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Mathematics
for Edexcel

The Workbook
Includes Free Online Edition

LUCY MORRIS tVve8

For the Edexcel Certificate/International GCSE

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This book is for anyone doing the Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 Certificate in Mathematics
or Edexcel International GCSE Mathematics A.

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 Contents
Section One — Numbers
Order of QperatiGiMs (5. vc.: cs. 2 eee eee eM 5. esa seSeevsauest ituatecuunacavlesean 1
Types: Of NUMD EDeiccues:: cess eee eee REDE © 82005 Sco Uesoisbilswdcmtnbasdumvenede! 2
Square Roots anc: Cube RGOG gery meer tert ee etc. ce onioccnreseasssaceoarvee set 3
Multiples, Factors and. Prine; FaGioncwmmmmmenmt tt cet,tov se.:--..c.0--<oosss---ccaseechee 4
LCM"and HCP. :cscncseve: 5c: Meenas ee POMPEO. 20.5 oes arch ayaa susactevesdgeacre 6
FACTION wicticsds ie ceneis.nance soenee Meet c eee PRE BBMEE ne aeRO Soe a2 vs evs) sasaetiendageameasestoneatee 7
Fractions, Decimals and Percentagecm mrt. tr saxcic-2:6.u'0 soeneseoesene near naveacers 10
Peheente Seega, esa. ee eecees eines hema setcey cictacnsca sansdcesisids iienioticeganvasmndenecass 12
Interesting: Wenreclaton suse meeewrt sea reensatense re oniete mene enn ae 15
Rall OS seicaasseneattteascosee peicesoaeysta sere sareapt cueeb ace Seeemaaadansuace sds. sSnens aeatcnaumecec arate 16
PROPOPIONY. gabenet Breeton: caciees oY outaanc anemone spatecns sands cee rate eeemereieicm cme come ear 18
Rounding Nunphers: 2.25 .¢5.25.0... 2 oe ee. Oe ae ee, ee es 19°
EStIMALING vi..ssusoncirecsnivoob sd oshvennadiedsadedsnatsdtueun sess aancasageeseesyaste sagan wennrneaaserase 21"
BOuinds .mpsethete mcot--6,- asp She dapiad hie ee eet hh teste em ane tae. cea 2s
Standard Formas se: pic%: obeyeae ea aera ee tee, eae eee ach es ee coisas 24
Setsand. VenniDiagrarns m0 -cccomt-eestaasteete ceneeteaanaaa. eae eeeen 26

Section Two — Algebra

SEQUETICES isis dsae stan wsvia date gd Sie te MON UR coon SIC Ot Cn ee mee eee eae Zo
POWePS ANG) ROOUS -... ss sscereeeteseeteeeptaacear
taacereaeeeeteeeoes Rene eae nn eee 29
Algebra Basics aisactssocasacebaraasan
cress Seine.seciet tee en te stea ne 32
Formulas trom: Words: cthsccsansucteeu essen emia ce. cree ee 33
Multiplying Out Brackets :2.cr1-.c. 2 ssuccete see eeremuee cet Seen see ee eee reer oe 34
FACtONISING ys: Seesacacuticetes pasauapbeees ents ee maeerer tos Senet ated ene ata,Seteneee seer Ramer 35
Manipulating Surdsi. ... suger ee tinct tema -neuereesn .oneeenne aeee 36
SOl Ving EQUAELOMS Tec..asues) ca emssnscceate Saeeastee aneeneetnteten: <4 ota ae 37
Rearranging Formulas, ses, oe socio eo thao ees ah a ee one tee 50s
Factorising Quadratics'cscsmssnetececec peareerenee tee eee eee 41
The Quadratic: Formula. s.% ccc.ch terete ee eee eee 42
Algebraic: Pra@tiomsyty. 2.5, ssc ota. eaeee teeeet Caney ease ree ee 44
[ME qUA TES... sc. saisesdanepeaseec curtacs ce teern ree eneaee eeene tee nee eee a ee 46
Simultaneous Equations and Girainser erate cient titer te mete ener reer 48
Simultameous EquatiOns. 2c: y-c. cee ee eee eee 49
Direct andiliverse Proportion acess: 2.15.0 ete eee ee 50

Section Three — Graphs, Functions and Calculus

Coordinates iid A ets cee ete een Oc ee ene 51s
Straight-line Graphs a hfe cibaet eo teeeeg cscs eet eee ee eee ao
Finding the Gradient ct scssce scant eta aase asa teeeceee tee ae 5D.
SY STO FO vc csicnann deve aenae hemes sa taioanens ne ner ee eee ces eee nee eee eee eee mn nee 56°
Quadratic; Graphs: ceaneascticesteer ans “crue ese ence: tte: ante eee ee oe
Harder Graphs... 2.00. SiR date. titscoe tucmeaneelins Meee eneae Samee,ONE ca omer Os
FUNCTIONS....00. 250 2505.0de peat: ae lime perder Steet aga) eiaees eee eater cree ere teme nes euean 62
 Section Four — Geometry and Measure
Ge RMN 2G ag. Ba Oa eee ate ear girs Me Ps kta cn sot Rice tp eattincks 67
(SS OMMe ty aer seer cae, ue eta me ona Agate eteathoation Gu 3dcde saunaoietiesceganee lags sicaes 68
OOO Sate eee ee ne eee tee RM ne eRe oer Le ea eee Re ott oes ema tac high 70
SDYALUny errr ae en teeter eee ee a eg te rename eee dorsiee sida Bce eee aintseedes: 72
CIETeMGCOMMCLEY secteeaee gett Bee ee san ace ae ea eee eee Aeea dead On cassette 73
PAs COU eaTr ctNSOTA
URLOh Stselec ene er eect areca nec aienr'styareca aaa tdar eatery 76
Conemence, similanity and Emlarsennenitvescs.2 wtsipcavnanstecuds. ac.Soedsssegeessede 738
Re Ute Ime CUNU Celcer aerate senate Hest a aera denate cada den asta scnelerieeeniink 80 °
SUF eN@esAVGa ep tee ase seanbsner ren 5 eatena sERe SNe Ee ase 13 Gets F Soe nied nto cue Recreiaasall eng 8334
NVC i yeep nek te eos nn) jem ine WME INS. 84 Sa ceadatcislaghan ae'ds <eaneenin oe Go
PIBte
i eee tte ene eect Ce eco ENEMA ceed Mara aM each Saad ceetdehace te he llanaasdosmearGucnbs 88
Speed) Distance and: litte rea: ss cee ee teed ear WO Se cnt, eee eee is 89
Mun Sarr OI Siete, ae PM fie doze gee ewekEMRE a ett cane nn ce etieubinds saeeedenesens 91
CES ONIVENS ION Seraa nant acai cance epicenter teeta asgewe ss A eet od suis Gs Decent cot wadinsddSucbeet 93
GT SUS 1 aeae sence eee ee ee ete se ese Sele vores Wea VaSna ch wena evan Osc@tatnrescies 94
SF) FUL)I gee ae Pee teSet se a Ree Re tor acon asbusoese 95
EG eR Sete eee Nese et cre OA net nce wean sesoma S gus aduOa sen iadendetabswrences 96

Taye OLOSM CONEMNcrMen enemies ean ahha reasUned, Masses stuce bon hcewetae edie 2c O7
Sa FOm OMe tii nO ne OS alee essea sees cosas ede anceceee ante. domes tem te aes ost 100
Mine SMES UNC BCS SMTSA NI Gsce a tenenedsnebasaeoernce +aonGakrercs esScere eeees eee 103
DEV iis OkaseailC)MNS ORO cat enere iancadeatesonnesd @eanccleseecd-uonasbevebatnnscle 105
Bie) a mleliN MON aOCU UNIVEstesa ss tees wexercere tects ch. eeuetesteer Sanu sonw Sseaeaness 106
WCC IOS teers ee: ee oe re iene a eee Oise ade sodeaennui os107 »

Section Six — Statistics and Probability

Meal Mmedie viGdealne WKalleC-sasee we end. 52.8 o2: 2 cM eet aoe Ae dicen: 109
Quarles aircon panin® MDIStIOULOMS. hee s4c650-doccnavescdecns assette soSeeta besetanes. iat
PICCUeGCyala lec in CngwAV CLASES (ac e5M o107_checsns-aas,nteienswceeesesscreiecen i.t2
PTOUDEC eC UCM OValay ese ere, cee st) eee short Rycccviver cuore ves osceen 114
OBI TagUcnier MeO eine yemerh wae eae tesa. 0, stu ai faes Bins Mecwudsbadaeacesavasaurees 115
is (Oe ral seal CumeQUCIEVeWes Vertsaacnsnn
ces-curnscseeovarconnsertvobactssaaeraeaee biZ
ene Gia seal TES ssw a Beceem sca cussi-veuite cue surasooneongebonwet ie
EAS ey ro Rn Me La PEM CRE Se eae csasansctsdeeSctestaaisesvuloeoasteosen™ Pal

Throughout the book, the more challenging questions are marked like this: Cex
Published by CGP
Illustrated by Ruso Bradley, Lex Ward and Ashley Tyson

From original material by Richard Parsons

Contributors:
Gill Allen,
JE Dodds,
Sally Gill,
Mark Haslam,
C McLoughlin,
John Waller,
Janet West,
Dave Williams.

Updated by: Paul Jordin and Sharon Keeley~Holden

ISBN: 978 1 84762 555.7

Groovy website: www.cgpbooks.co.uk

Printed by Elanders Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Jolly bits of clipart from CorelDRAW"

Photocopying — it’s dull, it takes ages... and sometimes it’s a bit naughty. Luckily, it’s dead cheap, easy
and quick to order more copies of this book from CGP — just call us on 0870 750 1242. Phew!

Text, design, layout and original illustrations © Richard Parsons 2013

All rights reserved.
 SECTION ONE — NUMBERS
Order of Operations
Nothing weird here. Just a load of sums to do — while you're at it remember BOR ae
Both Ocelots Demand Myriad Antique Similes. Hang on, that's not right...
Brackets, Other, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction. That's better.

Calculate the following. Give your answers to 2 d.p. where necessary.

a) 6+4+2 fh 4x¥4+(4x 4?-(4+4°% +4

DUO 4) g) 7+(6+3)+2
c) (2 x 6)-(7 +3) h) 103— (-5)?
+ (64 = 8)
2ix16 7 = 3° i)(3 x3)+24+(2-14)
e) 8+ (9 x 37)-1 jp) 11x (77+7)4+121-2x(10+1/

Calculate the following. Give your answers to 2 d.p. where necessary.

ayeO + 71Gca(42,= 7) f) (/400— 18)3 +(4=6)

bey 26 Sabai) 8) Wu Bx 2.
Cyeol + (289 -* 2) — 12 hy v7 45 3 <2)
d)V¥1x42+6 i) /626-(4+56 +3)
oe 4/81 + 3)='7 i) (CID 4072) 2152

Calculate the following. Give your answers to 2 d.p. where necessary.

B (E17 7 144+G6 +7)

4a 22? Be rie

f) 18° )) Dol Avie 2.

2+¥17 v1I5x4

a foe. k) /(81 =4)

y tO 29 72 Bi203)

ASW jf 7
h SSS ES _ ts 9AE) ia DAZ

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 —————

Types of Number
a SPE
en AE

~
SRC AOE REESE ARTO

There are a few special number sequences that you really need to know
a) Re. — SQUARE, CUBE and PRIME NUMBERS, as well as POWERS and
al) f XS,4
Balbo
~
ai ODD and EVEN NUMBERS.

Ql Sarah thinks of a number. She calculates that the square of the number is 256.
What is the square root of the number?

On a certain day the temperature at midday was 14°C. By midnight the temperature
had fallen by 17°C. What was the temperature at midnight?

Which of these are rational and which are irrational?

a) 9 b) /16 c) Ve d) 3 e) V25 f) 0.2413

1 is the first odd number. It is also the first square number and the first cube number.
Which is greater:
a) the third odd number, the third square number or the third cube number?
b) the sixth odd number, the fourth square number or the second cube number?

Using any or all of the figures 1, 2, 5, 9 write down:

a) the smallest prime number
b) a prime number greater than 20
NM ON AE NSS IT aE SEN DS eS SSI Siam
c) a prime number between 10 and 20 - ;
. : ~ Remember — 1is not a prime. —
d) two prime numbers whose sum Is 21 - Look, itjust isn't, OK. E
~

that is not
e) a numb er prime. PRAMAS TAL TAA SE

Q6 a) In the ten by ten square opposite,

ring all the prime numbers.
[a Sy
(The first three have been done
for you.)
b) Among the prime numbers between
10 and 100, find three which are
still prime when their digits are
reversed.
c) Give a reason for 27 not being a
prime number.

Q7 What is the largest prime less

5
©)
8/8/8/8)8/8
Ons
than 120?
5+]
8/8)8
8/8)
€[8)s/
888/8) See$]8/3/2]/9/8/8
8|8)8]/8|8|8]3\o
teteetetere
e2/2/2/9/2/2)8]=|-|
8/8]
%|2/8/8|8/
8/8|3|3/
'3/8|8
How many prime numbers are even?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 _Square Roots and Cube Roots
Square root just means "WHAT NUMBER TIMES ITSELF (e.g. 2x2) GIVES...”
The square roots of 64 are 8 and -8 because 8X8=64 and -8x-8=64.
Cube root means "WHAT NUMBER TIMES ITSELF TWICE (e.g. 2x2xX2) GIVES ..."
The cube root of 27 is 3 because 3X3 X3=Q7.
Square roots always have a + and — answer, cube roots only have | answer.

Ql
e) ¥520 i) 4170
f) /75 j) /7220
g) /750 k) /1000 050
h) V0.9 l) /27

Without using a calculator, write down both answers to each of the following:
a) V4 Zz g) V144
b) V16 / h) /64
c) v9 i) /81

Use your calculator to find the following:

a) ¥4096 c) ¥1331
b) ¥1728 d) ¥1000 000

Without using a calculator, find the value of the following:

a) V¥64 ¢) AAs e) V¥216

b) ¥512 d) 1000 f) V¥8000

Nida is buying a small storage box online. She sees a cube box with a volume
of 343 cm?. What is the length of each box edge?

A farmer is buying fencing to surround a square field of area 3600 m’.

What length of fencing does he need to buy?

Sarah thinks of a number. She calculates that the square of the number is 256.
What is the square root of the number?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Multiples, Factors and Prime Factors
Q1 ] 3 6 9 12 This is real basic stuff —
From the numbers above, write down: you just have to know
a) a multiple of 4 your times tables. And
b) the prime number your primes, of course...
c) two square numbers
d) three factors of 27
e) two numbers, P and Q, that satisfy both P = 2Q and P = /144

48 students went on a geography field trip

Their teachers split them into equal groups
Suggest five different ways that the teachers
might have split up the students.

A school ran 3 evening classes: Conversational French, Cake Making and Woodturning.
The Conversational French class had 29 students, Cake Making had 27 students, and the
Woodturning class had 23. For which classes did the teacher have difficulty dividing the
students into equal groups?

a) Write down the first five cube numbers.

b) Which of the numbers given in part a) are multiples of 2?
c) Which of the numbers given in part a) are multiples of 32
d) Which of the numbers given in part a) are multiples of 42
e) Which of the numbers given in part a) are multiples of 5?

Write down the prime factorisation of:

a) 18 SOT i
b) 140 _ The tricky bit is remembering that a prime factorisation —
c) 47 _includes all the prime factors that multiply to make that _
number — so you've got to repeat some of them. — .
Fhe k EM MEN deMalolitslcs lehMallett aleghelena Vell eam

a) List the first five prime numbers.

b) If added together, what is their total?
c) Write down the prime factorisation of the answer to part b).

a) List the first five odd numbers.

b) If added together, what is their total?
c) Write down the prime factorisation of the answer to part b).

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Multiples, Factors and Prime Factors
Q8 The prime factor decomposition of a certain number is 32x 5 x 11.
a) Write down the number.
b) Write down the prime factor decomposition of 165.

a) Write down the first ten square numbers.

b) From your list, pick out all the multiples of 2.
c) From your list, pick out all the multiples of 3.
d) From your list, pick out any cube numbers.
e) Add the numbers in your list together and write
down the prime factor decomposition of the total.

Gordon is doing some woodwork and needs to calculate

the volume of a wooden rectangular block (a cuboid).
The length of the block is 50 cm, the height 25 cm and the width 16 cm.
a) What is the volume (in cm?) of the wooden block?
b) What is the prime factorisation of the number found in part a)?
c) Gordon needs to cut the block into smaller blocks with dimensions 4 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm.
What is the maximum number of small blocks Gordon can make from the larger block?
Make sure you show all your working.

Ql1_ = The prime factor decomposition of a certain number is 2? x 5 x 17.

a) What is the number?
b) What is the prime factor decomposition of half of this number?
c) What is the prime factor decomposition of a quarter of the number?
d) What is the prime factor decomposition of an eighth of the number?

Q12___—si Bryan and Sue were playing a guessing game. Sue thought of a number
between 1 and 100 which Bryan had to guess. Bryan was allowed to ask five
questions, which are listed with Sue’s responses in the table below.

Bryan's Questions Sue's Responses

Is it prime? Start by writing down
ea? a number table up to 100.
Look at each response in
oo turn and cross off numbers
Is it a multiple of 37? ‘till you've only got
Is it a multiple of 7? one left.

What is the number that Sue thought of?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 LCM and HCF
S [toptp > These two fancy names always put people off — but really they're dead easy.
Just learn these simple facts:
1) The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) is the SMALLEST number
that will DIVIDE BY ALL the numbers in question.
Lee: 3,6, 9, 12, 15 are all multiplesjof 3.
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 are all multiples of 5.
The lowest number that is in both lists is 15, so 15 is the LCM of 3 and 5.
2) The Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the BIGGEST number
that will DIVIDE INTO ALL the numbers in question.
ae. 1, 2, 4, 8 are all factors of 8.
te?) 346; 12arealldactors:ot 12%
The highest number that is in both lists is 4, so 4 is the HCF of 8 and 12.

a) List the first ten multiples of 6, starting at 6.

b) List the first ten multiples of 5, starting at 5.
c) What is the LCM of 5 and 62 ATA Pa eT De
—— _ | tell you what, it's a lot easier to find —
— the LCM or HCF once you've listed the —
—— multiples or factors. If you miss out this —
a) List all the factors of 30. _— step it'll all go horribly wrong, believe me.—
b) List all the factors of 48. aa
a a i ah Fa a i 1) a hi a (A
os

c) What is the HCF of 30 and 48?

For each set of numbers find the HCF.

a) 40, 60 d) 15, 45 g) 32, 64
b) 10, 40, 60 e) 15, 30, 45 h) 32, 48, 64
c) 10, 24, 40, 60 f)’ 15; 203350745 i) 16, 32, 48, 64

For each set of numbers find the LCM.

a) 40, 60 d) 15, 45 g) 32, 64
b) 10, 40, 60 e) 15, 30, 45 h) 32, 48, 64
c) 10, 24, 40, 60 f) 15, 20, 30, 45 i) 16, 32,48, 64

Lars, Rita and Alan regularly go swimming. Lars goes every SMUT ry
2 days, Rita goes every 3 days and Alan goes every 5 days. = Thisis just a LCM
They all went swimming together on Friday 1st June. —question in disguise.—
AAT TUT Aen
a) On what date will Lars and Rita next go swimming together?
b) On what date will Rita and Alan next go swimming together?
¢) On what day of the week wil! all 3 next go swimming together?
d) Which of the 3 (if any) will go swimming on 15th June?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Fractions
Answer the following questions without using a calculator.
Carry out the following multiplications, giving your answers in their lowest terms:

2) (ee
= 8
fe
fa. 00 © 160

3 ale
OF
8. 3
dye
ee
] d
8

eye
4 8

TRIG |
f) ee ee
O 100 100

| :
Caley is making some punch for her birthday party. She mixes 5 litre of cranberry juice,
(S litres of apple juice, < litre of orange juice and 5 litres of pineapple juice.
She has a bow/I that will hold 4 litres. Will this be big enough to contain all of the punch?

Evaluate the following, giving your answers in their lowest terms:

Pipe? 8 4
dy f) (9 Berl ty
8 4 10 aa 100

Evaluate the following, giving your answers in their lowest terms:

= ~~ a e) 6x Le=2 8
i) 34+ te=
S|

s=

QO — +
|
W]|h

Q.wm "Go|
Oi/—
Ol” iA
Sos
Sho
fe)
feo

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Fractions
The cunning bit with long wordy questions is picking out the important bits and
then translating them into numbers. It's not that easy at first, but you'll get better
— | guess you've just gotta learn to ignore the waffly stuff.

Answer these without using your calculator:

Q7 What fraction of 1 hour is:
a) 5 minutes
b) 15 minutes
c) 40 minutes?

Ifa TV programme lasts 40 minutes, what fraction of the programme is left after:
a) 10 minutes
b) 15 minutes
c) 35 minutes?

A café employs eighteen girls and twelve

boys to wait at tables. Another six boys
and nine girls work in the kitchen.
What fraction of the kitchen staff are girls?
What fraction of the employees are boys?

In a survey, people were asked if they liked a new cola drink.

One in five thought it was great, four out of fifteen felt there
was no difference in taste, three in ten disliked it and the rest
offered no opinion.
What fraction of people offered no opinion?
Se SYS te Ae NOT a Sh tit al ated Nuke
~ Forget all about cola drinks and red~
_ trousers — just write it all as a sum, -
_ then do the calculation. Nowt to it.
SEEE LIME ee ae

Neil wore red trousers on a total of 12 days in November.

a) On what fraction of the total number of days in November did
Neil wear red trousers?
b) For 1/5 of the days in November Neil wore a blue shirt.
How many days is this?

The Sandwich Club of Great Britain are going on their

annual picnic.
a) The boxes they use to transport their sandwiches are
10 inches high and are the width of a single sandwich.
Each sandwich is 5/8 inch thick. How many boxes will
they need for 80 sandwiches?
b) How tall would the box need to be if 40 sandwiches
were to be stacked inside?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Fractions
You can use your calculator for these.

Q13_~—s The population of Australia was 18 million in 1995, of which 3.5 million
peoplelelilived in Sydney and 1 million
illi people lived iin Perth et thistetiF¥
ee
ie protiy excyW —Teas 2
War CitAINMadS
a) What fraction of the population lived in Perth? but you don't want t
b) What fraction of the population lived in Perth or Sydney? making3 silly :mistakes ef .
in the
— exam. Get the practice in now. —
PART TIO er 2g yA

Q14_— Green Island is split into six regions A, B, C, D, E and F. The areas of the six regions are
12, 2, 3, 18, 4, and 9 km? respectively.
a) What is the total area of the island?
b) What fraction of the island's area is taken up by the two largest regions?

Q15_— In aconsumer survey, 100 people stated their favourite vegetable. 25 people chose
peas, 35 carrots and 32 runner beans.
a) How many of the 100 people chose a vegetable other than peas, carrots or
runner beans?
b) What fraction of the 100 people chose carrots as their favourite vegetable?
c) What fraction of the 100 people chose peas as their favourite vegetable?
d) At least how many people chose a green vegetable as their favourite?
e) Not more than how many people chose a green vegetable as their favourite?

Q16 = A ball is dropped from a height of 6 m.

After each bounce the ball rises to 2/3

of its previous height. What height
will it reach after the third bounce?

