he said, "I think you might want to take a look at this."

16. What was the name of Stan's wife?

(a) Stan
(b) Margaret
(c) Bob
(d) Bonnie

17. What does stan and the other neighbours see above their heads?
(a) A large-sized eagle
(b) A large-sized spaceship
(c) A big circular metal
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

18. What does Stan want Margaret to do?

(a) He wants her to watch the dog
(b) He wants her to cook lasagne for lunch
(c) He wants her to brew the tea for 2 minutes
(d) He wants her to come outside and see the spaceship
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19. What is described as Stan's pride and joy in the passage?

(a) Lisa, his grand-daughter
(b) Bonnie, his pet dog
(c) Trees and roses in the lawn
(d) His brewed morning tea

20. What do you understand by 'yapping?

(a) Snapping
(b) Barking repeatedly
(c) Making soft noises
(d) Breathing hastily

5.
One way to think about work-life balance is with a concept known as The Four
Burners Theory. Here's how it was first explained to me:
Imagine that your life is represented by a stove with four burners on it. Each burner
symbolizes one major quadrant of your life.
1. The first burner represents your family
2. The second burner is your friends.
3. The third burner is your health
4. The fourth burner is your work.
The Four Burners Theory says that "in order to be successful, you have to cut off
one of your burners. And in order to be really successful, you have to cut off two."
My initial reaction to The Four Burners Theory was to search for a way to bypass
it. "Can I succeed and keep all four burners running?" I wondered.
Perhaps I could combine two burners. "What if I lumped family and friends into
one category?”
Maybe I could combine health and work. "I hear sitting all day is unhealthy. What
if I got a standing desk.” Now, I know what you are thinking. Believing that you
will be healthy because you bought a standing desk is lie believing you are a rebel
because you ignored the fasten seatbelt sign on an airplane, but whatever.
Soon I realized I was inventing these workarounds because I didn't want to face the
real issue : life is filled with trade-offs. If you want to excel in your work and in
your marriage, then your friends and your health may have to suffer. If you want to
be healthy and succeed as a parent, then you might be forced to dial back your
career ambitions. Of course, you are free to divide your time equally among all
four burners, but you have to accept that you will never reach your full potential in
any given area.
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Essentially, we are forced to choose. Would you rather live a life that is
unbalanced, but high-performing in a certain area? Or would you rather live a life
that is balanced, but never maximizes your potential in a given quadrant?

21. What do you understand by 'trade-offs'?

(a) Exchanges
(b) Sacrifices
(c) Letting go
(d) Keeping together

22. What was the author's first reaction to the four burners theory?
(a) To ignore the theory
(b) To find a new theory
(c) To find a loophole in the theory
(d) To try the different permutations and combinations

23. What did the author realize about life at the end?
(a) you don’t get to keep everything you have in life
(b) Four burners theory is true and correct
(c) There is no shortcut to four burners theory in life
(d) All of the above

24. What is the main idea of the passage?

(a) Four burners theory
(b) Balancing work-life
(c) Compromises and priorities of life
(d) Formula of successful lives

25. Which of the following statements has been accepted by the author in the
passage?
(a) We don't have to choose between the four burners
(b) The burner theory is not practical
(c) We may divide equal time to four burners but will never achieve our full
potential
(d) All of the above

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6.
On August 20, 1950, Chou En-Lai was of the opinion that the liberation of Tibet
was a sacred Chinese duty, but that would be done only via negotiations. On
October 7, 1950, the Chinese attack on Tibet started. As Chou En-Lai was filling
sand in an hourglass in which the Tibetans were trapped, on October 21,
Jawaharlal Nehru wrote to Chou En-Lai emphasizing the need for a peaceful
settlement of the Sino-Tibetan problem. It was not because Nehru was concerned
about Tibet but because it would be detrimental to China's admission to the UN
Security Council. The letter emphasized that the timing was bad :
"In Tibet, there is not likely to be any serious military opposition, and any delay in
settling the matter will, therefore, not affect Chinese interests or a suitable final
settlement. The Government of India's interest in the matter is only to see that the
admission of the Peoples' Government to the United Nations is not again
postponed due to causes which could be avoided."
This is from the great man who gave speeches like "It is not right for any country
to talk about sovereignty or suzerainty over any area outside its own range. The
last voice in regard to Tibet should be the voice of the people of Tibet and of
nobody else." Nehru's pompousness, as well as cowardice, was known to Gandhi,
who once observed, "Jawaharlal is extreme in the presentation of his methods, but
he is sober in action. So far as I know, he will not precipitate a conflict."
There were two reasons why Nehru should have recognized an independent Tibet.
First, it was the morally right thing to do. Except for a short period in history, Tibet
was never under Chinese rule. For the past two centuries, it was under a vague
relation and even then the Chinese did not have a viceroy at Lhasa. In 1912, the
agent known as Amban was driven out and since then there was no Chinese
control. The fact that there was nothing in common between Tibet and Hans — in
culture, religion, language, and script - was known even to Nehru. Tibetans had
their own coins and currency, their own postal system, and the army. From 1912,
there was nothing resembling China in Tibet. Even the passports issued by Tibet in
1948 were recognized by other countries. In a book written by Nehru (Glimpses of
World History), he showed an independent Tibet, lying outside the Chinese
empire.
Second, it was important for India's security and many Indians recognized it. On
March 17, 1950, a member from Assam said in the Parliament, "there should be no
loose ends in our relations with the Tibetans...with the success of the Communists
and also the likelihood of Tibet being swallowed up, there is great danger and
apprehension of complications arising in the near future... something has to be
done to strengthen our relations with the Tibetan authorities in this area".

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26. Who has been referred to as 'People's Government’ in the Nehru’s letter?
(a) Tibet
(b) China
(c) India
(d) Not mentioned

27. Why it was a morally right thing to recognize Tibet as independent?

(a) Tibet has been struggling to gain independence from China for a very long
time
(b) Tibet had been independent in every aspect for quite a long time
(c) Nehru recognized Tibet as independent in his book
(d) All of the above

28. Why was recognizing Tibet as independent, necessary for India's security?
(a) People feared complications from the communists in the near future
(b) People feared that China will not become a member of the UN' security council
(c) People wanted good relations with the Tibetan authorities
(d) All of the above

29. What do you understand by pompousness?

(a) Arrogance
(b) Self-importance
(c) Double standards
(d) Hypocrisy

30. What did Gandhi want to say about Nehru?

(a) Nehru will never initiate a conflict with China
(b) Nehru is different in his thoughts and his actions
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 8
1 C 16 B
2 A 17 A
3 D 18 D
4 B 19 C
5 D 20 B
6 C 21 A
7 D 22 A
8 D 23 D
9 B 24 B
10 C 25 C
11 C 26 B
12 B 27 B
13 C 28 A
14 A 29 B
15 C 30 C

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE – 9

1.
Ransomware is malicious code that is used by cyber criminals to launch data
kidnapping and lock screen attacks. The motive for ransomware attacks is
monetary, and unlike other types of attacks, the victim is usually notified that an
exploit has occurred and is given instructions for how to recover from the attack.
Payment is often demanded in virtual currency to protect the criminal's identity.
Ransomware malware can be spread through malicious e-mail attachments,
infected software apps, infected external storage devices and compromised
websites. In a lock screen attack, the malware may change the victim's login
credentials for a computing device: in a data kidnapping attack, the malware may
encrypt files on the infected device as well as other connected network devices.
Ransomware Kits on the deep web have allowed cyber criminals with little or no
technical background to purchase inexpensive ransomware-as-service (RaaS)
programs and launch attacks with very little effort. Attackers may use one of
several different approaches to extort digital currency from their victims. For
example : The victim may receive a pop-up message or email warning that if the
ransom is not paid by a certain date, the private key required to unlock the device
or decrypt files will be destroyed. The victim may be duped into believing he is the
subject of an official inquiry. After being informed that unlicensed software or
illegal web content has been found on his computer, the victim is given
instructions for how to pay an electronic fine. The attacker encrypts files on
infected computed devices and make money by selling a product that promises to
help the victim unlock files and prevent future malware attacks.
To protect against ransomware attacks and other types of cyber-extortion, experts
urge users to backup computing devices on a regular basis and update software-
including anti-virus software-on a regular basis. End users should beware of
clicking on links in emails from strangers or opening email attachments and
victims should do all they can to avoid paying ransoms. While ransomware attacks
may be nearly impossible to stop, there are important data protection measures
individuals and organizations can take to ensure that damage is minimal, and
recovery is as quick as possible. Strategies include compartmentalizing
authentication systems and domains, keeping up-to-date storage snapshots outside
the main storage pool and enforcing hard limits on who can access data and when
access is permitted.

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1. How many types of attack are there in ransomware attacks?

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

2. How can ransomware be prevented?

(a) Keeping up-to-date storage snapshots outside the main storage pool
(b) Enforcing hard limits on who can access data and when access is permitted
(c) End users should beware of clicking on links in emails from strangers
(d) Backup computing devices on a regular basis and update software and
compartmentalize authentication systems and domains by restricting access to
important files

3. How do the attackers succeed in making digital money?

(a) By encrypting data of the infected computer
(b) By threatening the user about describing the data
(c) By asking for ransom
(d) By launching an attack disguised service

4. Which of the following can be verified from the passage?

(a) All people have easy access to the ransomware software
(b) Prying random would secure the computer from future attacks
(c) Formatting the computer can tree it from the attack
(d) Users should rather keep their files in a single folder to avoid mare damage

5. How is the ransomware attack different from other attacks?

(a) It informs that damage has been done and also guides how to recover from it
(b) It doesn't ask for ransom
(c) It changes the login credentials of the user
(d) It cuts access to the files of the system

2.
Sedentary lifestyles are killing us - we need to build activity into our everyday
lives, not just leave it for the gym. Google searches relating to physical fitness
peak in January. Many people even trawl the web to find out about “desk
exercises” and "workouts on the go” in case they are too busy to use their new gym
memberships.
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Our relationship with exercise is complicated. Reports from the UK and the US
show it is something we persistently struggle with. As the new year rolls around,
we anticipate having the drive to behave differently and become regular exercisers,
even in the knowledge that we will probably fail to do so. Why do we want to
exercise? What do we expect it to do for us? We all know we are supposed to be
exercising, but hundreds of millions of us can't face actually doing it. It is just
possible that the problem lies at the heart of the idea of exercise itself.
Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually to
enhance physical fitness. As such, for most of us, it is an optional addition to the
working day - yet another item on a long list of responsibilities alongside the
fulfilment of parental duties or earning money to put food on the table. But because
the principal beneficiaries of exercises are, we ourselves, it is one of the easiest
chores to shirk. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in
sedentary leisure activities instead of what we all think is good for us : a workout.
Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of them worked, there wouldn't be so many.
CrossFit, the intensely physical, communal workout incorporating free weights,
squats, pull-ups and so forth, is still less than 20 years old. Spin classes - vigorous
group workouts on stationary bikes - have only been around for about 30. Aerobics
was a craze about a decade before that, although many of its high-energy routines
had already been around for a while. Before that, there was the jogging revolution,
which began in the US in the early 1960s. The Joggers Manual, published in 1963
by the Oregon Heart Foundation, was a leaflet of about 200 words that sought to
address the post-war panic about sedentary lifestyles by encouraging an accessible
form of physical activity, explaining that "jogging is a bit more than a walk". The
jogging boom took a few years to get traction, hitting its stride in the mid- to late-
80s, but it remains one of the most popular forms of exercise, now also in groups.
The exercise craze that dominated the 1950s was, oddly, not even an exercise. The
vibrating exercise belt promised users could achieve effortless weight loss by
having their midriffs violently jiggled. It didn't work, but you can still find similar
machines available for purchase today.

6. Which exercise craze dominated the 1950s?

(a) Jogging
(b) Vibrating exercise belt
(c) Aerobics
(d) CrossFit

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7. When did The Joggers Manual publish?

(a) In 1950
(b) In 1963
(c) In 1960
(d) In 1980

8. What does the given statement infer: "Fitness crazes are like diets: if any of
them worked, there wouldn't be so many"?
(a) There are so many theoretical diet plans in order to keep yourself fit but none of
them actually work on you
(b) You don't need to exercise as there are many diet plans to follow
(c) No diets and exercise can keep you fit
(d) All of the above

9. Which of the following is the correct definition of ‘exercise'?

(a) Exercise is following diet
(b) Exercise is performing aerobics
(c) Exercise is doing jogging on a regular basis
(d) Exercise is movement of the muscles and limbs for a specific outcome, usually
to enhance physical fitness

10. At the end of the working day, millions of us prefer to indulge in sedentary
leisure activities instead of ……………….. .
(a) exercise
(b) diet
(c) jogging
(d) weightlifting

3.
Slow and steady.
That was how he took his strokes. Slow, strong strokes into the water. His hands
cutting a perfect, symmetrical line in front of him.
Methodical. Precise.
Man liked this place. He liked it in the evening. It was much quieter than during
the day. When he first started coming to the pool he came just after work. It was
too crowded. Full of screaming kids just out of school or families and everyone
else. Young guys trying to impress any girls watching by jumping off the diving
boards and making a nuisance of themselves.
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He then changed his time to as late as possible. The pool closed at ten pm so he
arrived at nine. There were a few people still around but nowhere near as many.
Much more quiet and Max could get into his lane in the pool and swim with no
interruption.
It was quiet, and he liked it that way. No one else in the pool.
To him, it was like a form of meditation. He would leave work feeling stressed out
as he always did. Go home and eat something light for dinner. No need for heavy
meals when he was about to go swimming a couple of hours later.
Do some work at home after washing the dishes. No one to disturb him. He got a
lot more done in two hours in the evening than he did for eight hours during the
day.
It was all the interruptions. All the endless chit-chat and needless conversations.
He didn't like that at all.
But now in the pool, it was quiet. All he could hear was the hum of the lights
above his head.
One Two. One. Two.
Steady strokes with his arms in the pool. He had the pool all to himself. It was all
his. It belonged to him.
"Fifteen minutes, Max.”
It was one of the lifeguards. They all knew him by now. Every evening they told
Max how long he had left before he had to leave the pool. They trusted him. They
could see he was a good swimmer and he would be no trouble to them.
One by one the lights went out as the lifeguard turned them off. The switches made
a loud clicking noise in the big space of the swimming pool.
Then it was as close to dark as it could get. Just the sidelights left on.
Max gave the lifeguard a wave as he reached the far end of the pool and watched
as the lifeguard left via the staff door Max paused for a while and gazed at the
water around him. It was all his now.
Outside he could make out the steady drone of traffic.
He pushed away from the edge and continued swimming, Two more laps and he
would be done.
Slow and steady, he made his strokes into the water, turning his head each time to
the left to take in more air. He got to the deep end of the pool and in one movement
dived under the water, turned, and kicked at the wall to propel himself back again.
For the final lap, he put more exertion into his strokes, kicked harder with his legs,
and within no time at all he was back at the shallow end.
Max waded through the water to the steps out of the water. He climbed out and
shook his head to get the water out of his ears.

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He made his way to the changing rooms and opened his locker. He dried himself
with his towel. He kept his hair very short so there was never a need to comb it
after swimming. It was just so much more convenient to have short hair.
A splash from the pool area. Like someone jumping into the water.
Max tilted his head to listen.
Again, another splash.
It couldn't be anyone in there. The lifeguards wouldn't allow it. Or would they?
Max continued drying his body with the towel. He pulled his phone out of his
pocket and checked for any missed messages from work. One from his colleague
asking about a file, another from another who had forgotten what time the meeting
was tomorrow.
Then a louder splash.
And then, a smell.
It smelled of something earthy. It was an unpleasant smell but not something
chemical. A strong natural smell.
What was it? And why the splashing?
Max dropped the towel on the bench in the middle of the changing room and
stepped back towards the swimming pool entrance.
He couldn't make out anything, it was too dark
His hand rested on the wall of the entrance that divided the pool and the changing
rooms. He slid his hand against the wall to guide him in the right direction.
There was a shadow moving in the pool, maybe it was the water, maybe something
fell in the pool. Was there a security guard around? They couldn't just leave the
place empty.
Max stepped into the pool area. The big space seemed too quiet now. The
sidelights were off now. Someone must have turned them off after he left.
He got closer to the water and peered into the pool.
Then he saw it.
A squid.
Its body filled half of the pool. Its legs filled the other hall. Max could make out
one of the squid's eyes, a large black inky mass that seemed as big as his body.
Max froze on the spot. He slowly turned his head and could just about make out
the quid's tentacles slithering around by the side of the pool. Its large suckers like
huge discs slid across the tiled surface. One tentacle was as far as the window. It
wiped the entire surface of it with one stroke.
Then a splash and from out of the dark a tentacle slipped out of the water and
around Max's ankle. It twirled around his lower leg and gripped fast with a strength
that Max had never felt before.
He drew in a lungful of breath to call out but he was too slow.
With a firm yank, the tentacle dragged Max towards the water.
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11. What were the interruptions according to Max?

