6-0 mn~ns';

6-1 ÁLrkouk
6-2 x|ka'k dk vuqokn & ;Fkk ;Fkk ps;a ----------------------- /kesZUnqe.MyL;A
6-3 lkjka'k
6-4 'kCnkoyh
6-5 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
6-6 cks/k@vH;kl ç'uksa ds mŸkj

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki &

 ck.kHkê ds dFkk oSf'k"V~; ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djsaxAs
 dknEcjh ds ^'kqduklksins'k* uked va'k dk ifjp; izkIr dj ldsax
s As
 thou esa y{eh dh Hkwfedk vkSj mldh gkfu ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA
 vkids ikB~;Øe ls vfrfjDr va'k dk Hkh Kku izkIr dj ldsaxAs
 ck.kHkê dh o.kZu pkrqjh ds ckjs esa O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA
 dfri; dfBu 'kCnksa dk ljy vFkZ tku ldsaxAs
 dFkk ys[ku i)fr esa ck.kHkê ds ;ksxnku ds fo"k; esa tku ldsaxAs

bl [k.M dh 5oha bdkbZ esa vkius egkdfo ck.kHkê dk ifjp; izkIr fd;kA vkius ;g
Hkh tkuk fd ck.kHkê laLÑr lkfgR; ds ew/kZU; dFkkdkj gSaA fo}kuksa ds e/; ,d tuJqfr
gS fd ok.kh us vius izHkko dks QSykus ds fy;s ck.k ds :i esa vorkj fy;k Fkk
A ck.kHkê dh dknEcjh iwokZ/kZ vkSj mÙkjk/kZ nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA bldk
izkjEHk jktk “kwnzd ds o.kZu ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA jktk ,d fnu viuh jktlHkk esa cSBk Fkk]
rHkh ,d pk.MkydU;k lksus ds fiatjs esa cUn ,d rksrs dks ysdj mifLFkr gksrh gSA og
“kqd jktk dks vk'khokZn nsrk gSA rksrs dh ok.kh dks lqudj jktlHkk ds lHkh yksx
vk'p;Zpfdr gks tkrs gSa vkSj mlls viuk thou ifjp; crkus dks dgrs gSAa “kqd viuk
thou ifjp; crkus ds cgkus yEch dFkk dgrk gSA “kqd }kjk dgh xbZ ;g dFkk “kwnzd
ls gh lEc) gksrh gS vkSj ;g muds rhu tUeksa dk voxkgu djrh gSA dknEcjh dks
vkpk;ksZa us dFkk dh dksfV esa LFkkfir fd;k gSA dFkk dfo dh dYiuk ls izlwr egÙoiw.kZ
Ñfr dks dgrs gSaA

vkids ikB~;Øe esa dknEcjh ds “kqduklksins'k uked ikB~; dk ,d va'k fu/kkZfjr gSA
bldh dFkk bl izdkj gS fd voUrh {ks= esa vusd fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr mTtf;uh uxjh
esa rkjkihM uked ,d jktk jkT; djrk FkkA ml jktk dk eU=h “kqdukl uked
77
 egkfo}ku~ czkã.k FkkA jktk dks lalkj ds lHkh lq[k izkIr Fks fdUrq mlds dksbZ lUrku
ugha FkhA blh fpUrk ls jktk rkjkihM vkSj mldh jkuh foyklorh nq%[kh jgrs FksA ,d
fnu jktk us LoIu ns[kk fd iwjk pUnze.My mldh jkuh ds “kjhj esa izo's k dj x;kA
mlds dqN gh fnu ckn egkjkuh xHkZorh gks xbZ vkSj ,d rstLoh iq= dks tUe fn;kA
tUelaLdkj vkfn djus ds ckn jktk us vius LoIu ds vuq:i ml iq= dk uke
^^pUnzkihM** j[kk A blh le; jktk ds eU=h “kqdukl dks Hkh iq=jRu dh izkfIr gqbZ vkSj
“kqdukl us vius iq= dk uke ^^oS'kEik;u** j[kkA