George wants to make a cake. The recipe requires 150 g each of

flour, sugar and butter, and 3 eggs. George only has 2 eggs so he
decides to make a smaller cake with the same proportions.
a) How much flour will George need to use?
b) If each egg weighs 25 g, how much will the cake weigh
before it goes in the oven?
c) What fraction of the uncooked weight is flour?
d) If the cake loses 1/7 of its weight during baking (due to
moisture loss) what will it weigh after baking?

Jenny goes shopping. She gets 1/3 off a bag priced £28, 1/5 off a dress priced £62
and 2/3 off a hat priced £14. How much money does she save?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

10

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages

| reckon that converting decimals to percentages is about as_2
easy as it gets — so make the most of it. wes, f

Q1 Express each of the following as a percentage: 2 areoat eh

ivangoure icolin
a ee

a) 0.25 c) 0.75 e) 0.4152 g) 0.3962 = multiplying by 100

—it
b) 0.5 d) 0.1 f) 0.8406 h) 0.2828 — edly couldn't be easier.
“THEW
I Maae

:
Express each percentage as a decimal: : WED
\\ wae na 2tL
boure dniting

a) 50% c) 40% e) 60.2% g) 43.1% — so just

by 100
6 move the decimal
0
b) 12% d) 34%0 f) 54.9% h) 78.8% 2 point to the left
FOLATE
1

Express each of the following as a percentage:

a
25
oO ~—

2
Dies
gewa ie
On

=—
o]—
BKlw
N|—
Al—= NINO

Express each percentage as a fraction in its lowest terms:

- ‘ NAT ENtl)
T eee
a) ee €) 8:2 ie eet thing to do with e)-h) is to put them—
b) 60% f) 49.6% — over 100, then get rid of the decimal point—
c) 45% g) 88.6% — __ by multiplying top and bottom by 10.
d) 30% h) 32.4% — Then just cancel down as normal.
PT it PA) CC en

119 out of 140 houses on an estate have

DVD players. What percentage is this?

Grades
In an exam Tina scored 52/80. S1-60% =D
The grade she receives depends aaa :
on the percentage scored. A
i oO

81-90%
What grade will Tina get? 91-10%. _ Aiea
A

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Fractions, Decimals and Percentages
A Decimals are just another way of writing fractions —
so it's easy to convert between the two...

Q7 Without using a calculator, write the following fractions as decimals:

ye 3 37
b)27 22 d
50 ) 500 Or ) 3
14 24
8) 40
e) —

Q8 Fill in the gaps in the following conversion table :

pYeYellaay:)

Q9 Write the following fractions as recurring decimals:

25 b) 27 Be7
aie 9 oF
29 478
) 63 8) 9909

Write the following decimals as fractions in their simplest form:

a) 0.6 b) 0.75 c) 0.95 d) 0.128
e) 0.3 f) 0.6 g) 0.1 h) 0.16

Write the following recurring decimals as fractions in their simplest form:

a) 02225. b) 0.444... C)e 0 S88e0 d) 0.808080...

e) Od 12... f) 0.545545545... le MUM See

a Sem h) 0.156156156...

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

i

Percentages
Finding "something %" of "something-else" is really quite simple — so you'd
better be sure you know how. You also need to be able to give "something"
as a percentage of "something else". Try this mix for size...

Find:
8% of £16 b) 85% of 740 kg c) 40% of 40 minutes

Express each percentage as a decimal:

20% b) 35% c) 2% d) 62.5%

Express each percentage as a fraction in its lowest terms:

20% b) 3% c) 70% d) 84.2%

Express each of the following as a percentage:

P b) 0.23 d) 0.34

In a French test, Lauren scored 17/20. What percentage is this?

87 out of 120 pupils at Backwater School have access to a computer.

What percentage is this?

Donald earns an annual wage of £23 500. He doesn't pay tax on the first £6400
that he earns. How much income tax does he pay a year if the rate of tax is:
a) 25%
b) 40%?

There are approximately 6000 fish and chip shops in the UK. On average, a fish and
chip shop gets about 160 visitors each day. Given that the population of the UK is
roughly 60 million, approximately what percentage of the population visit a fish and
chip shop each day?

At birth, Veronica was 0.3 m tall. By adulthood she had grown to 1.5 m tall.
Calculate her height now as a percentage of her height at birth.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Percentages
These questions are simple too — you just need to "find the new amount after a
7% increase or decrease". Once you've worked out the percentage, remember to
add it back on to (or subtract it from) the original amount.

John bought a new TV. The tag in the shop said it cost £299 + VAT.
If VAT is charged at 20%, how much did he pay (to the nearest penny)?

Four friends stay at the Pickled Parrot Hotel for a night and each
have an evening meal. Bed and Breakfast costs £37 per person and
the evening meal costs £15 per person. How much is the total cost,
if a service charge is added at 171/2%?

The owners of a museum are expecting a 14% increase in visitors next year.
This year they had 20 200 visitors.
How many visitors should they expect next year?

Tim is choosing between two cars to buy.

The first car is priced at £8495 and has 15% off.
The second car is priced at £8195 and has 12% off.
Which car is the cheapest? Show your working.

Tanya paid £6500 for her new car. Each year its value decreased by 8%.
How much was it worth when it was one year old?

Jeremy wanted a new sofa for his lounge. A local furniture shop had just what he was
looking for — and for only £130.00 + delivery. Jeremy had £150 pounds in his bank
account. If delivery was charged at 172%, could Jeremy afford the sofa?

There are four trickier types of percentage question. The first type is finding
the percentage change. Don't forget to find the difference in values first.

During a rainstorm, a water butt increased in weight from 10.4 kg to 13.6 kg.
What was the percentage increase (to the nearest percent)?

An electrical store reduces the price of a particular camera from £90.00 to £78.30.
What is the percentage reduction?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Percentages
Desmond's GCSE maths exam is next week. As part of his revision he attempted 31
questions on his least favourite topic of percentages. He got 21 questions fully right
on the first attempt. Two days later he tried all 31 questions again and this time got
29 CONNEC.
a) What percentage of questions did he get correct on his first attempt?
b) What percentage of questions did he get correct on his second attempt?
c) What is the percentage improvement in Desmond's results?

The second type of trickier question is finding the original value. The bit most
people get wrong is deciding whether the value given represents more or
less than 100% of the original — so always check your answer makes sense.

In the new year sales Robin bought a tennis racket for £68.00. The original price had
been reduced by 15%. What was the original price?

There are 360 people living in a certain village. The population of the village has grown
by 20% over the past year.
a) How many people lived in the village one year ago?
b) If the village continues to grow at the same rate, how many whole years from today will
it be before the population is more than twice its current size?

Ooh... here's the 3" type — interest questions. This one's just about simple
interest (don't fret, there's heaps on compound interest on the next page).

| invest £1000 for a period of three years in an account paying 7.875% per annum.
At the end of each year | withdraw the interest. Calculate the total interest | will
receive over the three years.

And the last type — where two percentage changes happen, often one after the other.
You need to be able to work out the overall percentage change.

If L = MN, what is the percentage increase in L if M increases by 15% and N increases

by 20%04

An electrical shop buys a stereo from a wholesaler for £x and increases its price by
35% to make a profit. When the stereo doesn’t sell, the shop reduces its price by 20%.
If the stereo now sells, calculate the shop’s overall percentage profit.

A couple bought their house 2 years ago for £y. In the first year, house prices in their
area rose by 10%. In the second year, house prices in their area fell by 5%.
Calculate the percentage profit they would make if they sold their house now.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Interest and Depreciation
You may not havealot of interest in this page,
but it will be useful to invest some time in it. Ah-ha!

A financial advisor is asked to calculate the future value of his clients’ investments.
Calculate the amount in each of these accounts if:
a) £200 is invested for 10 years at 9% compound interest per annum
b) £500 is invested for 3 years at 7% compound interest per annum
c) £750 is invested for 6 months at 8% compound interest per annum
d) £1000 is invested for 12 months at 6.5% compound interest per annum.

Mrs Smith decides to invest £7000 in a savings account. She has the choice of putting
all her money into an account paying 5% compound interest per annum or she can put
half of her investment into an account paying 6% compound interest per annum and the
remaining half into an account paying 4% compound interest per annum.
If she left the investment alone for 3 years, which is her best option and by how much?

A used car salesman is buying stock at an auction. Before the auction, he estimates
the value of each car on offer using their original price, their age, and a depreciation of
14% each year. This value is the maximum amount he will bid for each car.
Calculate the maximum amount he should bid on these used cars:
a) a car which cost £8495 six months ago
b) a car which cost £34 000 eighteen months ago
c) a car which cost £13 495 two years ago
d) acar which cost £14 395 two years ago
e) acar which cost.£11 295 three years ago
f) acar which cost £6795 twelve months ago.

Julia is opening a bank account. There are three options available — an account that
pays 4% compound interest per year, an account that pays 5% simple interest per year
and an account that pays £5 per month. Which should she choose if she invests:
a) £1000 for1 year?
b) £3000 for 10 years? I'd put my money in
c) £2200 for 25 years? Victorian rolling pins, myself...
Show your workings for each answer.

An accountant is looking at some financial records. She needs to work out the principal
amount that was invested a year ago. What was the principal amount invested in:
a) an account containing £278.10 that paid 3% interest?
b) an account containing £837.40 that paid 6% interest?
¢) an account containing £1175.20 that paid 4% interest?
d) shares that are worth £8172.24 and have increased in value by 2%
e) shares that are worth £5049 and have decreased in value by 1%?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

16

Ratios
| don't want to spoil the surprise, but you're going to need your
<2, calculator for this bit — get your finger on that fraction button...

RATIOS are like FRACTIONS which are like DECIMALS

We can treat the RATIO 3:4 like the FRACTION 3/4, which is 0.75 as a DECIMAL.

Watch out though — this isn't 9/4 of the total:

If there are girls and boys in the ratio 3:4, it means there's 9/4 as many girls as boys.
So if there's 8 boys, there's Y x 8 = 6 girls.

Write these ratios in their simplest forms:

a) 6:8 €)7 bes e) 2 weeks:4 days
b) 5:20 d) 2'/4:4 f) £1.26:14p it =]

| ah i
A rectangle has sides in the ratio 1:2. Calculate the = |
length of the longer side if the shorter side is:
a) 3cm b) 5.5 cm ep 1S.2.im

Calculate the length of the shorter side if the longer side is:
d) 3 cm 6) oR byetlea. 2)
SOO PT Pe eae
~~ For these you add up the ratio =
Divide the following amounts in the ratios given: — numbers to find the total number of —
a) £20 inthe ratio 2:3 cc) 500 gin the ratio 1:2:2 pee ASwie buighie, y1beq ey
b) 150 miin the ratio 8:7 d) 8.hrs intthe yation:2
7nd eee ere NS
sane i ee the ratio, Sate ve

John and Peter share a bar of chocolate marked into 16 squares. They share
it in the ratio 1:3 respectively. How many squares does each boy get?

A 2 litre bottle of cola is to be shared between three girls

in the ratio 2:3:5. How many millilitres will each girl get?
SE OT 1 WN Oa a a As ieee
- Watch out for your units — you'll have to change them over -
- for this one — and your answer should be in millilitres.
“Sen poob ae Ma nk Wf 4 epi ey We ee eee

Oak and ash saplings are planted along a roadside in the ratio 2:3 respectively.
If there are 20 oak saplings, how many ash saplings are there?

Tony gives £100 to be shared by Jane, Holly and Rosemary in a ratio according to their
age. Jane is 10, Holly is 12 and Rosemary is 3 years old. How much will each child get?

Sunil and Paul work in a restaurant. As they work different hours, they split their tips in
the ratio 3:4. One night they got £28 in tips between them. Who got the most money
from the tips and how much did they get?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 ny

Ratios
Aas

Q9 The ratio of girls to boys in a school is 7:6.

If there are 455 pupils in total, how many are
a) girls?
b) boys?

Q10 = Sarah works as a waitress. Each week, she splits her wage
into spending money and savings in the ratio 7:3.
a) One week, Sarah earns £130.
How much should she put in her savings that week?
b) The next week, Sarah put £42 into her savings.
How much did she earn in total that week?

Nae esestate
a TGA ANe/ cuesit e Wh ila
Ql1. = An architect is drawing the plan of a house to a scale of Make sure you convert to “
(ecm to 3 mM. _ the same units when you're -
Be. et working out the ratio. |
a) Write this ratio in its simplest form. AY, GO, 4 ARNT WA, oa
b) How wide is a room that appears as 2 cm on the drawing?
¢) The hall is 10 m long. How long will the architect need to
make it on the drawing?

Q12 ~— Concrete is mixed using cement, sand and gravel in the ratio
1:3:6. If Dave uses a 5 kg bag of cement, how much:
a) sand does he need?
b) gravel does he need?
c) If Dave needs 80 kg of concrete,
how much of each substance does he need?

Q13 | picked some strawberries after a few wet days.

Some were nibbled by snails, some were mouldy
and some fine. The ratio was 2:3:10 respectively.
If 9 strawberries were mouldy how many:
a) were fine?
b) were not fine?
c) What fraction of the total amount were fine?

Q14_— Salt & Vinegar, Cheese & Onion and

Prawn Cocktail flavour crisps were sold
in the school tuck shop in the ratio
5:3:2. If 18 bags of Prawn Cocktail
were sold, how many bags:
a) of Salt & Vinegar were sold?
b) were sold altogether?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Proportion
If 3 minibuses can carry 51 students, how many students can 5 minibuses carry?

If 17 textbooks cost £150.45, how much will 28 cost?

If it takes 4 people 28 hours to complete a task, how long would it take just one person?

A person earns £6.20 an hour. How much do they earn for 1512 hours work?

Wool from 8 sheep is needed to make a scarf.

How many are needed to make 12 scarves?

On a map, 2 cm represents 3 km.

a) If two towns are 14 km apart, what is the distance between them on the map?
b) If two road junctions are 20.3 cm apart on the map, what is their real distance apart?

Isla is making a chocolate cake using the recipe shown Chocolate cake
on the right. She wants to make the cake for 10 people. (serves 6)
How much sugar will she need? 180g flour
How much flour will she need? 240g sugar
Isla only has 320 g of butter. 210g butter
Will this be enough for her cake? 3 eggs
cocoa powder

A herd of 7 cows produces 161 litres of milk a day.

Find the smallest number of cows it would take to
produce at least 1000 litres per day.

A scientist proposes that rainfall is proportional to latitude.

It rains an average of 53.1 cma year in Milton Keynes,
which is at latitude 52.0° N. If the scientist is correct,
what is the average rainfall in:
Ulverston — latitude 54.2° N¢
Boscastle — latitude 50.4° N?
If average daytime temperature in July is inversely
proportional to latitude and it’s 21.0 °C in Boscastle,
what will the average daytime temperature in July be in:
c) Milton Keynes?
d) Ulverston?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 19

Rounding Numbers
» With all these rounding methods, you need to identify the last digit — e.g. if you're
rounding 23.41 to 1 decimal place the last digit is 4. Then look at the next digit to
the right. If it's 5 or more you round up, if it's 4 or less you round down.

Ql Round these numbers to the required number of decimal places:

ayeo2 19351 dp) d) 19.624328 (5 dp)
yro2.1935 (2 dp) ©) 70.2999" srdp)
€)902:1935:(3 dp) f) 7 (3 dp)

Q2 Round these numbers to the required number of significant figures.

a) 1329.62 (3 s-f.) d) 120 (1 s.f.)
b) 1329.62 (4 s.f.) e) 0.024687 (1 s.f.)
Ce lol 9626 5.1.) f) 0.024687 (4 s.f.)
ee eu reae fia Bales lb OR CRS

~ Remember — the first significant figure —

2 is the first digit which isn't zero. =
Zee it / He eh ME Me Us Wy DI Nae N \ Ny WN SS SS

Q3 K = 456.9873
Write K correct to:
a) one decimal place d) three significant figures
b) two decimal places e) two significant figures
c) three decimal places f) one significant figure.

Q4 Calculate the square root of 8. Write your answer to two decimal places.

QS Calculate, giving your answers to a sensible degree of accuracy:

a) 42.65 x 0.9863
24.6X2.43
b) (ates) en ey
13.63.29722

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 _
Rounding Numbers
Q6 Round these prices to the nearest pound:
a) £1100.45 d) £2.55
b) £87.61 e) £376.49
c) £29950 f) £44.19

A bumper bag of icing sugar weighs 23.4 kg.

What is this correct to the nearest kilogram?

David divides £15.20 by 3. What is the answer to the nearest penny?

The great racing driver Speedy Wheelman covered

234.65 km during the course of one of his races.
Give this distance correct to the nearest km.

Jack's company pays his travel expenses.

They round the distance he drives to the nearest km, and then pay 20p for every km.
In one week, Jack drives 95.45 km. How much money can Jack claim back?

A pack of three model cars costs £14.30. John wants to work out what one
model car would cost. What is the answer correct to the nearest penny?

Pru measured the length of her bedroom as 2.345 metres.

Give this measurement correct to the nearest centimetre.

Jessy jumps 4.65 m in the long jump.

What is this to the nearest ten centimetres?

A baby sea turtle weighs 1814.46 g.

How much does it weigh to 3 significant figures?

Milo takes 26.99 seconds to run 200 m. Assuming he ran at an even pace,
how long did it take him to run each 100 m? Give your answer to the nearest second.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Estimating
Ql Mark wants to buy some tropical fish.
The pet shop owner tells him that he will need
a tank with a volume of at least 7000 cm.
Estimate whether Mark's tank will be big enough.

Q2 Without using your calculator find approximate answers to the following:

a) 6560 x 1.97 g) 7139
x 2.13
b) 8091 x 1.456 h) 98.x 2.54 x 2.033
c) 38.45 x 1.4237 x 5.0002 i) 2) ea2 1 x vd
d) 45.34 + 9.345 j) 8143 + 81 Ls decht meecaideusiel Gal oi ben a ee
e) 34504 = 7133 k) 62000 +950 —~ turn these intowith
nicewithout
easy TE ror =
a 08 lator. —
f) 2233 21932 Il) n+3 > you can deal

Q3 At the start of the week, a shop had approximately 15 000 cartons of broccoli juice in
stock. The shop sold 1483 cartons on Monday, 2649 on Tuesday, 1539 on Wednesday,
1478 on Thursday and 2958 on Friday. Estimate the number of cartons remaining.

Q4 Showing all your working, estimate the value of the following:

a) 144.5 + 49.1 c) 20212 3504-0436
153.2 — 41.2 20.33 X4:902

b) foe x 10.7 d) (9.2Y+10.3

Vv398.6 4.306x 5.011

Q5 Joan needs to estimate the size of her bedroom so that she can buy enough paint to
cover the walls. Two of the walls measure 2.86 m by 3.16 m, and the other two
walls measure 2.86 m by 3.42 m.
a) Estimate the area that Joan needs to paint in m.
b) If one tin of paint will cover 15 m2, how many tins of paint will Joan need to paint
her bedroom?

Cyd Estimate the following square roots, to 1 dp: sou A

— Start with square roots that
= re la — you know — and use them to |\\
HI
48
a) V b) v118 orcos — make an educated guess. —
Te CLR a

d) 17 e) 98 f) /34

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

22

Bounds
atetat-w eleBa-vTV0 elena nanom ueLULace(VeMoyaan
a given unit, the actual measurement can be
ETATelAT edt ac emer oe
1) 90m to the nearest metre could be anything between 89.5 m_and 90.5 m.
(But not exactly equal to 90.5 m, or it would be rounded up to 91 m).
2) 700 people to the nearest 10 people could be anything between 695
people and 704 people. (Because this only involves whole numbers.)

Jodie weighs herself on some scales that are accurate to the nearest 10 grams.
The digital display shows her weight as 64.78 kg.
a) What is the maximum that she could weigh?
b) What is the minimum that she could weigh?

A rectangular rug is 1.8 metres long and 0.7 metres wide.

Both measurements are given correct to one decimal place.
a) State the minimum possible length of the rug.
b) Calculate the maximum possible area of the rug.

It's Pancake Day and Nigel is making a large batch of pancakes to share with friends.
His recipe tells him to add 2.5 litres of milk, but his measuring jug only measures up
to 500 ml and is accurate to the nearest 10 ml.
a) What is the maximum volume of milk Nigel could measure out,
assuming he is as accurate as he can be?
b) What is the minimum volume of milk Nigel could measure out?

Sandra has a parcel to post. To find out how much it will cost she weighs it.
a) A set of kitchen scales, that weigh to the nearest 10 g, show that the parcel weighs 90 g.
Write down the largest weight that the parcel could be.
b) Next she weighs the parcel on a different set of kitchen scales, which are accurate to the
nearest 5 g. The packet weighs 95 g. Write down the upper and lower bounds of the
weight of the package according to these scales.
c) The post office weighs the parcel on some electronic scales to the nearest gram.
It weighs 98 g. Can all the scales be right?

A = 13, correct to 2 significant figures.

B= 12.5, correct to 3 significant figures.
a) For the value of A, write down the upper bound and the lower bound.
b) For the value of B, write down the upper bound and the lower bound.
c) Calculate the upper bound and lower bound for C when C= AB.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 23

Bounds
Q6 Jimmy, Sarah and Douglas are comparing their best times for
running the 1500 m.
Jimmy's best time is 5 minutes 30 seconds measured to the
nearest 10 seconds.
Sarah's best time is also 5 minutes 30 seconds, but measured
to the nearest 5 seconds.
Douglas’ best time is 5 minutes 26 seconds measured to the
nearest second.
a) What are the upper and lower bounds for Sarah's best time?
b) Of the three Douglas thinks that he is the quickest at running the 1500 m.
Explain why this may not be the case.

To find the upper or lower bound of a calculation, you've just got to

decide which version of the values involved (max or min) to use to
get the biggest or smallest overall answer.

Q7 oe 2 is a formula used by stockbrokers.

S = 940, correct to 2 significant figures and T = 5.56, correct to 3 significant figures.
a) For the value of S, write down the upper bound and the lower bound.
b) For the value of 7, write down the upper bound and the lower bound.
c) Calculate the upper bound and lower bound for R.
d) Write down the value of R correct to an appropriate number of significant figures.

SS eae Re Ale ells iil lee Hi lies tialswant bee Ne Natl al) poh i Mahe I teeiliellth Gis Dayilgailod oe
— Remember — you don't always get the maximum value by using the biggest input values. —
a a fT Mall Dislhdislgierlt te Wyse AY to debit ibety Hele bybelel) dak Aga?

Q8 Ash wants to put a new carpet in his living room. He has measured the
floor as being 3.4 m x 5.2 m to the nearest 10 cm. What area of carpet
should Ash buy to make sure he has enough to cover the whole floor?

Q9 A lorry travelled 125 kilometres in 1 hour and 50 minutes. If the time was measured
to the nearest 10 minutes and the distance to the nearest five kilometres, what was the
maximum value of the average speed of the lorry, in kilometres per hour?
RUNVAUUNTO eT UTTATTITPTIAAVVPe
Meath
a Younesd fo edd) 2
Q10 a) The length of a rectangle is measured as 12 + 0.1 cm. The width == the errors for all —
of the same rectangle is measured as 4 + 0.1 cm. Calculate the Prine ues CEehnor <
perimeter of the rectangle, giving also the maximum possible error.
b) A rectangle measures 4 + x cm in length and B + y cm in width.
The formula P = 2(4 + B) is used to calculate the perimeter, P, of the
rectangle. What is the maximum possible error in P?