(a) Talking to his boss
(b) Chit-chats
(c) Swimming
(d) Meeting other people at the pool

12. Why did Max changed his time of swimming as late as possible?
(a) He didn't like a lot of people in the pool
(b) He didn't like boys trying to impress girls
(c) He used to feel shy in front of girls
(d) He wanted a separate lane in the pool

13. What happened to Max when he came back to the pool?

(a) He was pulled by squid into the pool
(b) He escaped
(c) He didn't come back from the changing area
(d) He ran and went far off from the pool

14. What do you understand by ‘slithering’?

(a) Slide
(b) Grip
(c) Sweep
(d) Run

15. Which of the following can be used instead of 'yank?

(a) Jerk
(b) Slide
(c) Grip
(d) Roll

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4.
A series of explosions shook the city of St. Louis on March 16, 1972. The first
building fell to the ground at 3p.m. that afternoon. In the months that followed,
more than 30 buildings would be turned to rubble.
The buildings that were destroyed were part of the now infamous housing project
known as Pruitt-Igoe. When the Pruitt-Igoe housing project opened in 1954, it was
believed to be a breakthrough in urban architecture. Spanning 57 acres across the
north side of St. Louis, Pruitt-Igoe consisted of 33 high-rise buildings and provided
nearly 3,000 new apartments to the surrounding population.
Pruitt-Igoe was designed with cutting-edge ideas from modern architecture. The
designers emphasized green spaces and packed residents into high-rise towers with
beautiful views of the surrounding city. The buildings-employed skip-stop
elevators, which only stopped at the first; fourth, seventh, and tenth floors.
(Architects believed that forcing people to use the stairs would lessen the foot
traffic and congestion in the building.) The buildings were outfitted with
“unbreakable" lights that were covered in metal mesh and intended to reduce
vandalism. The floors featured communal garbage chutes and large windows to
brighten the corridors with natural light.
On paper, Pruitt-Igoe was a testament to modern engineering. In practice, the
project was a disaster.
Once the troublemakers of the neighbourhood heard that the light fixtures were
supposedly unbreakable, they accepted the challenge and threw water on the lights
until they overheated and burnt out.
Next, they busted the garbage chutes and shattered the windows. According to one
report, the bright new corridors had so many broken windows that "it was possible
to see straight through to the other side."
The St. Louis Housing Authority had planned to use rental incomes to pay for the
maintenance of the buildings. In the years after the massive project opened, the
population of St. Louis began to drop as people moved out of the city. With fewer
tenants than expected and increasing rates of vandalism, the buildings were left
unfixed.
Soon the modern design of Pruitt-Igoe began to accelerate its downfall. Suddenly,
the skip-stop elevators became a danger to well-behaved citizens who were forced
to walk through additional corridors and risky stairways just to get into and out of
their apartments. As criminal activity rose, more things were broken, more people
moved away, and less money came in
In 1972, less than 20 years after the project had opened, the St. Louis Housing
Authority scheduled a demolition and blew up the entire $36 million complex.

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16. What was the reason behind the downfall of the Pruitt-Igoe?
(a) Many people moved out of the city
(b) Increased rate of crime and Vandalism
(c) The skip-stop elevators
(d) All of the above

17. What was the logic behind the skip-stop elevators?

(a) Walking would enhance the physical health of people
(b) People would use the elevators less
(c) Lessen the footfall in the building
(d) All of the above

18. What do you understand by ‘vandalism'?

(a) Petty criminal activities
(b) Petty thefts
(c) Damaging or breaking properties
(d) Setting fire to the properties

19. Why was the building vandalised?

(a) Neighbourhood felt challenged by the anti vandalism designs
(b) Neighbourhood wanted to teach the rich inhabitants a lesson
(c) Neighbourhood wanted to show their capacity of destruction
(d) All of the above

20. What do you understand by rubble?

(a) Debris
(b) Powder
(c) Wall
(d) Cement

5.
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site is the area of an ancient indigenous city (c.
600-1400 AD) near Collinsville, Illinois. It is the largest archaeological site related
to the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies in central and
eastern North America, beginning more than five centuries before the arrival of
Europeans. It is a National Historic Landmark and designated site for state
protection. In addition, it is one of only twenty World Heritage Sites in the territory
of the United States. It is the largest prehistoric earthen construction in the

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Americas north of Mexico. It is also home to a wooden structure which appears

identical in function to Stonehenge.
At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of
the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico. Although it was home to only about
1,000 people before c. 1050, its population grew explosively after that date.
Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 8,000 and 40,000 at its
peak, with more people living in outlying farming villages that supplied the main
urban center. In 1250, its population was larger than that of London, England.
If the highest population estimates are correct, Cahokia was larger than any
subsequent city in the United States, until about 1800, when Philadelphia's
population grew beyond 40,000.

21. Where is Cahokia situated?

(a) Mexico
(b) London
(c) Philadelphia
(d) None of these

22. How many world heritage sites are there in America?

(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

23. What do you understand by earthen construction?

(a) Construction with bricks and cement
(b) Construction with earth's sand and natural fibers
(c) Construction which happened through natural sources
(d) None of the above

24. Which of the following is not true in relation to the passage?

(a) At one time, Cahokia was the largest urban center
(b) At one time, Cahokia's population was more than that of London
(c) Cahokia had a population of 40,000 during its peak
(d) Cahokia Was America's larger city

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25. What do you mean by 'indigenous'?

(a) Original
(b) Oldest
(c) Migrant
(d) Tribal

6.
The steamboat Sultana was a Mississippi River paddle-wheeler, destroyed in an
explosion on 27 April, 1865. This resulted in the greatest maritime disaster in
United States history. An estimated 1,800 of the 2,400 passengers were killed
when one of the ship's four boilers exploded, and the Sultana sank not far from
Memphis, Tennessee. The reason that this disaster was mostly forgotten by history
is that it took place soon after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, and
during the closing weeks of the Civil War. Most of the new passengers were Union
soldiers, chiefly from Ohio and just released from Confederate prison camps such
as Cahawba and Andersonville. The US government had contracted with the
Sultana to transport these former prisoners of war back to their homes. The cause
of the explosion was a leaky and poorly repaired steam boiler. The boiler (or
"boilers") gave way when the steamer was about 7 to 9 miles north of Memphis at
2:00 a.m. in a terrific explosion that sent some of the passengers on deck into the
water and destroyed a good portion of the ship. Hot coals scattered by the
explosion soon turned the remaining superstructure into an inferno, the glare of
which could be seen in Memphis.

26. What is an inferno?

(a) Storm
(b) Large fire
(c) Debris
(d) Blast

27. Why was this disaster forgotten by history?

(a) It didn't cause much destruction
(b) It didn't kill any of the famous and important personalities
(c) The country was still mourning President Lincoln's death
(d) The country was in the middle of war and accidents like these were common

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28. Who were the passengers of Sultana?

(a) Prisoners of war
(b) British soldiers
(c) English soldiers
(d) None of these

29. How many passengers survived the Sultana Explosion?

(a) 1800
(b) 2400
(c) 900
(d) 600

30. Where did sultana explode?

(a) Mississippi river
(b) Ohio
(c) Memphis
(d) Mexico

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 9
1 B 16 D
2 D 17 C
3 D 18 C
4 A 19 A
5 A 20 A
6 B 21 A
7 B 22 C
8 A 23 B
9 D 24 D
10 A 25 A
11 B 26 B
12 A 27 C
13 A 28 A
14 A 29 D
15 A 30 A

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 10

1.
Where humans used to live in fear of plague or tuberculosis, now the leading cause
of mortality worldwide is diet. Most of our problems with eating come down to the
fact that we have not yet adapted to the new realities of plenty, either biologically
or psychologically. Many of the old ways of thinking about diet no longer apply,
but it isn't clear yet what it would mean to adapt our appetites and routines to the
new rhythms of life.
Talking about what has gone wrong with modern eating is delicate, because food is
a touchy subject. No one likes to feel judged about their food choices, which is one
of the reasons why so many healthy eating initiatives fail. The rise of obesity and
diet-related disease around the world has happened hand in hand with the
marketing of fast food and sugary sodas, of processed meats and branded snack
foods. As things stand, our culture is far too critical of the individuals who eat junk
foods and not critical enough of the corporations who profit from selling them.
The nutrient content of our meals is one thing that has radically changed; the
psychology of eating is another. Much of our eating takes place in a new chaotic
atmosphere in which we no longer have many rules to fall back on. We are often
told in a slightly hectoring way that we should make "better" or "smarter" food
choices, yet the way we eat now is the product of vast impersonal forces that none
of us asked for. If you go into the average western out-of-town supermarket, you
can choose from thousands of different sugary snack bars but only one variety of
banana, the bland Cavendish.
Our culture's obsessive focus on a perfect physique has blinded us to the bigger
question, which is what anyone of any size should eat to avoid being sickened by
our unbalanced food supply. Life is deeply unfair, and some people may eat every
dark green leafy vegetable going and still get cancer.
To reverse the worst of modern diets and save the best would require many other
things to change about the world today, from the way we organise agriculture to
the way we talk about vegetables. A smart and effective food policy would seek to
create an environment in which a love of healthy food was easier to adopt, and it
would also reduce the barriers to people actually buying and eating that food. None
of this looks easy at present, but nor is such change impossible. If the
transformations we are living through now teach us anything, it is that humans are
capable of altering almost everything about our eating in a single generation.

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1. Based on the information given in the passage, which one of the following can
be reasonably inferred?
(I) Govemment schemes promoting healthier food consumption didn't do well
because people give priority to their tastes and preferences than standards.
(II) Families on a low income are not able to afford enough fresh food, such as
fruit and vegetables, which are required as part of a healthy diet.
(III) The abundance of food is of no significance if doesn't matches up with the
requirements of new rhythms of life.
(a) I & III
(b) II & III
(c) I & II
(d) All these

2. Which of the following alternatives supports the following statement from the
passage, most appropriately?
"Our culture is far too critical of the individuals who eat junk foods and not critical
enough of the corporations who profit from selling them."
(a) What we eat now is a greater cause of disease and death in the world than either
tobacco or alcohol
(b) The highly marketed energy-dense, nutrient poor food items are piling profits,
yet we are concerned about the lack of willpower to abstain from such items.
(c) At no point in history have edible items been so easy to obtain, and in many
ways, this is a glorious thing
(d) Our free and comfortable lifestyles are undermined by the fact that our food is
killing us, not through lack of it but through its abundance

3. The author's intention when he mentions the given statement, is most suitably
represented by which of the following alternatives?
"If you go into the average western out-of-town supermarket, you can choose from
thousands of different sugary snack bars but only one variety of banana, the bland
Cavendish, irrespective of ours needs"
(a) To state that the bigger question is not whether American standards are lower
than those in Britain, but why food standards across the world have been allowed
to sink so dramatically
(b) To express that the amount of fruits that we produce and consume is an edible
sign of rising prosperity, because fruit is one of the first little extras that people
spend money on when they start to have disposable income
(c) To express that our personal motivation or willpower has been blinded by
obsession to achieve a perfect physique

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(d) To express that the way we eat now is the product of vast impersonal forces
that none of us asked for and the choices we make about food are largely
predetermined by what's available

4. Which of the following statements can aptly come in place of the blank
statement "Life is deeply unfair and some people may eat every dark green leafy
vegetable going and still get cancer." keeping the logical structure of the passage
intact
(a) No population in the world eats exactly the combination of healthy foods that a
nutritionist might prescribe
(b) No one can eat themselves to perfect health, nor can we ward off death
indefinitely, and the attempt to do so can drive a person crazy
(c) Every human community across the globe eats a mixture of the healthy" and the
"unhealthy”, but the salient question is where the balance falls
(d) For 50 years or more, our food system has been blindly fixated on the question
of quantity

5. Which of the following situations is synchronous to the situation described in

the paragraph?
(a) Consumers with high blood pressure are often told that they should cut back on
their salt Intake
(b) Livestock is very important in terms of the economic value that you create out
of the agricultural sector
(c) Decades of stunning progress in the fight against poverty and disease may be
on the Verge of stalling
(d) We take our cues about what to eat from the world around us, which becomes a
problem when our food supply starts to send us crazy signals about what is normal

2.
By raising minimum support prices (MSPs) for the common variety of paddy by 13
per cent - from Rs. 1,550 to Rs. 1,750 per quintal – the Narendra Modi government
has effectively announced that it is prepared to risk higher food inflation in a bid to
woo back irate farmers.
The MSP hikes for this kharif season, which is already underway, include even
higher prices for jowar (up 43 per cent), bajra (37 per cent), ragi (52 per cent), and
maize (19 per cent), but these are not what will set the retail price index on fire. It
is paddy that matters in kharif.

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If global fuel prices also continue their uptrend (Brent crude is around $78 a barrel,
edging closer to the $80 mark that worries India), overall inflation will be higher
this year, especially since state assembly elections later this year and general
elections in April-May next year will bring further spending by both government
and political parties.
In this scenario, it is more than likely that the Reserve Bank of India will increase
interest rates twice more this year, the second hike depending on the performance
of the monsoon.
However, it is worth noting that even after this hike, the Modi government's MSPs
- which could cost Rs. 11,000 to 15,000 crore in terms of food subsidies - are far
more responsible than the United Progressive Alliance-1 (UPA-1) hikes of 2008,
which were additionally accompanied by a farm loan waiver that coasted Rs.
72,000 crore.
In 2008, the UPA government boosted MSPs by 30-75 per cent, with paddy prices
being raised by a hefty 32 per cent, and jowar by an amount similar to what the
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) has done this year.
UPA's poor record on inflation can be directly traced to this excess munificence in
2008, which came just before the global economy was about to crash in September
2008.
In a basic sense, NDA-2 has followed the same timetable as UPA-1 in terms of
MSPs. After moderate increases in the first four years of tenure, in the year before
elections MSPs were raised skywards. This is exactly what Modi's. NDA has done,
but with a greater degree of moderation. In the last four years, paddy MSPs have
been hiked in the range of 3 to 5 per cent, followed by this year's 13 per cent
Rajnath Singh is quoted by Bloomberg Quint as saying that no other government
has given such a large hike for farmers, and the announced price is reportedly
production cost plus 50 per cent margin. The costs computed include actual
production costs plus imputed costs of family labour.
However, Singh is wrong, for the UPA-1 hikes in 2008 were dearly larger, and
more inflationary.
Modi's MSPs will not bust the fiscal math. It is a darn sight less irresponsible than
UPA’s 2008 gambit.

6. With reference to the given passage, which of the following statements can be
correctly inferred?
I. Overall inflation rates are influenced more by global fuel prices than by domestic
paddy prices
II. The most important kharif crop is paddy, one that determines food inflation
rates

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III. Both the NDA and UPA governments have been irresponsible when it came to
the hiking MSPs, right before general elections
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and III
(d) Both I and II

7. Why does the author feel that the Modi government's MSPs are more
responsible than the UPA-1's hikes of 2008?
(a) Because the UPA-1 government had raised paddy prices by 32%, which is
much more than what the Modi government has done
(b) Because the UPA government had raised the MSPs by an average of 30-75% in
2008 as against a rise of 10-45% in 2018 by the Modi government
(c) Because the UPA-1 government's hikes, which included a farmer loan waiver,
cost them more than four times the money that it is likely to cost the Modi
government
(d) Because in 2008, along with the excess generosity of the UPA government, the
global economy was also going through a lot of ups and downs

8. With reference to the passage, the author is most likely to not agree to which of
the following?
(a) Paddy is the least hiked of all the other kharif crops this year
(b) The UPA government's MSP hikes in 2008 were larger and more inflationary
than in any other year
(c) NDA-2 has followed the same timetable as UPA-1 in terms of MSPs:
(d) In 2008, the UPA government boosted MSP's by 30-75 percent.

9. Which of the following best describes the author's attitude towards the Modi
government and its decision to raise MSP's?
(a) Mildly appreciative and defensive
(b) Highly condemning and portentous
(c) Slightly judicious and cynical
(d) Reverential and unquestioning

10. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title of the passage?
(a) Paddy MSP's: Then and Now
(b) MSP : Modi Government's Poll Gimmick
(c) Modi's Bow to Populism is Nowhere as Irresponsible as UPA-1
(d) The Politics of Paddy in the Modi Government

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3.
If you've ever seen your insides on an x-ray, you can thank Marie Curie's
understanding of radioactivity for being able to see them so clearly.
Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland on November 7, 1867, to a father who taught
maths and physics, she developed a talent for science early. But the University of
Warsaw, in the city where she lived, did not allow women students. Determined to
become a scientist and work on her experiments, she moved to Paris, France, to
study physics at a university called the Sorbonne.
In 1895, she married Pierre Curie. Together they discovered two new elements, or
the smallest pieces of chemical substances: polonium (which she named after her
home country) and radium. In 1903, they shared (along with another scientist
whose work they built on) the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on radiation,
which is energy given off as waves or high-speed particles. She was the first
woman to win any kind of Nobel Prize.
Curie continued to rack up impressive achievements for women in science. In
1906, she became the first woman physics professor at the Sorbonne. In 1909, she
was given her own lab at the University of Paris. Then in 1911, she won a Nobel
Prize in chemistry. She's still the only person-man or woman-to win the Nobel
Prize in two different sciences.
Curie soon started using her work to save lives Her discoveries of radium and
polonium were important because the elements were radioactive, which meant that
when their atoms broke down, they gave off invisible rays that could pass through
solid matter and conduct electricity. She used her ground-breaking understanding
of radioactivity to help the x-ray take stronger and more accurate pictures inside
the human body.
In 1914, during World War I, she created mobile x-ray units that could be driven to
battlefield hospitals in France. Known as Little Curies, the units were often
operated by women who Curie helped train so that doctors could see broken bones
and bullets inside wounded soldiers' bodies.
After the war ended in 1918, Curie returned to her lab to continue working with
radioactive elements. But those can be dangerous in very large doses, and on July
4, 1934, Curie died of a disease caused by radiation. By that time, though she'd
proven that women could make breakthroughs in science, and today she continues
to inspire scientists to use their work to help other people.

11. Which of the following is not true?

(a) Marie is the only person to win Nobel prize in two sciences
(b) Marie was the first women to win a Nobel Prize
(c) Marie was the first woman to become a professor at Sorbonne
(d) None of the above
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12. What was the name of the mobile X-ray units created by Marie?
(a) Polonium
(b) Radium
(c) Little curies
(d) X-ray machine

13. How did Curie die?

(a) She died due to broken bones
(b) She died due to excessive radiations
(c) She died because of one of her own experiments
(d) Not mentioned

14. What was Marie's first discovery?

(a) X-ray machines
(b) Polonium
(c) Radium
(d) Both (b) and (c)

15. Which of the following can be used in place of 'ground-breaking’?

(a) Unprecedented
(b) Breakthrough
(c) Motivating
(d) Unbelievable

4.
Michael hated it. He hated sitting in the chair and feeling helpless. The bright light
above his head and the clean, hygienic walls that surrounded him.
It all made him feel incredibly uneasy.
“Michael, I can assure you there is nothing to worry about," said Mr. Crane. He
wore his dentist's white coat and had perfect white teeth. He gazed back at Michael
with a relaxed air. Like there was nothing to worry about.
It was all right for him. He wasn't sitting in the chair. He was not about to have
treatment for a new crown to be fitted.
Michael shifted his weight in the chair and grimaced.
"I'm sorry about last time," he said. "It's just a stupid fear I have."
"Fear of going to the dentist?" asked Mr. Crane. "Don't worry about it. I get this all
the time from patients."
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He leaned forward. "Some are a lot of trouble, I can assure you."