jktk us pUnzkihM vkSj oS'kEik;u dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dhA nksuksa us xq#dqy esa tkdj
f'k{kk xzg.k dhA f'k{kk xzg.k ds vuUrj tc og uxj dks ykSVk rks iztktuksa us mudk
Lokxr fd;kA jktHkou esa igq¡pdj pUnzkihM us vius firk dks iz.kke fd;kA firk dh
vkKk ls og ekrk ls feyus ds fy;s vUr%iqj esa x;kA dqN gh fnu ckn rkjkihM us lkspk
fd vc pUnzkihM dks vius jkT; dk ;qojkt gksuk pkfg;sA mlus mlds ;kSojkT;kfHk"ksd
dh rS;kjh “kq: dj nhA bl izlax esa pUnzkihM egkeU=h “kqdukl ds ikl igq¡pkA
“kqdukl vuqHkoh vkSj egku~ fo}ku~ egkeU=h Fkk] mlus ;qojkt cuus ls igys pUnzkihM
dks ;kSou] y{eh vkSj jkten ds fo"k; esa yEck fdUrq egÙoiw.kZ mins'k fn;kA
“kqdukl }kjk fn;k x;k ;g mins'k Hkkjrh; thou n'kZu dk lkj gSA ;g izR;sd O;fDr
ds fy;s vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA ;g dFkk ds ek/;e ls ekuo thou dks lexzrk iznku djus
ds fy, ck.kHkê ds }kjk iznf'kZr egku~ ekxZ gS] thou ds iz'kfLr dk ije lksiku gS vkSj
Hkksxksa ds fu;U=.k dh egku~ Ük``a[kyk gSA ;g jkt/keZ dk “kk'or fl)kUr Hkh gSA vkids
ifjKku ds fy;s ml mins'k dk dqN va'k lkj :i esa ;gk¡ izLrqr gSA

iq= pUækihM ! rqe lHkh KkrO; fo"k;ksa ds Kkrk gksA rqEgsa leLr 'kkL=ksa dk ifjKku gS]
vr% rqEgkjs fy, mins'k ;ksX; dksbZ fo"k; ugÈ gS ijUrq LoHkko ls gh ;qokoLFkk ds çHkko
ls mRiUu vUèkdkj lw;Z ds çdk'k ls Hksnk ugÈ tk ldrk] jRuksa dh ped ls feVk;k ugÈ
tk ldrk rFkk nhid dh çHkk ls nwj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA y{eh ls mRiUu en cgqr
gh nk#.k gksrk gS rFkk o`)koLFkk esa Hkh 'kkUr ugÈ gksrkA ,s'o;Z:ih frfej jksx ls mRiUu
vUèkRo vR;fèkd d"Vçn gksrk gS rFkk vatu dh 'kykdk ls Hkh vlkè; gksrk gSA

niZ :ih nkgToj ls mRiUu Å"erk dks vR;fèkd rh{.k rFkk 'khry mipkj ls Hkh nwj
ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA fo"k; :ih fo"k dk vkLoknu djus ls mRiUu eksg loZnk fo"ke
gksrk gS rFkk tM+h cwfV;ksa vkSj eU=ksa ls Hkh mldk fuokj.k ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA jkx
:ih ey dk voysi fuR; Luku vkSj 'kkSp dk;ks± ls Hkh nwj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
jkT;-lq[kksa ds lewg ls mRiUu ¼u VwVus okyh jkT;lq[k :ih lfUuikr jksx ls mRiUu½
fuæk fujUrj jgus okyh] jkf= ds chr tkus ij Hkh u VwVus okyh rFkk ¼vR;fèkd½ ?kksj
gS blhfy, eSa foLrkjiwoZd rqEgas dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A

tUe ls gh çkIr çHkqRo] vfHkuo ;qokoLFkk] vuqie lkSUn;Z rFkk vykSfdd 'kfDr
lEiUurk] ;g lc fu'p; gh vuFkks± dh cgqr yEch iafDr gSA blesa ls ,d Hkh ¼lc
çdkj dh½ mí.Mrkvksa dk ?kj gksrh gS] rks fQj bu lcls feys gq, lewg ds fo"k; esa rks
dguk gh D;k \ ;qokoLFkk ds çkjEHk esa 'kkL= :ih ty ds }kjk ç{kkyu djus ls fueZy
gqà cqf) çk;% dyq"krk dks çkIr dj tkrh gSA 'osrrk dks R;kxs fcuk Hkh ;qodksa dh
–f"V ykfyek ls iw.kZ jgrh gSA ftl çdkj vk¡èkh èkwfy ds }kjk HkzkfUr mRiUu djds lw[ks
78
iÙks dks viuh bPNk ls cgqr nwj ys tkrh gS] mlh çdkj ;qokoLFkk esa ç—fr jtksxq.k ls
HkzkfUr mRiUu djds iq#"k dks viuh bPNk ls cgqr nwj rd ys tkrh gS vkSj loZnSo bfUæ;
:ih e`xksa dks vk—"V djus okyh ;g miHkksx :ih e`xr`".kk vR;fèkd nq%[knk;h vUr
okyh gSA ftl çdkj ¼vkaoyk vkfn [kkus ls½ dlSys Lokn okys O;fDr dks ogh ¼igys
fi;k gqvk½ ty iqu% vkLoknu fd, tkus ij igys ls vfèkd ehBk yxrk gS mlh çdkj
uo;kSou ls dlSys vUr%dj.k okys eu dks mUgÈ fo"k;ksa dk Lo:i ¼tks igys ckY;koLFkk
esa Hkh fo|eku Fks½ iqu% vkLoknu fd, tkus ij igys dh vis{kk vfèkd eèkqj yxrs gSAa
ftl çdkj ekxkZUrj esa igq¡pk nsus okyk fn'kkvksa dk Hkze O;fDr dks u"V dj nsrk gS mlh
çdkj mUekxZ esa ço`Ùk djus okys fo"k;ksa esa vR;fèkd vklfDr O;fDr dk uk'k dj nsrh
gSA