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Standard Form
Writing very big (or very small) numbers gets a bit messy with all those zeros
if you don't use this standard index form. But of course, the main reason for
knowing about standard form is... you guessed it — it's in the Exam.
Delilah is doing some calculations for her science homework.
She needs to give her answers as ordinary numbers.
How should she write the following answers?
a) 3.56x 10 e) 0.082 x 10? i) 157x10
b) 3.56x 103 f) 0.082 x 107 j) 157x10°
c) 3.56x 107 ¢) 0.082 x 10 k) 157x 10°
d) 3.56 x 104 h) 0.082 x 107 1) 157x107
Write in standard form:
a) 2.56 e) 95.2 i) 4200
b) 25.6 f) 0.0952 j) 0.0042
c) 0.256 ¢) 95 200 k) 42
d) 25 600 h) 0.000952 1) 420.
Write in standard form:
a) 34.7 x 10 e) 15 million i) 534 x 102
b) 73.004 Hh uss7A Sao; j) 621.03
c) 0.005 x 10° g) 0.000075 k) 149 x 10?
d) 9183 x 10? h) 0:05,< 102 1) 0.003 x 10*.
When scientists write about massive things such as the universe, or tiny things such
as cells and particles, it's often more convenient to write numbers in standard form.
Write the numbers in Questions 4 to 7 in standard form.
The average diameter of a cell nucleus in a mammal is around 0.006 mm.
A billion =a thousand million A trillion = a thousand billion.
A light year is 9 460 000 000 000 km (approx).
Nautilus covered 69 138 miles before having to refuel.
A tissue sample is three cells thick. Each cell has a
thickness of 0.000004 m. What is the thickness of the tissue
sample, in mm? Give your answer in standard form.
This table gives the diameter and distance from the Sun of some planets.
Planet Distance From the table write down
from Sun which planet is:
(km) a) smallest in diameter yi
[Earth =|)=61.5x10° |{ 1.8x10* | b) largest in diameter
[Venus [1085x107
|12x10 | ©) nearest to the Sun
[Mars =|2.28x10°
| 6.8x10° | d) furthest from the Sun.
14x 10° Write down which planets are:
e) nearer to the Sun than the Earth
f) bigger in diameter than the Earth.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 Standard Form
Q10 = =~=Work out the answers to these calculations. Write your answers in standard form.
aye Xo09) Baal 08) eA x10 eB Pai'O?)
b) (3 x 104) x (6.3 x 102) f) (8.9 x 103) + (3.1 x 104)
c) (8.8 x 10") + (2.2 x 108) g) (4.35 x 10°) — (2.7 x 103)
a (2:3. 10°) = (1.4 x 103) h) (1.8 x 104) — (5.2 x 107)

Qll.=s Ifx=4 x 10° and y= 6 x 10* work out the value of

a) xy b) 4x c) 3y.

Q12_~— Which is greater, 4.62 x 10" or 1.04 x 10", and by how much?

Q13.— Which is smaller 3.2 x 10% or 1.3 x 10° and by how much?

Q14_ The following numbers are not written in standard index form. Rewrite them correctly
using standard index form.
a) 42
x 10° d) 11.2 x 10° g) 17x 10”
b) 38
x10° e) 843 x 10? h) 28.3x 10°
c) 10
x 10° f) 42.32 x 104 i) 10x 102

Don't forget — when you're using a calculator, you've got to

write the answer as 3.46 x 107’, not as 3.467’. If you do
it the wrong way, it means something completely different.

What is 7 million in standard index form?

The radius of the Earth is 6.38 x 10° km. What is the radius of the Earth measured in cm?
Leave your answer in standard form.

One atomic mass unit is equivalent to 1.661 x 10°” kg. What are two atomic mass units
equivalent to (in standard index form)?

The length of a light year, the distance light can travel in one year, is 9.461 x 10’ m.
How far can light travel in
a) 2 years?
b) 6 months?
Write your answers in standard form.

Q19 a) The surface area of the Earth is approximately 5.1 x 10° km?. Write this without using
standard form.
b) The area of the Earth covered by sea is 362 000 000 km’. Write this in standard form.
c) What is the approximate area of the Earth covered by land? Write your answer without
using standard form.

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

26

Sets and Venn Diagrams

@ Sets aren't scary — they're just collections of things. The tricky bit is
qq showing how these things relate to each other. There are diagrams to
be
eS draw and symbols to learn. Here are some questions to practise with...

Ql The elements of set E are all the prime numbers less than 12.
a) Write set E as a rule using set notation.
b) Write set E as a complete list of its elements.

H=41,4, 9, 16,20, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100}

K = {Integers}
L = {Natural numbers = 0}
a) Which one of these sets = @
b) Write down a number that is an element of set K and one that is not an
element of set K using set notation.

Q3 Set B is shown in the Venn diagram below:

a) Write set B as a complete list of its elements.

b) Draw a Venn diagram for set C = {odd numbers between 18 and 34}.

Draw a Venn diagram for:

a) A = {odd numbers less than 20} and B = {prime numbers less than 20}
b) C = {integers greater than or equal to -4 and less than or equal to 4} and
D = {natural numbers less than 5}

Using the Venn diagram on

the right find:
a) Set R as alist of its elements
b) n(S)
C) Set. Kagiso
d) n(R US)

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

 ZY

Sets and Venn Diagrams

This Venn diagram shows the results of a Revision Advice Survey
survey about revision. Set D shows those Which animals do you take advice from?
people who listen to dolphins and set P Peacocks) seniee
those who take advice from peacocks. =a << —
a) What does the universal set, &,
represent in this diagram?
b) How many people don’t take revision
advice from dolphins or peacocks?
Oeeindn( Dw P)and n(D'A P).

John travels around Milton Keynes and counts different types of cows.
In addition to real cows he finds artificial cows made from three different
materials and some made from a combination of those materials.
He records his findings in sets —
Concrete (C), Glass (G) and Plastic (P).

a) What is John’s universal set?

b) How many real cows did he find?
c) Find n(P).
d) Find n(C U G).
e) Find n(C’).
t) Find n(C 4 P).
g) Find n(C AGP).
h) How many cows are made from
glass and plastic but not concrete?
Write this is set notation.

ee axl) axr<alGt
B = {y: y is a multiple of 3}
(42: 7 1S1a factor o1 15}
Say whether the following statements about sets A, B and C are true or false.
a) O¢€ A e) ACC i) {6} cB
b)O0eEC ff *@—B ]) "6-3
eRe pyuGearA k) (BAC CA
d) BCA h) {6} B l) (BUQCA

SECTION ONE — NUMBERS

= SECTION Two — ALGEBRA
Sequences
Ahhh, sequences — you really need to know all about them and their n® terms.
They're a doddle once you figure out what's happening in each gap...
Ql Write down the next 3 terms in each of these sequences and describe the sequence.
ee Cc) 1, 4,072 se
roe dy" 12627, 6455.

4) They're bound to ask you to find the nth term

in the exam, so make sure you learn the formula.

6 11 16 21 26...
a) What are the next3 terms in this sequence? OA Oo ae
—~ OK then, I'll tell you the formula—
b) What is the difference between each term? just this once: dn + (a-d) =
c) Write down a formula for the nth term of this sequence. (d = difference, a = Ist term) —
= LEARN IT!
d) Use the formula to find the 20th term of the sequence. TER CP EAT A ae

Write down an expression for the n" term of the following sequences:
a) 2,4, 6, One D)Spl 35 eee COI teen d) °5,' 3) 1-1 147s

In the following sequences, write down the next 3 terms and the nth term:
a) 7 OI. hoe D) ee, 2227 an C)iG, V6.2 On Ger d) 54, 61, 68575798

A sequence is given by the rule 6n— 5. Is 53 a term in this sequence?

1 52 SxS ioe
a) Find an expression for the nth term of this sequence.
b) Is 75 a term in this sequence? Explain your answer.

ca |AR
|AB
The pattern above is based on individual triangles.
Work out the number of individual triangles that would be in each of the next three groups.

Cry 10,20, 15atwie 1614

a) Write down the next 4 terms. b) Explain how you would work out the 10th term.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 wo

Powers and Roots

Hang on there. Before you try this page, make sure you know all
the rules for dealing with powers...

To save time try using the power button i]

The small number 5 = 5x 5x5x5= on your calculator eB lyf
is called the power we say "five to the power four" Se
or index number.
Remember the plural oi =8x8x8= ‘ *e ~ He op
of index is indices.
VCMT MLL OM UTM COREL MOLT ao00 |

Ql Complete the following:

a=
2 x 2x2 x2 = d) 4°=4-x... =
Be ea toss jicil
= C) wi 1 =
Ee 3.x = 15" = 59x &. =

Q2 Simplify the following:

ees x xD Ke KD 2 d)mxmxm
yee < (2 & 12° 122 e) VX yxXxyxXxy
Cee xexX XK XX D2
an k 2 ZZ

Q3 Complete the following (the first one has been done for you):
ane < 10°=(10F<
10) (10*« 10 x 10) 1G?
b) 10? 104= 2
c) 10*x 102= =
d) 10°x 103= -
e) What is the quick method for writing nee the final result in b), c) and d)?
ae
Easy _—- youl ie learnt
thisOna your power.rules.
Hastie il ier| Fe NY Hebe
Abaally pe

Q4 Complete the following (the first one has been done for you):
mp? = 2X2 XD) ie ee a A X49 XN)
(2)
Pe Rake Ke 2 ee) d) 85+ 8?= =
OD)
e) What is the quick method for writing down the final result in b), ¢) and d)?

Q5 Which of the following are true?

a) 24x 2o= 210 d) 4loy At x 4? = 4ls g) 220 = P= Ve ) 102° = 10° = 1017

b) 22x 23x 24= 29 e) 2'x 23x 24= 28 h) 312+ 34= 33 k) 4°= (42x
43)=4)
c) 23x 2?= 2° f) 10*x 10?= 108 i) 46+ 64= 4 I) 92x (930+
925) =910
Q6 Remove the brackets from the following and express as a single power:
ayy(34%< 37)= (3° x 3%) d) (3°)°
yr A") 4° e) 47x 4! x 4° x (44 + 4)
¢) 10°35(10° x 10") PP (5 57) = (5° 25")

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

30

Powers and Roots

Simplify the expressions in questions 7 to 11. Give your answers to 3 s.f. where necessary.

a) (6. e) /5.6 i) (1%)

b) (0.35)? f) Vi24 i V4a
e) (15.2)4 3) 109 k) (3)
d) (0.04) h) V0.6 ) Vi0

a) (2.4) +3 d) (6.05)? =2/84 g) 1% [4 + (2%)?]

b) 5.9 - (1.2)3 e) 6.1[35.4 — (4.2)7] h) 19 —4[(%)? + ((2))
c) V5.6 + (4.2) f) 95 — 3(3\/48- 2.6) 52 2

| w
—

o
nt
hm
©
—
— ——

| NR
i Cl
INS
— Bla
wl
ulw
ale
=
— —_~
~~
~~
©
an

x Laer Jad ye LDA Pate f

~ Remember
— fractional powers mean roots.
AT RVD IOTSU SR TAT TATA VENEER SEC OP FTE TTAT STR TTAATenes\Gonealehanton

Q10 a) /(1.4¢ + (0.5 e) 3V¥8-2

6
b) 5.9 (2.3)" = 47)" v4.1
f) totaval

c) 2.5 - 0.6[(7.1)? = (9.5)4] Cen ies Ok

ee
h) 2)
ee
d) (8.2)? + (1.6)4 — (3.7)2

Ql a) (24)? —- (1.5) f)
(iby Say"
3x44
g) 5[(4.3)
—(2.5)"]
Bee Coe 2)
c) 52x43) h)
(35) (85,) 4
d) (7.4)
x(64) eee ae
sees Kg aa
®) esraa I) V2.73+5v2

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

 Powers and Roots
Q12_~— Wrrite the following out in full. E.g.ci=cxcxc
a) k c) gf e) (-2)
b) pg’ d) (gt)° f) —(2) Nh
ho

Q13.~—- Write the following in index notation:

a)axaxa C)Cee722 Dla D2 GC) xx 2x so 2x
DeexXCXCX CXC jie <6 6 <a <c¢ f) -y x 3x x 2y x -y

Q14_ Use index laws to simplify the following where possible:

Aye x x h) yx xy 0) (gt)!
b) x? Be x? i) Dg x q' Pp) r? = r?

c) -(y)> x y8 ees q) (2)

d) qi q’ Ky rig)
e) (b°)(b*) Il) ke ;
f) +x m)w x u° sjuots
g) =f n) 1 }

ORY = Rewrite the following without using negative powers:

a) k? 1 4
f d
b) pq <p 3
ee 4

c) gt e) ue

Simplify the following and write your answer without using negative powers:
a) hx h® ce a <a
* es 2 ) = (a’y
c) (f)4 x (8) e) wt
w

These expressions all involve fractional powers. Simplify them as far as possible.
a) (9a°)” d) (x) g)
4b? x b:
b) (p'q"° e) (64x'): 3263
c) (x'y"y f) (36/'y h) (81u)F xu
i) (100d ~ di
ad’

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

32

Algebra Basics
Work out the following temperature changes:
a) 20°C to =7 ¢) 17°C to 45.6 €) 31°C to 16-4
b) -10 °C to -32 °C d)=3°2G to; 15 3G {))-5°G 10-17-76

Which is larger and by how much?

a) -12+7-4+6-2+7 or b) -30+26-3-7+417

Simplify: a) 4x -—5x + 3x-—x+2x-/7x b) 30y — 10y + 2y—3y + 4y—5y

Q4 Find the value of xy and = for each of the following:

a) x=-100 y=10 Cie = 46) yas
b)x=24 y=-4 die 0 yed

Find the value of (a

—b) = (c + d) when a = 10, b= -26, c=-5 andd=-4.

Simplify the following:

a) 2x x -3y d) 4p x -4p g) 10x + -2y j) 70x? + -7x?
b) -8a x 2b e) -30x + -3y h) -30x + -10x k) -36x? + -9x
c) -4x x -2x f) 50x + -5y i) 40ab + -10ab I) 40)? + -5y

Simplify the following by collecting like terms together:

8) 3a Aol ara f)pidSabbe
=0act
Yalka2ba
b) 14x* — 10x — x? + 5x g) 4pq- 14p - 8g +p—q + 8p
c) 12 — 4x? + 10x— 3x? + 2x h) 13x? + 4x? - 5y? + 2 — 2
d) 20abc+ 12ab+ 10bac + 4b i) 11ab + 2cd — ba —13de + abc
e) 8pq+/7p+q+ l10gp—qt+p J) 3x? + 4xy + 2° — 2 + Qxy — 7 — 5x?

For each of the large rectangles below, write down the area of each of the small
rectangles and hence find an expression for the area of each large rectangle.
a) cee b) 2x 3 c) 5x
2x 3x Eeeek — loads
fe 2 of questions...

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Formulas from Words
oT It's no big mystery — algebra is just like normal sums, but
with the odd letter or two stuck in for good measure.

Ql Write an algebraic expression for each of these:

a) To find y add 5 tox d) To findy square 6 and add it to x
b) To findy multiply x by 7 and add 4 e) Square x then divide by8to find y
c) To findy subtract 7 from x and divide by 3 f) yis equal to the square of x divided by 12

Q2 Tickets for a football match cost £25 each. [[eGPWanderer Footatt Cub
a) Write a formula to calculate the cost, c, of n tickets. i
|
Comfy Seat | \}
b) A booking fee of £1.25 is added to each ticket bought online. East stand lower bit |

3
Row 20 )
Seat 104 |
Write an equation to calculate the cost of n tickets bought online. £25.00
)

Q3 There are n books in a pile. Write an expression for the number (N) of books in:
a) A pile with 23 more books d) x piles each with n books in them
b) A pile with 14 fewer books e) A warehouse filled with a square of
c) A pile with twice as many books book piles x piles long each side.

Q4 a) This square has sides of length d cm. b) For the triangle below write equations for:
i) What is its perimeter? i) Its perimeter
ii) What is its area? ii) Its area.
dem
acm bcm
pas zZCcm
Pas dem
a aaa ed

Q5 The cost (C) of hiring a mountain bike is £10, plus £5 for each hour you use the bike (/).
Write down a formula that can be used for working out the cost of hiring a bike.

Q6 The cost per person ofa flight from Manchester to Aberdeen is £73 plus £27 tax and an
extra £15 for each piece of luggage. Write down a formula to calculate the total cost (7)
of a flight forp people with a total of / pieces of luggage.

Q7 The number of sheep (5) that a dragon can eat per day is 3 plus a third of its wingspan in
metres (w). Write an expression to calculate how many sheep a dragon can eat in d days.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

34

Multiplying Out Brackets

Remember FOIL for multiplying brackets... don't want to miss any terms now, do you...

Multiply out the brackets and simplify where possible:

a) 4(x + y —z) h) 14(2m — n) + 2(3n — 6m) 0) x*(x + 1)
b) x(x + 5) i) 4x(x + 2) — 2x(3 — x) ; 1
c) -3(x— 2) j) 3(2 +. ab) + 5(1 — ab) p) dx'(x+2+—)
d) 7(a + b) + 2(a + b) k) (x — 2y)z — 2x(x + z) q) 8ab(a +3 +b)
e) 3(a + 2b) — 2(2a + b) LAG
2y= (6 ox Dy) 1
4G Gn m)a — 4(a + b) r) 7p p+4-—))
g) 4e(e +2f) + 2f(e-f) n) 4pq(2 +r) + 5qr(2p + 7) i oe

ec out the brackets and simplify your answers where ten

a) (. rere 1) e) (x
+ 2)(x
—7) i)(x —3)(4x
+ 1)
b) i=3)@ 45) f) (4—x)(7 —x) j) 212x +y)(x — 2y)
c) w+ 101 C+ 3) BS Ze 13x) (xl) k) 4(x + 2y)(3x — 2y)
d) (x — 5)(x — 2) h) (3x + 2)(2x
—4) I) (3x + 2y/?

Find the product of 5x — 2 and 3x + 2.

Find the square of 2x — 1.

A rectangular pond has length (3x — 2) m and width (5 — x) m

Write down a simplified expression for:
a) the pond's perimeter
b) the pond's area.

A rectangular bar of chocolate consists of 20 small - | :

rectangular pieces. The size of a small rectangular = fa ‘
piece of chocolate is 2 cm by x cm.

a) Write down an expression for the perimeter of the whole bar.

b) Write down an expression for the area of the whole bar.
c) If! ate 6 small rectangular pieces of chocolate, what is the area of the remaining bar?

Find a simplified expression for the perimeter and the area of the following shapes.

a af
es)
a) b) — d)
x Cm

Sk 18 Cine <—__
-I)
(4x
em
6 va
(3x = 4)"em—_——> <_—
(4x - 1) cm (3x + 2) cm

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 35

Factorising
Factorising means putting the brackets back in...

Ql All the expressions below have a’ as a common factor. Factorise each of them.
a) a’b+a’c d) @+a’y
b) 5a? + 13a°b e) 2a’x + 3a’*y + 4a’z
c) 2a’b + 3a’c f) eh? + ac

Q2 Factorise the following expressions:

a) x° — 5x d) 4x° — 6x g) 15x*y — 25x j) 15x? — 20x?
b) 2x + 6 e) 3xy + 12x’y h) 4pq? — 20pq + 8p’q__k) 21x? + 14x
c) 3x? + 12x f) 9x +15 i) 10x* + 6x I) 5xyz + 20uxy

Q3 Factorise and simplify the following:

a) 4xyz + 8xyz b) 8xyz + 12xyz c) 8xyz + 16 xyz d) 20 x7y’z? + 16 xyz?

Q4 Using the fact that a* — b* = (a + b)(a — b), factorise the following expressions:
aig 9 d) 36-a@ g) 25 - 162’ j x*-»
b) yw — 16 e) 4x°-9 h) 1 — 36a? k) 1 — (aby
cea z* hia 4 i) x*- 36 I) 100 x? — 144,”

Q5 Factorise:
ae 4 by 144 7 Cel = oy d) 49x*y* — 1

ec Maat Nels ligiiel Clad bella Wy Mal ithsbadl ol i hal

od7,
— These questions are a mixed bunch so look out for —
~ which ones are D.O.T.S and which ones aren't. —
Cleaseieteieeieaiedy Raley Nah Sava lueedPteMdysdalyWK Spe WetesS
Q6 Factorise the following expressions:
a) 64a7b? — 16b°a° e) a*- 169 i) m’n+ 3mn—2mn?
b) pq + qr-—pqr f) 9ab* — 3abe j) 121p’-9¢
c) 3m’? — 24 g) 81-2 k) 144x? — 108)” — 602?
d) b* — ab? + b’c h) 36m? — 25n? l) 64a7b? — 490°’

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

 Manipulating Surds
Do these questions without using a calculator.
They're actually not as bad as they might look because you can leave \ or 7 in your answer.

Simplify:
ay JV5xVv3 bp)90

d) /x’ e) J/8xVvV8

Q2 A circle has a radius of v3cm. What is its exact area? (Area of circle = m7.)

ONSTAR
SUIS OS TORT Tis Teeve

Q3 Simplify these expressions: _ Remember —J/ax vb = y (ab) ie

FTC eof UUMA VST AUTO AETVATIGNESE SEYCPLTTE RTS GON Net AWE NS

a) V4eu1 b) ov3 373 c) 78 d)(2+ /3)

e) a 5S fy)/50 gy 8 4 2 hye (oa 9

Cy] Are the following expressions rational or irrational?

aes 5hee )
a) (I+ b) eo
ys

CH Ifx = 1 andy =v 2, are the following expressions rational or irrational?

ary
a) (x + y)(x - y) b) ee

Ci Rationalise the denominators of the following expressions, and then simplify if necessary.

ee:
1+v6

SN RT DS A a CLT ESA i estate ae

9 : /
= — Remember: rationalising the denominator means getting —
Express J3 in the form av 3. ~ tid of the square root signs on the bottom of fractions. —
La aT Mgt NU AN AN Ue SPRY PT NS TBS eT i TPN es

Q8 Express 32 + 3¥2 inthe form av

2.

ey) Express (1 +3v2) in the form a+bv2.

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

 St

Solving Equations
Ql When 1 is added to a number and the answer then trebled, it gives the same result as
doubling the number and then adding 4. Find the number.
Q2 Solve the following:
a) 2x2=18 b) 2x2 = 72 Car = 27 d) 4x2 = 36 e) 5x2 =5
Q3 Solve the following:
Ajeox 1 = 2x +6 C) 9% = 1 = jy 19 €) x lo]4s
bye + 3 = 3x 47 dx 2 = ox fa Jeers 12
Q4 Solve the following:
a) 3x-8=7 dy 27 —9— 25 f) ox — 2 = 6x17
b) 2(x - 3) =-2 Bua he 98

c) 4(2x
-1)=60 ee Peale 2 2
QS (x+1) emees A square has sides of length (x + 1) cm. Find the value of x if:
eee

a) the perimeter of the square is 66 cm

b) the perimeter of the square is 152.8 cm.
PS OI ail Ebay iT bit dating bl Zo
— With these wordy ones, you just have to write your — x
own equation from the information you're given. — :
eeons
iiaeie ile ineie LAN ebesti ly leApt es RY lite NAC Wey NAS

Q6 Mr Smith sent his car to the local garage. He spent £x on new

parts, four times this amount on labour and finally £29 for an
MOT test. If the total bill was for £106.50, find the value of x.