He gave Michael an encouraging smile.
This did nothing for Michael's nerves. He would rather be anywhere else than in
this dentist's chair He could accept the pain in his tooth. That was much better than
sitting here while Mr. Crane drilled into the offending tooth.
"Michael, I have something I want to show you," said Mr. Crane, going to a small
tray to the side of the room. He turned and held a small vial to show Michael. It
was filled with a clear liquid.
“This is a new anaesthetic on the market," he went on. "It is brand new and only
my private students are allowed to have it. The company that makes it wants it to
be very secret."
Mr. Crane sat on the stool next to Michael and looked down on him. "But this is an
incredible formula. It is probably the best pain-killer on the market."
The dentist continued to hold Michael's gaze. "Would you like to try it?"
"I don't want to be any trouble," said Michael.
But his eyes were fixed on the small vial in Mr. Crane's fingers.
"It's no trouble at all," said Mr. Crane. "Our little secret."
The thought of being given something so powerful that he would not experience
any pain at all sent a calm soothing feeling through Michael's nerves. He could feel
himself relaxing already as if he were already under the influence of the new
anaesthetic
"Are you sure?" asked Michael.
"No problem," said Mr. Crane.
Michael lay back in the chair while Mr. Crane filled the syringe from the tiny
bottle. He hummed a small tune as he did it and Michael recognised it as a popular
song that was on the radio. Through the window, he could make out normal life
carrying on outside. He heard a bus drive by and the sound of a bell on a bicycle.
People's voices and children laughing.
Everything was fine. There was nothing to worry about at all.
"Shall we?" said Mr. Crane and he raised the syringe in front of him.
Michael nodded. He would pass by all this pain and torture and not feel a thing. He
was so happy. So relieved.
Mr. Crane leaned forward. "You'll just feel a little jab as the needle goes in. Then
nothing to worry about."
Michael tensed as the needle entered his gum. Yes, very uncomfortable, but in a
few minutes nothing but deep relaxation.
"All done," said Mr Crane. "I’ll be back in a few minutes and we can begin."
Michael lay deeper into the chair and half-closed his eyes. The muscles of his
arms, legs, his entire body felt relaxed. A warm soothing feeling washed over him
and he felt as if all the worries and anxieties he ever felt left him for good.
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His body was so relaxed that all he could do was breathe. He tried to lift the little
finger of his right hand and it felt as if it moved a little but he couldn't be sure. He
forgot about it and allowed the dream-like quality of the anaesthetic to wave over
him.
A little nagging thought tapped at his inner-most mind and he tried to move the
little finger again.
It felt as if it moved but he could not feel it really move. It was like he imagined it
moving only.
He went to move his head to the right to see his hand more clearly. He could not.
A small jab of tension cleared his mind a little and he tried again. Nothing. He
could not move his head at all.
He took a deep breath of air into his lungs and automatically tried to lift both of his
hands. But they stayed on arm-rests of the chair like they were glued there.
No resistance. No feeling at all.
He simply could not move his arms or head at all.
He kicked out and neither foot moved.
Michael sucked in a chest full of air and went to call out to Mr. Crane. No sound
came.
He could not move and he had lost the power to make any sound.
He was paralysed. Stuck to the chair but wide awake.
A shadow appeared beside him.
"We should be about ready by now," said Mr. Crane.
His voice sounded like an echo and far away.
And where was the nurse? The dental assistant. There was usually a young woman
helping. It was just him and Mr. Crane. Why was he alone with him?
The dentist's face loomed up in front of Michael.
"Shall we see if this new drug has taken effect yet?" he asked.
He had a bright, shiny scalpel in his hand.
Michael tried to scream but no sound came. He just lay in the chair unable to
move.
Mr. Crane opened Michael's mouth and jabbed the scalpel against his tongue. A
dagger of pain soared through Michael's mouth and into his brain.
Inside his head, he let out a scream.
"Let's get to work then," said Mr. Crane, closing the blind of the window.

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16. Why did Michael agree to take anaesthesia?

(a) He wanted to experience the new anaesthesia that the dentist was telling
(b) He was afraid of the pain and wanted to get rid of it
(c) He had a phobia of the dentist's chair
(d) All of the above

17. Why couldn't Michael move his body at all?

(a) He didn't want to move his body
(b) He was paralysed by the anaesthesia
(c) He was feeling dizzy due to anaesthesia
(d) He was unconscious

18. What did anaesthesia do to Michael?

(a) It made him paralysed
(b) It relieved him of pain
(c) It didn't relieve him of pain
(d) Both (a) and (c)

19. Why did the author panicked at the end?

(a) There was no nurse to help the dentists.
(b) Michael was paralysed but aware of the pain
(c) Mr. Crane had a bright, shiny scalpel in his hand
(d) Only (a) and (b) are correct

20. What do you understand by "humming ?

(a) Tuning
(b) Staring
(c) Singing
(d) Buzzing

5. It's a chilly, breezy day in December 1903. Wilbur Wright stands on the beach in
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, staring at the sky above him. Soaring overhead in an
airplane is his brother Orville-he's in the middle of the world's first successful
piloted engine-powered airplane flight.
Today the Wright brothers are remembered as innovative engineers, and their
history-making flight inspired generations of future fliers.
The Wright brothers were interested in flying from a young age. As children in
Dayton, Ohio, their favourite toy was a small helicopter-like object that was
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powered by a rubber band to twirl its blades. Fascinated by the toy and its
mechanics, the brothers hoped to one day build a flying machine big enough to
hold them both.
As young men, the brothers went into business together, first operating a printing
press, then a bicycle repair shop. Eventually, the duo began selling its own custom-
made bicycles to customers.
But the brothers never lost their love of flying. At the time, other aircrafts such as
gliders-or aircraft without engines—did exist, but the Wrights wanted to add more
power to the objects they were flying. In 1899, the brothers began experimenting
with building their aircraft.
In 1900, the brothers travelled from Ohio to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to begin
their flight experiments. The Oceanside dunes at Kitty Hawk had regular breezes
and soft, sandy landing surfaces-perfect for their studies.
The brothers first conducted tests with kites before experimenting with gliders.
Both Orville and Wilbur separately piloted the gliders during their testing process.
In 1903, the brothers built an airplane called the Wright Flyer I, which featured
wooden propellers the men had designed and carved themselves. The plane also
had a gasoline engine.
After weeks of unsuccessful attempts, the craft-with extra fabric incorporated to
increase the stiffness of the wings-took flight for 12 seconds on December 17,
1903, traveling 120 feet before landing. The plane worked! Both brothers flew the
craft a few more times that day. They had flown the world's first successful piloted
engine-powered airplane.

21. What were the names of the Wright brothers?

(a) Olive and Wilbur
(b) Wilbur and Orville
(c) Olive and Williams
(d) Not mentioned

22. What was the duration of the first flight of the world's first engine-driven
airplane?
(a) 1 hr
(b) 3 hrs
(c) 12 minutes
(d) None of these

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23. Why did the brothers went to kitty hawk?

(a) Kitty Hawk was a secluded and open space which helped the brothers to
concentrate
(b) Kitty hawk had regular breezes which were suitable for experiments of flight
(c) Kitty Hawk was a resourceful place and economical to brothers
(d) All of the above

24. What do you mean by 'twirl?

(a) Spin
(b) Twist
(c) Suspension
(d) Torpor

25. What are gliders?

(a) Aircraft with engine
(b) Aircraft without engine
(c) Aircraft with a gasoline engine
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

6.
A popular ingredient in your grandmother's kitchen is now a global health fad,
prompting Indians to remind everyone where the "trend" originated from.
At the heart of the conversation is the humble turmeric, which has now been
declared a superfood — with a version of it, the golden milk turmeric latte,
championed as a healthy hipster alternative to coffee.
The West, it seems, isn't just content with the turmeric latte and is now discovering
even more therapeutic and medicinal benefits of the traditional Indian spice that is
an integral part of every Indian kitchen.
From supermodels swearing by turmeric face packs, Hollywood celebrities such as
Gwenyth Paltrow offering their favourite turmeric latte recipes, to people on the
internet claiming that every possible illness can be cured by the spice, turmeric has
become a huge lifestyle trend in the First World, while India looks on with
confusion.
The trend has even made its way to supermarkets that now offer all kinds of
unusual turmeric-based products. Turmeric cold-pressed juice, vegetable, and
turmeric soup, turmeric green tea, and turmeric tonic are all now available at prices
that would seem exorbitant to any regular Indian for whom turmeric is a humble
staple in the spice rack at home.
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And on cue, there has been a pushback from Indians.

"Americans Are Once Again Obsessed With Something That Indians Have Been
Having For Years", "Turmeric Was India's Cure-All Long Before Hipsters Made It
A Latte" read headlines that have tried to exasperatedly tell Americans that their
overpriced turmeric lattes are actually just regular good old haldi doodh (turmeric
milk) and before they exotify the spice so much, they need to credit where it comes
from.
As the debate about whether the West is culturally appropriating haldi doodh and
how magical the effects of the spice really are, the fact remains that Americans
love to buy turmeric — a lot of it.
According to Trade Promotion Council of India (TPC), India is the world's largest
producer and exporter of turmeric, with exports, pegged at $236 million in 2018,
and North America is its largest market. TPCI Chairman Mohit Singla said
curcumin, a substance found in turmeric, is now in huge demand from
pharmaceutical, food, and even cosmetic industries, which has driven up global
demands of the golden spice.

26. What is the theme of the passage?

(a) Benefits of turmeric
(b) The true origin of turmeric
(c) The global popularity of turmeric
(d) Evolution of haldi doodh

27. What is a fad?

(a) A short-lived craze
(b) A long-lived tradition
(c) A sudden awareness
(d) A social media influence

28. Why do the Americans love to buy turmeric?

(a) They are using it as a substitute for coffee
(b) Its specialty as a superfood is in trend
(c) It's a staple spice for Indians
(d) All of the above

29. Which of the following country is referred to as the First world in the passage?
(a) America
(b) Europe
(c) India
(d) China
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30. Which of the following is the synonym of "exorbitant”?

(a) Steep
(b) Sky-high
(c) Outrageous
(d) Enormous

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 10
1 A 16 B
2 B 17 B
3 D 18 D
4 B 19 D
5 D 20 D
6 D 21 B
7 C 22 D
8 B 23 B
9 A 24 A
10 A 25 B
11 C 26 C
12 C 27 A
13 B 28 B
14 D 29 A
15 A 30 B

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 11

1.
Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighbourhoods, have
become a common feature in US metropolitan areas. Based on an empirical study
in the Los Angeles region, this paper focuses on how gated communities, as a
private mean of provision of public infrastructure, produce increased segregation at
the local scale. It aims to trace the ways local governments usually favour the
development of this form of land-use to pay for the cost of urban sprawl, while
indeed producing social diseconomies for the whole metropolitan area.
The social sciences literature about gated communities has been highly publicized,
and three types of arguments are now part of a general theoretical discourse, which
especially focuses on the relationship between gated communities and social
segregation. First, gated enclaves are described both as a physical and obvious
expression of the post-industrial societal changes (fragmentation, individualism,
rise of communities), as part of a commoditization trend of urban public space
(Sorkin, 1992; Dear, Flusty, 1998), and as a penetration of ideologies of fear and
security supported by economic and political actors (Davis, 1990, 1998; Flusty,
1994; Marcuse, 1997). A second set of arguments presents gated communities as
symptoms of urban pathologies, among them social exclusion is considered to be
pre eminent. Voluntary gating and the decline of public spaces in cities are seen as
being detrimental to the poorest social classes (Blakely and Snyder, 1997;
Caldeira, 2000; Glasze, Frantz and Webster, 2002). Finally, the rise of private
enclaves is argued to be a "secession" by an elite opposed to the welfare
redistribution system (Reich, 1991; Donzelot, 1999; Donzelot and Mongin, 1999;
Jaillet, 1999), given the assumption that public provision of services is inefficient
(Foldvary, 1994). The debate about gated enclaves and segregation has been lively
despite a lack of empirical arguments to sustain it as it is difficult to gather a
representative sample of gated communities at a local scale.
This research derives from the above outline of arguments. It seeks to provide
some evidences of the impact of these communities on segregation patterns within
the metropolitan region of Los Angeles. To introduce how gated communities
produce social exclusion, it is of interest to recall how developers usually design
them as homogeneous social environment. The appeal of gated communities is
inspired by the historical private estates found near industrial era cities, such as
Llewellyn Park near New York, associated with an anti-urban ideal (Castells,
1983; Jackson, 1985). Nowadays, gated enclaves are mostly commoditized
suburban neighbourhoods for the upper and middle class, emphasizing a
"community life-style" (Blakely and Snyder, 1997). Their promotion typically
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focuses on sport and leisure amenities and family life. Furthermore, they are
common Interest Developments (CIDs), aiming to protect property values through
design policies and Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CC&Rs). Along with
landscaping and architectural requirements, subjective criteria of social preference
are common in many CIDs (McKenzie, 1994; Kennedy, 1995; Fax-Gotham, 2000;
Webster, 2002), thus helping to maintain a homogeneous social pattern.
Furthermore, CIDs are public actors because of the nature of their provision of a
public service to the residents and their right to collect a regular assessment. They
act at the same time as private governments, based on a private contract (CC&Rs)
enforced to protect property values (McKenzie, 1994; Kennedy, 1995).
But gated communities are far more than a regular CID. Excluding themselves
from the public realm, gated communities are then referred to as a club (Webster,
2002). For the residents, all being members of the "club", gating a neighbourhood
can be conceived in a first instance as a pre-emptive attempt to protect the
neighbourhood. Residents are supplied with their own security, roads, amenities,
etc., in a private governance effort to avoid the spillovers of urban residential and
industrial developments: crime, increasing through traffic, free-riding of the
amenities, urban decay and decreasing property values due to unwanted land-use.

1. How do gated enclaves emphasize a "community lifestyle"?

(a) The peaceful environment inside the gated communities
(b) They promote homogeneous surroundings
(c) They typically focus on sport and leisure amenities and family life
(d) None of the above

2. According to the passage, where the study on gated communities has taken
place?
(a) Chicago
(b) England
(c) Paris
(d) Los Angeles

3. Which one of the following reasons author believes is the reason for the creation
of gated communities?
(a) To provide a luxurious lifestyle and security
(b) To keep the socially backward people away from the rich
(c) To provide increased privacy
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

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4. What do you understand by the word 'preeminent?

(a) Exceptional
(b) Unimportant
(c) Inferior
(d) All of the above

5. Why did the author referred to the gated communities as the club'?
(a) Residents are the members of the same sport
(b) Residents act as private governments
(c) Residents are supplied with their own security, roads, amenities, etc.
(d) All of the above

2.
The ministry of commerce is undertaking several rounds of consultations on an e-
commerce policy framework for India. This is being done through a think tank
constituted of "Indian" tech companies, relevant government bodies, industry
associations, and civil society and research institutions. The decision to constitute
this think tank follows from both domestic and international compulsions. The
domestic trigger is largely a fear of ceding the fast-growing e-commerce market to
foreign interests, as exemplified by the rhetoric around the recent sale of Flipkart
to Wal-Mart. Simultaneously, India is under intense pressure to negotiate
international rules on e-commerce under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Naturally, this think tank must carefully evaluate intersections between future
domestic and international policy frameworks.
While the e-commerce think tank is ostensibly supposed to be of a multi-
stakeholder format, some voices are louder and more prominently represented than
others. Accompanied by the facts that the history of the Indian private sector's
policy demands from government is chequered with short-termism, and that policy
research on the exigencies of the "new economy" is still in its infancy, the
government has its task cut out.
To be fair, many within the government recognize that a sober and holistic
assessment is required to balance domestic and international concerns, particularly
since e-commerce is already shaping the new contours of international trade. For
instance, e-commerce has featured in high-level discussions on each of the mega-
free trade agreements, including the Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership (RCEP) of which India is a part. India has resisted the inclusion of e-
commerce in RCEP a position backed by domestic mercantile lobbies. More
importantly, the WTO also anticipated a high degree of global attention to e-
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commerce and established a related "work programme” in 1998. Despite its high
stakes in the multilateral system and now also in digital markets, India has
maintained a reticent stance even in this forum.
The WTO work programme covers different aspects of e-commerce not limited to
e-retail. It examines issues arising from the production, distribution, marketing,
sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means", which is the de facto
multilateral definition of e-commerce. India has only played a nominal role in the
work programme, even though the discussions are consultative in nature. Perhaps
limited engagement is a function of the lack of specialist capacity within
government, which may partly be overcome through lateral entries. But this
capacity building will take time. Meanwhile, Indian negotiators were caught
completely off-guard at the 11th WTO ministerial conference last year. Over 70
countries advocated for formal introduction of e-commerce related issues into the
Doha Round of negotiations, in a marked departure from disaggregated advocacy
through the US and EU-led interest groups in the past.
In days when globalization worked in the favour of advanced countries, they
favoured this system over all others. Today, countries such as the US are virtually
abandoning multilateralism in favour of a reversion to exceptionalism and
mercantilism. It is up to large developing economies such as India to sense and
respond to the winds of change. The country must become a propositional leader in
the multilateral sphere, rather than embracing inertia or negativity. This transition
will require internal clarity on economic and political goals, with well-defined
milestones to achieve them.