vki tSls O;fDr gh mins'kksa ds ¼;ksX;½ ik= gksrs gSa D;ksfa d ftl çdkj pUæek dh fdj.ksa
ey-jfgr LQfVdef.k esa cgqr gh ljyrk ls ços'k djrh gSa mlh çdkj jkx vkfn ey
ls jfgr eu esa mins'kopu cgqr ljyrk ls ços'k djrs gSaA ftl çdkj dkuksa esa fLFkr
FkksM+k lk ifo= ty ¼O;fDr ds dku es½a vR;fèkd ihM+k dks mRiUu djrk gS mlh çdkj
nq"V-O;fDr ds dku esa fLFkr ¼lquk x;k½ xq# dk ifo= mins'kopu Hkh cgqr ihM+k dks
mRiUu djrk gSA ijUrq lTtu O;fDr ds çl³~x esa ogh ty mlds eq[k dh 'kksHkk dks
f}xqf.kr dj nsrk gSA ;Fkk 'k³~[kksa dk vkHkw"k.k gkFkh ds eq[k dh 'kksHkk dks c<+k nsrk gSA
xq# dk mins'k lUè;kdkyhu pUæek ds leku nks"kksa ls mRiUu lEiw.kZ vfrefyu
vUèkdkj dks nwj dj nsrk gSA 'kkfUr dk ewy dkj.k :i xq# dk mins'k o`)koLFkk ds
leku ds'klewg dks lQsn djrk gqvk] nks"klewg dks ifo= djrk gqvk] xq.k :i esa
ifj.kr dj nsrk gSA
fo"k;-jl dk vkLoknu u djus okys rqEgkjs fy, mins'k dk ;gh mi;qDr le; gS
D;ksafd dkenso ds ck.kksa ds çgkjksa ls [kf.Mr gq, ân; esa xq# }kjk fn;k x;k mins'k
pyuh esa ty dh Hkk¡fr ugÈ #drkA nq"V LoHkko okyk O;fDr vius oa'k vFkok f'k{kk ls
uezrk dks izkIr ugha djrk vfirq og buls vfou; dks gh izkIr djrk gSA D;k pUnu
ls mRiUu vfXu ugÈ tykrh \ cq>kus esa leFkZ ty ds }kjk Hkh D;k leqæ dh vfXu
vfèkd çcy ugÈ gks tkrh \ xq# dk mins'k fu'p; gh euq";ksa ds leLr eyksa dks nwj
djus esa leFkZ ty-jfgr Luku gSA ckyksa ds idus ls ¼'osr gksus ls½ mRiUu gqà dq:irk
rFkk cq<+kis ls jfgr ;g o`)Ro gSA esnk-nks"k dk vkjksi.k fd, fcuk ;g egÙo çnku
djus okyk gSA lqo.kZ ls vfuÆer rFkk xzkE;nks"k ls eqDr ;g ¼mins'k½ dkuksa dk vkHkw"k.k
gSA ped ls jfgr ;g çdk'k djus okyk gSA m}sx mRiUu fd, fcuk ;g tkx`fr gSA
¼,slk mins'k½ fo'ks"k :i ls jktkvksa ds fy, ¼mi;ksxh½ gS D;ksfa d mu yksxksa dks mins'k
nsus okys cgqr de gksrs gSaA Hk; ds dkj.k euq"; jktk ds opuksa dk çfrèofu dh rjg
vuqxeu djrs gSaA vR;Ur mRdV vfHkeku :ih lwtu ls cUn gq, d.kZfooj okys ;g
¼jktk½ yksx mins'k fd, opu dks ugÈ lqurs gSa rFkk lqurs gq, Hkh og gkFkh dh cUn us=ksa
okyh –f"V tSls ¼mis{kk Hkko½ ls frjL—r djrs gq, fgr dk mins'k nsus okys xq#vksa dks
f[kUu djrs gSaA vgadkj :ih nkgd Toj ls mRiUu ewPNkZ ls vUèkdkj ;qDr og
jkt-LoHkko fu'p; gh O;kdqy jgus okyk gSA èku-oSHko] >wBs vfHkeku rFkk mUekn dks
mRiUu djus okys gksrs gSa ¼rFkk½ jkt y{eh jkT; :ih fo"k ls mRiUu vkyL; dks nsus
okyh gSA