Q7 Solve:
a) 2ix—3)—@=-2)=5 aaa ae j) Ah
mex + 2)—30—5) =29
fe 2) £30 £4) = 31 Deak oe kK) a 4
d) 10(x + 3) — 4(x— 2) = 7(x
+5) 0 00
e) 5(4x + 3) = 4(7x — 5) + 3(9 — 2x) i) eo. ) ZO iG
f) 3(7 + 2x) +2(1 -x) =19 3 x

Q8 Joan, Kate and Linda win £2400 on the National Lottery between them. Joan gets a
share of £x, whilst Kate gets twice as much as Joan. Linda's share is £232 less than
Joan's amount.
a) Write down an expression for the amounts Joan, Kate and Linda win.
b) Write down an equation in terms of x, and solve it.
c) Write down the amounts Kate and Linda receive.

Q9 All the angles in the diagram are right angles.

a) Write down an expression for the perimeter of the shape.
b) Write down an expression for the area of the shape.
c) For what value of x will the perimeter and area be
numerically equal?
sien

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

38

Solving Equations
Q10 Solve the following:
a) 5x -—1)+3@-4) =-11 a a6 e)

b) 3@ +2) + 2x —4) =x—3(%

+ 3) d) 3(4x + 2) = 2(2x - 1) f)

ST ANGSTY SUSSSRI UST TRSTR TST LY Sa ce

— It's easy — you just put the 2 bits together and there's —
~ your equation. Then all you've got to do is solve it... >
AP EP ELE eR TT el a
Ql1 For what value of x is the expression 14 — x equal to the value 3% —4 2

Q12 = Two men are decorating a room. One has painted 20 m?

and the other only 6 m’. They continue painting and
manage to paint another x m’ each. If the first man has
painted exactly three times the area painted by the second
man, find the value of x.

Carol's father was 24 years old when Carol was born. Now he is four times as old as
Carol. How old is Carol?

Mr Jones is 4 years older than his wife and 31 years older than his son. Their ages add
up to 82 years. If Mr Jones is x years old, find the value of x and find the ages of his wife
and son.

Solve the following:

d) Ae: my Be

e) $(x+1)= 16

) 2(4x-3)=15

A train travels at 70 mph forx hours and then at 80 mph for oo hours.
If the train covers 405 miles of track, find the value of x.

Solve the following: - Remeron 1 Penne tes

. s = to do the sa
ae
* 345 = Se 1a z 10the top and the botion, =) 2ae)
Meee

A triangle has lengths as shown below. Find the length of each side, if the length of AC
exceeds that of AB by 1/2 cm.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Rearranging Formulas
Rearranging is getting the letter you want out of the formula and making it the subject.
And it's exactly the same method as for solving equations, which can't be bad.

Rearrange the following formulas to make the letter in brackets the new subject.
a) g=10-4h (h) e) f= 28
b) d= '2(c + 4) f) yr eg

Ch =—2(3 —k)
g) s=44
gules 10
Beeb
ae h) p = 4q’
Jason is saving up to go travelling next year and has got a temporary job selling cars.
He is paid a basic wage of £500 a month, plus a bonus of £50 for each car he sells.
He has a spreadsheet to keep track of his money, which calculates his wages (fw)
after working for m months and selling c cars, using the following formula:
w = 500m + 50c
a) Rearrange the formula to make c the subject.
b) Find the number of cars Jason needs to sell in 11 months to earn £12 100.

The cost of hiring a car is £28 per day plus 25p per mile.
a) Find the cost of hiring the car for a day and travelling:
i) 40 miles
ii) 80 miles
b) Write down a formula to give the cost of hiring a car (£c) for one day,
and travellingn miles.
c) Rearrange the formula to make n the subject.
d) How many miles can you travel, during one day, if you have a budget of:
£34, ii) £50, iti) £56.50.
Rearrange the following formulas to make the letter in brackets the new subject.

ee (x) d) f= Lee 2) = as (a)

ie
= f(ee 3) ) a) wees aWhe
h) v? = +2as (11)

f) vatvn
Yonge i
i) ton1 [Lt
. y
(g)

Mrs Smith buys x jumpers for £/ each and sells them in her shop for a total price of £7.
a) Write down an expression for the amount of money she paid for all the jumpers.
b) Using your answer to a), write down a formula for the profit £P Mrs Smith makes selling
all the jumpers. f
c) Rearrange the formula to make J the subject.
d) Given that Mrs Smith makes a profit of £156 by
selling 13 jumpers for a total of £364 find the price
she paid for each jumper originally.

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

40

Rearranging Formulas
Q6 A website offering digital photo printing charges 12p per print plus 60p postage.
a) Find the cost of ordering:
i) 12 prints.
ii) 24 prints.
b) Write down a formula for the cost C, in pence, of ordering x prints.
c) Rearrange the formula to make x the subject.
d) A regular customer is looking through old receipts to check she has
been charged the right amount. How many prints should she have
received in each of her last three transactions if she was charged:
i) £4.92
ii) £6.36
iii) £12.12.

Q7 Rearrange the following formulas, by collecting terms in x and looking for common
factors, to make x the new subject.
a) xy =z-2x e) xy =xz-2
D) ax =5%4.D f) 2(x-y) =z(x + 3)
c) 4x-y=xz @) xyz=x-y-—wz
d) xy =3z-—5x+y h) 3y( + z) = y(2z — x)

ery Rearrange the following to make the letter in brackets the new subject.
a) pq =3p + 4r—-2¢q g) vhAk —-14 =k

b) fgt+ 2e=5-2¢2 h) 2Vx+y=zV/x4+4

c) a(b—-
2) =c(b +3)

d) pq’ =rq°+ 4
e) 4(a—b) + cla—2) =ad

es == x
X

NONE NS ARN OCTET ST TS Tan TPMT Alisael) |Meat a lay Ly

— These are getting quite tricky — you've got to collect like —
~ terms, before you can make anything else the subject. —
ae ™
CES TN fated NNN SIE ie Lt ca ot el NC VN

er) Rearrange the following formulas to make y the new subject.

a) x(y—1) =
b) xy+2)=y-3

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

 Factorising Quadratics
Factorise the quadratics first, and then solve the equations:
a) x7 + 3x-10 =0 d) x°-4x+3=0 g) 3x7? +4x-7=0
b) x*°-5x+6=0 e) x°-x-20=0 h) x? + 14x+ 49 =0
c) x°-2x+1=0 f) 2x*-3x-5=0 i) 2x*-7x-15=0

Rearrange into the form "x? + bx + c = 0", then solve by factorising:

nye Ox ='36 Dj) '=S 5% ce) x*+-21=4%

d) x2 + 48 = 26x e) x4 5-145 f) —3(¢+6)=0

Solve x° — il
4 Oy

A rug has length x m. The width is exactly 1 m less than the length.

a) Write down an expression for the area of the rug.

b) If the area of the rug is 6 m’, find the value of x.

A triangle has height (x + 1) cm and a base of 2x cm.

a) Write down an expression for the area of the triangle and simplify it.
b) If the area of the triangle is 12 cm”, find the value of x.

. —_ 2x em ———>
A square room has a floor of sides x metres.
The height of the walls is 3 m. Write down an expression for:
a) the floor area
b) the area of all four walls.
c) If the total area of the floor and the four walls is 64 m’, form a quadratic equation and
solve it to find x.

A photo has a length of / cm. Its width is 7 cm shorter than the length.
a) Write down an expression for the area of the photo.
b) The photo is enlarged using a scale factor of 4.
i) Write an expression for the area of the enlarged photo.
ii) |The area of the enlarged photo is 340 cm’.
Work out the value of /.

Simplify the following fractions by factorising first.

b) —x(x—-x-—6
+ 2/
eae Sie ot |

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

42

The Quadratic Formula

Q1 Find the two values, to 2 d.p, given by each of the following expressions:

a) 2403
2
ey =
104/160
5
—_
p) £710 f) eae
v10

c)
Say 4 5 =O 449
2.4

d) =e
2
py 1047884
Zoe

The following quadratics can be solved by factorisation, but practise using the
formula to solve them.
a) x? + 8x+12=0 i) Neo ee) Ore (0 NT TT Ieee 7
b) 6x27-x-2=0 k) 4x2 + 8x -12 =0 = Step number |... -
c) x =x-6=0
d)ix* 33x42 = 0
)m)x3x?+ 11x-20=0
3 = 2x’?
eal
|
be
-
Trae
e) 4x7- 15x +9=0 n) 5—3x-2x*
=0
f) x7 —-3x=0 0) | — 5x + 6x7 = SStep nURbenO aire

g) 36x? : — 48x ; + 16 =0
a p) 3022 + 2x) = 9 ~ Step number
St eee 2...
h) 3x° + 8x =0 q) x? + 4x - 3) =0 = fora,bandec. -
1) 2x7 =7%—4=0 r) x? = 2(4—x) EC EATING LAN

SSA Wh TT ea Ne ia Rt aes
— Step number 3... sub a, b and c into the formula. Make sure —
— you divide the whole of the top line by 2a — not just ¥ of it. —
LA LEA, LINEA Aa MAA NI al aa isea

Solve the following quadratics using the formula. Give your answers to no more than
two decimal places.
a) x°+3x-1=0 h) x°+ 4x +2 =0
b) x7-2x-6=0 i) x*°-6x-8=0
c) x +x-1=0 j) ¢@-14*4+11=0
d) x° + 6x +3 =0 k) x? + 3x-5=0
e) x°+5x+2=0 Il) 7x*-15x+6=0
f) Sr 0 m) 2x* + 6x -3 =0
g) 3x7+ 10x-8=0 n) 2x?-7x+4=0

Oops, forgot to mention step number 4...

check your answers by putting them back in the equation.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 The Quadratic Formula
Rearrange the following in the form "ax? + bx + c = 0" and then solve by the quadratic
formula. Give your answers to two decimal places.

ale = O=3x e) x? = 4(x +1) oe

b) «+ 2)/?-3=0 Neuen 15

Cron (x= lisa Bx =.6

P36

dex (x +4) = 1 bye

2) 3=

Pythagoras... remember him — you know,

_ that bloke who didn't like angles.

The sides of a right angled triangle are as shown. Use Pythagoras' theorem to form a
quadratic equation in x and then solve it to find x.

ee es on

CY The area of a rectangle with length (x + 4.6) cm and width (x — 2.1) cm is 134.63 cm’.
a) Form a quadratic equation and solve it to find x to two decimal places.
b) What is the rectangle's perimeter to one decimal place?

ae (Xe) CI ee

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Algebraic Fractions
Multiplying and dividing algebraic fractions is just the same as multiplying and dividing
normal fractions — to multiply you just multiply the tops and bottoms separately and
to divide you just turn the second fraction upside down and then multiply. Simple.

Simplify the following by cancelling down where possible:

DIE Ve
a b
A48a°bh’
=
3xyz eT

Ox yz" ) (2ayc 9 Ox

Multiply out the following, leaving your answers as simplified as possible:

102 Ax Gee
2. ace Ue ee ond
f) oes j a 2 aL Le a aae
= It helps if you can =
= cancel some factors —
OO aL
a = 5
— : =
before multiplying. —
14t = 30r MIL ht ee

400d" x 102d*e’*
5le’ ~~ 800e’f

Divide the following, leaving your answer as simplified as possible:

e) Cha : ey i)
> 10

f 22-1 i)
k)

Simplify the following expressions:

9a —16 Ax*
—y a
4) 6a+8 b) 8x + 4y

CH Solve the following equations for x:

20% ees
Vz y 14y 3 A8x’y’ | 16x
a) =5 b)
Txy" AOK Ze 5

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Algebraic Fractions
OK, | guess it gets a bit tricky here — you've got to cross-multiply to get a
common denominator before you can get anywhere with adding or subtracting.

Ca Add the following, simplifying your answers:

e) Oe ale
2 2a BaaA i) ee:
3 aa a

Ee 2G sia j)

ay, 2x k) ++
Sane haz v
(4x+2) (2x—-1)
a ae

Subtract the following, leaving your answers as simplified as possible:

(eee al reg eee)

oe: : a

ee
See cO
p+
(Dehn
-2oD
(8x+3y) (4x+2) k
y) ox Te.

(9—5x) (34x)
d) BxSt*té«CSS

Simplify the following:

SECTION Two — ALGEBRA

 Inequalities
EZ iy
SO\\\. Yet another one of those bits of Maths that looks worse than it is —
re ie are just like equations, really, except for the symbols.

By drawing an appropriate part of the number line for each question, represent each of
the following inequalities.
ay)x >5 (Me Cia 2) fs aS
ie d)\i-2=3 3 f) 6<x<7 hyie3s <7 0

Solve the following:

a) 3x +2>11 eye 2x —7 28 I) Poet eS m)8—3x 214
ce f) 174+
4x<33 j) 4 -1)>40 n) 16—% 11
€) Sx = 32 2) 2s 20 k) 10-2x >4x-8 0) 16-x >1
d) 3x +12 <30 h) 2(5x
— 4) < 32 7 Ss Ax 0 Pp) 123% S16

Find the largest integer x, such that 2x + 5 > 5x -2.

When a number is subtracted from 11, and this new number is then divided by two, the
result is always less than five. Write this information as an inequality and solve it to show
the possible values of the number.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Inequalities
Two schools are merging and a new school is being built to ee
accommodate all the pupils. There will be 1,130 pupils in total a3}
in the new school. No class must have more than 32 pupils.
How many classrooms are needed? S Call inet aamber
Show this information as an inequality. - of classrooms x. -

A couple are planning their wedding. For the reception in a local hotel,
they have a budget of £900. If the hotel charges £18 per head, how many
guests could be invited? Show this information as an inequality.

The shaded region satisfies three inequalities. Write down these inequalities.

Draw a set of axes with the x-axis from —2 to 6 and the y-axis from —1 to 7.
Show on a graph the region enclosed by the following three inequalities.
y 2G) x +y25 and % ee

text) Draw and label a number line from —5 to 5 for each of the following inequalities.
Represent the inequalities on your number lines.
a) ox <4 cea 9 eye l62x 2), Dewe
b) x2<1 d) 252% f) <1 h) x2<0

rr A company are recruiting new members of staff. All applicants must take two
online tests. To get an interview, applicants must score higher than 5 on the first
test, at least 7 on the second, and have.a total combined score of at least 14.
a) Write out three inequalities to represent the three criteria for getting an interview.
Use x for the score on the first test and y for the score on the second test.
b) The company want to analyse the quality of applicants by plotting their test scores
on a graph, and picking out the ones who satisfy the criteria. Using suitable axes,
show on a graph the region enclosed by the three inequalities where suitable
candidates would be placed.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Simultaneous Equations and Graphs
Ql Solve the following simultaneous equations by drawing graphs. Use values 0 <x < 6
a) v=x Divas
i eG yH=xt
D)§p— 2 al 2) Xe
VA aan 2 wey
Cepa4 x. h)i2y = 3%
Lea tae
d) y=3-x i) y=x-3
3X 4 Vi ae
e) 24py a6 D y=xtl
oa 2a Vee

The diagram shows the graphs:

Law x
Vas eee 2
=o
y=—-2x+4

Use the graphs to find

the solutions to:
a) x —x =
b) x*°-x=x+2
C) = X30
d) x?7-x=-2x+4
e) -2x+4=x+2
f) x*-x-8=0
g) x*+x=4
These equations look a bit nasty, but
they're just made up of the equations
you've got graphs for. And you know
how to do the rest of it, don't you...

Complete this table fory = a5? +5:

Draw the graph y = Ee +5.

Use your graph to solve the following equations (to 1 d.p.):
a) eea +5=0 ae b) cela*One
+5 AY 3 Cc) Aas, sae
7% +5 =x

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Simultaneous Equations
To solve simultaneous equations from scratch, you've got to get rid of
either x or y first — to leave you with an equation with just one unknown in it.
Use the linear equation (the one with no x’s in it) to find an expression fory. Then
substitute it into the quadratic equation (the one with x’s in it), to solve these equations:
aey= x + 2 Cy e) y=1-—13x
y=x+l4 van 3 y= 4x? +4
b) y=x*°-8 dee oy 0 f) Wao)
y= 3x+10 4 by oy l4x+y=1

Solve the following simultaneous equations:

a) 4x + 6y = 16 d) y=x?-2 Bey Or 170)
m+ 2y=5 eon O 4y+2x-5=0

24° Oi
gear rSy= iii) ie =3x" = 10
ey > -—2y=5
h)
x+7 =3 Careful with parts =— Mery = 14 Dy oe = 0
é d) to f) — some of :
— them are quadratics... —
Cook
= 24 “itis of) y+
2 = 2x i) E+ y= F(y—x)
Ey 2x =9 yr ok 0 KV = 2

Two farmers are buying livestock at a market. Farmer Ed buys 6 sheep and 5 pigs
for £430 and Farmer Jacob buys 4 sheep and 10 pigs for £500.
a) If sheep cost £x and pigs cost £y, write down the
two purchases as a pair of simultaneous equations.
b) Solve for x and y.
On Farmer Palmer's farm, the cats have got into the chicken coop and are causing chaos.
Farmer Palmer counts, in total, 11 heads and 30 legs. How many cats and how many
chickens are in the chicken coop?
Isobel is buying pick & mix sweets. She weighs out 20 jellies and 30 toffees which come
to 230 g. She takes one of each off the scales before they get bagged up, and the weight
drops to 221 g. How much does an individual toffee weigh?

Find the value ofx and y for each of the following rectangles, by first writing down a pair
of simultaneous equations and then solving them.
<— 3yt+ 2x —_y» <«<—___ 12 —___+ <-——
Ay = Gy —_—=>
MS
+
t
7
< 1g
+ = v
eaeoe << 2x-3y
— > < PQ
ee 2 ask

Two customers enter a shop to buy milk and cornflakes. Mrs Smith buys 5 pints of milk
and 2 boxes of cornflakes and spends £3.44. Mr Brown buys
4 pints of milk and 3 boxes of cornflakes and receives £6.03
change after paying with a £10 note. Write down a pair of
simultaneous equations and solve them to find the price in
pence of a pint of milk (m) and a box of cornflakes (c).

Solve at)
5 =x%—
sy =x—6.

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

 Direct and Inverse Proportion
y is directly proportional to x. If y= 5 when x is 25, find y when x is 100.

Ify x x andy = 132 when x = 10, find the value ofy when x = 14.

Ify = 3 when x = 8 and y is inversely proportional to x, find the value ofy when x =12.

If yoc = and x = 4 when y = 5, find the value of x when y = 10.

SS aang ee,
Given that y oc = complete this table of values. = Put ae numbers into
the equation =
—_ Y= k/x to find the value of k
X; 1 2 3 4 =
9.56 6 — Then you can find the rest of thet
Cite! EPL We Cie

Given that y varies inversely as the square of x, complete the following table of values,
given that x is always positive.

Two cylindrical containers are filled

to the same depth, d cm, with water.
The mass of the water in each container
is proportional to the square of the
radius of each container. The first
container has a radius of 16 cm and
the water has a mass of 16 kg. If the
second container has a radius of 8 cm,
find the mass of the water inside it.

ry Given that r varies inversely as the square of s, and r = 24 when s = 10, find the values of:
a) r when s = 5 ‘ ; ud SAND a mn Ieee 7
b) s when r = 150, given that s is positive > Don't forget about that little joker,
c) r when s =2 _ the "inverse square" variation — they'll =
. : E expect you to know that, too. -
d) s when r = 374, given that s is negative Che oy i PP aie ELS Gye.

The gravitational pull of the Earth is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from the centre of the Earth. At the Earth's surface (approx. 6371 km from the centre)
the gravitational pull is around 9.8 N kg'. When launching asatellite into space,
the gravitational pull helps determine the orbit. What would be the gravitational
pull on a satellite at a height of 100 km above the Earth's surface (to 1 d.p)?

SECTION TWO — ALGEBRA

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS
5]

Coordinates
ABCD is a parallelogram. A is (-1, 3), B is (-2,-1) and C is (4,-1).
Draw axes with x from -3 to 5 and y from -2 to 4.
Plot A, B and C then find the missing coordinates for D.

Draw axes with x from -9 to 9 and y from -12 to 12.

On the same set of axes draw the following shapes and find their
missing pair of coordinates.

ABCD is a square c) ABCD is a rectangle e) ABCD is a parallelogram

mes (1, A is 2 Ais (-2,-10)
B is ? B is (3,-8) B is (4,-10)
C Is (-3,-3) C Is (3,-6) Cis (6,-12)
D is (-3, 1) D is (-5,-6) Das?

b) ABCD is a parallelogram d) ABCD is a kite ABCD is a parallelogram

AVIS (2%-8) A Is (-9, 3) A is (-8, 10)
B is (6, 8) B is (-6, 8) B is (-6, 10)
ris ¢ Cts (-4, 8) ris.s
Drs 1, 5) Drs? Diss, 12)

— y=8

| Points which share the same |

y coordinate all lie on the |
same horizontal line |
Points which share the same = : eee u
x coordinate all lie on the
same vertical line

ABCD is a rectangle
with thelinex=O | \\A\ II III Di eel 2.
as a line of symmetry. ~~ I'm afraid you'll just have to get the hang of using —_
Draw axes with x from -3 to 3 and — things like "the we x =4" eeee or to Pate =a
7 — _ it to "a vertical line through the point 4 on the =—
oe dBi Radth —— horizontal axis". Yeah, that is a bit long winded, —_
IfA = (-2,-2) and Bis (-2, 1), find the — | guess — so maybe they've got a point... © ——
coordinates of C and D. Aaa eG
ir ek

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Coordinates
The coordinates of three vertices of a parallelogram are (0, —2), (3, -2) and (1, 2).
Draw axes with x from -4 to 4 and y from -1 to 4. If the fourth vertex
lies on the liney = 2, give its two possible coordinates.

Find the midpoint of the line AB, where A and B have coordinates:
a) A(2,3) B(4,5) e) A(6,7) B(O,0)
b) A(1,8) B(10,2) f) A(16,16) B(3,3)
c) AON) OBB tay) g) A(8,33) B(32,50)
ahh... nice'n'easy...
d) A(3,15) B(14,3) h) A(17,28) B(44,13)
se iI Vi ity LS tiie A
Your answers should be coordinates too. <
im) Plit dl Wed) PAA OWAG estan

Anna is designing the plan of a kitchen using some computer aided design software.
The coordinates of the room on screen are (0, 10), (220, 10), (0, 260), (220, 260).
She needs to enter the coordinates of the ceiling light, which will be exactly in the
centre of the room. What will the coordinates of the light be?

Find the midpoints of each of these lines:

Line PQ, where P has coordinates (-1,5) and Q has coordinates (5,6).

Line AB, where A has coordinates (—3,3) and B has coordinates (4,0).

Line RS, where R has coordinates (4,—5) and S has coordinates (0,0).

Line PQ, where P has coordinates (-1,-3) and Q has coordinates (3,1).

Line GH, where G has coordinates (10,13) and H has coordinates (—6,—7).

Line CD, where C has coordinates (—4,6) and D has coordinates (12,—7).

Line MN, where M has coordinates (—5,-8) and N has coordinates (—21,-17).

Line AB, where A has coordinates (-1,0) and B has coordinates (—9,-14).

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Straight-Line Graphs
Ql Which letters represent the following lines:

a). x=y
Di 5
ca y= =x
d) x =0
ey via-7
f) x+y=0
i=5
h) x-y=0
Day — 0
ok =< 7%

eee oA EP TP tae
Don't get confused if you've got "x + y = ... "— just rearrange the equation —
to "y = -x + ..." and as if by magic, you've got a line you recognise. i
ee al TL SPR eS ty PEE EY 1) TETAS

Q2 Complete the following table for the liney = 3x — 1:

Plot these points on graph paper and hence draw the graph of y = 3x — 1.
Use a scale of 1 cm for 2 units on the y-axis and 2 cm for 1 unit on the x-axis.