6. According to the passage, what did the Indian government recognized that is
required to balance domestic and international concerns?
I Concentration on short term projects for immediate profit.
IL A sober and holistic assessment since e-commerce is already shaping the new
contours of international trade.
III. Red-Tapism and over-regulation for governing private sector
(a) Only (II) and (III)
(b) Only (II)
(c) Only (I) and (III)
(d) Only (I) and (II)

7. According to the passage, why did India have a nominal role in WTO's work
programme?
(a) Lateral entry in the Indian bureaucracy will elevate India's status and role in the
said programme
(b) It doesn't affect Indian market
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(c) India's e-commerce market is still in a developing phase and will need time to
mature
(d) India does not have specialist officers to handle e-commerce policy framework

8. Why was a think tank on e-commerce policy framework constituted for India?
I. Compulsions from the domestic as well as international market to regulate e-
commerce.
II. The fear of Indian e-commerce market being overtaken by foreign players.
III. Severe pressure to negotiate international rules on e-commerce under WTO.
(a) Only (II) and (III)
(b) Only (I) and (II)
(c) Only (I) and (III)
(d) All (I), (II) and (III)

9. Which of the following is the synonym to the word 'ostensibly’?

(a) Genuinely
(b) Real
(c) Allegedly
(d) True

10. Which of the following is the antonym to the word ‘rhetoric'?

(a) Oratory
(b) Eloquence
(c) Delivery
(d) Conciseness

3.
Alexander Hamilton was born on Nevis, a British-ruled island in the Caribbean
Sea, around 1757. When he was about eight years old, his family moved to another
British island, St. Croix. Soon after, Hamilton's father left, and then his mother
died. Hamilton and his older brother James Ir., moved in with a cousin and then an
uncle, but both guardians passed away.
Hamilton sometimes sent poems and letters to be published in the local newspaper.
When he was about 15, he wrote a letter about a recent hurricane. People were so
impressed with the teenager's writing skills that in 1772, they raised the money to
send Hamilton to the American colonies to get an education.
While Hamilton was studying at a college in New York City, the American
colonies were on the brink of war with Great Britain (now called the United
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Kingdom) to determine who would rule the land. Hamilton spoke at rallies and
published papers in support of the American fight, and when the Revolutionary
War began in 1775, he quit school and joined the army.
Hamilton was a fearless fighter but an even better captain. He was organized and
knew how to get the supplies his soldiers needed. He even impressed George
Washington, the then commander of the army, who asked Hamilton to join his
staff. Hamilton served as Washington's assistant for four years, helping him plan
battles, manage staff, and write letters.
The young officer wrote often to the Continental Congress (the government of the
American colonies), asking for food and supplies for the troops. He watched as the
Continental Congress tried to figure out how to run the new country (the
Continental Congress had approved the Declaration of Independence a few years
earlier) and thought that too many members were more concerned with the rights
of states not the whole country. Hamilton believed that the nation would never
succeed unless all the states came together as a union.

11. How did Hamilton get into an American college?

(a) He saved the money for college
(b) Through fundraising and donations
(c) He secured a scholarship
(d) Both (b) and (c)

12. How did Hamilton get to work with Washington?

(a) America was on brink of war with the UK
(b) He was a good captain and leader
(c) He impressed Washington during his days in the army
(d) All of the above

13. What did Hamilton think of the Continental Congress?

(a) They were not able to manage the country
(b) Members were more concerned about states
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

14. Which of the following is similar to the word 'impressed?

(a) Overwhelmed
(b) Inspired
(c) Gratified
(d) Satisfied

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15. Why did Hamilton quit his school?

(a) He wanted to join the army
(b) He wanted to fight the revolutionary war
(c) He wanted the US to have independence
(d) All of the above

4.
It was late and no one outside. Tony decided to make it an early night. He turned
the light off on the top of his taxi, turned around in the empty street.
The thought of getting home to his wife and their new-born son, a quick cup of tea,
and then bed. No point in staying out on a night like this.
Then he saw her.
She stood by the side of the road, her clothes dripping wet. She stared out into
space like she was not there.
Without a second thought, Tony pulled the taxi over to the side of the road. He
looked out at her. She couldn't have been more than eighteen or nineteen. What
was she doing out with her clothes all wet?
"Are you okay?" he called out to her.
She turned and her eyes opened wide like she had been woken from a dream.
"What happened? You're soaking wet."
The girl shook her head. "I - I fell in the river," she said, her hand reaching up to
tug at her wet hair.
Tony got out of the taxi and approached her
"Get in my taxi," he said. "I'll drive you home."
"I don't have any money," she said. "My bag - my purse. They fell in the river. I
don't even have my keys."
Tony shook his head. "Don't worry about money. Get in. You'll catch your death of
cold standing out here like that."
The girl gave Tony a weak smile and stepped into the back of the taxi. Tony asked
her where she lived and she told him. He knew the streets of London by heart. He
had been a taxi driver for five years. He had seen some strange things but nothing
like this.
"What happened then?" Tony asked her He thought it would be a good idea to
make light of the situation. "You went for a swim?"
He could barely make out the girl's face in the back of the taxi.
"No. I just fell in. I just fell."
They arrived at her address and Tony stopped.
"I'll come to the door with you," he said. "Make sure you get in okay."
"No," said the girl. "My mother is at home. Don't worry about me."
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Tony shrugged. The girl went to her door and Tony saw her knock on the door. He
drove on and assumed she would be all right. But what a state. Who falls into the
river? She was lucky nothing terrible happened.
As he drove on, he glanced into the rear-view mirror.
It was then that he saw a pair of women's shoes. It was her shoes. Left on the seat,
Asmall pool of water gathered beneath them.
Tony pulled the taxi to the side of the road and turned round to look at the shoes.
The girl had been in such a daze; it was like she wasn't even there when he spoke
to her. Falling in the river must have given her such a shock. Maybe she had
banged her head on something.
He considered just driving off but then his conscience got the better of him. He
would just take the shoes back to her house, knock on the door, and return them.
Then go home. At least he had a funny story to tell his wife in the morning.
He turned the taxi around and went back to the house where he left the girl. He
stopped and opened the back door, took the shoes out. Water was all over the seat.
The whole street was empty. No sound at all. The only light was from the street
lamps.
The girl had gone to the last house on the terrace so it was easy to remember. Tony
trudged up to the door and gently knocked on it. There were two glass panels on
the door and no light on inside. The girl had probably gone straight to bed.
Tony peered through the glass but could not make out any movement. He knocked
again, this time a little louder.
Then he saw a little light appear at the top of the stairs. He could just make out a
figure coming down to the front door.
A quiet voice spoke out: Who is it?
Tony cleared his throat. "You left your shoes in the taxi."
The door cracked open two inches. Behind the door an old woman's face. She
stared out at Tony with suspicion.
"What do you want?" she said.
"Oh, I'm sorry," said Tony. "I thought you were the young girl from before." He
held up the pair of wet shoes. "I think your daughter left her shoes in my taxi."
He smiled back at her to put her at ease but she just stared back at him with an icy
gaze.
"Is this some kind of joke?" she said.
"No," said Tony. "I picked your daughter up. She was soaking wet. She said she
fell in the river."
The woman shook her head. She made a strange noise from deep in her throat.
"Get out of here," she said. "Leave me alone."
Tony's eyes flicked over the old woman's face, her wild hair, her cold eyes.

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"I”m sorry," said Tony. "But I saw her come to this house. I just want to return her
shoes that's all."
"You are very cruel," said the woman.
Tony placed the shoes on the doorstep. "I”II just leave them here," he said.
He went to leave and heard a kind of growl from behind him. He turned and the
old woman was leaning against the back of the door. She looked ancient and he
could make out the inside of the house, all old and decrepit.
“My daughter drowned in the river twenty years ago," said the woman. "She died.
So what are you talking about? And whose shoes are these?"
Tony edged slowly away from the house. Away from the old woman and away
from the old decaying smell that came from inside.

16. When Tony goes back to the house who does he meet there?
(a) The girl who was in the taxi
(b) An old lady
(c) The tenant
(d) Mother of the girl who was in the taxi

17. What does Tony do in the end?

(a) He put the shoes of the girl near the door
(b) He moved away from the house
(c) He argued with the old lady
(d) He ran towards his taxi

18. Why did Tony stop working for the night?

(a) It was a very cold night
(b) He wanted to go home and have tea
(c) There were very fewer customers
(d) All of the above

19. What do you understand by 'growl'?

(a) Slow crying
(b) Slow angry sound
(c) Murmuring
(d) Howling

20. What is the genre of the story?

(a) Mystery
(b) Historical
(c) Scientific
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(d) Horror

5.
Sometime in the late 1800s - nobody is quite sure exactly when - a man named
Vilfredo Pareto was fussing about in his garden when he made a small but
interesting discovery.
Pareto noticed that a tiny number of pea pods in his garden produced the majority
of the peas.
At the time, Pareto was studying wealth in various nations. As he was Italian, he
began by analyzing the distribution of wealth in Italy. To his surprise, he
discovered that approximately 80 percent of the land in Italy was owned by just 20
percent of the people. Similar to the pea pods in his garden, most of the resources
were controlled by a minority of the players.
Pareto continued his analysis in other nations and a pattern began to emerge. For
instance, after poring through the British income tax records, he noticed that
approximately 30 percent of the population in Great Britain earned about 70
percent of the total income.
In the decades that followed, Pareto's work practically became gospel for
economists. Once he opened the world's eyes to this idea, people started seeing it
everywhere. And the 80/20 Rule is more prevalent now than ever before.
Why does this happen? Why do a few people, teams, and organizations enjoy the
bulk of the rewards in life? To answer this question, let's consider an example from
nature.
The Amazon rainforest is one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Scientists
have cataloged approximately 16,000 different tree species in the Amazon. But
despite this remarkable level of diversity, researchers have discovered that there
are approximately 227 "hyper dominant" tree species that makeup nearly half of
the rainforest. Just 1.4 percent of tree species account for 50 percent of the trees in
the Amazon.
But why?
Imagine two plants growing side by side. Each day they will compete for sunlight
and soil. If one plant can grow just a little bit faster than the other, then it can
stretch taller, catch more sunlight, and soak up more rain. The next day, this
additional energy allows the plant to grow even more. This pattern continues until
the stronger plant crowds the other out and takes the lion's share of sunlight, soil,
and nutrients.
From this advantageous position, the winning plant has a better ability to spread
seeds and reproduce, which gives the species an even bigger footprint in the next
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generation. This process gets repeated again and again until the plants that are
slightly better than the competition dominate the entire forest.
Scientists refer to this effect as an "accumulative advantage." What begins as a
small advantage gets bigger over time One plant only needs a slight edge, in the
beginning, to crowd out the competition and take over the entire forest.

21. What was Pareto's interesting discovery?

(a) A small no. of pea pods produced the majority of the peas
(b) The pea pods in his garden were not producing enough peas
(c) We need to keep a small no. of pea pods
(d) None of the above

22. What did Pareto study about various nations?

(a) Economics
(b) History
(c) Biology
(d) Finance

23. What was the explanation behind Pareto's noticeable discovery?

(a) Destiny plays an important role in deciding the result one will get
(b) Pareto's discovery was rejected by many economists citing some scientific
reasons
(c) Pareto's discovery was answered by another theory that a slight edge can lead to
lifetime advantage
(d) Not mentioned in the passage.

24. What is gospel?

(a) Magic
(b) Invention
(c) God's spell
(d) New trend

25. Why did Pareto's theory become gospel for economists

(a) They were able to solve many unsolved theories
(b) They began to observe his theory everywhere
(c) They were able to see the logic behind certain theories
(d) All of the above

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6.
Most people reading this will be familiar with the Great Chicago Fire that killed
hundreds and destroyed 4 square miles of Chicago, Illinois. However, most people
don't know that on the very same day a far worse fire occurred, in Peshtigo,
Wisconsin, The October 8, 1871, Peshtigo Fire in Peshtigo, Wisconsin, is the
conflagration that caused the most deaths by fire in United States history. On the
same day as the Peshtigo and Chicago fires, the cities of Holland and Manistee,
Michigan, across Lake Michigan, also burned, and the same fate befell Port Huron
at the southern end of Lake Huron. By the time it was over, 1,875 square miles of
forest had been consumed and twelve communities were destroyed. Between 1,200
and 2.500 people are thought to have lost their lives:
The fire was so intense it jumped several miles over the waters of Green Bay, and
burned parts of the Door Peninsula, as well as jumping the Peshtigo River itself to
burn on both sides of the inlet town. Surviving witnesses reported that the
firestorm generated a tornado that threw rail cars and houses into the air. Many of
the survivors of the firestorm escaped the flames by immersing themselves in the
Peshtigo River, wells, or other nearby bodies of water. Some drowned while others
succumbed to hypothermia in the frigid river

26. Which of the following fires have caused the most deaths by fire in the history
of the United States?
(a) Great Chicago fire
(b) Fire in Peshtigo
(c) Fire in Holland and Manistee
(d) Fire in Port Huron

27. How did the people survived the fire?

(a) By fate
(b) By jumping into the tornado
(c) By hiding themselves in water bodies
(d) By hiding in the basements

28. What was the day when the four disastrous fire took place?
(a) 9 October
(b) 8 October
(c) 11 December
(d) Not mentioned

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29. What do you mean by 'succumbed'?

(a) Surrender
(b) Targeted
(c) Dived in
(d) Caught by

30. Which of the following is similar to the 'frigid river'?

(a) Dead river
(b) Icy-cold river
(c) Burning river
(d) Bloody river

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAG – 11

1 C 16 D
2 D 17 B
3 A 18 C
4 A 19 B
5 C 20 D
6 B 21 A
7 D 22 A
8 D 23 C
9 C 24 C
10 D 25 B
11 B 26 B
12 C 27 C
13 C 28 B
14 A 29 A
15 D 30 B

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 12

1.
Years ago, when the entire debate around flexibility – of working from home'-
unfolded, I remember watching the space with great interest. The voices were too
radical. The naysayers were almost started by the sheer audacity of the concept.
Some corporate leaders took stringent steps to curb such moves. On the other hand,
there were those who celebrated the empowerment of such new ideas that were
brought in. Years later, the jury is still out today. While not many dismiss the
concept of flexibility at the outset, practising it optimally comes with several
preconditions, both for employers and employees. For employers, there are
apprehensions around the efficiency and effectiveness of an employee. For the
employee, it is the fear of coming across as being less committed, less accountable,
and possibly being considered less deserving. These concerns will stay for some
time. Flexibility, or what we refer to as telecommuting, differing combination of
working hours, flexible work formats, etc., calls for a change in mindset,
challenging the status quo, and it is a journey.
I see consensus for flexibility building among several responsible organisations
today : Several progressive companies have started accepting flexibility as the new
way to work. However, it is important to remove guilt from the equation, both
among seniors and peers. Flexibility is not just about letting go of control over my
teams. It is about displaying a mindset of empowering my team members,
delegating effectively, being adaptive to using technology to automate standardised
work methods/processes, getting comfortable with an outcome-based approach
instead of micro-managing, developing troubleshooting and problem-solving skills
to enable timely interventions and thriving in ambiguity. Hence, some serious
implications here for raising the bar on managerial capability and leadership
effectiveness.
As human ingenuity coupled with technology takes over our lives, flexibility is
going to be at the heart of our future - the future of our work, the future of our
cities and the future of transport in India. As the shared economy takes centre stage
in the next couple of decades, plug-and-play hubs would ease the pressure on our
city infrastructure considerably. Companies will invest more in collaborative
technologies and less on physical infrastructure. Employees would be able to focus
more on doing their job and doing it well, rather than fret over how to reach the
office and swipe their access card on time. These cannot be the concerns of the
workplace of the future. Flexibility on most days would be the default, while
having to come to work would be an aberration. Organisations, on the other hand,
will inherently trust their employees to do the right thing, of being efficient and
effective. Trusting an employee cannot be an exception, not trusting would be.
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However, like any other policy or perk, there have to be checks and balances when
required. But there are enablers that will streamline the process. For instance, more
time would have to be spent on hiring the right people who are self-driven and can
work independently. Considerable hand-holding and mentoring have to be
provided to build a reliable team that will get work done, no matter from where.
Having employees work in the office before letting them telecommute would help
build trust in them, while also helping employees gain confidence. Bringing our
core values to life shall be critical - integrity, teamwork and reimagining the
possible. These shall become fundamental to our existence. We need to
communicate the values well, embed and hardwire them into the entire employee
life cycle, have leader's role model these on a daily basis and have a clearly defined
consequence framework for the 1-5% exceptions. Investing in technology will be
critical, including real-time employee feedback, messaging and collaboration tools
Collaboration and teamwork have to be facilitated such that physical proximity is
not central to it. That will call for a lot of ingenuity and status quo questioning.
Flexibility can become a key differentiator from an employee value proposition
perspective.

1. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

I. The concept of flexibility raises questions in the minds of employers : Can the
person be trusted to work on his own? Would the person actually work? Would
this provision be misused? What about teamwork and collaboration?
II. If we start seeing flexibility as a business imperative and a strategic move, its
advantages far outweigh the possible negatives.
III. String employer brands of the future shall have flexibility, inclusiveness and
innovation as key aspects of their work culture.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Both I and II

2. Which of the following can be assumed from the following line of the passage.
"It is about displaying a mindset of empowering my team members, delegating
effectively, being adaptive to using technology to automate standardised work
methods processes, getting comfortable with an outcome-based approach instead
of micro-managing, developing troubleshooting and problem-solving skills to
enable timely interventions and thriving in ambiguity"?
(a) Struggling with delegation is ultimately a bad habit that will lead to a negative
work environment with an unhappy team and an unhappy boss

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(b) Flexibility is about moving from constant supervision to empowering people

to work on their own-measuring outcomes as against monitoring the effort
(c) Technological adaptation is a key issue for the enterprises to be able to manage
the technological changes
(d) Outcome-based cultures (OBCs) let leadership define the end goals and then
leave it to the individual contributors and their managers to determine processes

3. Which of the following correctly describes the tone of the passage?

(a) Acclamatory
(b) Analytical
(c) Dogmatic
(d) Expository

4. Which of the following is untrue with respect to Flexibility?

(a) Allowing flexibility displays respect and trust for an employee
(b) Encouraging telecommuting/flexibility would mean cutting down on both
vehicular traffic and pollution in our crowded cities - a much needed benefit in
current times
(c) Its benefits include lesser distraction and better utilisation of an employee's
commute time
(d) It will become core to the gig economy that is already beginning to sprout very
well

5. In order to have flexibility in the work environment what need not be done?
(a) Hire self-driven, independent, responsible and collaborative people
(b) There should be a provision of careful support or guidance to everyone during
a learning process or a period of change
(c) To facilitate collaboration and teamwork leaders will need a lot of ingenuity
and status quo questioning
(d) Integrity and teamwork should be thoroughly implanted in the entire employee
life-cycle

2.
There can be no two opinions about a self-governing code of behaviour for every
member of civil society. Such self-discipline is what makes us worthy of being
human beings. The current line of thinking in the US has been that even
economists should have a code of ethics. Unlike other professionals, so far, they
have had no code of ethics in practice. Such a code is felt necessary because
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economists acting as consultants and advisers were found to be instrumental in

projecting the economic bubbles (first, of the dotcom companies, and then the
betting of collateralized debt obligations) as very good, thus keeping the common
man as well as financial institutions in the dark about the dire consequences that
did follow in 2008. The need for the code is also brought to the fore by a
documentary film Inside Job that won several awards, including the Academy
Award. This film shows how the financial crisis took place and, most importantly,
how law and economic consulting firms collected large sums as their fees and
bonuses. These were the very economists who had advocated for deregulation of
the economy and were instrumental in formulating government policies to this
effect. A common man can well imagine and understand a lawyer arguing for the
innocence of the actual murderer, but it is beyond his comprehension that a
supposed academic would wrongly advise on policy matters out of sheer self (and
hidden) interests. Renowned economists not disclosing their ties with businesses in
their writings in the media (newspapers as well as television) has been pointed out
in a very systematic study done by Gerald Epstein and Jessica Carrick-Hagenbarth
of the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) of the University of
Massachusetts Amherst. They explored the CVs of 19 well-known economists and
established a link between their writings in the media and their affiliations to
financial firms as advisers, trustees, members or chairmen of board of directors,
etc. In spite of these affiliations, only the academic positions of these economists
were stated below their articles in renowned newspapers and in their introductions
in television programmes. The study examined a variety of proposals stated by
these economists including those put forth by the Obama administration and the
US Department of Treasury. Seventeen of these economists were found to have
signed on the set of proposals for financial regulation. The study found that only
one of the 19 economists was doing a solely academic job. The rest seemed to have
a 'vested' interest in opposing financial regulation, suggest these researchers. What
is applicable to economists is also applicable to management consultants and
scientists of all disciplines. It is, however, noteworthy that the Association of
Management Consulting firms has declared, "We will immediately acknowledge
any influences on our objectivity to our clients and will offer to withdraw from a
consulting engagement when our objectivity or integrity may be impaired." The
American Sociological Association, too, has developed a code of ethics for its
members. It makes it obligatory for sociologists "to disclose relevant personal or
professional relationships that may have the appearance or potential for a conflict
of interest to an employer or client, to the sponsors of their professional work, or in
public speeches and writings." The authors suggest that as a first step towards
adherence to the ethical code, consultants and economic advisers should disclose

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their non-academic affiliations in their publications and television appearances (as

discussants).
Human greed has no geographical barriers. Indian academia and consultants, too,
would do well in developing a moral code to ensure prevention of conflict of
interest. All types of codes of ethics and oaths can never ensure a perfect sense and
practice of morality. Had this been the case, the Hippocratic Oath (developed in the
late 5th century BC) would have prevented members of the medical fraternity from
indulging in any unethical practice. Yet, the practice of taking this oath has
continued in the faith that it will keep the doctors' conscience alive and active. No
law has ever eliminated the criminal tendencies among human beings. There can
never be a substitute to self-governance. It is just that a formal code of ethics,
hopefully, would create awareness about what not to do in the interests of the
public and the nation at large.

6. Which of the following is correct in the context of the passage?

I. A self-governing code of behaviour is a must, but only for army personnel,
bureaucrats and government employees.
II. Patriotism, obedience, good conduct, high moral values are some of the things
that make us worthy of being human beings.
III. Professionals other than economists have certain code of ethics in the US.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Only I and III

7. The film Inside Job deals with which of the following?

I. It deals with the intricacies of human relationships.
II. It depicts the misdeeds of economic consulting firms.
III. It show's the extent to which economists damage their country for their vested
interests.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Only II and III

8. Which of the following is not correct in accordance with the studies done by
Gerald Epstein?
I. There was connivance between the economists and the financial institutions.
II. Renowned economists always tried to reflect the picture of the economy
through their writings in the media.
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III. The study found that around 95% economists had vested interests in opposing
financial regulations.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Both I and III

9. Which of the following statements is definitely true in the context of the

passage?
(a) Self-discipline is what makes us fit as citizens of India
(b) Formulating a code of ethics can certainly bring about economic prosperity
(c) The moral of people at large is so degraded that a radical change is a must and
for that seminars, religious gospels, sermons etc. can be effective measures.
(d) None of these

10. What step(s) does the author suggests?

I. Consultants and economic advisers should maintain a record of everyday
chores.
II. Economic advisers, being very important part of the society, should never
disclose their non academic affiliation in media.
III. The development of a country depends to a great extent on the acumen of the
economists and hence it is their foremost duty to play their roles with utmost
honesty and integrity.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) None of these

3.
Nothing was going to stop Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., from becoming a pilot. Not his
white classmates at West Point, a military academy, refusing to be his roommate.
Or being banned from an all-white officers' club, even though he was an officer
himself. Or being rejected from the Army Air Corps, an early version of the Air
Force, because he was African American.
Until the late 1940s, the U.S. military was segregated, meaning that black and
white soldiers served in separate units. Even though African Americans like Davis,
who was born on December 18, 1912, could join the military, they weren't allowed

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to become pilots. But in 1941—the year the United States entered World War II—
the Tuskegee Army Air Field began training African Americans as military pilots.
Davis was part of the first graduating class and immediately given command of a
unit of all-black pilots; he later commanded an even larger group. His men bravely
flew into enemy territory in Germany and Italy, successfully completing many
dangerous missions. Known as the Tuskegee Airmen, the African-American pilots
proved that they were just as skilled as white pilots.
Thanks to Davis's leadership and his pilots' success, the military now understood
that allowing black and white soldiers to serve together was the right thing to do.
In 1948. President Harry Truman signed an executive order to integrate the armed
forces. The man who helped draft a report on how the Air Force should accomplish
that? Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. His influence on equal rights for soldiers lived on,
even after his death on July 4, 2002.

11. Where did Benjamin studied?

(a) Norway military academy
(b) All black national military academy
(c) West point
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

12. How did Benjamin got to become a military pilot?

(a) He revolted against the segregated method and demanded the job
(b) The warlike situation compelled the government to have more pilots
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

13. What was the name of the group of African American pilots?
(a) Tuskegee Army Air Field
(b) Tuskegee Airmen
(c) African-American pilots
(d) None of the above

14. How did Benjamin contribute to black and white soldiers serving together?
(a) He carried out rallies and protests
(b) He lead a unit of all-black pilot
(c) His leadership and success proved everyone black is as skilled as white.
(d) Both (b) and (c)

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15. Which of the following is similar to the word 'skilled

(a) Dextrous
(b) Ambitious
(c) Fragile
(d) Brilliant

4.
Harry was a conman.
He didn't have a regular job. His job was to make money off other hard-working
people. He did this a few hours a day, and he was good at it
Every evening he would go to one of the train stations in London. He never went to
the same train station more than once every two weeks. There were so many
stations and so many people commuting back home that it was simple .
"Easy pickings," Harry said to himself.
This evening he was in Paddington Station. It was just before six pm, and Harry
was strolling around waiting for his mark. Harry knew how to pick out a good
mark. He could spot a fool a mile away.
He surveyed the station, his eyes moving from one person to another.
Maybe that man just there? He was young, around late-twenties. But he was
talking into his mobile phone. He was no good.
Or the couple strolling to the station exit. But there was something about the
woman. Something that told Harry no one could trick her. She was too sharp, too
clever.
Then he spotted him. The perfect mark.
Another man, older than the first. Maybe around forty or so. He was probably
married, maybe one or two kids. And something about the look on his face. He
looked gullible. He looked like he would believe any story anyone told him.
Harry changed his facial expression and approached him.
"Excuse me, I-…. "
The man raised his head to look at Harry. His eyes were wide open.
"I hate to trouble you ………”
The man shook his head in quick, rapid movements. "What is it?”
"It's so embarrassing," said Harry, "I've been robbed. A pickpocket. He ……”
Harry jerked his head to the other side of the train station forecourt.
"A pickpocket?" said the man. His eyebrows knitted together in concern.
Inside his head, Harry was grinning to himself. This man was perfect. Wait until he
met all his mates down the pub. He couldn't wait to tell them of the easy mark he
had found this evening. And a Friday too. The perfect end to a perfect week.
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“Yes,” said Harry. "I think he saw me as I was buying a cup of coffee just over
there.” There was a busy coffee shop to the side of the station. People spilling in
and out as they bought hot drinks to take on the train home.
“You have to be really careful around here," said the younger man. "So many
thieves in this station. It happened to a friend of mine."
"Really?" said Harry. He was in no mood to hear about this man's friend. He didn't
care about anything in this man's life at all. And it was too risky getting into
lengthy conversations with people.
If he just spoke to someone for a short time - two or three minutes max - then they
usually could not remember anything about him.
They might go to the police and say: I've been robbed! Someone tricked m!
But when the police asked what the thief looked like, they could not remember.
They had no idea at all.
And Harry looked like every other man at the train station. Mid-fifties, dark blue
suit, graying hair. He was nondescript. He could be anyone.
The man in front of Harry continued speaking.
"Yeah, my friend - he was in this exact same train station. He had no idea who had
robbed him, it was so quick. Maybe when he was buying a ticket - who knows?”
"Well, that's terrible," said Harry and offered the man a look of sympathy.
The man nodded back at Harry. He had brilliant blue eyes. The eyes of an honest
man.
"What did he take from you?" he asked Harry.
"Who?" asked Harry
"The thief. The pickpocket."
"Oh," said Harry. "He took everything. My phone, my wallet - and that has all my
money in it. He even took my house keys."
The man shook his head, his lips pressed together in concern.
"That's terrible," he said. "Did you tell a policeman?"
Harry faltered for a second, then found his voice. "Ah, no. No, I – I didn't - “
The man was twisting his head left and right. "There's one." He touched Harry's
arm, turned him to face a policeman strolling across the station, his hands held
together behind his back.
Harry tensed. He didn't want to involve the police. The last thing he wanted to do
was talk to the police. None of his old pals in the pub spoke to them. They didn't
trust them.
"I” think you should tell that policeman," said the man. "After all, you have been
robbed. You're a victim of crime."
This was becoming too difficult. All Harry wanted was to find his mark, give him a
story, then walk off with some cash. He didn't want all this attention.
"Actually, he said. "You know what - forget it. I'll call my wife. She can help me."
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The man gazed at Harry. His honest face beaming back at him. "I'm only trying to
help you."
"I don't want your help," said Harry, rather too quickly. "I can deal with it myself."
He pulled his arm free of the man's hand.
The man looked back at him with an expression of surprise.
"Good evening to you," said Harry. And he walked away.
He kept on walking, not looking back. That man was trying to be too careful.
There was no way Harry could talk to the police. Not in his line of work.
He marched to the other side of the station and stopped by a news kiosk. People
bought newspapers and rushed off to catch their train.
Harry gazed around the station, trying to make out a new mark. A new sucker
waiting for him.
But maybe time for a quick smoke. Harry put his hand inside his jacket pocket to
find his cigarettes. Not in that pocket. He looked in the other one. Not there,
Harry tapped the side pockets. Nothing. Everything gone.
His hands reached down to his trouser pockets. But they were all empty too.
He had been robbed!
His phone, his wallet. Even his cigarettes.
Robbed in broad daylight.

16. What day is it in the story?

(a) Monday
(b) Saturday
(c) Wednesday
(d) Friday

17. What does harry do after pick pocketing people at the station?
(a) He goes to his boss and collects his daily income
(b) He goes to his home
(c) He goes to the pub where all his Pick pocketers friends meet
(d) He goes to the other train station in the city

18. Why he does not want to talk to the man for too long?
(a) The man will get suspicious of him
(b) The man wanted him to talk to him about his personal life
(c) The man would be able to recall his face after he would rob him
(d) All of the above

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19. What does harry discover at the end?

(a) That the man was a pick pocketer
(b) That he has been robbed by his own mark
(c) All his cigarettes, wallets, his phone was not there
(d) All of the above

20. What do you understand by 'nondescript'?

(a) Someone who has no description
(b) Someone who is similar to the others
(c) Someone who has a common face and identity
(d) Someone who has no notable features

5.
The fate of British Cycling changed one day in 2003.
The organization, which was the governing body for professional cycling in Great
Britain, had recently hired Dave Brailsford as its new performance director. At the
time, professional cyclists in Great Britain had endured nearly one hundred years
of mediocrity. Since 1908, British riders had won just a single gold medal at the
Olympic Games, and they had fared even worse in cycling s biggest race, the Tour
de France. In 110 years, no British cyclist had ever won the event.
In fact the performance of British riders had been so underwhelming that one of
the top bike manufacturers in Europe refused to sell bikes to the team because they
were afraid that it would hurt sales if other professionals saw the Brits using their
gear.
Brailsford had been hired to put British Cycling on a new trajectory. What made
him different from previous coaches was his relentless commitment to a strategy
that he referred to as "the aggregation of marginal gains,” which was the
philosophy of searching for a tiny margin of improvement in everything you do.
Brailsford said, "The whole principle came from the idea that if you broke down
everything you could think of that goes into riding a bike and then improve it by 1
percent, you will get a significant increase when you put them all together."
Brailsford and his coaches began by making small adjustments you might expect
from a professional cycling team. They redesigned the bike seats to make them
more comfortable and rubbed alcohol on the tires for a better grip. They asked
riders to wear electrically heated over shorts to maintain ideal muscle temperature
while riding and used biofeedback sensors to monitor how each athlete responded
to a particular workout. The team tested various fabrics in a wind tunnel and had

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their outdoor riders switch to indoor racing suits, which proved to be lighter and
more aerodynamic
But they didn't stop there. Brailsford and his team continued to find 1 percent
improvement in overlooked and unexpected areas. They tested different types of
massage gels to see which one led to the fastest muscle recovery. They hired a
surgeon to teach each rider the best way to wash their hands to reduce the chances
of catching a cold. They determined the type of pillow and mattress that led to the
best night's sleep, for each rider. They even painted the inside of the team truck
white, which helped them spot little bits of dust that would normally slip by
unnoticed but could degrade the performance of the finely tuned bikes,
As these and hundreds of other small improvements accumulated, the results came
faster than anyone could have imagined
Just five years after Brailsford took over the British Cycling team dominated the
road and track cycling events at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, where they
won an astounding 60 percent of the gold medals available. Four years later, when
the Olympic Games came to London, the Brits raised the bar as they set nine
Olympic records and seven world records.
That same year; Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour
de France. The next year, his teammate Chris Froome won the race, and he would
go on to win again in 2015, 2016, and 2017, giving the British team five Tour de
France victories in six years.

21. What does the author wants to convey through the passage?
(a) Consistency along with hard work is the key to success
(b) Small changes and improvements can lead to success
(c) Smaller changes are important than the bigger ones
(d) All of the above

22. Why did they paint the team truck white?

(a) To store the bikes
(b) To protect the bikes from the dust
(c) To protect the players from the dust
(d) None of the above

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23. What is the trajectory?

(a) Flightpath
(b) Motion
(c) Constant
(d) Consistency

24. What made Brailsford different from other coaches?

(a) He was very passionate and relentless
(b) He believed in his players
(c) He changed the team re-auditioned every staff member
(d) He followed the aggregation of marginal gains

25. Which of the following statement is correct in view of the passage?

(a) We should find 1 percent improvement in the major areas of our strategy
(b) With many smaller improvements, big changes await
(c) Theory of aggregation of marginal gains cannot be applied in our daily lives
(d) Brailsford's approach is required for everyone who wants to win medals in
sports

6.
Abul-Hasan Ali Ibn Nafi, known as Ziryab, was born in Iraq in 789.
He was nicknamed Ziryab because of his melodious voice and his dark
complexion, features which people compared with a singing bird of black plumage
[hence his nickname Blackbird].
He was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili, a renowned musician in Baghdad and a
favourite of the Abbasid Caliph Harun Al-Rashid.
Ziryab's talent and excellence in music slowly overtook the position of his teacher,
which brought him close to the Caliph and his court. Al-Hakem, the Umayyad
Caliph and father of Abd-Al-Rahman II invited him to Andalusia.
Ziryab settled in Cordoba in 822, at the court of the then Caliph Abd-Al-Rahman
II. His arrival coincided with a new impetus given by Abd-Al-Rahman II to
cultural life, leading Andalusia to one of its major flowering periods. In Cordoba,

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Ziryab found prosperity, recognition of his art, and unprecedented fame. He

became the court entertainer with a monthly salary of 200 golden Dinars in
addition to many privileges. This promotion gave him a great opportunity to let his
talent and creation break free from any boundaries. He not only revolutionised
music but also made significant improvements to lifestyle and fashion,
He transformed social customs as seen in dress and hair styling, in the kitchen and
the way people eat, socialise and relax and in the furniture and tools he invented to
follow this transformation in living. He replaced the gold glasses by others made of
glass and crystal. (Soon initiated their manufacture in Andalusia).
He spread the use of the tablecloth and the wearing of a white dress in the summer.
He also introduced new culinary recipes, new tableware, new sartorial fashions,
and even the games of chess and polo.
Zirvab’s achievements gained him the respect of the following generations, even
till the present day. In the Muslim world, there is not a single country that does not
have a street, a hotel, a club, or a café named after him. In the West, scholars, and
musicians still pay him tribute today.

26. Why was Ziryab named 'Blackbird'?

(a) He was black in complexion with a melodious voice as of a blackbird
(b) He was black in complexion
(c) His name meant a blackbird with a melodious voice
(d) All of the above

27. What was the major transformation Ziryab made in social customs?
(a) He made changes in dress and hairstyling
(b) He made changes in the kitchen, culinary and tableware
(c) He made changes in the way people socialise
(d) All of the above

28. How did Ziryab found prosperity in Cordoba?

(a) He found a good salary in Cordoba
(b) His work was recognised amongst the public
(c) He was able to widen the horizons of his talents
(d) Both (b) and (c)

29. What can be used instead of 'Transformation"?

(a) Evolution
(b) Organisation
(c) Upheaval
(d) Refashioning
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30. Which of the following is not related to "Fame?

