Air Performance & Stability
Take off
1
.
h V
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
ℎ0
Cruise Performance
2
*
3
Climb Phase
𝑻−𝑫
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 =
𝑾
𝑻𝟏 −𝑫𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸𝟏 =
𝑾
Analytic Consideration for Determining Airspeed for Best Rate of Climb
𝑻 = 𝑻(𝒉, 𝑽), and 𝑫 = 𝑫(𝒉, 𝑽)
𝑻−𝑫
𝒉̀ = ( ) 𝑽 _____________(4)
𝑾
𝒅𝒉̀ 𝑻−𝑫 𝑽 𝟐 𝑫
= + ( − 𝝏𝑽) = 𝟎 _____________(5)
𝒅𝑽 𝑾 𝑾 𝟐𝑻
𝝏𝑫
𝑻 − 𝑫 + 𝑽 [𝟎 − ] = 𝟎 _____________(6)
𝝏𝑽
For this special case, we have:
𝑩 𝝏𝑫 𝟐𝑩
𝑫 = 𝑨𝑽𝟐 + = 𝟐𝑨𝑽 −
𝑽𝟐 𝝏𝑽 𝑽𝟑
𝑩 𝟐𝑩
𝟎 = 𝑻 − 𝑨𝑽𝟐 − + 𝑽 [−𝟐𝑨𝑽 + ]
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑
𝑩
= 𝑻 − 𝟑𝑨𝑽𝟐 + 𝟐
𝑽
𝑻 𝑩
= 𝑽𝟒 − ( ) 𝑽𝟐 −
𝟑𝑨 𝟑𝑨
Airspeed for maximum rate of climb for the case where thrust is
independent of airspeed
𝑻 𝟏 𝑻 𝟒𝐁 𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = ± √( ) + _____________(7)
𝟔𝑨 𝟐 𝟑𝑨 𝟑𝑨
4
𝑪𝑫 𝟏 𝑲𝑾𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟎𝑳 And 𝑩=
𝟐𝝆𝑺 𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺
𝑾 𝑻−𝑫
𝒉̀ = √ ( )
𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺𝑪𝑳 𝑾
𝑾 −𝟏/𝟐 𝑻 𝑪𝑫
=√ 𝑪𝑳 ( − )
𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺 𝑾 𝑪𝑳
𝑾 𝑻 −𝟏/𝟐 𝑪𝑫𝟎𝑳 + 𝑲𝑪𝟐𝑳
=√ [ 𝑪 − ]
𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺 𝑾 𝑳 𝑪
𝟑/𝟐
𝑳
= 𝒇(𝑪𝑳 )
𝑻
𝑲𝑪𝟐𝑳 + 𝑪 − 𝟑𝑪𝑫𝟎𝑳 = 𝟎
𝑾 𝑳
𝟏 𝑻 𝑻 𝟐
𝑪𝑳 =
𝟐𝑲
[− 𝑾 ± √(𝑾) + 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝑫𝟎𝑳 𝑲]_____________(8)
𝑻−𝑫 𝑻 𝑫 𝑷𝜶𝒗 𝑪𝑫
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜸 =
𝑾
=
𝑾
−
𝑾
=
𝑾𝑽
−
𝑪𝑳
Assume the small angle L=W.
𝑷𝒂𝒗 𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝑫̀ 𝑷𝒂𝒗 𝟏/𝟐 𝑪𝑫
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 = √ − = 𝟑/𝟐 √𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺𝑪𝑳 −
𝑾 𝑾 𝑪𝑳 𝑾 𝑪𝑳
𝟏/𝟐 𝑪𝑫𝟎𝑳 + 𝑲𝑪𝟐𝑳
= 𝑨𝑪𝑳 −
𝑪𝑳
𝑷𝒂𝒗
Where 𝑨 = √𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝑺
𝑾𝟑/𝟐
5
𝒅(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸) 𝟏/𝟐 𝑪𝑳 (𝟐𝑲𝑪𝑳 ) − (𝑪𝑫𝟎 + 𝑲𝑪𝟐𝑳 )
= 𝟏/𝟐𝑨𝑪𝑳 − =𝟎
𝒅𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝟐𝑳
Constant power, parabolic drag polar, maximum angle of climb
𝑨 𝟑/𝟐
𝑲𝑪𝟐𝑳 − 𝒄𝑳 − 𝑪𝑫𝝁 = 𝟎 _____________(9)
𝟐
You could think of this as a quartic equation in
𝑨
√𝑪𝑳 , 𝑲√𝑪𝑳 − √𝑪𝑳 𝟑 − 𝑪𝑫𝓛 = 𝟎.
𝟐
𝒕𝟐 𝟐 𝒉 𝒅𝒉 𝒉 𝒅𝒉
∫𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = ∫𝒉 = ∫𝒉 𝟐 ̀ _____________(10)
𝟏 𝟏 𝑽𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 𝟏 𝒉
𝒅𝒉̀ 𝒉
𝒉̀ = 𝒉̀𝟎 + 𝒉 𝒉 = 𝒉̀𝟎 [𝟏 − ] _____________(11)
𝒅𝒉 𝑯
where the slope is determined from:
𝒅𝒉̀ 𝚫𝒉̀ 𝒉̀𝟎 − 𝟎 𝒉̀𝟎
= − =−
𝒅𝒉 𝚫𝒉 𝟎 − 𝑯 𝑯
𝒅𝒉 𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝒕 = =
𝒉̀ 𝑽𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟐
𝒅𝒉 𝒅𝒉
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = ∫ =∫
𝒉𝟏 𝒉̀ 𝒉𝟏 𝒉̀ 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒉 )
𝑯
6
𝑯 𝒉 𝒉𝟏
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = − 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 − 𝑯)|
𝒉̀𝟎 𝒉𝟐
𝑯 𝒉𝟐
= − ̀ [𝐥𝐧
𝒉𝟎
(𝟏 − 𝑯
) − 𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏 )] _____________(12)
𝑯 𝑯−𝒉
=
𝒉̀𝟎
𝐥𝐧 (𝑯−𝒉𝟏 )
𝟐
𝒉𝒃 𝒉̀𝒂 −𝒉𝒂 𝒉̀𝒃 ̀
𝒉 𝒉 −𝒉 𝒉 ̀
𝑯= 𝒉̀𝟎 = 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 𝒃 _____________(13)
𝒉̀𝒂 −𝒉̀𝒃 𝒉𝒃 −𝒉𝒂