Complete the following table for the liney = Y2x — 3:

Plot these points on graph paper and hence draw the graph of y = Vax — 3.

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Straight-Line Graphs
If you know it's a straight line, you only really need two points, but it's
always a good idea to plot three — it's a bit of a safety net, really.

Complete this table of values Q5 Complete this table of

for Y=2x4-3: values fory = Y4x — 3:

Plot these points on graph paper and Plot these points on graph paper and
draw the graph ofy = 2x + 3. draw the graph of y = Vax — 3.
Use your graph to find: Use your graph to find:
a) The value of y when x = 5 a) The value ofy when x = 2
b) The value of y when x = 2 b) The value ofy when x = 0
c) The value of x when y = 11 c) The value of x when y = -2
d) The value of x when y = 17 d) The value of x when y = -1.5

The cost of electricity is calculated using the formula:

Total cost = Fixed charge + (cost per unit x number of units).
Customers can choose two different methods of payment:
Method A: Fixed charge £10, cost per unit 25p
Method B: Fixed charge £40, cost per unit 5p
Copy and complete this table:

Number of Units used |

0 |100|200]300
Cost using method A -——- —}

Cost using method B ee

Plot these points on a graph (put the number of units on the horizontal axis,
cost on the vertical axis):
Use your graph to find the total cost when 70 units are used for:
i) Method A
ii) Method B
b) Miss Wright used 75 units. Which method should she use to minimize her bill,
Method A or Method B?
c) Use your graph to work out how many units Miss Wright would have to use for both
methods to cost the same amount.

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Finding the Gradient
Ql What is the gradient of:
a) lineA
b) line B
c) line C
d) line D 9
e) line E 8
f) line F 7,
g) line G 6
h) line H 5
4
i) line|
j) lineJ 3
k) a line parallel to A 2
I) aline parallel to B I

OME EG BAS <6 7 959 M0 MIP19n12

eee or en LT Pee Robe ey

Uphill gradients are always positive, downhill always negative. Impressed? —
Ror .thought not. a be a PEa an wi a these. =
mefal PUPPET TA a ik eerie 1) ba

What is the gradient of the lines joining the points:

a) Ei5) and (5,9) d) (8, 2) and (4, 10)
b) (6, 3) and (10, 5) e) (8, 5) and (6, 4)
c) (-6, 4) and (-3, 1) f) (-3,-1) and
(1,-4)?

Look at the graph on the right.

a) Which two lines have the same gradient?
b) Line E has a gradient of —-1 and passes
through the point (3, 0).
What are the coordinates of the point
where it intersects with Line B?

Lauren works in a ski resort grading ski runs. A blue run has a gradient
shallower than -0.2, a red is steeper than a blue, but has a gradient shallower
than -0.25. Anything steeper is a black.
A run covers a horizontal distance of 1.75 km long and descends 400 meters.
What colour should Lauren grade it?

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Writing the equation of a line in the form y = mx + c gives you a nifty way of finding the gradient
and y-intercept. Remember that — it'll save you loads of time. Anything for an easy life...

For each of the following lines, give the gradient and the coordinates of the point where
the line cuts the y-axis.
a) y=4x+3 €) =o i) “WHE lex + 3
b) y=3x-2 f) y=-24 3 . D V= Vax4+ 2
y= al g)y=-6x-4 >) By = 4x + 6
d) y= -374 3 h) p=x SE 8h
” | know these are a bit algebra-ish,
but don't worry, they won't bite.
Find the equations of
the following lines:
a)A
b)B
c)C
d) D
e)E
f) F

Yeah, OK, this sounds a bit

scary, but just work out the
gradient (m) and look at the
y-intercept (c) and pop them
back into "y = mx +c"...
easy lemons.

Find the equation of the straight line which passes through:

a) (3, 7) and has a gradient of 1 c) (4, -4) and has a gradient of —1
b) (2, 8) and has a gradient of 3 d) (-1, 7) and has a gradient of -3.

Write down the equation of the line which passes through the points:
a) (2, 2);andi525) Cc) CIAO) andsee— 12)
b) (1, 3) and (4, 12) d) (—5, 6) and (-1, —2).

What is the value of x or y if:

a) the point (x, 13) is on the liney = 3x + 1 c) the point (4, y) is on the liney = 2x - 1
b) the point (x, —2) is on the liney = Vax — 6 d) the point (-3, y) is on the liney = 3x?

Which of the following points lie on the liney = 3x — 1?

(7, 20), (6, 15), (5, 14}

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Quadratic Graphs
( So, you can spot a quadratic graph at ten paces, but can you draw one...

The simplest quadratic graph is y = x?

6 a ee
Me of: 4/9
‘Therewillalways | =
be an x term. Sometimes either 'b' or 'c’
The value of ‘a’ could be zero. Even if both
cannot be zero were equal to zero, the graph
Saecn eane would still be quadratic
Never join the points
ag up with a ruler

|The graph y=x' has a |

Feticitan. Quadratic graphs are always shaped
like a bucket. (Funny shaped bucket,
but you see what | mean).

Ql Complete this table of values for the quadratic graph y = 2x’.

a) Draw axes with x from -4 to 4 and
y from 0 to 32.
b) Plot these 9 points and join them
with a smooth curve. Remember to! equane
c) Label your graph. first then x 2

Q2 Complete this table of values for the graph y = x? + x.

By putting more steps

in your table of values,
the arithmetic is easier

a) Draw axes with x from -4 to 4 and y from O to 20.

b) Plot the points and join them with a smooth curve.
c) Draw and label the line of symmetry for the quadratic graph y = x° + x.

If the x? term has a minus sign in front of it, the bucket will be turned upside down.

b) Draw the graph y = 3 — x’

fOr eet - .

cithegaphy=ss Me!
| TP | iy |
c) ee Ae a value SEy stsisistetatelets

Mere)
| | | tlt |
SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS
 Harder Graphs
Cr Identify the type of graph shown below.
Choose from straight line, quadratic, cubic and reciprocal:

P You'll need to be able to sketch a graph from memory — yeah, scary huh.
f\) SA; Don't worry — there aren't that many types you're expected to remember (phew).
Soe 4 types are covered here — straight line (easy), x? (buckets), x° (wiggly) and
\==0 x I/x (2 bits and "x=O" missing).

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Harder Graphs
Here are some equations, and there are some curves below. Match the equations
to the curves.
a) y=-2x-1 d) y= +3 g) page if) ) y=2
b) y= 3x e) yar h) pax k) y=
Cc) y=x°+2 Bina 3 i) y= -- ly = aa

i)

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Harder Graphs
You go about a cubic in the same way as you would a quadratic — but you should
get a different shaped graph, of course. It's always a good idea to put lots of steps
in the table of values — that way it's easier to check any points that look wrong.

Complete this table of values fory = x’:

Draw the graph of y =x’.

Draw the graph of y = -x’.

Draw the graph ofy = x° + 4.

- Remember — no rulers. -

Complete this table of values fory = -x? — 4:

Draw the graph of y = -x* — 4.

Look at your graphs for questions 1 and 3.

What has been done to graph 1 to change it into graph 3?
Without plotting a table of values draw the graph of y = x? — 4.

Look at your graphs for questions 2 and 4.

What has been done to graph 2 to change it into graph 4?
Without plotting a table of values draw the graph of y = -x* + 4.

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 61

Harder Graphs
a)
Here are some equations and shapes that are even more alien... Just g0 about doing
“S77 them the same way as a cubic or quadratic and you'll be fine. Don't try to skip stages
had when you're working through it — errors will then become much harder to spot.

The two halves of a I/x graph never touch and are symmetrical around y = x and y = -x.
Cy Complete this table of values for the graph y = 1/x.
a) Draw axes with x from -4 to 4 and
7
y from -1 to 1. . a4 | -3|-2{afo[i|2|a]
a|
b) Plot these points and join them y= BRR
with a smooth curve.
c) Label your graph. ~. ne
NPN Neen aems ILO Natlimal amst)item NTS AI IVS ES ET SE S/o IA Ate Ze27

The O's just there to fool you — any equation with A/x
in it never makesa graph that passes throughx = O.
teem al a A Ne eC UM MEA AE Nahi ett) eT? Oat TSSNot PKC IFSf edie a. SS

A/x? graphs are similar to 1/x graphs but the two halves are next to each other.
Complete this table of values for the graph y = 3/2’.

a -4|-3| -2|slolij2]
3 ja a NUNS CN Ne

Ais any number

I)SE ee ie he

=—
we | fo25| | |i} fon] |
~

— positive or negative —
Tae | || |isi |
a
ELEN ie TPT DinNie ON AS OAR ON ES

a) Draw axes with x from -4 to 4 and y from 0 to 3.

b) Plot the points and join them with a smooth curve.
c) Draw and label the line of symmetry for the quadratic graph y = 3/2’.

k* graphs are always above the x-axis and pass through the point (0, 1).
a) Complete this table of values for the graph y = 2°.
b) Draw the graph y = 2* for x from -4 to 4. ~ kis any @
c) Why do k* graphs always paposiitive pusker is
pass through (0, 1)?

All these types of equations can be combined — see what shape of graph you get.
Q12 Ey Complete this table of values for the graph y = 3*— 6/x.
b) Draw the graph y = 3*- 6/x
for x from -3 to 3.

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Functions
Right, functions. Don't let appearances deceive you — treat them like the regular
equations that you've seen loads of times before. Nothing to worry about here then.

Ql Express the following equations using function notation:

a) VSS x b) y= 790 -41x c) y = 3(9x*+ 2)

For the following functions find x when f(x) = 2:

aici a c) 1i=5 4 ae 8x
b) f(x) =x? + 1 d) f(x) = 3x? - 10

For each of the following functions determine which —

values of x are excluded from the domain of f:
paste
a) f(xy) = VvV4-—x c) fix) =@-1)+x
b) fo) =x? d) fx) = /2x +7

If f(x) =4x+12 and g(x) = 3 —x°* then find:

a) f(8) c) f(-4)
b) g(3) d) gf(x)

Evaluate the following:

a) f(-1) where f(x) = aed d) n'(2) where n(x) = 32 + 4(—x + 7)
b) g(9) where g(x) = 7x? - 13 e) tx — 21-—x° wherex = 3

c) kj(-3) where j(x) = oa) and k(x) =—14x f) v:x — 24 where x = 3

Find:

a) hi(x), if he) = 1-8

x
and ig) =—x+2
b) m-'(x), if m(x) = ie 3

c) p'(q(x)), if p@) = 8x +5 and 13

q(x) = x2

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Differentiation
Differentiation — not as nightmarish as it first looks.
It just takes a bit of practice and remembering that...

SNe NS ne NL ene
~ This bit just means 'the ~
__ result of differentiating =
v the thing in the brackets'.~
ep ey: i {Ny \e a

Find 2 when:

ayy x d) y=2x

Di x" Cae,
chy? Drayve aa

Find:

dy
- when y Aa
= a dy
a, when y i=s

rv when y == 10¢ 5
dy
ag when y >—=
dy
3 470
a2

Find ~ when:

ajyaex t+} ye g) p=4x84+77°4+3

Dye — 2x’ + 11 vax 2 Or h) y=3x°+34+x

ig Xia.2 f) i= 7 Ox: Da =e +xP+x°+9

©when y = 9x! +x? + 4x? + 6x +22

©when y = 3x9 + 7x4+ Bx + 2x? + 10x+ 13

~ wheny = 5x8 + 4x° + 12x4 + 7x? + 8

oYwhen y = 11d*+ 12d?

+ 9d? + 14d +15

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

64

Differentiation
Cr Differentiate to get the gradient expression for the graphs of each of these equations.
a) y=—-40? -— x? c) y=—6x' — 2x° -6 e) y= +

b) y = 5x3 +.3x? + x d) y=2x% +x°-8x+3

Ct) Find the gradient of each of these graphs at x = 0.5 by:

a) Drawing a tangent to the curve and finding its gradient.
b) Differentiation. i)

Find the gradient of the graph of each of the following equations atx =—1 and x =2.

a) PSa27 | d) v=-° +3 g) y= 5 te 2 Dpy=

= oe Doe e) y= x2 h) y= x3 k) y=
b)
2

¢) yar 42 f) y=2x7-3 i) y = a — aul2

Using differentiation to find gradients, decide which of the following is the graph
of y =x? + 3x* +x-—2. Show your working.
A y

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Differentiation
What are the coordinates of the point on the graph of
the equation y = 2x? + 3x where the gradient is +112

What are the coordinates of the point on the graph

of the equation y = 4x’ + 7 where the gradient is +4?

The vertical distance, d, of a hot air balloon from the ground in km is given by the
formula d =-—f + 3t, where t is the time in hours and 0 < t <3.
For how long, to the nearest minute, is the hot air
balloon more than 1 km above the ground?
Find an expression for the vertical velocity of the balloon, v.
Find the vertical velocity of the balloon after 30 minutes and after 1 hour.

An object is fired from a space rocket. Its distance, d metres,

from a point O is given by the formula d = 2¢°(t + 1), where ¢
is the number of seconds that have passed and 0 <f< 10.
How far from point O is the object after 6 seconds?
Find the velocity of the object after 6 seconds.
Find the acceleration of the object after 6 seconds.

etd The velocity (in m/s) of a flying alien at time ¢ seconds is given by the formula
v=4P + 2t+3 (forO<t< 300).
a) Find the velocity of the alien after 40 seconds.
b) Find the acceleration of the alien after 40 seconds.

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

 Differentiation

Find the coordinates of the turning points of these graphs.

For each, say if the turning point is a maximum or minimum.
Ay d) y=-7° + 4x-8

b) y=5x° +x e) v=(x + 4)(x - 8)

¢) YS3r tla 5

Qats} Find dy
zB for each of the following § equations.
eq
ve MD REAP | ay Le of, “y

Remember that I/x? —

a) y=x*-x°-3x-8 Cc) ve ax = 1 a TO 2
?
is the same as x”. —
EX Loe ae A ee Ny eeNes

b) y = 4x° + 9x4 d) y=x2 + 7.5x2 4 2 ES

Find the coordinates of the turning points of the

graphs of each of the following equations.

a) y 4x3 =x? — 3x -8 Cc) y = 4x7-4.5x? -5x-2

b)y = $x? — 16x?

+48x d) y=x2
+ 6x2 4+12x41

Cyt) The temperature (in °C) of a.room is given by the formula C = —20f + 402 — 10,
where ¢ is the time in hours after a heater was turned on (for 0 < t< 2).
a) What was the temperature of the room when the heater was turned on?
b) What was the rate of temperature change after 30 minutes?
c) After some time, the heater was turned off. The room started to cool immediately.
At what time was the heater switched off?

SECTION THREE — GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS AND CALCULUS

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE 67
Scale Drawings
Watch out for those units... there's quite a mixture here —
you'll have to convert some of them before you can go anywhere.

A rectangular room measures 20 m long and 15 m wide. Work out the measurements
for a scale drawing of the room using a scale of 1 cm = 2 m.

Katie drew a scale drawing of the top of her 3

desk. She used a scale of 1:10. This is her Beret rer tis +ea
drawing of the computer keyboard. | pT TE TTT TTT
What are its actual dimensions?

This is a scale drawing of part of Paul’s kitchen.

Measure the width of the gap for the oven.
The drawing uses a scale of 1 : 60.
Work out the maximum width of oven, in cm, that Paul can buy.

A rectangular room is 4.8 m long and 3.6 m wide.

a) Make a scale drawing of it using a scale of 1 cm to 120 cm.
b) On your scale drawing mark a window which has an actual length of 2.4 m
on one long wall and mark a door, actual width 90 cm, on one shorter wall.

The scale on this map is 1 cm: 4 km. a : ‘

a) Measure the distance from A to B in cm. Gara Te
b) What is the actual distance from A to B in
km Se

Ce

c) A helicopter flies on a direct route from A to B, B to C and C to Daa

What is the total distance flown in km?

Frank has made a scale drawing of his sa to peehim plan some improvements.
The scale on the drawing is 1: 70. ~——
a) Frank wants to put up a fence along
the three outside edges of the lawn.
How many metres of fencing does
he need to buy?
b) What is the actual area of
Frank’s patio in m?

if the scale doesn't say what units it's in, it just means that both sides of
the ratio are the same units — so 1: 1000 would mean 1 cm : 1000 cm.

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Geometr
Here are some angle rules then — just the 7 for now. You can't
get away without knowing these, I'm afraid, so get learning.

1) Angles in a triangle 5) Angles on a straight line add up to 180°

add up to 180°

2) Angles in a quadrilateral
add up to 360°
6) ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
have two sides the same
3) Angles round a point and two angles the same
add up to 360°

7) EXTERIOR angle of a triangle =

sum of opposite INTERIOR angles.

4) When a line crosses d=a+b

TWO PARALLEL LINES,
the two bunches of
angles are the same

For the following diagrams, find the lettered angles. LM isa straight line.
Q1 a) C)

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Geometr
This page is a bit dull — just lots of boring angles... still, that's geometry for you.
Oh and by the way, you've got to work the angles out — don't try and sneakily
measure them, they're probably drawn wrong anyway...

For the following diagrams, find the lettered angles. LM isa straight line.

Q3 a)

SS Ae AN thyMlthi gallhelen iy Sill Tp Sl A) (al A SU a a oe

~ Keep an eye out for parallel lines and vertically opposite angles — —
— they'll help no end... as long as you can remember the rules, of course. —
oa —
ei Se Se Vite eM Ne il ime ae tdi Ble Ble I olh th Not Nemes iQ tl ATED All oye Np See

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Polygons
The one thing they're guaranteed to ask you about is Interior and Exterior Angles — S 7
you'd better get learning those formulas... oe

A POLYGON is a many-sided shape. A REGULAR polygon is

one where ALL THE SIDES AND ANGLES ARE THE SAME.
You need to know these two formulas:
1) EXTERIOR ANGEE= 360" = Now or Sides
2) INTERIOR ANGLE = 180° = EXTERIOR ANGLE

What sort of triangles occur in every regular polygon (except a hexagon), when each
vertex is joined to the centre by a straight line?

Sketch a regular hexagon and draw in all its lines of symmetry.

State the order of rotational symmetry.

In each of the pentagons below, all the sides are of equal length, two of the angles are
90° and the other interior angles are m, m, and r degrees.
a) Explain in two different ways why
2K = 300
b) What is the size of angle x?
c) Copy the diagram and add two more
pentagons (by tracing through) so that the
pointT is completely surrounded and the
whole figure forms part of a tessellation.
Label all the angles of the new pentagons.

Q4 A square and a regular hexagon are J

placed adjacent to each other.
a) What is the size of ZPQW?
b) What is the size of ZPRW?
c) How many sides has the regular
polygon that has ZPQW as one of
its angles?
W

An irregular pentagon has interior angles of 100°, 104°, 120°.

If the other two angles are equal, what is their size?

a) The sum of the interior angles of a regular 24-sided polygon is 3960°.

Use this to calculate the size of one interior angle.
b) From your answer to part a) calculate one exterior angle and show that the sum of the
exterior angles equals 360°.

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Polygons
C ABCDE is a regular pentagon. It is drawn ina
circle with centre O. SAT is a tangent drawn to
EN the circle at A.
B D a) Calculate the size of angle BOA.
SS b) Find the size of angle OBA.

cee iets
S c) Write down the size of angle:

Say ee ii) BAS.

d) Hence write down the size of angle BEA, giving
a reason for your answer.

Se Te MWe pes
= Remember that
formula for —
Q8 The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 2520°. = the Sum of interi
or angles —
How many sides does this regular polygon have? —_ it comes in ha
ndy here.
SS ONG ™
Lea

ABCDE is a regular pentagon whose vertices

lie on a circle of radius 5 cm, centre O.
DOM is an axis of symmetry of the pentagon
and cuts the chord AB at X.
a) Calculate the size of angle BOX.
b) Find the length OX. Hence find the distance
of M from the chord AB.

~ You need to use trigonometry to =

~ find OX — cos 0 = adj / hyp. =
~

Q10 ABCDEFGH isa regular octagon.

a) Copy the figure and mark on the axis of
symmetry which maps H to A.
b) Calculate the size of angle EFC.

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Summetr
Two types of symmetry here — but don't worry, | reckon
their names pretty much give the game away.

There are TWO types of symmetry to learn:

You can draw a mirror line across the object and
1) LINE YVIMET
SS both sides will fold together exactly.
2) ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY | YOU.Can rotate the shape or drawing into different
positions that all look exactly the same.

Draw all the lines of symmetry for each of the following shapes.
(Some shapes may have no lines of symmetry.)
a) b) c) d) e) f)

Ssydie’ alee Ss lei Tele giles /itaian teos 2:

_ These questions are a piece of cake if you use _
tracing paper — you can use it in the Exam = —
_ too, so take some with you or ask for it. = _
OU EU Meo BA NS es NaN aera

Q2 What is the order of rotational symmetry for each of the following shapes?
a) C) d)

y
ay

Q3 Mark in the lines of symmetry of the following letters. State the order of rotational

MAVAKSZ
symmetry for each one.

Q4 Draw an example of each of the following shapes. Put in the axes of symmetry and
state the order of rotational symmetry.
a) An equilateral triangle. d) An isosceles trapezium.
b) An isosceles triangle. e) A regular octagon.
c) A rhombus. f) A parallelogram.

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Circle Geometry
A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of a circle
of radius 9m. The chords AC and BD meet at point X, at
an angle of 90°. If AC = 13 m and AX = 6.5 m, what is
the length of BD? Explain your answer.

Q2 A, B and C are points on the circumference of a circle with

centre O. BD and CD are tangents of the circle.
a) State the length BD.
b) Calculate the size of angle COD.
c) State the size of angle COB.

The circle in the diagram to the left contains a triangle with points
(A and B) at both ends of a diameter and angle C to the edge of
the circle. A tangent has been drawn which makes angle D with
the radius, r. O is the centre of the circle.
What are the sizes of the angles C and D?

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with angle BCD = 100°.

EF is a tangent to the circle touching it at A.
angie DAF = 30°.
Write down the size of angle:
a) BAD
b) EAB.

A, B, C, D and E are points on the circumference of

a circle with centre O. Angle BDE = 53°. The line
AF is a tangent to the circle, touching it at A.
Soc Ea Sj.) Ad:
a) angle BOE
b) angle ACE.

SECTION FoUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Circle Geometry
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and the tangent
to the circle at A makes an angle of 70° with the
side AD. Angle BCA = 30°. Write down, giving
a reason, the size of:
a) angle ACD
b) angle BAD.

(6x - 50)° A, B, C and D are points on the

circumference of a circle. Angle ABD
= (3x + 40)° and angle ACD = (6x — 50)?.
a) Give a reason why angle ABD
(8x + 40)°
and angle ACD are the same.
b) Form an equation in x and by solving it,
find the size of angle ABD.

20°

Q8 O is the centre of a circle and AB is a chord. DA

The length OA = 5 cm and angle OAB = 20°. s
Find the length of the chord AB.
5 eae mt Y \) I
i eas a work out =
~ One way to do this |
— angle AOB and use th e sine rule.
Tran. ae
a
—
Ds

yy eat ma ean eae

A, B, C, D and E are points on the circumference of a circle

with centre O. X is the point at which AB and DE intersect.
a) AC = BC and the area of triangle ABC is 64 cm?.
AX] : What is the length of AB?
ie b) BX = 3AX, and DX = 6 cm.
OS Find the lengths of EX and DE.
C

A, B, C and D are points on the circumference

of a circle. O is the centre of the circle, AC is
a diameter and angle AOD = 140°. Write down:
a) angle ABD A
b) angle ABC
c) angle DBC.