(a) Prominence
(b) Glee
(c) Stardom
(d) Esteem

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 12
1 D 16 D
2 D 17 C
3 D 18 C
4 B 19 D
5 C 20 D
6 C 21 B
7 D 22 B
8 B 23 A
9 D 24 D
10 D 25 B
11 C 26 A
12 B 27 D
13 B 28 B
14 D 29 A
15 A 30 B

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 13

1.
The saving of certain wild animals from extinction has for many years been a
problem for zoologists and other specialists, but more recently the problem has
become so acute, and has received so much publicity, that most people are now
concerned about it. This may at first seem strange because one of the most
gratifying developments of the last few years has been the passing of strict laws to
protect wild animals and the consequent decline in the hunting of big game for
sport. Why is it, then that some rare wild animals are still threatened with
extinction and even some of the less rare ones are rapidly declining in number?
One reason is the 'march of civilization'. When an area is wholly cleared of
vegetation to make room for new towns, factory sites or hydroelectric plants, the
natural home of several species is destroyed. The displaced animals must either
migrate to another area or perish. Even the clearing of land for a road or an airfield
may involve "pushing back the jungle, and thus reducing the area meant for their
habitat. The lesser the area where wild animals hunt and compete for a living,
smaller is the number that can hope to survive.
Civilization brings, too, swift and easy transport and so assists those who are
determined to break the various, protective laws. Thieves can elude the game
wardens, shoot an elephant for its tusks, a rhinoceros for its horn, or a deer for its
meat, and be miles away from the site of the crime before the dead or dying victim
is even discovered.
It is sad to reflect that civilization which can bring so many benefits to people who
have previously known only hunger and misery, brings also facilities for the
heartless criminals who, for material gain, will slaughter some harmless animals
and threaten the disappearance of its kind from the earth forever.

1. What problem is being faced by zoologists and other specialists?

(a) The migration of animals to other areas
(b) The saving of certain wild animals from Extinction
(c) The declining number of less rare animals
(d) The clearing of jungles for building of new towns

2. Why is there a decline in the hunting of big game for sport?

(a) Strict laws have been passed to protect wild
(b) Very few animals are left in the wild
(c) Animals have been displaced due to building of roads
(d) People are not allowed to keep arms.
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3. What is the meaning of the word 'gratifying' as used in the passage?

(a) Unpleasant
(b) Threatening
(c) Harmful
(d) Satisfying

4. How does modern transport threaten the survival of wild animals?

(a) Roads are built through jungles
(b) Animal parts like tusks, horns etc. can be easily carried away
(c) Fast and easy transport assists those who break the various protective laws
(d) Animals are killed by fast transport

5. How is the natural home of several species of animals destroyed?

(a) Due to 'pushing back of jungle for a road or airfield
(b) Due to clearing of a whole area of vegetation for making new towns, factory
sites, roads etc.
(c) Due to fighting between animals
(d) Due to natural calamities

2.
The VAK learning style uses the three main sensory receivers : Visual, Auditory,
and Kinesthetic (movement) to determine the dominant learning style. It is
sometimes known as VAKT (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, & Tactile). It is based
on modalities-channels by which human expression can take place and is
composed of a combination of perception and memory
Learners use all three modalities to receive and learn new information and
experiences. However, according to the VAK or modality theory, one or two of
these receiving styles is normally dominant. This dominant style defines the best
way for a person to learn new information by filtering what is to be learned. This
style may not always to be the same for some tasks. The learner may prefer one
style of learning for one task, and a combination of others for a different task.
Visual learning style involves the use of seen or observed things, including
pictures, diagrams, demonstrations, displays, handouts, films, flipchart, etc.
Auditory learning style involves the transfer of information through listening to the
spoken word, of self or others, of sounds and noises.
Kinesthetic learning involves physical experience - touching, feeling, holding,
doing practical hands-on experiences.
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Classically, our learning style is forced upon us through life like this: In grades
kindergarten to third, new information is presented to us kinesthetically; grades 4
to 8 are visually presented; while grades 9 to college and on into the business
environment, information is presented to us mostly through auditory means, such
as lectures.

6. Which of the following learning styles involves the use of seen or observed
things?
(a) Visual learning
(b) Auditory learning
(c) Kinesthetic learning
(d) Self-learning

7. In which of the following phases of life information is presented to us mostly

through auditory means?
(a) Kindergarten
(b) Grades 1 to 4
(c) Grades 4 to 8
(d) Grades 9 to college

8. Which of the following is used by auditory learning style?

(a) Sound
(b) Hand-outs
(c) Displays
(d) Hands-on experience

9. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word 'combination’?

(a) Consequence
(b) Amalgamation
(c) Fennel
(d) Genre

10. How many sensory receivers are used by the VAK learning style?
(a) Four
(b) Five
(c) Two
(d) Three

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3.
"I'll be glad when this shift is over."
It was close to midnight and John was just finishing work at the Grey Park subway
station. He hated the late shifts. It was too quiet for one. Then, when he finished
work, he had to get home. It wasn't too far — sometimes he took a taxi — but
other times he walked and the streets were empty with strange shadows creeping
across between the houses.
His workmate for the evening, Colin, stretched and kept his feet up on the desk.
Just behind his feet, the bank of security camera monitors. Each screen showed a
different view of the subway station's interior.
"Soon done,” said Colin. "See this last train in, then we can all get out of here."
John waited for a second to see if Colin would volunteer to do the rounds of the
station. One of them has to walk around the whole place, just to make sure there
were no people left inside.
Sometimes a drunk. One time they found a dog, whimpering, and lost.
But Colin stayed glued in his seat.
"Guess I'll go down and have a look," said John.
Colin peered over his shoulder towards him. "You don't mind, mate?"
John shrugged. "One of us has got to do it."
He put on his uniform cap and went to the door. One of these days, Colin might
move out of his chair.
John grabbed the walkie-talkie and turned it on. He turned the dial and spoke into
it.
"Keep an eye out for me," he said.
His voice carried loudly to the walkie-talkie on the desk and made Colin jump.
"Yeah, sure. I'm right here."
John smirked and walked out the door: A short corridor led to another door and a
public walkway. Both sides of the walkway were filled with advertising. An
overflowing rubbish bin with discarded fast-food wrappers and fizzy-pop cans at
the bottom of it.
John walked down the corridor. He could hear last train. It pulled into the station
and then he heard Colin's tired voice.
“This is Grey Park, the final stop. Please alight here and leave the station. Thank
you.”
Colin never had any enthusiasm in his voice. Some of the other guys that worked
energy in the station would put some energy in their voices or put on a funny
voice.
It made them laugh and helped them get through the long and quiet hours.
But never Colin.

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As John made his way to the platform, he met the passengers leaving the station.
The usual late-night crowds.
A couple of young guys, drunk and full of swagger. All right, mate," they said to
John. “Nice hat”.
John gave them a curt nod and walked on. The two lads laughed loudly and broke
into a rendition of a popular song.
A man in his fortes, looking weary and dead-beat. Another poor guy doing a late
shift somewhere in the city.
An elderly woman, clutching her bag and looking nervous, a young woman, her
eyes to the ground and walking straight ahead. The last strays of the night, all
heading home or anywhere else that might welcome them.
On the platform, the train was still in place, all of its doors open.
John nodded at the train guard-he recognised him from the many times he had seen
him before but could not remember his name.
All the trains had to be checked, to make sure no people left sleeping on seats, no
forgotten items. God forbid any bags or boxes left on the train-then they had to call
the police.
John walked along with the platform, checking every carriage. Everything looked
in order. He waved at the guard, who waved back and got back onto the train. He
heard the crackle of a radio, then the doors hissed closed and the train pulled out of
the station and into the dark tunnel.
In a few seconds, John was all alone on the platform.
He clicked onto the walkie-talkie. "Just checking the north end of the platform," he
said. "All clear up there?”
The walkie-talkie crackled and Colin's voice came through it, tinny and alien. "Just
that one bloke by the seats.”
John kept walking. He hoped the man on the platform wasn't drunk. They could be
difficult to deal with sometimes. But he could see no one.
"You sure?" he said into his radio. "I can't see anyone.
"He's right there," said Colin. "Hang on, he's getting to his feet."
John peered ahead and saw no one. He turned and looked behind him. No one there
either.
Colin was such an idiot. This was another problem with him. He was not very
observant.
“Are you sure you're looking on the right platform?" asked John. He would talk to
the station chief about Colin. This was not good enough.
“Yes, platform one," said Colin. "I can see you walking toward the camera."
John squinted into the far end of the platform. He could see no one.
“There's no one here," he said to himself.

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He carried on walking to the very end of the platform, past the two benches on the
side. He stopped and looked behind him again. Maybe Colin was looking at the
wrong end of the platform. Not a soul around.
John pulled the radio up to his ear: "Colin, are you sure? Please check again, I can't
see anyone here."
"He's right there," said Colin. "By the seats. He's just standing by the edge of the
platform."
John spun around. Nothing. He was the only person there.
"Colin, is this some sort of a joke? I can't see anyone."
The radio spluttered into life again. "John. He's behind you. He's... John!"
John dropped the radio from the side of his face. He spun around.
Then he saw it.

11. Why does John offered to check the platform

(a) He wanted to get home early
(b) He wanted to take a stroll
(c) He knew that Colin wouldn't do it
(d) He didn't trust Colin with the work

12. Why does John have to check the train?

(a) He had the habit of being cautious
(b) He had to check for any person who might be sleeping
(c) He had to check for any Suspicious item left
(d) Both (b) and (c)

13. What does colin see on the platform?

(a) A bomb
(b) A briefcase left unattended
(c) An old man sleeping on a bench
(d) A man near the seats

14. What is the name of the station where John worked?

(a) Westside
(b) Upper east
(c) Grey park
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

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15. What do you understand by ‘squint’?

(a) Looking at something with more focus
(b) Trying to look something by bending
(c) Looking irritatingly
(d) Looking angrily

4.
Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta on 12 January 1863. He was an
Indian Hindu monk and chief disciple of the nineteenth-century saint Ramakrishna.
His father Vishwanath Datta, was a successful attorney, and his mother,
Bhuvaaneshwad Devi, was endowed with deep devotion, strong character, and
other qualities. With his knowledge and efforts, he proved to be a key figure in
introducing the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and yoga to the Western world.
Swami Vivekananda's inspiring personality was well-known, both in India and
Amer. In the late 19th and early 20th century.
Talented boy, Narendra excelled in music gymnastics, and studies. By the time he
graduated from Calcutta University, he had acquired a vast knowledge of different
subjects, especially Western philosophy and history. Born with a yogic
temperament, he used to practice meditation from his boyhood days. In his early
youth, he was entangled with doubts about the existence of God. This made him
meet Sri Ramakrishna, who was staying at the Kali Temple in Dakshineshwar.
Apart from removing doubts from the mind of Narendra, Sri Ramakrishna won
him over and thus began a guru-disciple relationship between them.
After a few years, two events caused Narendra considerable distress : one was the
passing away of his father and the other was when Sri Ramakrishna gave up his
mortal body. After this, in 1887 he took the formal vows of sannyasa, thereby
assuming a new name. Narendra now became Swami Vivekananda. Soon,
Vivekananda heard the inner call for a greater mission in his life. His master taught
him that service to men was the most effective worship of God. He realized the
importance of Sri Ramakrishna's message and decided to spread it to the modern
world and to India in particular.
Narendra travelled extensively in India, acquainting himself with diverse religious
traditions and social patterns. During his travels, he was deeply moved to see the
terrible poverty and backwardness of the masses. He was the first religious leader
in India to understand and openly declare that the real cause of India's downfall
was the neglect of the masses.
One thing became clear to Swamiji- to carry out his plans for the spread of
education and upliftment of the poor masses, and women, an efficient organization
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of dedicated people was needed. To serve this need, Swamiji founded the
Ramakrishna Mission a few years later. He started his journey to the West by
visiting cities of Japan, Chin, and Canada. He also heard about the World's
Parliament of Religions to be held in Chicago in 1893. He felt that the Parliament
would provide the right forum to present his Master's message to the world, and so
he decided to go to America.
His speeches at the World's Parliament of Religions made him famous as an ‘orator
by divine right’ and as a ‘Messenger of Indian wisdom to the Western world’.
After preaching in parts of America and London, Swamiji returned to India to
inspire his own people. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great
spiritual heritage. In India, he repeatedly addressed social issues : uplifting the
people, eliminating the caste system, promoting science and industrialization,
addressing widespread poverty, and ending colonial rule. Netaji Subhash Chandra
Bose once wrote: "Swamiji harmonized the East and the West, religion, and
science, past and present. And that is why he is great. Our countrymen have gained
unprecedented self-respect, self-reliance, and self-assertion from his teachings".

16. Why did Swamiji changed his name from Narendranath Datta to Vivekananda?
(a) He didn't like his name
(b) He realised his inner callings to start a new Identity
(c) He took sannyasa
(d) Both (b) and (c)

17. Why did Swamiji addressed social issues in India and not anywhere else?
(a) He found mass poverty only in India
(b) He wanted India's social condition to be improved
(c) He believed that India's social issues are causing her decline
(d) All of the above

18. Why did Swamiji go to America?

(a) To spread the philosophy of his guru - Sri Ramakrishna
(b) to spread the ideology of his organization
(c) To address the world with his ideologies about religion
(d) to introduce his organization to the whole world

19. Who's an orator?

(a) A leader
(b) A speaker
(c) A listener
(d) A philosopher
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20. What do you understand by entangled?

(a) Twisted in
(b) Caught in
(c) Intertwist
(d) All of these

5.
Susan B. Anthony was called terrible names, had things thrown at her, even had
her picture dragged through the streets. But still, she didn't back down. She thought
fighting for women's rights - and the rights or everyone - was too important.
Born in Adams, Massachusetts, on February 15, 1820, she grew up as a Quaker,
which is a religion that teaches that everyone is equal. She knew it wasn't fair that
she didn't have a say in electing political leaders or couldn't own property just
because she was a woman. She also thought that it wasn't right that male teachers
made more money than she did. In the early 1850s, Anthony starting voicing her
opinion to anyone who would listen, stopping people on the streets, or giving
speeches around the country. She'd stand for hours to get signatures on petitions
asking for women's rights.
But Anthony wanted everyone to have equal rights, so in 1956 she joined the anti-
slavery movement as an abolitionist, which were people who argued against
slavery. She gave speeches, organized meetings, put up posters, and handed out
leaflets, even though she faced angry crowds of people who disagreed with her -
and thought that women shouldn't even be speaking in public.
But her fight for equal rights for women never stopped. Anthony had met fellow
activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1851, and after years of talking to people about
women's rights, they started a newspaper, The Revolution, in 1868 to help spread
ideas of rights for women. The next year, they co-founded the National Woman
Suffrage Association to focus on women's right to vote.
African-Americans were recognized as U.S. citizens in 1870, and black men were
given the right to vote with the 15th amendment. But African-American women,
like all women, still did not have the right to vote. This made Anthony angry,
especially since she had fought so hard to help free the slaves. So she cast her
ballot in the presidential election anyway. She was arrested for the crime and fined
a hundred dollars. She never paid.
Though she worked for more than 50 years for women's rights, Anthony never got
to legally vote. She died on March 13, 1906, 14 years before the 19 th amendment
gave all women the right to vote. But the representatives of Congress - almost all
men - who approved the amendment understood who was responsible for this
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historic moment, and the legislation was known as the "Anthony Amendment.”
And in 1979, Anthony became the first woman to be on a U.S. coin, the silver
dollar.

21. Why did Anthony joined the anti-slavery movement?

(a) She believed in equal opportunities for all
(b) She supported the idea of freedom from exploitation
(c) She was herself a slave previously
(d) All of the above

22. Which of the following is not true?

(a) By 1870. all men in America had the right to vote
(b) By 1870, African-American men had the right to vote
(c) By 1870, white women of America had the right to vote
(d) None of the above

23. Why did the amendment was called the 'Anthony amendment’?
(a) The legislators wanted to give Anthony her due credit
(b) It was named in her remembrance
(c) Women of America loved her and it was a kind of payback
(a) Men who were slaves wanted her to be remembered

24. What do you understand by suffrage?

(a) The one who suffers
(b) The who causes pain to others
(c) The right which is received after being suffered
(d) The right to cast vote

25. Why did Anthony disregarded by people?

(a) Because she was crossing the line of patriarchy
(b) People were scared of her ideas and demands
(c) People feared violence and instigation
(d) People wanted peaceful protests only

6.
Steven Witherly is a food scientist who has spent the last 20 years studying what
makes certain foods more addictive than others. Much of the science that follows is
from his excellent report, Why Humans Like Junk Food.

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According to Witherly, when you eat tasty food, there are two factors that make
the experience pleasurable.
First, there is the sensation of eating food. This includes what it tastes like (salty,
sweet, umami, etc.), what it smells like, and how it feels in your mouth. This last
quality - known as "orosensation" - can be particularly important. Food companies
will spend millions of dollars to discover the most satisfying level of crunch in a
potato chip. Food scientists will test for the perfect amount of fizzle in a soda.
These elements all combine to create the sensation that your brain associates with a
particular food or drink.
The second factor is the actual macronutrient makeup of the food - the blend of
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates that it contains. In the case of junk food, food
manufacturers are looking for a perfect combination of salt, sugar, and fat that
excites your brain and gets you coming back for more.
Most people think that building better habits or changing your actions is all about
will power or motivation. But the more I learn, the more I believe that the number
one driver of behaviour change is your environment.
Your environment has an incredible ability to shape your behavior. Nowhere is this
more true than with food. What we eat on a daily basis is often a result of what we
are presented.

26. What is 'orosensation’?

(a) The sensation of food in our mouth
(b) The taste of food
(c) The smell of food
(d) All of the above

27. What message does the author is giving?

(a) Eating healthy is a matter of will power and determination
(b) Eating healthy can be achieved by making changes around ourselves
(c) If the whole family will eat healthily, we will eat healthily
(d) Junk food companies will do anything to sell their food

28. How does the macronutrient of food affect our habit of eating junk food?
(a) Our brain recognize and remembers the food due to its macronutrients
(b) The macronutrients of food make our brain excited
(c) It makes our sensors remember the taste of the food
(d) All of the above

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29. Which of the following is similar to 'addictive'?

