2015 Baltic Way
Baltic Way 2015
1 For n ≥ 2 , an equilateral triangle is divided into n2 congruent smaller equilat-
eral triangles. Detemine all ways in which real numbers can be assigned to the
(n+1)(n+2)
2 vertices so that three such numbers sum to zero whenever the three
vertices form a triangle with edges parallel to the sides of the big triangle.
2 Let n be a positive integer and let a1 , · · · , an be real numbers satisfying 0 ≤
ai ≤ 1 for i = 1, · · · , n. Prove the inequality
(1 − ai n )(1 − a2 n ) · · · (1 − an n ) ≤ (1 − a1 a2 · · · an )n .
3 Let n > 1 be an integer. Find all non-constant real polynomials P (x) satisfying
, for any real x , the identy
n(n+1)
P (x)P (x2 )P (x3 ) · · · P (xn ) = P (x 2 )
4 A family wears clothes of three colors: red,blue and green,with a separate,identical
laundry bin for each color. At the beginning of the first week,all bins are
empty.Each week,the family generates a total of 10kg of laundry(the propor-
tion of each color is subject to variation).The laundry is sorted by color and
placed in the bins.Next,the heaviest bin(only one of them,if there are several
that are heaviest)is emptied and its content swashed.What is the minimal pos-
sible storing capacity required of the laundry bins in order for them never to
overflow?
5 Find all functions f : R → R satisfying the equation
|x|f (y) + yf (x) = f (xy) + f (x2 ) + f (f (y))
for all real numbers x and y.
6 Two players play the following game. At the outset there are two piles, con-
taining 10, 000 and 20, 000 tokens,respectively . A move consists of removing
any positive number of tokens from a single pile or removing x > 0 tokens from
one pile and y > 0 tokens from the other , where x + y is divisible by 2015. The
player who can not make a move loses. Which player has a winning strategy
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Contributors: IstekOlympiadTeam, Wolowizard
2015 Baltic Way
7 There are 100 members in a ladies’ club.Each lady has had tea (in private) with
exactly 56 of her lady friends.The Board,consisting of the 50 most distinguished
ladies,have all had tea with one another.Prove that the entire club may be split
into two groups in such a way that,with in each group,any lady has had tea
with any other.
8 With inspiration drawn from the rectilinear network of streets in New York
, the Manhattan distance between two points (a, b) and (c, d) in the plane is
defined to be
|a − c| + |b − d|
Suppose only two distinct Manhattan distance occur between all pairs of distinct
points of some point set. What is the maximal number of points in such a set?
n(n−1)
9 Let n > 2 be an integer. A deck contains 2 cards,numbered
n(n − 1)
1, 2, 3, · · · ,
2
Two cards form a magic pair if their numbers are consecutive , or if their
numbers are 1 and n(n+1)2 . For which n is it possible to distribute the cards
into n stacks in such a manner that, among the cards in any two stacks , there
is exactly one magic pair ?
10 A subset S of 1, 2, ..., n is called balanced if for every a from S there exists some
bfrom S, b 6= a, such that (a+b) 2 is in S as well.
(a) Let k > 1be an integer and let n = 2k. Show that every subset S of 1, 2, ..., n
with |S| > 3n 4 is balanced.
(b) Does there exist an n = 2k, with k > 1 an integer, for which every subset
S of 1, 2, ..., n with |S| > 2n3 is balanced?
11 The diagonals of parallelogram ABCD intersect at E . The bisectors of ∠DAE
and ∠EBC intersect at E. Assume ECF D is a parellelogram . Determine the
ratio AB : AD.
12 A circle passes through vertex B of the triangle ABC, intersects its sides ABand
BC at points K and L, respectively, and touches the side AC at its midpoint
M . The point N on the arc BL (which does not contain K) is such that
∠LKN = ∠ACB. Find ∠BAC given that the triangle CKN is equilateral.
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Contributors: IstekOlympiadTeam, Wolowizard
2015 Baltic Way
13 Let D be the footpoint of the altitude from B in the triangle ABC , where
AB = 1 . The incircle of triangle BCD coincides with the centroid of triangle
ABC. Find the lengths of AC and BC.
14 In the non-isosceles triangle ABC an altitude from A meets side BC in D .
Let M be the midpoint of BC and let N be the reflection of M in D . The
circumcirle of triangle AM N intersects the side AB in P 6= A and the side AC
in Q 6= A . Prove that AN, BQ and CP are concurrent.
15 In triangle ABC, the interior and exterior angle bisectors of ∠BAC intersect
the line BC in D and E, respectively. Let F be the second point of intersec-
tion of the line AD with the circumcircle of the triangle ABC. Let O be the
circumcentre of the triangle ABCand let D′ be the reflection of D in O. Prove
that ∠D′ F E = 90.
16 Denote by P (n) the greatest prime divisor of n. Find all integers n ≥ 2 for
which √ √
P (n) + ⌊ n⌋ = P (n + 1) + ⌊ n + 1⌋
17 Find all positive integers n for which nn−1 − 1 is divisible by 22015 , but not by
22016 .
18 Let f (x) = xn + an−1 xn−1 + ... + a0 be a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 with n
(not necessarily distinct) integer roots. Assume that there exist distinct primes
p0 , p1 , .., pn−1 such that ai > 1 is a power of pi , for all i = 0, 1, .., n − 1. Find
all possible values of n.
19 Three pairwairs distinct positive integers a, b, c, with gcd(a, b, c) = 1, satisfy
a|(b − c)2 , b|(a − c)2 , c|(a − b)2
Prove that there doesnt exist a non-degenerate triangle with side lengths a, b, c.
20 For any integer n ≥ 2, we define An to be the number of positive integers m
with the following property: the distance from n to the nearest multiple of m
is equal to the distance from n3 to the nearest multiple of m. Find all integers
n ≥ 2 for which An is odd. (Note: The distance between two integers a and b
is defined as |a − b|.)
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