SECTION FoUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Circle Geometry
A tangent of a circle is drawn, touching it at A. x
C and B are two other points on the circumference A#,—™C
and AOB is a diameter. O is the centre of the circle.
Angle ABC is 23°.
a) Write down the size of angle ACB, giving a reason
for your answer.
b) Find the size of the angle marked x° in the diagram. Wo 23° |

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The lines AC and BD

intersect at X. Lengths AX = 4 cm, DX = 8 cm and
XC 1435 cm. Angles DXG = 65and ABD = 30°.
a) Show that triangles DXC and AXB are similar.
b) Find the length of XB.
c) Write down the size of angle BDC.

B, C and D are three points on the circumference

of a circle with BD as a diameter. O is the centre
of the circle and ADC is a straight line.
ee 10cm and BG— 3 em.
a) Write down the size of angle ACB,
giving a reason for your answer.
b) Show that AC is 9.54 cm correct to 2 decimal places.
c) If AD = 5 cm, find the length of the diameter DOB correct to 2 decimal places.

A, B, C, D, E and F are points on the circumference of

a circle. O is the centre of the circle. X is the point at
which AC and BD intersect. AOD, CAY and EFY are all
straight lines.
a) Write down the size of angles ABD and ACD, giving a
reason for your answer.
be = One. C= occ ane A= 5 cm. Calculate BX.
Clie —o cand YA]—2o5o cn. Calculate YE

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 The Four Transformations

A is the point (4, 3), B is (4, 1) and

Cis S, We
Using a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit
draw the axes and mark on it
the figure given by ABC.
Reflect ABC in the x-axis and
label the image A,B,C...
Reflect A,B,C, in the y-axis and
label the image A,B,C...
Describe fully the single transformation
which would map ABC onto A,B,C...

Copy the axes using a scale of 1 cm to

1 unit. Mark on the axes a quadrilateral
O'with corners (-2, 1), C3; 1), G3; 3)
ane ez. 2)
Rotate Q clockwise through 90°
about the point (-1, 2). Label the
image R.
b) Rotate R clockwise through 90°
about the point (0, 1). Label the
image S.
c) Describe fully the rotation that
maps Q to S.
d) Rotate Q through 180° about the
point (-’2, -1). Label the image T.
e) Rotate Q anticlockwise through 90°
about the point (-1, -1). Label the
image U.
f) Describe fully the rotation that sends U to T.

Draw axes with x and y running from 0 to 12 with a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit.

Ois theorigin. Ora) PQ ae )ang QOka= OP. SO
VUIEEU TINE
a) Mark P, Q and R on your axes. = Urebh =vectors...
as Make sure you get the
b) Translate R by QO. Label the image T. — coordinates the right way
c) Verify that PQ arQR Rie sO round — top for x direction,—
bottom for y direction. ~
/PEUL TLVATE >

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 v7

The Four Transformations

Move each point separately — then check your shape hasn't
done anything unexpected while you weren't looking.

Q4 Copy the axes and mark on triangle A

with corners (-1, 2), (0, 4) and (-2, 4).
Use a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit.
a) Reflect A in the liney = —x.
Label this image B.
b) ReflectA in the linex = 1.
Label the image C.
c) Reflect A in the liney = -1.
Label the image D.
d) Translate triangle D with the vector Ge
Label this image E.
e) Translate triangle C with the vector hath
Label this image F.
f) Describe fully the transformation that
sends C to E.

Q5 Copy the axes below using a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit.

A parallelogram A has vertices at (6, 4), (10, 4), (8, 10) and (12, 10).
Draw this parallelogram onto your axes.
An enlargement of scale factor 2 and centre (0, 0) transforms
parallelogram A onto its image B.

a) Draw this image B on your axes.

b) Translate B by the vector fee and label this image C.
c) Calculate the ratio of the area of parallelogram C to the area of parallelogram A.

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Congruence, Similarity and Enlargement
Ql In the diagram below, BC is parallel to DE.
AB= 12 cm, BD =6 cm, DE=25) en and. CE—1 Oven:
D
8 cm a) Explain why triangles ABC and ADE are similar.
B 25 om DP) Find the lengths of x and y in the diagram.

Another triangle, congruent to the triangle shown on the

right, must be drawn with vertices at three of the dots.
Show in how many different ways this can be done.

A boy made a symmetrical framework with metal rods as shown. Lengths AB = BC,
sT=TC and AP = PQ. ‘Angle BVC = 90° andslenetn.BY Olena
a) Find two triangles which are similar to
triangle ABC.
b) Calculate the length of AP. Hence write
down the length of PT.
c) Calculate the area of triangle ABC.
d) Find the area of triangle APQ. Give your
answer correct to 3 significant figures.
e) Hence write down the area of PQBST correct to 2 significant figures.

Copy the diagram on the right onto squared paper.

a) Draw an enlargement of the triangle ABC of scale factor 2.
Use the point O as the centre of enlargement and label the
image A,B,C...
b) Rotate triangle ABC through 180° about the point O.
Label the image A,B,C...
c) Which image is congruent to triangle ABC?

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 te

Congruence, Similarity and Enlargement

Don't forget that when you're enlarging areas and volumes,
there's a bigger scale factor — that one catches everyone out.

Sharon has a fish tank which is 42 cm wide

and has a volume of 30 litres.
She sees a similar fish tank in the pet shop
which is 63 cm wide. CS) 6) CO) Ee:
What is the volume of the larger fish tank
to the nearest litre?

Q6 A cylindrical bottle can hold 1 litre of oil. A second cylindrical bottle has
twice the radius but the same height. It also contains oil.
a) Explain why these bottles are not similar.
b) How much oil can the larger bottle hold?

For a graphics project, Eliza makes a model of a chocolate

box in the shape of a cuboid 5 cm long, 2 cm wide and
3 cm high.
a) Calculate the area of material needed to make the model
(assuming no flaps are required for glueing).
b) Eliza decides that the full size packaging will be similar to
the model, but enlarged by a scale factor of 4. Calculate
the area of material Eliza needs to make a full-size box.

On a holiday near the sea, children built a sandcastle in the shape of a cone.
The radius of the base is 100 cm and the height is 100 cm.
a) What is the volume of the sandcastle in m? correct to
3 significant figures?
The children now remove the
top portion to make a similar
cone but only 50 cm in height.
b) State the radius of the base of this
smaller cone.
c) State the ratio of the volume of the small
cone to the volume of the original cone.
d) Calculate the volume of the small cone in m3 correct to
3 significant figures.
e) Hence write down the ratio of the volume of the portion left of the original cone to the
smaller cone in the form n:1.

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Perimeter and Area
4 cm
QI Calculate the area and perimeter of the rectangle.

Q2 Calculate the area and perimeter of the square.

Q3 You have been asked to paint the outside wall

of a building shown in the diagram opposite.
a) Find the area of wall that needs painting.
b) A 1 litre tin of paint will cover 13 m/?. aia
~ You need the two ~
How many | litre tinsea are needed to give the eran
aaa
;
circle formulas here
wall two coats of paint? 4 ey
c) The wall is also going to have a tiled border 2 A
C7
ay
around the edge. Calculate the length of the PALETTE
Ta
edge of the wall to be tiled.

A rectangular dining room, with a width equal

to half its length, needs carpet tiling.
a) Calculate the area of the floor, if its width is 12 m.
b) If carpet tiles are 50 cm by 50 cm squares,
calculate how many tiles will be required.
c) If carpet tiles cost £4.99 per m?,
calculate the cost of tiling the dining room.

An attachment on a child’s toy is made from plastic

in the shape of an octagon with a square cut out.
By counting squares or otherwise, find the area of
plastic needed to make 4 of these attachments.

Josh is making a cube bean bag out of material

for his textiles coursework. If each side of the
cube is to have edges of length 60 cm, how
many square metres of material will Josh need?

Natasha is training for a marathon by jogging around the outside of a square

field of area 9000 m*. One evening, Natasha completed 11 laps of the field.
How far did she run? Give your answer to the nearest 100 m.

A lawn is to be made 48 m?. If its width is 5 m, how long is it? How many rolls of turf
50 cm wide and 11 m long should be ordered to grass this area?

This parallelogram has an area of 4773 mm’.

How long is its base?

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Perimeter and Area
Q10 = A metal blade for a craft knife is the es me cP
shape of a trapezium.
Calculate the area of the metal.

<M __~ 188 a SJ»

er te” | ae heeaAliclinet sake Mit ate 7

— If you can't remember the formula for the area of a trapezium, —
~ you can always split the shape into a rectangle and atriangle. i
eee A eS PA Te EE WN a eh NS

Qlil = Jon is making a metal bracket as part of his technology project.

The bracket is stamped out of sheet metal in a 2 phase process:
Ist: The outer triangle, measuring 14.4 cm by 10 cm,
is stamped out.
2nd: A smaller inner triangle measuring 5.76 cm by 4 cm
is stamped out of the larger triangle. 5.76 cm

The bracket should be made from no more than 50 cm ‘hie Lae eet
of sheet metal if the fixing is to support its weight.
Will the fixing take the weight of Jon's bracket?

A modern glass sculpture is to be erected.

It is made from glass in the shape of two mountain peaks.
Calculate each separate area and hence
find the total area of glass required.

A fighter aircraft's wing is shown on the right.

Calculate its area, and its perimeter.
ve NG NN i i ae i Ue Ze

~ Two lots of Pythagoras are needed —

~ to find the length of the third side. —
ae ae! Me Ne ead Alaailemlh a “We NON Ng NRONT SoS

A simple tent is to be made in the shape of a

triangular prism. The dimensions are shown
in the diagram.
a) The two end faces are isosceles triangles.
Find their areas.
b) The two sides and ground sheet are
rectangles. Find their areas.
c) How much material is required to make
this tent?

Q15.— Calculate the area of a rhombus with diagonals

7 km by 11 km.

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Perimeter and Area
Q16 A minor sector is labelled A on the diagram.
Name the features labelled B, C and D.

Q17_~—s— Using m= 3.14, find:

a) The area of a circle with radius = 6.12 m. Give your answer to 3 dp.
b) The circumference of a circle with radius = 7.2 m. Give your answer to 2 sf.
c) The circumference of a circle with diameter = 14.8 m. Give your answer to 1 dp.
d) The area of a circle with diameter = 4.246 cm. Give your answer to 3 dp.

Q18 Find the area and the perimeter of each of the shapes drawn here. Use m= 3.14.
c)

Diameter 60m

A plastic strip is made in the shape shown.

The curves AC and BD are both arcs of
circles with centre O. The larger circle has
radius 30 mm and the smaller circle has a
radius 20 mm. The shaded ends of the shape Kae
are both semicircles. S
Find the area of the shape ABDC.
Find the area of the two semicircular ends.
Hence write down the area.of the complete shape.

A washing powder ball looks from the side like a

circle with the shaded area removed. The circle
has radius 5 cm and the angle AOB = 80°.
a) Find the area of the sector OAB.
b) Find the area of triangle AOB and hence the area
of the shaded area. NANT UHRA ND TO
— The formula you
= need for part b) is
— area = Yeabsin(C). —
LATA ET thy ea

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Surface Area
Before you go any further — make sure you know these 3 facts...

Surface Area and Nets

1) SURFACE AREA only applies to solid 3-D objects. It's the
TOTAL AREA of all the OUTER SURFACES added together.
2) A NET is justA SOLID SHAPE folded out FLAT.
a) MOURFAGEAREMOESOHD = AREM@FINER

The net shown will fold to make a cube. Only one flap
is shown. Copy the diagram.
a) Put an X in each corner that touchesY when
the cube is made up.
b) Put an F where the flap will join one face
to another when the cube is made up.
c) Put on the other flaps necessary to
glue the cube together.

Draw an accurate net that would fold to make the 3-D

cuboid shown (diagram is not full size).
It is not necessary to include flaps.

The diagram shows the net of a solid in which ABC

is an equilateral triangle and BCGE is a square.
a) Which points will coincide with A when the net is
folded up to make the solid?
b) Describe the symmetry of the net.
c) How many faces, edges and vertices does it have
when in solid form?

Q4 The diagram shows the net of a cube of edge 8 cm.

a) Which point coincides with M when the net is
folded to make the cube?
b) Find the area of the face DGHK.
c) What is the total surface area of the cube?
d) Use isometric paper to draw a 3-D scale
drawing of the completed cube.

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Surface Area

Which of these two nets will

form a pyramid on a triangular
base with all four faces
equilateral triangles?
Net B

Hannah bought a bottle of perfume as a present in a cylindrical container,

which was 20 cm tall and had a radius of 4 cm. She wanted to wrap the
container in shiny red paper. She has enough paper to cover an area of 600 cm”.
Is that enough to wrap the container?

Find the surface area of a sphere with

a diameter of 6 cm.

Which of these two shapes has the greatest surface area?

Show your working.

8 cm

3 cm

a
3 cm

A hemisphere has a surface area of 757. Find the radius, in cm, of the hemisphere.

Bill has a greenhouse with dimensions as shown.

The roof is made up of eight panels of equal size.
A storm breaks all of the glass in the shaded area on
the diagram.
Calculate the area of glass which Bill must buy to E
repair his greenhouse. C
- Look for a right-angled triangle to calculate AB. -

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Volume
Make sure you know the five main volume formulas
— for cuboids, spheres, prisms, pyramids and cones.

Joe buys a polythene tunnel to protect his plants

from frost. It has a semicircular diameter of
70 cm and a length of 3 m.
a) Find the cross-sectional area.
b) Hence find the volume of the tunnel.

| am planning to build a circular pond in my garden

surrounded by a ring shaped paved area.
The pond will be 50 cm deep and filled with water.
Calculate the approximate cost of paving the area around
the pond with slabs costing £16 per m°.
Give your answer to the nearest £10.
| need to add 15 ml of liquid pond treatment for every m? of
water in the pond. Find the volume of treatment | will need
to add to the pond. Give your answer to the nearest ml.

A solid metal cube, each of whose sides

is 10 cm long, is melted down and made
into a solid cylinder 10 cm high.
a) What is the radius of this cylinder?
b) Find the surface area of the cylinder.

A tin mug has the dimensions shown.

a) What is the greatest volume of milk the
mug can hold?
b) In fact, 600 cm? of milk is poured in.
How high will it go up the mug?

A nut has the cross-section illustrated.

The circular hole has a diameter of
1.4 cm and the nut is 5 mm thick.
Find the volume of the nut in cm:?.

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Volume
The largest Egyptian pyramid has a square 139 m
base of 230 m and a height of 139 m.
What is the volume of this pyramid?
Give your answer to the nearest m’.

230 m

Steve has bought a pair of speaker stands. The base of

each stand is a hollow prism with the dimensions shown.
A hollow tube of diameter 4 cm and height 110 cm
screws into the top of each base to form the stand.
Steve is filling the stands with sand to improve stability.
Find the volume of sand Steve needs to use to fill both AFH. 2. 4, DAOC
stands (the bases and the tubes). - 1 litre = 1000 cm? =
Give your answer in litres to2 d.p. ye oH ables

Jill buys a bookshelf with the dimensions shown in the diagram.

a) Find the cross-sectional area.
b) Find the volume of the bookshelf in m2.

Davey is pumping up a basketball. He knows the

diameter of a fully-inflated basketball should be no more
than 30 cm. Calculate the maximum volume of air that
Davey should use to inflate his basketball.

An earplug is made up a rubber hemisphere joined to a rubber

cylinder. The radius of the cylinder base is equal to the radius of the
hemisphere base.

volume of cylinder
= 3, find an expression for h in terms of r.
volume of hemisphere

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Volume
An egg timer is symmetrical and consists of hemispheres,
cylinders and cones joined together as shown to the left.
Calculate the volume of sand in the upper container.

-
7
You need to find three volumes and add them together. -

Sand runs into the bottom container at a constant

rate of 0.05 cm? per second. At the end of a
certain time period the sand has fallen through
into the bottom container as shown to the right.
How high (/) has it risen up the cylindrical part of
the bottom container? i
How long has it taken the sand to fall through until h

it is at this height? ay

An ice-cream cone is 10 cm deep and has a base diameter of 5 cm.

The bottom 4 cm of the cone is filled with solid chocolate as shown.
The rest of the cone is filled with ice cream and a hemisphere of
ice cream is mounted on top so that the base of the hemisphere
coincides with the base of the cone.
chocolate ,
a) Calculate the volume of ice cream required to make one ice cream.
b) Calculate the outer surface area of the cone.

Mike and Shelly are doing an experiment to find the radius of a

marble. They fill a cylindrical container of diameter 10 cm and
height 20 cm with water to a depth of 10 cm. 200 identical marbles
are now submerged in the water. The depth increases to 14.5 cm.
Calculate the radius of one teal
10 cm “Thevolume increase is a oullnger and you're told pe height.-

Csr] A cuboid has a height of x m, a width of (3 —x) mand a length of (5 — x) m.

a) Write down an expression for the volume
of the cuboid.
b) Complete the table of values using your
expression for the volume of the cuboid.
c) Draw a graph of V againstx forO <x <3.
d) Use your graph to estimate the maximum volume
of the cuboid.
e) Estimate the surface area of the cuboid when the
volume is at its maximum.
f) A particular cuboid has a volume of 6 m?.
By using your graph to find the two possible values
of x, estimate the maximum total surface area of
the cuboid for this volume.

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Time
The times below are given using a 24-hour system.
Using am or pm, give the equivalent time for a 12-hour clock.
a) 0500 c) 0316 e) 2230
b) 1448 d) 1558 f) 0001

The times below are taken from a 12-hour clock. Give the equivalent 24-hour readings.
a) 11.30 pm c) 12.15 am e) 8.30 am
b) 10.22 am d) 12.15 pm f) 4.45 pm

Joe is watching a film. It starts at 19.55 and ends at 22.20.

How many minutes does the film last?

Find the time elapsed between the following pairs of times:

a) 0820 on 1 October 2010 and 1620 on the same day
b) 10.22 pm on 1 October 2010 and 8.22 am the next day
c) 2.18 am on 1 October 2010 and 2.14 pm later the same day
d) 0310 on 1 October 2010 and 0258 on 3 October 2010.

Convert the following into hours and minutes:

a) 3.25 hours b) 0.4 hours ¢) 7.3 hours d) 1.2 hours.

Convert the following into just hours:

a) 2 hours and 20 minutes
b) 3 hours and 6 minutes
c) 20 minutes.

This timetable refers to three trains that travel from Asham to Derton.
a) Which train is quickest from Asham to Derton?
b) Which train is quickest from Cottingham to Derton?

Asham — Derton
|| train) | Train 2
ROPE 0892 |ngs|1206
See 0914|126|vai
Caney 1002|1259|1456
Derton
c) | live in Bordhouse. It takes me 8 minutes to walk to the train station.
At what time must | leave the house by to arrive in Derton before 2.30 pm?

SECTION FoUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Speed, Distance and Time
This is an easy enough formula — and of course you can put it in
that good old formula triangle as well.

fm d= Total distance
ee Total time

A train travels 240 km in 4 hours. What is its average speed?

A car travels for 3 hours at an average speed of 55 km/h. How far has it travelled?
A boy rides a bike at an average speed of 15 km/h. How long will it take him to ride 40 km?
Complete this table.

Distance Travelled BE Lon Average Speed

3 hrs
30 km/h
2 hrs 30 mins 42 km/h
45 mins
800 km/h
1 hr 10 mins 60 km/h

An athlete can run 100 m in 11 seconds.

Calculate the athlete’s speed in:
a) m/s
b) km/h.

A plane flies over city A at 09.55 and over city B at 10.02.

What is its average speed if these cities are 63 km apart? Give your answer in km/h.
The distance from Kendal (Oxenholme) to London (Euston) is 420 km. The train travels at
an average speed of 115 km/h. Pete needs to be in London by 10.30. If he catches the
07.05 from Kendal, will he be in London on time? Show all your working.

In a speed trial a sand yacht travelled a measured kilometre in 36.4 seconds.

Calculate this speed in km/h. Pfarennienie tate)
On the return kilometre it took 36.16 seconds. Remember, for the average =
Find the total time for the two runs. peepee Goede the total
Calculate the average speed of the two runs in km/h. ee ae eae

A motorist drives from Manchester to London. 290 km is on motorway where he

averages 100 km/h. 90 km is on city roads where he averages 45 km/h, and 25 km
is on country roads where he averages 40 km/h.
a) Calculate the total time taken for the journey.
b) Hew far did he travel altogether?
c) Calculate the average speed for the journey.

SeEcTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Speed, Distance and Time
Q10 ~~ Victor walks at.an average speed of 4 km/h. He needs to walk to Askam-in-Furness,
3 km away. He needs to be there at 3.00 pm. What time should he set off?

Qll The distance between two railway stations is 145 km.

a) How long does a train travelling at 65 km/h on average take to travel this distance?
b) Another train travels on a parallel track at an average speed of 80 km/h but has a 10
min stop during the journey. How long does this second train take?
c) If both arrive at 1600, what time did each leave?

Two athletes ran a road race. One ran at an average speed of 16 km/h, the other at
4 m/s. Which was the fastest? How long would each take to run 10 km?

A plane leaves Amsterdam at 0715 and flies at an avetage speed of 650 km/h to Paris,
arriving at 0800. It takes off again at 0840 and flies at the same average speed to Nice
arriving at 1005.
a) How far is it from Amsterdam to Paris?
b) How far is it from Paris to Nice?
c) What was the average speed for the whole journey?

Q14 ~~ A runner covered the first 100 m of a 200 m race in 12.3 seconds.
a) What was his average speed for the first 100 m?
b) The second 100 m took 15.1 seconds. What was his average speed for the 200 m?

Q1I5_— A military plane can achieve a speed of 1100 km/h. At this speed it
passes over town A at 1205 and town B at 1217.
a) How far apart are towns A and B?
b) The plane then flies over village C, which is 93 km from B.
How long does it take from B to C?

Two Cars set off on 290 km journeys. One travels mostly on A roads and manages an
average speed of 68 km/h. The other car travels mostly on the motorway and achieves an
average speed of 103 km/h when the car is moving, but the driver stops for a break.
If they both take the same time over the journey, for how long does the second car stop?

A stone is dropped from a cliff top. After 1 second it has fallen

4.8 m, after 2 seconds a total of 19.2 m and after 3 seconds
43.2 m. Calculate its average speed:
a) in the first second
b) in the second second
c) for all 3 seconds
d) Change all the m/s speeds to km/h.

Q18 In 1990 three motor racers had fastest lap speeds of 236.6, 233.8 and 227.3 km/h.
If 1 km = 0.62 miles, how long would each driver take to lap 5 miles at these speeds?

SECTION FoUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 D/T and S/T Graphs
You need to remember what the different bits of a travel graph mean — what it
looks like when stopped, changing speed and coming back to the starting point.

Ql Peter set out from A at 0900 to walk to B. B10

a
a) How far did he walk in the 1st hour? Distance
b) He stopped twice; how long was each stop? om A (km)
c) What was his speed after the second stop? :
4

om

Ao
At 1000 Sarah set out on +.
her bike to ride from B to A.
d) What time did she arrive at A?
e) What was her average speed?
f) At what time did Peter and Sarah pass each other?