(a) Vindictive
(b) Moreish
(c) Reminisced
(d) Evoke

30. Which of the following does not mean incredible?

(a) Magnificent
(b) Far-fetched
(c) Dazzling
(d) Peculiar

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 13
1 B 16 C
2 A 17 C
3 D 18 A
4 C 19 B
5 B 20 D
6 A 21 A
7 D 22 C
8 A 23 A
9 B 24 D
10 D 25 A
11 C 26 A
12 D 27 B
13 D 28 B
14 C 29 B
15 A 30 D

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE – 14

1.
For many years, the cultural model that was widely accepted in the United States
was that the country was a melting pot for immigrants. The melting pot symbolizes
the different groups of people who migrated to the United States and brought their
own characteristics with them. Once they were in the United States, these people
and their cultures were expected to mix and assimilate into a uniform United States
culture in which it is impossible to notice the diverse cultures that made it up.
In recent years, however, the idea of the melting pot is being replaced by a new
one. Many new immigrants to the United States do not feel they should be required
to change. They believe that they can contribute and belong to the United States
and be its citizens while still keeping some of the culture, beliefs and even the
language that they brought with them. Therefore, the new model that is being
suggested for the United States is the salad bowl. The salad bowl describes a
multicultural society where people do not have to conform to make a new unity but
keep their original character while living side by side with each other.
It is not certain whether either of these two models is correct for the modern United
States. The melting pot seems to be over-idealistic and outdated. Also, older
Americans may be suspicious of newer arrivals and do not welcome them, whereas
newer Americans may feel that it is impossible to give up their past and their
cultural characteristics. The salad bowl is not a perfect model, either. New
immigrants who have not learned English or accepted the culture and beliefs
common in the United States have difficulty in being a part of the American
society. As a result, they are often accused of being unwilling to change, in other
words, of not being American enough.

1. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the "melting pot" model?

(a) It requires immigrants to change and adapt their culture and beliefs
(b) It used to be the dominant cultural model for a long time
(c) It is an up-to-date and realistic model for the United States
(d) Its main purpose is to create a uniform national culture

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2. Which of the following BEST explains the "salad bowl" model?

(a) Immigrants are expected to change and assimilate into a single culture
(b) Immigrants are allowed to keep their original cultural identities and beliefs
(c) Immigrants are no longer a part of the United States if they refuse to change
(d) Immigrants are asked to learn English and be American as soon as possible

3. In paragraph 1, "it" refers to ............... .

(a) United States culture
(b) Noticing diverse cultures
(c) Cultural model
(d) Migration to the United States

4. In paragraph 2,"conform is closest in meaning to ……….. .

(a) Adapt
(b) Arrange
(c) Acquire
(d) Absorb

5. It can be UNDERSTOOD from the text that ……….. .

(a) The salad bowl is a more agreeable model than the melting pot for older
Americans
(b) New immigrants prefer the salad bowl model rather than the melting pot model
(c) Learning English makes it more difficult for immigrants to adapt to American
culture
(d) Older Americans always welcome new immigrants if they choose to be
American

2.
My education at Fort Hare was as much outside as inside the classroom. I was a
more active sportsman than I had been at Heald town. This was due to two factors.
I had grown taller and stronger, but more important, Fort Hare was so much
smaller than Heald town, I had less competition. I was able to compete in both
soccer and cross-country running. Running taught me valuable lessons. In cross-
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country competition, training counted more than intrinsic ability, and I could
compensate for a lack of natural aptitude with diligence and discipline. I applied
this in everything I did. Even as a student, I saw many young men who had great
natural ability, but who did not have the self-discipline and patience to build on
their endowment.
I also joined the drama society and acted in a play about Abraham Lincoln that was
adapted by my classmate Lincoln Mkentane. Mkentane came from a distinguished
Transkeian family, sand was another fellow whom I looked up to. This was
literally true, as he was the only student at Fort Hare taller than I was. Mkentane
portrayed his namesake, while I played John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin.
Mkentane's depiction of Lincoln was stately and formal, and his recitation of one
of the greatest of all speeches, the Gettysburg Address, won a standing ovation.
My part was the smaller one, though I was the engine of the play's moral, which
was that men who take great risks often suffer great consequences.
I became a member of the Students Christian Association and taught Bible classes
on Sundays in neighbouring villages. One of my comrades on these expeditions
was a serious young science scholar whom I had met on the soccer field. He came
from Pondoland, in the Transkei, and his name was Oliver Tambo. From the start, I
saw that Oliver's intelligence was diamond-edged; he was a keen debater and did
not accept the platitudes that so many of us automatically subscribed to. Oliver
lived in Beda Hall, the Anglican hostel, and though I did not have much contact
with him at Fort Hare, it was easy to see that he was destined for great things.

6. Many young men failed to build their endowment because

(a) They lacked self-discipline
(b) They were very class conscious
(c) They lacked self will
(d) They lacked natural ability

7. ............. was one of the sources of the author's education.

(a) Nature
(b) Conversation
(c) Sports
(d) Society

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8. What was the moral of the play in which the author acted?
(a) People who play negative roles do not get appreciation
(b) Good deeds always pay well
(c) However strong evil may be it is always defeated by Truth
(d) Men who take great risks often suffer great consequences

9. Why was the author an active sportsman in Fort Hare?

(a) He was new in town
(b) He had grown taller and stronger
(c) He was favoured by the sports coaches
(d) He liked sports better than studies

10. The fact that the author praises Oliver, shows that the author ...................
(a) Was his subordinate
(b) Was his disciple
(c) Admired him
(d) Envied him

3.
I should have left Karl's house earlier. Then I could have caught the last bus home.
But we got talking, listening to music, laughing about stupid things.
I pulled my jacket collar up against my neck as the cold air wrapped itself around
me. I cursed at myself for the hundredth time for missing the bus.
Stupid, so stupid.
It had to be at least seven kilometers back to my house. The walk didn't bother me.
It was the hollow that unnerved me.
Everyone at school had stories to tell about it.
The hollow. That's where she died. The Grey Lady. You can see her there at night.
She's waiting for someone. Waiting for revenge.
And we all rolled our eyes and laughed at those that told the tales.
There's no such thing as ghosts, I heard myself say,

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But now I was just two minutes away from the hollow. And things didn't look the
same here when I was on the bus. Things seemed too quiet. Too still.
Either side of me trees whispered in the shifting breeze that slid between them.
Their voices called out to me in hushed tones.
Not too late to go back, not too late to go back...
The road rose up ahead. I never noticed it on the bus, it always seemed flat. But
now on foot, it was as if the road itself was trying to make me turn back.
After the crest in the road just blackness. No light, no sound. Nothing but all-
encompassing dark.
I took a breath and increased the pace of my walking. On the bus, the hollow
seemed less than a minute. But how could I be sure? I never timed it. I didn't pay
much attention to what was outside. Either staring in a daze at the road in front and
the back of the driver's head. Or lost in a series of dumb messages from Karl and
our friends.
I increased the speed of my walking as I got to the top of the small rise in the road.
When I got to the top of it, I gazed down into the hollow.
Nothing but total darkness.
I looked back over my shoulder and saw the dim cone of light that shed out from a
street lamp way back in the distance. I turned to the front and squinted my eyes to
try to make out the next street light. Nothing. Only sheer blackness.
Another breath and I took the first step down into the hollow.
My aunt said that she killed all her children. The memory of another Grey Lady
tale slithered into my mind. She killed them all one by one then took her own life.
People said she had lost her mind.
I saw the face of the kid in my school who spoke these words. An unpopular
student at my school who everyone laughed at behind his back. He spent too much
time by himself and I never gave him a second thought.
So why were his words of the Grey Lady so prominent in my head right now?
I marched ahead into the total darkness.
The outline of the trees disappeared from view either side of me like they no longer
existed like they were no longer part of this world.
Once again the breeze danced through the branches and their voices called to me.
You can't go back. You can't go back

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I shook my head, pulled the collar tighter around my neck, and quickened the pace.
My breath came in sharp breaths now. I told myself because I was walking so fast
but that little gremlin of doubt whispered in my ear. Because you're afraid.
My hands thrust so deep in the pockets of my jacket, they restricted my
movements, made it difficult to walk. I pulled my hands free and found that I could
walk even faster. I broke into a half-trot. Stopped, walked again, walked faster and
faster still.
She cut their throats. The unpopular kid's face clear in my mind. Then cut them
into little pieces and buried them the trees in the hollow. People didn't find their
bodies for years. They put the Grey Lady in a mental institute. She screamed every
night until she died.
I swirled around. The street light I saw before now completely invisible. I was
surrounded by the gripping darkness. Enveloped in its arms.
Panic took hold of my breathing. I swallowed and forced a lungful of air inside my
chest. I turned on each foot. My eyes darted into the eternal blackness all around
me and for a second I could not remember which direction I was going.
I leaned down and saw the white lines of the road and raced along with them. They
could lead me out of the hollow and into safety.
The wind hissed through the trees as I ran ahead. It was racing with me, keeping
me company or mocking me, I could not tell.
As I ran down deeper into the hollow, my head filled with tales of the Grey Lady.
Stories and fables that I paid no attention to before now all surging back into my
memory. My mind showed the speaker of each story as the words unfolded in my
ears.
She stays in the hollow, waiting. Waiting for someone. Waiting for revenge.
She was driven insane by a curse. She was the daughter of a rich landowner and a
local/witch put a curse on her.
She loved her children. Even though she took their lives.
My feet stumbled ahead and my hands clawed at the cold air in front of me. Then I
found myself going uphill again. I had done it! I had got to the bottom of the
hollow. Now I was on my way out again.
I let out a laugh of victory. My lungs burned as I took deep breaths and lurched
ahead into the dark.
Then the sheer relief of a silvery-white light ahead. The next street light!
Thank god.
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I slowed and gave myself permission to walk. My heart pounded in my chest and
my breathing slowed.
The light grew brighter and I could make out the trees on either side of the road
again.
How stupid of me, I said out loud. I'll laugh about this tomorrow with Karl.
The light ahead grew brighter and brighter I could make out the trees more clearly
1 bowed my head and laughed to myself again. I turned behind and looked into the
blackness of the hollow. How small it looked now. Before it seemed like a huge
chasm. Something inescapable.
I faced the front and peered into the light.
Then my breath stopped.
A figure.
All grey.
Surrounded by light.

11. Why did the author miss the bus?

(a) He was at school working late with his friends
(b) He was hanging out with Karl
(c) He was listening stories of the grey lady
(d) The bus got off early

12. What is the thing the author had in his mind that made him worried?
(a) He was afraid of missing his bus
(b) He was worried about crossing the hollow
(c) He was afraid of the darkness
(d) He didn't want to go late that night

13. Why did the grey lady killed all of his children?
(a) She didn't love them
(b) She got mad after a curse
(c) She was insane since birth
(d) She was a witch

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14. What does the author see at the end of the story?
(a) He sees the street lights and brightness
(b) He sees a grey figure
(c) He sees his friend Karl
(d) Not mentioned in the passage

15. What does the author mean by 'trot?

(a) A funny person
(b) A run with short steps
(c) A run like a horse
(d) None of the above

4.
A young boy stands in a temple filled with burning incense as he waits for a priest
to place a glittering crown on his head. The ritual is part of the coronation
ceremony that will make the nine-year-old pharaoh of ancient Egypt. His people
will call him by his royal name, King Tutankhamun. You probably know him as
just King Tut.
Tut became pharaoh of Egypt in 1332 B.C. at the age of nine. He ruled the country
at a time of conflict when battles over land raged between Egypt and the
neighbouring kingdom of Nubia. Nearly a decade after coming to power, the
young leader died at about 18. But historians didn't know much about Tut until
1922. That's when a British archaeologist named Howard Carter uncovered Tut's
tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings.
After finding a crypt beneath the Egyptian desert, Carter spent much of the next
two years searching the tomb. But the biggest treasure was within another room in
the tomb, where Carter found a coffin. The coffin opened to reveal ... another
coffin. Inside the second coffin was a third coffin made of gold. Inside was Tut's
mummified body, untouched for more than 3,000 years.
Soon after the mummy was uncovered, archaeologists tried to pry his body from
the sticky sacred oils that coated the inside of his coffin. But such rough handling
damaged the mummy and made it tough to tell what lead to Tut's death.

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Some suspected he was murdered, perhaps poisoned. But modern technologies like
3-D scanning eventually revealed that the powerful king was actually in poor
health and even had a broken leg. Maybe the frail king tumbled from one of the
chariots found in his tomb. With his immune system already weakened, Tut could
have easily died of an infection in the busted bone if the crash itself didn't kill him.
Archaeologists aren't quite ready to declare the mystery solved. Without records
from that time period detailing exactly what happened, we may never know the
whole truth about Tut's death. But regardless of how he died, the treasures of Tut's
tomb make him the most famous mummy in the world.

16. Who is the young boy mentioned at the starting of the passage?
(a) The author
(b) Father of the king Tut
(c) Son of the priest
(d) King Tut

17. Which of the following is not a suspected reason for the king's death?
(a) He was injured from the chariot
(b) He had a low immunity system and probably died of an infection
(c) He suffered food poisoning
(d) He was murdered

18. What makes the king Tut special from the other mummies?
(a) He died at an early age
(b) The reason for his death is still a mystery
(c) His mummy was the oldest mummy
(d) His mummy has the largest treasures

19. Which of the following is closest to ‘pry’?

(a) Raise
(b) Break
(c) Touch
(d) Abandon

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20. What does the author mean by ‘frail king’?

(a) Young king
(b) Feeble king
(c) Unexperienced king
(d) Tough king

5.
Technically, we are capable of doing two things at the same time. It is possible, for
example, to watch TV while cooking dinner or to answer an email while talking on
the phone.
What is impossible, however, is concentrating on two tasks at once. You're either
listening to the TV and the overflowing pot of pasta is background noise, or you're
tending to the pot of pasta and the TV is background noise. During any single
instant, you are concentrating on one or the other.
Multitasking forces your brain to switch your focus back and forth very quickly
from one task to another. This wouldn’t be a big deal if the human brain could
transition seamlessly from one job to the next, but it can't.
Have you ever been in the middle of writing an email when someone interrupts
you? When the conversation is over and you get back to the message, it takes you a
few minutes to get your bearings, remember what you were writing, and get back
on track Something similar happens when you multitask Multitasking forces you to
pay a mental price each time you interrupt one task and jump to another. In
Psychology terms, this mental price is called the switching cost.
Switching cost is the disruption in a performance that we experience when we
switch our focus from one area to another. One study, published in the
International Journal of Information Management in 2003, found that the typical
person checks email once every five minutes and that, on average, it takes 64
seconds to resume the previous task after checking your email.
In other words, because of email alone, we typically waste one out of every six
minutes.

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21. What is true in view of the passage?

(a) We can do two things at a time but can concentrate only on one
(b) We cannot do two things at a time because we can concentrate only on one
(c) We can do too many things at a time and concentrate on everything
(d) We can only do one thing at a time because we can concentrate on one thing at
a time

22. What do you understand by 'switching cost'?

(a) The cost we pay for wasting our time
(b) It's a mental cost of how much disruption is caused while transitioning from
tasks
(c) It is a mental price of multitasking
(d) It is a mental price of checking emails or messages

23. Why multitasking is a big deal?

(a) It wastes our time
(b) It makes us less efficient and effective
(c) The human brain cannot make the transition in real quick time
(d) All of the above

24. Which of the following can be used in the exchange of the word 'seamlessly'?
(a) Smoothly
(b) Matchlessly
(c) Appropriately
(d) Standardly

25. Which of the following is not a synonym of 'interrupt?

(a) Adjourn
(b) Sever
(c) Heckle
(d) Vexation

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6.
In January 1915, a 46-year-old Mohandas Gandhi relocated to India after spending
20 years in South Africa. He wanted to be the leader of the Independence
Movement, but it was challenging, as Indians knew him as a foreigner. known for
his unconventional social activism in South Africa. But in four years, he became a
national leader of the Congress, surpassing leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale,
Lokmanya Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, Abdul Kalam Azad, and
Annie Besant, who had earned battle scars in India. What were Gandhi's tactics?
How did he win against constant opposition to his each and every move? How did
he overcome his blunders? In the end who held the ladder so that he could ascend
the throne?
Though Gandhi had fame from his activities in South Africa to the Indian leaders
of that time, Gandhi looked "queer and quixotic, an eccentric specimen of England
returned educated Indian." He was not liked by many people. At that time there
were two camps in Congress - the moderates and extremists. The moderates were
an earlier generation of leaders like Gopalkrishna Gokhale and his followers who
believed in a constitutional approach like appealing to the British Government. The
extremists - Aurobindo, Tilak - believed in a radical approach, like violent
rebellion. Both of these groups did not like Gandhi.
A series of unfortunate events happened to some of the key players. Gokhale and
Pherozha Mehta passed away in 1915. Tilak, who was released from prison was
lying low. Lala Lajpat Rai was in exile. Aurobindo Ghose had moved to
Pondicherry. The Khilafat supporters, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were
imprisoned.
The disappearance of these leaders did not give Gandhi an automatic path to
leadership. Annie Besant and C.R. Das were still there. Also, Indians had not seen
Gandhi's skills in action in India. Naturally, Gandhi's first course of action was to
build on what he knew well - satyagrahas. He launched satyagrahas in Champaran,
Ahmedabad, and Kaira - small scale ones at the local level - to show his agitational
capabilities. He was able to mobilize people who were considered politically
irrelevant and enhance both his following and reputation.