Q2 Dave drives a bus from Kendal to Ingleton and Distance

back again. The bus company graphed the (lon) 936
journey to help them organise their bus schedules.
a) How long did it take to get to Ingleton?
b) How much time was spent driving to and from
Ingleton excluding stops?
c) What was the average speed for the journey from
Kendal to Ingleton?
d) What was Dave's fastest speed?
e) The transport manager wants Dave to reduce the
duration of the stops on the Kendal to Ingleton route
so that he can make another journey from Kendal to 1730
Windermere starting at 1630. Would this be possible?

A train operator plans to purchase a new Distance 100

engine. They've graphed the journeys made ‘*™) 80
by five engines over a 100 km stretch of
track to help them decide which one is best. os
a) Calculate the speed of each train and state which —40
one was the fastest. ae Lake
b) How could you tell by looking at the diagram
which was the fastest and which was the slowest?

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 D/T and S/T Graphs
Mr Smith leaves home at 0730 to go to work. He walks at a steady 6 km/h for 2 km.
He catches the 0755 train, which takes 35 mins to travel 50 km. He then walks 3 km
to work and arrives at 0900.
Draw a graph to show this. How long did he wait at the station for the train?

This is.a speed-time graph for part Q6 This is a speed-time graph of a

of a cycle ride. train journey.

Speed
km/h
in
Speed
km/h
in

Time in Hours
Time in hours

a) How long in total was the cyclist a) Calculate the acceleration of the
accelerating for? train in the third hour of the journey.
b) When was the cyclist travelling the fastest? b) In which of the first four hours of the
c) What does the graph show the cyclist was journey was the train’s acceleration
doing in the third hour of the ride? greatest?

Two cars start a journey at midday (1200) — one travels from town A to village B, and
the other from village B to town A. A and B are 80 km apart. The car from town A
travels at an average speed of 48 km/h and the other car, from village B, at 60 km/h.
a) Draw a graph to show these journeys. SSP~
SAVE a 1a DS
b) At what : time do the cars pass? (approx.) Use, the speeds siven toons
out the time it takes for each
c) Approximately how far from’A are they when they pass? Ps
Sarto tivel tho GO
me ZA TES Ath AO NT Nae Np Ness

A girl set off on an all-day walk. She started at 0915 and walked at a steady speed for
9 km before stopping at 1100 for a 20 minute break. She then set off again at a steady
speed and walked 8 km, stopping at 1300 for 45 minutes. After lunch she walked at
3% km/h for 22 hours to her destination.
a) Draw a graph to show this walk.
b) How far did she walk altogether?
c) What was the average speed for the whole walk?
d) What was her fastest walking speed?

SECTION FoUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Unit Conversions
You've got to know all the metric conversion factors — there's no way out of it,
you'll just have to sit down and learn them, sorry and all that...
Ql Express the given quantity in the unit(s) in brackets:
a) 2m [cm] e) 650 m [km] i) 6m [mm] m) 550 kg [tonnes]
b) 3.3 cm [mm] f) 9 kg [gl j) 2 tonnes [kg] n) 3m54cm [cm]
c) 4 kg [g] g) 7 g [kg] k) 3000 g [kg] 0) 0.7 cm [mm]
d) 600 g [kg] h) 950 g [kg] 1) 83cm 6mm [mm] p) 4200 ml [I]

A seamstress needs to cut a 47 cm strip of finest Chinese silk.

a) How many m is this?
b) How many mm is this?

The priceless Greek statue in my garden is 3 metres tall.

a) How many cm is this?
b) How many mm is this?
c) How many km is this?

The scale on a map is 1:10 000.

How big are the following in real
life? Give your answers in km.
a) a distance of 2 cm on the map
b) a distance of 20 cm on the map
c) a distance of 70 cm on the map
d) an area of 2 cm’ on the map?

eee) als bl tebasleba idl T lotdedtdi ded dhaday

_ Maps can be tricky. Best thing is to keep the units
__ the same when you do the initial conversion, then do
xy another conversion to the appropriate units. x
er od bb
Alyfeded MdlielolPolebeh Wodest Vedi’

Another map has a scale of 1:3000.

What size on this map are the following?
Give your answers in cm.
a) a distance of5 km in real life ee aS
KA at
Pal Mid /
| ane
Hf

Pye dict Fela | lif — Just remember — the distance on the map is —
) a distance o eet [ee . ~ unlikely to be larger than the real-life distance. —
c) an area of 100 m?in real life PIV EAT
ee ae) teil Leave
d) an area of 50 m? in real life?

Justin is shopping online. He looks up the following exchange rates:

1.60 US dollars ($) to £1 sterling.
150 Japanese yen (¥) to £1 sterling.
Calculate to the nearest penny the cost in pounds sterling of each of Justin’s purchases:
a) A book costing $7.50
b) An MP3 player costing ¥7660

SECTION FouR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Conversion Graphs
Ql This graph can be used to convert the distance (km)
travelled in a taxi to the fare payable (£).
£

;3 a) How much will the fare be if you travel:

1) 2 km?
ii) 5 km?
iii) 10 km?
b) Mike lives 4.5 km away from his friend.
Is £16 enough money for Mike to get a taxi
to his friend’s house and back?
-~nNWO
DO
STDS
O

The graph on the right can be used to

give a rough conversion between US
dollars ($) and British pounds (£).
Use the graph to estimate:

a) how many dollars you would get for £3

b) how many dollars you would get for £1.50
c) how many pounds you would get for $3
d) how many pounds you would get for $5.50.

Q3 80 km is roughly equal to 50 miles.

Use this information to draw a conversion graph on the grid.
SS ON
=
NON EEN | el ee 1 ee
MILES
When you've got to draw your own conversion 60
graph, your best bet is to work out a few different
= values, and mark them on the graph first.
a we / / RE a ! Le i \ \ \ \ Na 50

a) Use the graph to estimate the

number of miles equal to: 40
i) 20 km
ii) 70 km 30
iii) 90 km
Use the graph to estimate
how many km are equal to:
i) 40 miles
ii) 10 miles
iii) 30 miles

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Constructions
a Work through these questions bit by bit, and remember...

BISECTOR — aline splitting an angle or line exactly in two.

Q1 a) Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm, AC = 3 cm.

b) Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB and
where this line meets BC, label the new point D.

Q2 Construct triangle PQR accurately with length PQ = 10.5 cm,

angle PQR = 95° and angle RPQ = 32°.
a) Construct the perpendicular bisector of the line PR.
Draw in point A where the bisector crosses the line PQ.
b) Bisect angle PRQ. Draw in point B where the bisector
crosses the Saihe
line PQ.
Q M easure the
e length
eng BA.
P

Q3 Use a ruler and compasses to construct square ABCD

accurately with length AB = 6.5 cm.
a) Construct the bisectors of angles BAD and ADC.
Mark the point O where the 2 bisectors cross.
b) Bisect the angle OAD.

Q4 Construct triangle PQR with length PQ = QR = 11.5 cm

and angle PQR = 38°.
a) Construct the bisectors of angles QPR and QRP.
Mark the point O where the 2 bisectors cross.
b) With centre O draw the circle which just touches the
sides PQ, PR and QR of the triangle. What is the radius Q eran)
of this circle?

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 Bearings
Ql Calculate the bearings required in these diagrams.

tech b) N
B B from C C from D
65°
A from B 130°
215°

It's easy to get lost if you

don't follow the easy rule:
always measure bearings
from the north line.

49°
D
D from E ; G from F
F from G

Q2 A coastguard spots a boat on a bearing of 040° and at a distance of 350 m.

He can also see a tree due east of him. The tree is due south of the boat.
a) Draw a scale diagram and measure accurately the distances from the:
i) boat to the tree
ii) coastguard to the tree
b) Check by Pythagoras to see if your answers are reasonable.

The word "from" is the most important word in a bearings

question, so look out for it — it tells you where to start from.

Four towns W, X, Y and Z are situated as follows:

W is 90 km north of X, Y is on a bearing 175° and 165 km from X, X is ona
bearing 129° and 123 km from Z. Draw an accurate scale diagram to represent
the situation.
From your drawing measure the distances:
WZ b) WY c) ZY.
Measure the bearings:
Y from Z e)W from Z_ f) Y from W.

A walker travels 1200 m on a bearing of 165° and then

another 1500 m on a bearing of 210°. By accurate
measurement, find how far she is now from her starting
point. What bearing must she walk on to return to base?

SECTION FOUR — GEOMETRY AND MEASURE

 SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY 97

Pythagoras’ Theorem
Don't try and do it all in your head — you've got to label the sides
or you're bound to mess it up. Go on, get your pen out... yA —
yw> 5

<>
LQ

me — Se es

Ql Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of the following triangles. i.

~ ae

b) c) d) e)
h
h
E h 6m
Lo 2 Ss

: ae KY
%» * On, oe
Y
5m

uy) h 8) h) ii) j)
N y h
h

9.3 cm

Q2 Find the length of the shorter side in each of the following triangles.
6 cm
10 cm
< ¢
a %* b < I2 5 e
™n
8 cm

no ©

92> , &
3 5,
10.5 m g 2> A 2 mm,
f | 7.4m
h Ye J
21 mm
ais 19 mm

Q3 Find the unknown length in each of the following triangles.

7.8 cm

k ee
: 23 ith

5.6 cm

oe
BAe
g 10 m
, + 7m
4.9 Cm
: =
Cm

SECTION FIvE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

 Pythagoras’ Theorem
A window cleaner wants to clean the upstairs windows of an office.
To meet safety regulations, his 10 m long ladder needs to be angled
so that the bottom of the ladder is at least 2.6 m away from the wall.
What is the maximum height that the top of the ladder can reach
when used safely? Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

Q5 a) Calculate the lengths WY and ZY. 7

b) What is the total distance WXYZW? Ww
c) What is the area of quadrilateral WXYZ?
9 cm

xX

15 cm Y

A rectangular field is 250 m by 190 m. How far is it across diagonally?

A square tablecloth has a diagonal measurement of 130 cm.

What is the length of one side?

A builder is replacing a roof beam and

wants to work out how long it needs to be.
It has to be the same width as the house.
The measurements he already knows are
shown on the diagram. How long should
9
metres
the beam be?
metres
7

A flagpole 10 m high is supported by metal wires each 11 m long.

How far from the foot of the pole must the wires be fastened to the
ground if the other end is attached to the top of the pole?

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

 Pythagoras’ Theorem
Q10 ‘Find the length of each of the lines on
this graph.

Qli_ = The coordinates of four points are A(2,1), B(6,4), C(7,0)

and D(3,-3). Calculate the distances:
ayeAB.. b) BC. c)i GD “ay BD ee) AC
f) What shape is ABCD?

Q12_ ‘Find the length of line MN, where M and N have coordinates:
a) M(6,3) N(2,8) d) M(9,5) N(4,8)
b) M(1,5) N(8,12) e) M(10,4) N(10,0)
ce) M(0,1) N(7,3) _ f) M(12,6) N(13,0)

Q13 ‘Find the length of line PQ, where P and Q have coordinates:
ene ,—3) Q(3;0) d) P(-6,-1) Q(7,-9) ae I A LOE Tait 4 yep
b) P(1,-8) Q(4,3) e) P(12,-3) Q(-5,5) ee ioe Alewinegative ==
ae ' Ss 1 Se

= numbers Creeping mh

ee Re3) f) P(-10,-2) Qt-2,-8) — just

i“ TT
do them in eee ae
CR hangs

A plane flies due east for 153 km then turns and flies due north for 116 km.
How far is it now from where it started?

A fishing boat travels at 12 km/h for an hour due north. It then turns due west
and travels at 7 km/h for an hour. How far is it from its starting point now?
What bearing must it travel on to return to base?

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

100

Trigonometry — Sin, Cos, Tan

Before you start a trigonometry question, write down the ratios, using
SOH CAH TOA (Sockatoa!) — it'll help you pick your formula.

Ql Calculate the tan, sin and cos of each of these angles:

a) iy b) 83° €) 4.906 d) 923° e) 45°.

Q2 Use the tangent ratio to find the unknowns:

b =

fea
4 5 cm oe

6 cm co
y LED) 4cm

L QS"
38cm

Use the cosine ratio to find the unknowns:

Q5 Find the unknowns using the appropriate ratios:

m

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

 101

~ Trigonometry — Sin, Cos, Tan

Q6 A right-angled triangle has sides measuring 30 m, 40 m and 50 m.
a) Draw a rough sketch of the triangle, clearly labelling the hypotenuse.
Hyeealculate thersizeioi the smallestangle. <<. 5 Wugy Vu i) tr Pp 7
> Make sure you've got the hang of the inverse SIN, a
_ COS and TAN functions on your calc... and check —
_- it's in DEG mode or you'll get nowhere fast. = _
ae et e/g ee lt ll)8 Nee We NS Ne OS

The points P(1, 2), Q(4, 2) and R(4, -3) when joined together form a right-angled triangle.
a) Draw a rough sketch of the triangle, labelling the length of each side.
b) Without measuring, calculate the angle RPQ.
c) Deduce angle PRQ.

The points A(1, -2), B(4, -1) and C(1, 3) are the vertices of the triangle ABC.
a) On graph paper, plot the points A, B and C.
b) By adding a suitable horizontal line, or otherwise, calculate the angle CAB.
c) Similarly calculate the angle ACB.
d) By using the fact that the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180° work out the
angle ABC.

Mary was lying on the floor looking up at the

star on top of her Christmas tree. She looked up
through an angle of 55° when she was 1.5 m from
the base of the tree. How high was the star?

Geoff is tiling his bathroom. He needs to cut off the

right-angled triangle shown so that the tiles will fit nicely
on his wall. Calculate the angle, 0, he needs to cut the
tile at. Give your answer to the nearest degree.

Mr Brown took his dog for a walk

in the park. The dog's lead was 2 m
long. The dog ran 0.7 m from the
path Mr Brown was walking on,
and Mr Brown dropped its lead.

What angle did the lead make with

the path?

A boat travels 9 km due south and then 7 km due east.

What bearing must it travel on to return directly to base?

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

102

Trigonometry — Sin, Cos and Tan

c
Q13 This isosceles triangle has a base of 28 cm and a A
top angle of 54°. Calculate: |
54°
a) the length of sides AC and BC i ! ih
b) the perpendicular height to C f ! \
c) th the area of f the the triangle.
triang ; B | :
28 cm

Q14__— An isosceles triangle has two equal sides of 7 cm and an angle between them of 65°.
Calculate the area of the triangle.

Q15 In this parallelogram the diagonal CB is at right angles to AC.

AB is 9.5 cm and ZCAB is 60°.
Calculate:
a) CB b) BD c) the area of the parallelogram.

Q16 = This rhombus WXYZ has base 15 cm and diagonal

WY of 28 cm. Calculate the:
a) length of diagonal XZ
b) area of the rhombus
c) angle WY makes with WX.

Two mountains are 1020 m and 1235 m high. Standing on the summit of the lower
one | look up through an angle of elevation of 16° to see the summit of the higher one.
Calculate the horizontal distance between the two mountains.

A girl is flying a kite. She holds the string, which is 45 m long, at a height of 1.3 m above
the ground. The string of the kite makes an angle of 33° with the horizontal.
What is the vertical height of the kite from the ground?

| am standing on top of an 80 m high tower. | look due north and see two cars
with angles of depression of 38° and 49°. Calculate:
a) how far each car is from the base of the tower
b) how far apart the cars are.

A ship sails on a bearing of 300° for 100 km. The captain can then see
a lighthouse due south of him that he knows is due west of his starting point.
Calculate how far west the lighthouse is from the ship’s starting point.

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

 103

The Sine and Cosine Rules

Make sure you know the Sine Rule and both forms of the Cosine Rule.
The one to use depends on which angles and sides you're given.

Q2 Calculate the angles required, to the nearest degree.

Q3

9.5 cm

Q4 This field has measurements as shown. Calculate:

a) ZZXY
b) ZXYZ
©) ZYZX.
x
Q5 Peter is standing on a bridge over a river. He can see a tree on each bank,
one 33 mand the other 35 m away from him. If he looks through an angle
of 20° going from one tree to the other, how far apart are the two trees?
SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY
104

The Sine and Cosine Rules

Boat
Q6 A coastguard sees a boat on a bearing of 038° from N
him and 25 km away. He also sees a ship 42 km away
and on a bearing of 080°. Calculate:
a) the distance of the boat from the ship
b) the bearing of the boat from the ship. Ship
C
Q7 A parallelogram has sides of length 8 cm and 4.5 cm. One angle of
the parallelogram is 124°. Calculate the lengths of the two diagonals.

Q8 Air traffic control are testing the reliability of their computer software by monitoring
two aeroplanes and checking the computer's calculations with their own. If the
horizontal distance between the planes drops to 3 miles or less, an alarm should be
triggered on the computer. One of the test planes is at a distance of 5 miles from
the tower, and on a bearing of 020° from the tower. The second is at a distance of
4.6 miles on a bearing of 034° and the alarm is ringing. Calculate the horizontal
distance between the planes and comment on the reliability of the software.

A vertical flagpole FP has two stay wires to the ground at A and B.

They cannot be equidistant from P, as the ground is uneven. AB is
22 m, ZPAB is 34° and ZPBA is 50°. Calculate the distances:
a) PA b) PB.
If A is level with P and the angle of elevation of F from A is 49°,
calculate:
c) FA d) PF.

opt} = An aircraft leaves A and flies 257 km to B on a bearing of 257°.

It then flies on to C, 215 km away on a bearing of 163° from B. Calculate:
a) ZABC
b) distance CA
c) the bearing needed to fly from A direct to C.

(0388 = =On my clock the hour hand is 5.5 cm, the minute hand 8 cm and the second hand
7 cm, measured from the centre. Calculate the distance between the tips of the:
a) hour and minute hands at 10 o'clock a
) - $o the minute hand is at —
b) minute and second hands 15 seconds before 20 past the hour - 19.75 minutes past the hour. -
c) hour and minute hands at 1020. ee ee
Mo ~ Ha
fer) A surveyor wants to measure the height UCC
of a building. She measures the angle of TO HH
elevation of the top
Ss
of the building from the 1) an an
, ;-
two different positions shown. Calculate the CTO H 537. 87°).
height of the building. to the nearest metre. § = —“‘“‘<i‘<‘ Fg
20 m
Mary and Jane were standing one behind the other, 2.3 m apart, each holding one of
the two strings of a kite flying directly in front of them. The angles of elevation of the
kite from the girls were 65° and 48° respectively. Assuming the ends of both strings
are held at the same height above the ground, calculate the length of each string.
SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY
 105
os

3D Pythagoras and Trigonometr

This rectangular box is 20 cm by 12 cm by 9 cm.
Calculate:
a) angle ABE
b) length AF
c) length DF
d) angle EBH.
9 cm
A 12 cm B

This pyramid is on a square base of side 56 cm. Its vertical height is

32 cm. Calculate the length of:
a) the line from E to the mid-point of BC
b) the sloping edge BE.

A rectangular box measures 20 cm by 30 cm by 8 cm.

Calculate the lengths of:
a) the diagonal of each rectangular face
b) the diagonal through the centre of the box.

glug glug glug ee

This glass has a radius of 2.8 cm. The straw in the glass
makes an angle of 70° with the base and protrudes 4 cm
above the rim.
a) How tall is the glass?
b) How long is the straw?

A shop sells the three different gift boxes

shown on the right. Katie wants to buy
the cheapest box that will fit a pen that is
10 cm long. Which box should she buy?

This cone has a perpendicular height of 9 cm.

The centre of the base is O. The slant line from X
makes an angle of 23° with the central axis. Calculate:
a) the radius of the base
b) the area of the base
c) the volume of the cone.

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

106

Sin, Cos and Tan for Larger Angle

Ql Calculate the lettered sides and angles.
Sy 10.2 on,

Cc _

If 90° <x < 180°, find x when:

sin x = 0.84 b)osinee SOs ¢) tary isc d) tanx =-14.3

Fayrmin looks upon a mystical glade. In the glade is a unicorn being

guarded by 2 minotaurs. One minotaur is 23 metres from the unicorn
and the other one is 14 metres from the unicorn. They stand either side
of the unicorn at an angle of 118°. How far apart are the minotaurs?

Adam surveys a building from inside. He finds the angle between the floor and
the front is 58°. He walks to the other end of the building, where the roof meets
the floor, and finds the angle between them to be 13°. The distance from one end
of the building to the other is 120 m. Calculate:
a) the angle between the front of the building and the roof
b) the length of the building front and roof
c) the height of the highest point of the building.

CH A sailor sees a storm in the distance. The sailor knows that an island is 7 kilometres away
from the boat and calculates that the angle between this island and the storm is 94° and
that there is 26 kilometres of water between the storm and the island.
Calculate the proximity of the ship to the storm.

PQR is a triangle. The size of angle P is 25°.

Side r is 12 m long and sidep is 7.5 m long.
What are the two possible values of the size of angle R?

A spacecraft (S) is travelling to the moon. When it is 210 000 km from mission control on
Earth (E) it is found to be 170 000 km away from the landing site at the moon base (M).
The straight-line distance between mission control and the moon base is 370 000 km.
Calculate the angle ESM. Give your answer to 1 d.p.

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

 107

Vectors
If you've got some squared or graph paper handy, it just might
be useful for the first few questions on this page...
Q1 ABCDE is a pentagon.
3 (3) we_(2) wm_(-2) wel?
adc oa eeeey AE 5)
a) Draw this pentagon accurately.
b) Write down the vectors:
i) DE ii) De
c) What sort of triangle is AACD?

Q2 ABC is a triangle.
Bagi Bes 3)
ase 4 aa

3 IS Sy ae end
bo, 75>
. |AC| is the modulus (or
a) Draw this triangle accurately. size) of vector AC. —
Use Pythagoras to find a vector's modulus.
—
b) Find |AC|. Soe fy) / ea |
aiae a NaN Seo. —

aw r=(3)-(9yrs (2) = (23) =

Calculate then draw:

a) p+q CEU e) 2p-—2s 2) 2f=q

b) p-4q d) s+p 1) 3q +s h) '2q

+ 2r

Q4 Find the magnitude of the following vectors:

» (6) 0 (2) ® (6)

b)(5 a (5 SG

a)e+f

Des)

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

108

Vectors

ABCD is a parallelogram. M, N, P and Q

are the mid-points of the sides, as shown.
MQ =x and AM=y.

Express in terms of x and y:

e) AC
f) BD

In the diagram on the right, EB and AC are perpendicular.

ABCE is a parallelogram. ZEDC isa right angle.

Name a vector equal to:

i) FC iii) BC v) 2CD
ii) FB iv) CE vi) AE + EC
hAG= 16 envandEB =6 cm:
i) what is the area of ABCE?
ii)what is the area of ABCDE?

ABC is a triangle.
P is the point on BA such that BA = 2PA.
Q is the point on BC such that BC = 2BQ.
BQO=a, PA=b.

a) Express in terms of a and b:

i) BC
ii) CP
iii)PQ

b) Prove that PQ is parallel to AC.

SECTION FIVE — PYTHAGORAS AND TRIGONOMETRY

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ine
Aer

Mean, Median, Mode and Range

For finding the mode and median put the data in order of size — it's much easier
to find the most frequent and middle values.
The mean involves a bit more calculation, but hey, you're doing maths...
The local rugby team scored the following number of tries in their first 10 matches of the
season:

Men Mem Ear mon iaiee ror ie), 4 _|

Find their modal number of tries.

Find the mean, median, mode and range of these numbers:

(or Eon Mommies)
|eeal=3 (ea. le4 | -2 | 2
A company has 9 employees in the sales department who earn commission.
They are advertising for another salesperson and want to say in the
advert how much commission their staff earn on average. The amount
of commission the 9 existing salespeople earned last year is as follows:

|£13,000
| £9,000 | £7,500 __
|£18,000
| £12,000 | £7,500 _
|£23,000
| £15,000 | £11,500 _
a) Find the mean, median and mode of their earnings.
b) Which one does not give a good indication of their average commission?
c) Which should the company put in the advert, and why?

Molly is writing a letter of complaint to the bus company because she thinks her bus to
school is regularly late. Over 3 weeks, Molly kept a record of how many minutes her bus
_ was either early or late, and put this in her letter. (She used + for late and — for early.)

a) Calculate the mean lateness/earliness of the bus.

b) Calculate the median.
c) What is the mode?
d) The bus company use the answers to a), b) and c) Se eae a: ee
to claim they are always on time. Is this true? » Careful with this — you have to use~
_ the averages to find the total weight,—
4 , then divide to find the new average. ~
The average weight of the 11 players ina football team Yrvy rr yr rr ii ivy rv vy\s
was 72.5 kg. The average weight of the 5 reserve players was 75.6 kg.
What was the average weight of the whole squad? (Give your answer to3 s.f.)

The mean daily weight of potatoes sold in a greengrocer’s from Monday to Friday was
14 kg. The mean daily weight of potatoes sold from Monday to Saturday was 15 kg.
How many kg of potatoes were sold on Saturday?
SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
110

Mean, Median, Mode, Range

Colin averaged 83% over 3 exams. His average for the first two exams was 76%.
What was Colin's score in the final examé¢

The range for a certain list of numbers is 26. One of the numbers in the list is 48.
a) What is the lowest possible value a number in the list could be?
b) What is the highest possible value that could be in the list?

An ordinary dice is rolled 6 times, landing on a different number each time.

a) What is the mean score?
b) What is the median score?
c) What is the range of scores?

Q10 ~~ The bar graph shows the amount of time Jim and Bob: spend
watching TV during the week.
a) Find the mean amount of time per
Time (h
day each spends watching TV. mee
4
b) Find the range of times for each of
them.
c) Using your answers from a) and b),
comment on what you notice about
the way they watch TV.

D
Tue Wed Thur _ Fri au

Mr Jones posted 88 Christmas cards first class on

Monday. His friends received them over the week:
40 on Tuesday, 28 on Wednesday, 9 on Thursday, i
Oyee
aA

6 on Friday and the remainder on Saturday. a

a) Find the modal number of days it took for the cards eX
to arrive. =
b) Find the median number of days it took for the cards _ e
to arrive. ;
c) "The majority of first class post arrives within 2
days." Is the above statement true or false in the
light of the data?

Q12 In each of the following cases, decide which average is referred to:
a) this average is least appropriate when the total number of values is small
b) this average is least affected if one of the values is removed at random
c) this average is most affected by the presence of extreme values.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 111
ae

Quartiles and Comparing Distributions

Remember to put the data in ascending order before you
work out where the quartiles come inalist.
Ql The weights (in g) of 29 eggs are:
60 72 58 60 68 69 59 72 54 56 65 68 63 70 71
67 64 63 69 62 63 67 59 72 61 66 65 67 70

a) What is the median?

b) Which quartile is equivalent to the median?

Q2 The following table shows the number of cars parked in a multi-storey

car park at midday on each day in December:

640 710
830 820
1010 1000
580

a) What isthe range? Quartiles divide the data

b) What is the lower quartile, Q ? into 4 equal groups.
c) What is the median?
d) What is the upper quartile, Q,?

For all the whole numbers from 1 to 399 inclusive:

What is| the iinterquartile
; range? middle
iddle 50% 50%of data
of thethe data.

The range of 99 different integers is 98, and the median is 350.

a) What is the lower quartile, Q ?
b) What is the interquartile range?

A dentist is about to employ a dental hygienist. She wishes to know if having a dental
hygienist has an effect on the number of fillings she has to perform each year. So, prior
to appointing him, the dentist takes some data from the record cards. Here it is:
No. of fillings 0 1 2 3 4 5

No. of children 1 2 8 30 60 12

Three years after appointing the dental hygienist, the dentist takes another set of data
from the record cards. Here it is:
No. of fillings 0 1 $e 3 4 5

No. of children ll 16 40 32 4 2

Using any statistical average you need, state what you see
from the data, assuming that these records are for new patients.
SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
1a

Frequency Tables — Finding Averages __

You've got to be able to do these in both row and
column form, because they could give you either one.
There's no real difference, and the rules are still the same.

To monitor their annual performance, a travel company logs all calls to their sales desk.
The number of calls per day received by the sales desk over a given year are shown here.

16 and

cof |1070
|0|2
No. of Calls |10 | N 13 Ke} fa 15
rOVi-t

a) Find the median number of calls.

b) Find the modal number of calls.
c) Find the interquartile range.

Monday
Q2 A student has classes in Mathematics (M), Tuesday
English (E), French (F), Art (A) and Science (S).
Her timetable is shown opposite. Mec ee aad
Thursday
Friday

a) Complete the following frequency table for a week’s lessons:

b) Calculate the number of French Subject Mie|elal|s.

lessons that the student will attend
during a 12-week term. Frequency ee

c) What is the modal lesson?

Q3 20 pupils are asked to estimate the length (to the nearest m) of their gardens.
Here are the results: 10, 8, 6, 4, 10, 8, 0, 14, 12, 8, 10, 6, 1, 6, 10, 8, 6, 6, 8, 8
Copy the frequency table below and put the estimates in.
rT aye
a) Find the mode of the data. Length (m) Ape i rs) |(0) 0) Uae
; over
b) Find the median of the data.
c) State the range of the data.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 hi
me

Frequency Tables — Finding Averages

Q4 130 female bus drivers were weighed to the nearest kg.

a) Find the median weight. Weight (kg) | ac eae) |Weight x Frequency

b) Find the interquartile range RCE | tol =
pe eB
c) Find the modal weight. ee
ae eee
2
eee eee eo
by first completing the table. | __4 | to |
CCAM
iba la |

A football magazine rates teams according to how many goals they're likely
to score in a match, based on their last 20 matches. The table below shows
the number of goals scored by Spark Bridge Wanderers over this period.

are co a OO Dc =D
|Frequency | O| 1] 1} 7{e@} 3] 2.
Find the mean, mode and median of the data.

A tornado has struck the hamlet of Moose-on-the-Wold. Many houses have

had windows broken. The frequency table shows the devastating effects.
No. of windows 1 4 oe
: me Ss
broken per house

a) Find the modal number of broken windows.

b) Find the median number of broken windows.
c) Calculate the mean number of broken windows.

Using the computerised till in a shoe shop, the manager can predict what stock to order
from the previous week’s sales.
Shoe size 5 6 7 8 9
Opposite is the tabulated printout for
last week for men’s shoes. frequency 9 28 56 70 56

a) The mean, mode and median for this data can be compared. For each of the following
statements decide whether it is true or false.
i) |The mode for this data is 70.
ii) |The mean is greater than the median for this distribution.
iii) The mean, median and mode are all equal in this distribution.
b) What percentage of customers bought shoes of the mean size from last week’s sales data:
i) 30% ii) 70% iii) 0.273% or iv) 27.3%?

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

114

Grouped Frequency Tables

The speeds of 32 skiers at a certain corner of a downhill course are tabulated below.

Speed (km/h) reer |eee Ce |

60<s <65
Frequency
Mid-Interval
Frequency x Mid-Interval

By completing the frequency table, estimate the mean speed.

How many skiers were travelling at less than 55 km/h?
How many skiers were travelling at 50 km/h or faster?

The weights in kg of 18 newly felled trees are noted below:

2727 S33 F225 V0" 246.5" "820025916 200, S204 oa4S
226.8562 07348372560VOUo 2097 S90Ue eo ee
Complete the frequency table.
a x
Weight (kg) Tally |Frequency | Eo Faycates Cc,

200 < w < 250

250 < w < 300
300 <w < 350
350 < w < 400

Estimate the mean weight using the frequency table.

What is the modal group?

48 numbers are recorded below:

0.05 708051) ,0,056,10:979) 0.419 "Oslo
O;642 02569» 0.773. 010550349013 92
O20" 09/92. 0.065, 0.546 0549" 0906
0.614 0.478 0.421 0.472 0.292 0.579
0,070.0:890) 0.853 (0.353) 07033. 105325
0.094 »,0:049) 0.049. -0;999., 0.632 ,.0.700

a) Transfer the data into the frequency table.

Number 0<n<0.2 eee oes ey 0.8<n<1
Tally
Frequency
Mid-Interval
Frequency X
Mid-Interval
b) Write down the modal class(es).
c) Which group contains the median?
d) Estimate the mean value.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 115
~

Cumulative Frequency
Ql Using the cumulative frequency
curve, read off the: 200
a) median
b) lower quartile 160
c) upper quartile
d) interquartile range. 120

© oO

Cumulative
Frequency
&©

100 WO 120 130 140 150 160 *

Q2 The number of passengers using a bus service each day has been recorded over a
4-week period. The data is presented in the table below:

No. passengers | O<n < 50 ceSn ra So co <n < 200/200<n< od 250 <n < 300

Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency

Mid-Interval

Frequency xX
Mid-Interval

a) By completing the table, estimate the mean number of passengers.

b) By plotting a cumulative frequency curve, determine the median value.
c) What is the modal group?
SONI a TTL TRU lte(iat UT
— With cumulative frequency youaahtete =
_ plot the highest value from eachclass. x
Ne KE LE Mesa
io mean a

Q3 40 pupils oFtaken an exam and their are recorded in a frequency table.

Mark (%) | O0<m< 20 <m<40 <m<60 <m< 80 <m< 100

Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency

a) Complete the table and plot the cumulative frequency curve.

b) What is the value of the lower quartile?
c) What is the interquartile range?
d) What is the median mark?

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

116

Cumulative Frequency
Q4 One hundred scores for a board game are presented in the table below.

B1<s < 41/41 <s < 5SI|S5I < s < GIGI <-s < 7I/\71 <s < 81/81 < s < 91/91 < s < 101

Frequency |
Cumulative
Frequency

a) What is the modal group?

b) Which. group contains the median score?
c) By plotting the cumulative frequency curve determine the actual value of the median score.
d) Find the interquartile range.

The following frequency table gives the distribution of the lives of electric bulbs.
a) Complete the frequency table.
tete
Life (hours) Frequency
mace ULI
900 <L < 1000
1000 <L < 1100
100 <L < 1200
1200 <L < 1300 |
1300 <L < 1400
1400 <L < 1500
1500 < L < 1600
1600 < L < 1700

b) Which group contains the median value?

c) By drawing the cumulative frequency curve, find the actual value of the median.
d) Determine values for the upper and lower quartiles.

30 pupils recorded the time taken (minutes : seconds) to boil some water.
Here are their results: 2337 DoW SAF O30 245 52:13 3:10 3:12 3730m
3:04 °3:24 4:13-3:01 3211°2:33 3:37 4:24) 3:50 0am
3322) 3313 2:57 Sei2 3:07 Al NS 42) eee
a) By using a tally, transfer the data into the frequency table.
b) Draw the cumulative frequency curve.
Aiea: 2:00 < t < 2:30 2:20<+t< 3:00 :
3:00 < t< 3:30 |
3:30< t < 4:00 oe <t< 4:30

Tally
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency

c) Using your graph, read off the median and the upper and lower quartiles.
d) What is the interquartile range?

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 Ly
a

Histograms and Frequency Densit

It's the size that counts... You've got to look at the area of the bars to find
» the frequency. That means looking at the width as well as the height.

The Bog Snorkelling Appreciation Society conducts a survey on the ages of all their
members. The histogram below shows the age distribution of the people surveyed.
The Society organises a 'Seniors' bog snorkelling event for members aged 60 or older.
Use the graph to estimate the maximum number of people that might take part.

Frequency
Density

= out the frequencies. =

ce 4 / / i I ! 1 \ \ \ N ~x

The table below shows the results of a maths test for some Year 11 students.
Draw a histogram to represent this information.

Score (%) O<x<40 40<x<60 60<x<70 70<x<80 80<x<100

A farmer measures the heights of the sunflowers growing in his field.

His results are shown in the table and the histogram below.
Use the histogram to complete the table.
Use the table to add the missing bar
to the histogram.

Height (cm) Frequency

0 < x <100 50

100 < x < 150

150 < x <200

206 < x < 220

220 < x < 250 100 150 200 #250

Height (cm)

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

118

Histograms and Frequency Densit

Q4 The weight of honey collected from several beehives is tabulated below.
a) Complete the frequency table by calculating the frequency densities.
b) Draw a histogram to represent this data.
c) Use your histogram to estimate the number of beehives that produced
more than. 6 kg of honey.

Weight (kg) See eee eee ee

Frequency 3 2 6 9
Frequency
density

Q5 A local newspaper employee has collected data on the salaries of

100 people living in the area. His data is shown in the table below.

Galary (£1000s)_ | O<s

<10 Bice e eae
[Frequency | 10 ||
Frequency Density | | |
a) Complete the table and draw a histogram to show the data.
b) The newspaper prints this histogram alongside the one
shown on the right. It represents data from an identical
survey done 10 years earlier. Write a comment comparing
current salaries and those from 10 years ago. Density
Frequency

0 10 20 30 40 50
Salary (in £1000s)

Q6 A farmer keeps track of the amount of milk produced by his cows each day.

Amount of |eet |eure (Ola le0 |NTE Frequency X

Milk (Litres) DTeTaTSt (0) Mid-Interval

15<C< 20

a) Complete the frequency table.

b) Use the mid-interval technique to estimate the mean.
c) Draw a histogram to show the data.
d) On how many days is less than 8 litres produced?

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 IS

Other Graphs and Charts

Everyone loves a pie chart. Oh, no, sorry, that's pies...

Brees ear am a Ce
OUR ACR EAE
1) Add up the numbers in each sector to get the TOTAL.
2) Divide 360° by the TOTAL to get the MULTIPLIER.
3) Multiply EVERY number by the MULTIPLIER to get the ANGLE of each SECTOR.

A pie company wants to add a nutritional

information diagram to their packaging. Contents of Pie Amount per 100 g
Construct a pie chart to show the following
nutritional data for one of their pies:
aan kked
frre
0
Q2 According to the tourist board for the Hindle Isles, 380,000
people visited the biggest island in the group, Sherrington,
in 2009. The distribution of tourists for the whole group
of islands is shown in the pie chart. Use a protractor on
the diagram to find the number of tourists visiting the other Brompton
islands in 2009 (rounded to the nearest 10,000). Sherrington
Ree ee en nat tC

~ Use the info you're given to tind the — —— -

of tourists represen ted by 1°. — The distribution of pore |
- number to the Hindle Isles in 2009 |
ie aie ee 7 AI ee NN eS NGS. SS

The pie chart shows the results of a survey of forty 11-year-olds when asked what
their favourite vegetable is with Sunday lunch. Which one of the following may be
deduced from the information in the pie chart?
2
peas a) Potatoes are the least popular vegetable.
Ty b) 3/4 of the children like potatoes of some type.
c) 1/10 of the children like carrots or cauliflower.
d) 11/40 of the children asked what their favourite
vegetable is, replied “Don’t eat vegetables.”

cauliflower
2005 2009
Q4 The pie charts opposite appear in a
newspaper article about a local election.
Nicki says that more people voted for the
Green party in 2009 than in 2005.
Comment on whether it's possible to tell So
this from the pie charts.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 Other Graphs and Charts
This pictogram shows the favourite drinks of a group of pupils.
Lea cee _ Number of Pupils
Lemonade PEPPY +S
| Cot
SESS ES
LH
POHHS SESE SS ~ Represents 2 pupils

a) How many pupils were questioned?

b) How many pupils prefer either milk or orange squash?
c) 18 pupils liked lemonade best. How many more liked cola best?
d) Comment on the popularity of cola compared with milk.

Megan records whether people choose pizza or pasta in her Italian restaurant.
The dual bar chart below shows the results over one week.
Bar chart to show diners' dinner choice
a) On which days was pizza more
popular with Megan’s customers?
b) On which day did she have the most
customers?

people
of
No.

Mon Wed Fri

Day
Q7 The graphs below show some statistics on marital status for people over 65 years old.
Marital status of people aged 65 and over: by sex and age, 2001

100
Never married
Widowed
80
Divorced/separated
|| Remarried

Wales
and
England
Percentages
65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90and 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90 and
Vv over

a) What proportion of males aged 65-69 are married?

b) What proportion of females aged 65-69 are married?
c) Nadia works out that the proportion of widowed males aged 90 and over is about
50% and for widowed females of the same age it’s about 80%. Give one reason
which would explain such a large difference.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 LZ
~

Probability
Probability can be a bit of a struggle — here's a quick reminder of the basics...

PROBABILITIES are always between O and1

1) You should express probabilities as a fraction, decimal or percentage.
2) A probability of ZERO means that it will definitely not happen.
3) A probability of ONE means it will definitely happen.

Ql The number line opposite is a probability

scale. Place the letters where you think
the following statements lie, in terms of
the chance of the event happening.
a) The probability of getting a head on a toss of a 10p piece.
b) The probability of choosing a red ball from a bag containing 2 red balls and 1 green ball.
c) The probability of shaking a five on an ordinary dice.
d) The probability of choosing a Guatemalan stamp from a bag containing 60 British
stamps and 40 French stamps.
Debbie's employer organises a weekly prize draw, where the winning employee
is selected at random. Debbie only joins in if her chance of winning is at least 0.1.
If there are 8 other people playing this week, will Debbie choose to play?

SHORTHAND NOTATION
1) P(x) = 0.25 simply means "the probability of event x happening is 0.25".
2) E.g. if you roll a dice, the probability of rolling a 6 will be written as P(rolls a 6).

After 49 tosses of an unbiased coin, 24 have been heads and 25 have been tails.
What is P(50th toss will be a head)?

If the probability of picking a banana from a fruit bowl is 0.27,

what is the probability of picking something which is not a banana?

A bag contains 3red balls, 4 blue balls and 5 green balls. A ball is chosen at random
from the bag. What is the probability that:
it is green c) itis red
it is blue d) it is not red?

Students at school conduct a survey of the Red Blue Yellow White Green Other
colours of parents' cars, where every parent
|
40 aot ha a0 pG A
owns one car. The table shows the results.
a) What is the probability of a parent owning a red car?
b) What is the probability of a parent owning a car that is not blue or green?

Draw a sample space diagram to show all the possible outcomes

of throwing a standard dice and spinning this spinner:

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

122

Probabilit
Charlton is making a bet with his friend
before the local cricket team play a match. w W
He thinks the match will end in a draw. DL
A local newspaper prints the team's results
over their last 20 matches, as shown.
a) Complete the frequency table. OT otal Frequency
b) Charlton reasons that since there are 3
possible results for any match, the probability
that the next match will be drawn (D) is -
Explain why Charlton is wrong.
c) Suggest a value for the probability of a draw based on the team's past performance.
d) Based on their past performance, are the team most likely to win, lose, or draw?

a) What is the probability of randomly selecting either a black Ace or black King from an
ordinary pack of playing cards? NR NGO ATSC MRIS ences MMSA

b) If the entire suit of clubs is removed from sabe dnl: hi eae atk, “ ei a P(A) i Pe =
a pack of cards, what is the probability of randomly ;
selecting a red 7 from the remaining cards?
c) If all the 7s are also removed from the pack of cards, ‘3
what is the probability of randomly cSD
selecting the 4 of diamonds? 7

Q10 For the roulette wheel shown, the probability of the ball landing on each of the numbers
is listed in the table below.

Number | ee Ts:
Probability Ne Mp No Ma Mo Ne zZ

a) Find the probability of landing on an even number.

b) What is the probability of landing on black?
c) Why is the probability of landing on a white or a 3 not a ¥ a

The notepad below shows orders for 4 different sorts of rice at a certain Indian
restaurant. Based on this data, what is the probability that the next order of rice is:
a) for pilau rice?
b) for spicy mushroom or special fried rice?
c) not for boiled rice? boiled
pilau
ST eh ai a ee spicy mushroom
— If you're asked to work out probabilities based on —
special fried
some data, it'sa relative frequency question. —
Att | TEE A a VY: eee

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

 123

Probabilit
There are 2 spinners: one with 3 sides
numbered 1, 2, 3, and the other with
7 sides numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
a) If both are spun together, list all the possible outcomes.
b) Complete the following table showing the sum of the 2 numbers for each outcome.

c) What is the probability that the sum is 6?

d) What is the probability that the sum is even?
e) What is the probability that the sum is greater than or equal to 8?
f) What is the probability that the sum is less than 8¢
g) Explain how you can work out the probability in part f) without using the table.

Q13 33 balls are drawn at random, without replacement, from a

bag containing 4 green balls and 3 red balls.
a) Complete the tree diagram below showing all the possible
outcomes and their probabilities.

SON eee BNR al) He ee ee Bey 4

~For AND you MULTIPLY along the branches.—

; For OR you ADD the end results.
ane tai were Num Vl HPN, qlONE MM ONE SND Nee Xs“OSs

b) What is the probability that exactly 2 green balls are drawn?

c) What is the probability that the last ball drawn is the same colour as the first?

Q14 a)A biased dice is rolled 40 times. A six came up 14 times.

Calculate the relative frequency that a six was rolled.
b) The same dice is rolled another 60 times. From this, a six came up 24 times.
Calculate the relative frequency that a six was rolled.
c) Use the data from a) and b) to make the best estimate you can
of the probability of rolling a six with the dice.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

124

Probability
Q15. = How many times must you roll an ordinary 6-sided dice for the probability of getting
at least one 6 to be more than 0.52 SN SEEN SSD ATG TC Mi age ue te
~ Don't forget the "at least" trick — —
~ Plat least 1 six) = 1 - P(no sixes).
Lag a on} aUe atk NNN Ni Neeencom:

Q16 = An unbiased dice in the shape of a tetrahedron has vertices numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. To wina
game with this dice, you must throw a 4. At each go you have a maximum of 3 attempts.
a) Using a tree diagram, calculate the probability of winning with the second throw of the
first go.
b) What is the probability of winning on the first go?

Q17 = 3. coins are drawn at random, without replacement,

from a piggy bank containing 7 pound coins and 4 ©
twenty-pence pieces.
a) Draw a tree diagram showing all possible outcomes
and their probabilities.
b) Find the probability that the first coin selected is
different in value from the third.
c) Find the probability that less than £1.50 is drawn
altogether.

Crt oT is practising taking penalties. The probability that he pies the goal completely
is — . The probability that the goalkeeper saves the penalty is —. The probability that he
tes is 3 Fabrizio takes two penalties.

a) Calculate the probability that Fabrizio fails to score with his two penalties.
b) Calculate the probability that he scores only one goal.
c) Calculate the probability that Fabrizio scores on neither or both of his 2 attempts.

Trevor and his 2 brothers and 5 friends are seated at random in a row of 8 seats at the
cinema. What is the probability that Trevor has one brother on his immediate left and
one on his immediate right2 SPT 18 ARaT Tee NIA eo vere wn an
5 — Careful here — you have to include the probability is
<
~ that Trevor sits in one of the ae middle seats. 5
FEAL ALLL ACNE RU Tesh Ee EN

Drawing a tree diagram might be a bit of a faff, but it can really help to make
the question clearer. So if you're stuck, give the old tree diagram a try.

SECTION SIX — STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

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