26. Why was Gandhi not liked by many people?

(a) He was a very arrogant foreigner
(b) He was not committed to India's independence
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(c) He wanted to ascend the throne

(d) He was a foreigner for Indians

27. What did Gandhi know well according to the author?

(a) Constitutional appeals
(b) Law
(c) Satyagrahas
(d) Speeches

28. What did Gandhi do in South Africa for which he received fame?
(a) He led a social movement in South Africa
(b) He spread awareness about Indian freedom in South Africa
(c) He got India help from south Africa
(d) All of the above

29. What do you mean by' quixotic?

(a) Unrealistic
(b) Pragmatic
(c) Thoughtful
(d) Cautious

30. Which of the following is not similar to tactics'?

(a) Strategy
(b) Trick
(c) Plot
(d) Booming

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 14
1 C 16 D
2 B 17 C
3 B 18 D
4 A 19 A
5 B 20 B
6 A 21 A
7 C 22 B
8 D 23 C
9 B 24 A
10 C 25 D
11 B 26 D
12 B 27 C
13 B 28 A
14 B 29 A
15 B 30 D

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PASSAGE - 15

1.
Once upon a time-of all the good days in the Year on Christmas Eve-old Scrooge
sat busy in his counting house. It was cold bleak, biting Weather foggy withal: and
he could hear the people in the court outside, go wheezing up and down, beating
their hands upon their breasts, and stamping their feet upon the pavement stones to
warm them. The city clocks had only just gone three, but it was quite dark already-
it had not been lighting all day—and candles were faring in the windows of the
neighbouring offices, like ruddy smears upon the palpable brown air. The fog came
pouring in at every chink and keyhole, and was so dense without that although the
court was of the narrowest, the houses opposite were mere phantoms. To see the
dungy cloud come drooping down, obscuring everything, one might have thought
that Nature lived hard by, and was brewing on a large scale.
The door of Scrooge's counting-house was open that he might keep his eye upon
his clerk, who in a dismal little cell beyond, a sort of tank, was copying letters.
Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerk's fire was so very much smaller that it
looked like one coal. But he couldn't replenish it, for Scrooge kept the coal-box in
his own room and so surely as the clerk came in with the shovel, the master
predicted that it would be necessary for them to part Wherefore the clerk put on his
white comforter and tried to warm himself at the candle; in which effort, not being
a man of a strong imagination, he failed.
"A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!" cried a cheerful voice. It was the voice
of Scrooge's nephew, who came upon him so quickly that this was the first
intimation he had of his approach.

1. Why were the people stamping their feet upon the pavement stones?
(a) Because they were angry
(b) To warm themselves up
(c) Because they were scared of the dark
(d) To scare away wild animals

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2. ………......... caused candles to be lit at three in the afternoon.

(a) The rain
(b) The fog
(c) The phantom
(d) The municipality

3. The door of Scrooge's counting-house was open because

(a) He wanted to chat with his clerk
(b) He wanted to admire his clerk
(c) He could get the view of the whole house that way
(d) He wanted to monitor his clerk

4. The clerk not being a man of strong imagination failed to

(a) Work efficiently
(b) Request his master for coal
(c) Keep himself warm with the available resources
(d) Decide to part ways with his master

5. “Candles were flaring in the windows of the neighbouring offices, like ruddy
smears upon the palpable brown air".
The figure of speech used in the above sentence is
(a) An oxymoron
(b) A simile
(c) A metaphor
(d) A personification

2.
It is fear that produces social conformity. The society expects toughness in every
boy and this fear occupies his mind that if his inclination towards things like music
or poetry is known to other they may call him odd and reject him. So, it is the fear
of rejection that make a guy hide his inner feelings from others and pretend to be
more tough and less intelligent Boys at school are apt to endure considerable
physical and mental suffering if other boys consider them old. This means that
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most boys of usual intelligence have to learn elaborate methods of concealment

which are apt to cling to them through later life. They have to pretend to be more
‘tough’ and less intelligent than in fact they are. They have to learn to conceal any
enjoyment they may derive from poetry or music. This is due to the social pressure
that they receive from the society. They are expected to be more tough and less
intelligent than they actually are. Above all, they have to hide as deeply as they
possibly can any power of imagination that they may possess. If they learn to do all
the successfully, they may slip through without much outward suffering until they
become old enough to go the university But by this time many of them will have
acquired an armour so thin that the living being underneath can hardly peep out.
Children understand this fact that they will be rejected by their social group if they
come to know about their interest in music or poetry. So, they pretend to be what
they are not just to be accepted by their peers.

6. Some children may suffer mentally and physically because they are considered
(a) ugly
(b) casual
(c) curious
(d) strange

7. Observance of social norms comes from:

(a) Fear of rejection
(b) Respect for society
(c) Fellow feeling
(d) Faith in others

8. Some children pretend to be what they are not because they :

(a) want acceptance by the peer group
(b) are liars and love pretending before others
(c) want to prove themselves better than others
(d) are innocent and don't realise what they are doing

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9. The boy's pretensions are

(a) Learnt consciously and painstakingly
(b) Acquired easily and unconsciously
(c) Cultivated at home under parents guidance
(d) Cast on and off at will

10. Learning to conceal one's true nature

(a) Is an enjoyable task
(b) Causes one to suffer mentally and physically
(c) Has life-threatening effects.
(d) is an easy task

3.
We had done this a hundred times before, we were well practised at it.
Colin raised his shotgun and made sure all the people in the bank could see it.
"Ladies and gentlemen, this is a bank robbery. Everyone get on the floor and you
will not get hurt. All the staff - out front now."
"He spoke calmly and quietly.
Jason, always good with technology, had disarmed all the alarms and cameras. And
me, I stood at the door, keeping nosy people out and the customers and staff in.
This was a piece of cake.
You," said Colin, and pointed to a middle-aged man by a desk. "Give me the keys
to the vault.''
The man faltered and tried to speak but Colin approached him and waved the
shotgun in his face.
"This is no time for heroics, my friend," he said.
The man produced a set of keys and Colin took them from him.
From behind me, Jason let out a laugh. "Sweet," he said.
We had done all our homework on the bank. We knew exactly how much they had
in the vaults. We would be raking it in.
I round at the people. They were all lying down on their fronts. Some peeked up at
me and Jason.

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We must have looked pretty intimidating with our masks on - I Was Donald Duck.
Jason was Goofy. And Colin was Mickey Mouse because he was in charge.
And then something came over me. I don't know what it was, but I looked down on
all these people lying on the floor of the bank - a man in a suit, a middle-aged
woman, her hands trembling, and a security guard. And they were all ordinary
people going about their lives. Just normal people trying to set on with life
And here we were, robbing the bank and making everyone's life really difficult.
I looked at the nun in my hand. It was loaded. Would I use it if I had to? I don't
know. But it now looked so evil, so bad.
I turned to the side and placed the gun on a counter where people fill in forms.
Then I removed my mask.
The security guard looked up at me in amazement. He couldn't believe what he was
seeing.
Jason stared ahead at all the cashiers’ windows. He turned his head and saw me
with my mask off.
“What - what are you doing?" he said. He stepped forward. "Put your mask on.
Where's your gun? What the hell are you doing?"
I shook my head at him.
“This is wrong.” I said. "This is all wrong. We shouldn't be doing this.”
Jason called out to Colin. He didn't say his name of course. But he shouted out to
him.
Colin rushed out from the door leading to the back of the bank. He saw me and
stopped moving.
In a stage whisper, he spoke to me "What's wrong with you? Why have you taken
your mask off?”
“I’m sorry, guys.” I said, "But this is all wrong. We should not be doing this to
these poor people. Look at them. They're decent, hard-working people."
Colin came towards me in three large steps. He put his face close to mine. His
Mickey Mouse grinning back at me.
I don't know what you think you're playing at" he said. "But if you don't put that
mask back on, one of these people will recognise you. And they will tell the cops."
I shook my head.
"I will accept any punishment that is brought to me."
It just seemed right that I should be punished.
Colin grabbed me by the arm and yanked me towards Jason.
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"This is madness," he said. "This is completely insane."

He turned back to all the people lying on the ground.
"Everyone stay calm –”
Then by the counter, we saw her.
One of the cashiers, a young woman, she had my gun in her hand. She must have
moved so fast.
She was pointing the gun at Colin.
"Don't move," she said.
The security guard groaned. "Don't be stupid," he said.
The middle-aged woman started to cry.
“Listen young lady," said Colin. "You don't know how to use that gun in your
hands. So why don't you put it down and get back on the ground?"
She shook her head. "I know how to use the gun," she said. And she moved her
hands two centimeters to the right and pulled the trigger.
A loud bang filled the cavernous interior of the bank. People screamed and yelled
out.
I watched in absolute amazement at this woman. This was an act of sheer bravery.
She looked at me and smiled.
"I think you're so brave," she said, and she smiled again. It was the most genuine
smile I had ever seen.
There was something about this young woman, something pure and kind about her.
Something that seemed so right
"My name is Joe," I said.
"Hi, my name is Karen," she said. "Nice to meet you."
Colin called out to the room. "Everyone calm down," he screamed. "You." He
nodded his head to the woman. "Give me the gun."
She shook her head. "No. I am not giving you anything.” She looked at me. "Joe.
Get over here. Stand behind me."
At that moment, I would have done anything she asked me to do. She looked so
wonderful.
Behind me Jason was freaking out. "Colin, what's going on?" he wailed.
"Don't use my name, yelled Colin. He waved his shotgun at the people in the bank.
But I could see he was losing his cool.
Then in the distance, the sound of police car Sirens.
I stood behind Karen. It seemed like the safest place in the world to me.
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11. What is Joe's reason to stop the robbery?

(a) He wasn't sure enough of the robbery plan
(b) He realised that robbery isn't a good thing
(c) He wanted to rob another bank
(d) He fell in love with Karen

12. What warning does Colin give Joe?

(a) He asked him to stop the foolishness
(b) He asked him to put on his mask so that nobody recognises him
(c) He asked him to leave the robbery
(d) He threatened to kill him

13. Why does Karen asks Joe to stand behind her?

(a) She wanted to protect him from the police
(b) She was fooling him
(c) She fell in love with Joe's honesty
(d) None of the above

14. How does Karen got the gun?

(a) Joe left the gun for Karen at the counter as a part of their plan
(b) When Joe backed out, he left his gun
(c) Karen already had his personal gun
(d) She took the security guard's gun

15. What do you understand by "faltered'?

(a) Hesitant
(b) Scared
(c) Lazy
(d) Coldly

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4.
Poor Pluto. As if this faraway frozen ball's long journey around the sun - a
squashed trajectory that takes 248 years - wasn't strange enough, Pluto's story took
an even stranger turn in 2006, when astronomers stripped it of its status as our
ninth planet. But Pluto's loss was actually a gain for wannabe astronauts. Suddenly,
the solar system offered new "planets” to explore. Astronomers coined the term
"dwarf planet" to reclassify Pluto, which would become a representative of this
new club of heavenly bodies. And membership is growing fast.
While standard planets must meet three criteria, dwarf planets only need to check
off two. They must orbit the Sun and be of sufficient size for their gravity to squish
them into a spherical shape. Along with Pluto, astronomers have identified four
other dwarf planets. Most of them join Pluto in the so-called Kuiper Belt of
comets-in-waiting beyond the orbit of Neptune. There's Eris, which rivals Pluto in
size, and egg-shaped Haumea, one of the fastest spinning objects in the solar
system (its "day" lasts just four hours). Mighty Ceres, the largest of the asteroids at
nearly 600 miles (966 Kilometers) in diameter, joins the dwarf-planet club from
the Asteroids Belt. Astronomers suspect that dozens - possibly hundreds - of dwarf
planets await discovery. Perhaps someday you'll find one of these itty-bitty
worlds.

16. Why was Pluto's loss a gain for wannabe astronauts?

(a) They got more planets to explore and discover
(b) They received appreciation for their discoveries
(c) They got more time for the rest of the planets
(d) All of the above

17. What does the author mean by "Perhaps someday you'll find one of these itty-
bitty worlds"?
(a) Someday we would be able to find another planet where habitation would be
possible
(b) Someday we would be able to find more galaxies
(c) Someday we would be able to find more dwarf planets
(d) All of the above

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18. Why the membership of the new club of heavenly bodies is growing fast?
(a) The astronauts are exploring many more new planets of this category
(b) There are a lot of undiscovered planets that are now being explored
(c) The solar system has more to offer than what we thought
(d) All of the above

19. What do you mean by 'squish'?

(a) Rotate
(b) Squash
(c) Expand
(d) Deformed

20. Which of the following is true about Haumea?

(a) Its day lasts 3 hours on earth
(b) It's not the fastest spinning object in the solar system
(c) It's oval in shape
(d) None of the above

5.
Sunday, December 7, 1941, was supposed to be a day of rest for the military
soldiers at Hawaii's Pearl Harbour naval base on the island of Oahu. But at 7:55
a.m. Japanese fighter planes zoomed in without warning and attacked the United
States Pacific fleet, or naval vessels, moored in the harbour. Thousands of lives
would be lost that day.
It was, as then-President Franklin Delano Roosevelt would call it, "a date which
will live in infamy."
The sudden attack in Hawaii-at the time a territory of the United States, not a
state—might have taken many by surprise, but the Japanese had been planning the
operation for months.
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander in chief of the Japanese naval forces and
architect of the Pearl Harbour attack, didn't want a fight with America. But much
of Europe and Asia, including Japan, were involved in World War II at the time.

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Yamamoto wanted to take over certain countries in south-eastern Asia and use
their oil to help fuel Japan's military vehicles and naval fleet.
But because the U.S. base in Hawaii was relatively close to these countries, the
Japanese worried that the United States would send soldiers from Pearl Harbour to
defend the nations if they were attacked. By destroying the U.S. military presence
in the region, the countries Japan wanted to target would be left vulnerable. So
Yamamoto decided to move forward with a surprise attack on the US fleet in
Hawaii.
So on November 26, 1941.31 washing Carving fighter planes and bombers slipped
from Japan into the North Pacific They moved silently until the closed in on the
Hawaiian Islands. A small Japanese plane made a loop around the target and
radioed back “Pearl Harbour sleeps.”
At dawn on December 7, 350 planes launched in two wives from Japan's ships.
The bombers dropped bombs on American warships below, while the lighter
planes targeted the US aircraft on the ground so they couldn’t fight back.
Following both attacks. 19 US naval easels were slink or damaged: 188 aircrafts
were destroyed. In all, 2,280 servicemen and women were killed. 1,109 were
wounded. Sixty-eight civilians-people who are not in the military - also lost their
lives. The attack lasted just under two hours.
Repair crews went to work on the ships. Except for the USS Arizona, Utah, and
Oklahoma, every damaged ship returned to the sea.
The day after the attack the United States declared war on Japan officially entering
World War II. In the nearly four years that followed, the US Navy sank all of the
Japanese aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers that participated in the Pearl
Harbour attack.
The United States and its allies - Britain France, and Russia, among other countries
- eventually won the war, defeating Japan and its allies, Germany and Italy.
Today visitors can tour the Pearl Harbour National Monument, built on the water
above the wreckage of the USS Arizona, one of the eight battleships attacked and
damaged during the fight. From there you can still glimpse at the remains of the
sunken ship 40 feet below the water, a memorial to the brave people who fought in
this important battle.

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21. What did you understand by a date which will live in infamy?
(a) This date will be remembered in history
(b) Japan will be abused on this date
(c) This date will be remembered in disgrace
(d) None of the above

22. Why did Yamamoto attack the US in pearl harbour if they didn't want to
involve in a fight with the US?
(a) He wanted to prove Japan's supremacy
(b) He did so at the command of his seniors
(c) He wanted the US to be involved in the war along with his allies
(d) He attacked the US so that the countries they wanted to target, left vulnerable

23. Why did the Japanese pilot said, "Pearl harbour sleeps” ?
(a) It was night time when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour
(b) The day of the attack was supposed to be a rest day at Pearl Harbour
(c) The pilot couldn't see any sign of preparing for the war
(d) Pearl harbour was celebrating a festival during that attack

24. Why did USS Arizona did not return to sea for the repairs after the attack?
(a) It was not damaged at all
(b) It was used for defending the harbour from the attack
(c) The ship was sunk in the sea
(d) Net mentioned in the passage

25. What is the antonym for "moored'?

(a) Untied
(b) Fastened
(c) Deep-routed
(d) Shredded

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6.
Your words help to frame your sense of empowerment and control. Furthermore,
the words that you use create a feedback loop in your brain that impacts your
future behaviours.
For example, every time you tell yourself "I can't", you're creating a feedback loop
that is a reminder of your limitations. This terminology indicates that you're
forcing yourself to do something you don't want to do.
In comparison when you tell yourself "I don't, you're creating a feedback loop that
reminds you of your control and power over the situation. It's a phrase that can
propel you toward breaking your bad habits and following your good ones.
Heidi Grant Halvorson is the director of the Motivation Science Center at
Columbia University. Here's how she explains the difference between saying "I
don't compared to "I can't"...
"I don't" is experienced as a choice, so it feels empowering. It's an affirmation of
your determination and willpower. "I can't" isn't a choice. It's a restriction, it's
being imposed upon you. So thinking "I can't undermines your sense of power and
personal agency.
In other words, the phrase "I don't" is a psychologically empowering way to say
no, while the phrase "I can't is a psychologically draining way to say no.
Perhaps most importantly, a change in language leads to a change in mindset. You
can now utilize your new, empowered mindset in all future situations, which is
why a subtle shift can lead to very different outcomes over the long-run.

26. What is the theme of the passage?

(a) The choice of words affects our daily life choices
(b) We should carefully choose our words in daily life also
(c) Our choice of words decides our lifestyle
(d) None of the above

27. What is the difference between I don't and I can't?

(a) Both mean the same
(b) I can't denote restriction whereas I don't denote the choice
(c) I can't denote the capability whereas I don't denote choice
(d) I can't denote choice and I don't denote restriction

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28. How does the change in language leads to a change in mindset?

(a) The words create a feedback loop in our minds
(b) The words lead to a psychological effect on our habits
(c) The choice of words decide the determination and will power
(d) All of the above

29. What can be used instead of propel?

(a) Drive
(b) Interrupt
(c) Hinder
(d) Restrain

30. Which of the following is not related to ‘empowering’?

(a) Accrediting
(b) Enfranchise
(c) Liberate
(d) Exhilarating

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AK - ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PASSAGE – 15
1 B 16 A
2 B 17 C
3 D 18 D
4 C 19 B
5 B 20 C
6 D 21 C
7 A 22 D
8 A 23 B
9 A 24 C
10 B 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 B 27 B
13 D 28 D
14 B 29 A
15 A 30 D

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