dY;k.k ds vfHkyk"kh vki loZçFke y{eh dks gh ns[ksaA ohj lSfudksa dh ryokjksa ds e.My
:ih dey-ou esa fogkj djus okyh ;g y{eh lgokl ds ifjp; ds dkj.k fojg le;
79
 esa fouksn ds fpà :i esa dYio`{k ds iYyoksa ls jkx ¼vuqjkx½ dks] pUæek dh dyk ls
,dkUr Vs<i+s u dks] mPpS%Jok ?kksM+s ls papyrk dks] dkydwV fo"k ls eksfgr djus okyh
'kfDr dks] efnjk ls en dks] dkSLrqHkef.k ls vR;fèkd dBksjrk vkfn y{k.kksa dks ysdj
ekuks {khj-lkxj ls ckgj fudyh gksA bl lalkj esa brus vifjfpr LoHkko okyh vU;
dksà ¼oLrq½ ugÈ ftruh fd ;g nq"Vk y{eh gSA çkIr dj fy, tkus ij Hkh fu'p; gh
nq%[k ls jf{kr dh tkrh gSA –<+ xq.k:ih cUèku ls fu'py fd, tkus ij Hkh u"V gks tkrh
gSA mRdV vgadkj ls ;qDr lglzkas ohj lSfudksa dh nenekrh gqà ryokjksa :ih yrkiatj
esa j[kh tkus ij Hkh Hkkx tkrh gSA enty :ih o"kkZ ds fnu ls vUèkdkj mRiUu djus
okys gkfFk;ksa ds }kjk cuk, x, l?ku lewg esa jf{kr fd, tkus ij Hkh Hkkx tkrh gSA ;g
y{eh ifjp; dh j{kk ugÈ djrhA mPpdqy dks ugÈ ns[krhA lkSUn;Z dks ugÈ ns[krhA
oa'kijEijk dk vuqlj.k ugÈ djrhA 'kkL= Kku dks ugÈ lqurhA èkeZ dk vuqjksèk ugÈ
djrhA R;kx dk vknj ugÈ djrhA fo'ks"krk dk fopkj ugÈ djrhA vkpkj dh j{kk ugÈ
djrhA lR; dks ugÈ tkurhA ¼lkeqfæd½ y{k.kksa dks çek.k ugÈ ekurhA xUèkoZuxj dh
iafDr ds leku ns[krs gh ns[krs u"V gks tkrh gSA

vkt Hkh eUnjkpy }kjk ?kqek, tkus ls mBh gqbZ Hk¡oj ls mRiUu HkzkfUr ds laLdkj okyh
;g y{eh ifjHkze.k djrh jgrh gSA defyfu;ksa esa lapj.k ds lalxZ ls ekuks yxs gq,
deyn.M ds dk¡Vksa ls {kr gqà ;g y{eh dgÈ ij Hkh fLFkjrk ls iSj ugÈ j[krhA
ijes'ojksa vFkkZr~ egk èkfudksa ds ?kjksa esa vR;fèkd ç;Ru ls j[kh tkus ij Hkh ;g ekuks
fofoèk xUèkxtksa ds diksyksa ls cgus okys eèkq ds iku ls mUeÙk gqà L[kyu dj tkrh gSA
dBksjrk lh[kus ds fy, gh ekuks ryokj dh èkkjkvksa esa fuokl djrh gSA fo'o:i dks
ekuks xzg.k djus ds fy, blus ukjk;.k ds 'kjhj dk vkJ; ysrh gSA vfo'okl ds
vkfèkD; ds dkj.k ;g y{eh vPNh çdkj ls c<+s gq, ewy] n.M] dks'k rFkk e.My ls
;qDr Hkh jktk dks lUè;kdkyhu dey ds leku NksM+ nsrh gSA yrk dh Hkk¡fr foViksa
¼foV¾'kk[kk] i¾ j{kk djus okys o`{kksa vFkok fcVi¾Hkk.M vkfn uhp iq#"kksa½ dk vkJ;
ysrh gSA x³~xk dh Hkk¡fr ¼;g y{eh½ olqvksa ¼vkB olq vFkok æO;ksa½ dh tuuh gksus ij
Hkh rj³~xksa vkSj cqycqyksa ds leku papy gSA
vusd jkf'k;ksa esa laØe.k djus okys lw;Z dh xfr ds leku ;g y{eh fofoèk çdkj dh
oLrqvksa ds lkFk lEcUèk dh bPNk djrh gSA vUèkdkj ls ;qDr ikrky dh xqQk ds leku
;g y{eh reksxq.k ls ;qDr gSA Hkhe ds lkgl ek= ls vk—"V ân; okyh fgfMEck ds
leku ¼;g y{eh Hkh Hkhe rFkk lkgfld dk;ks± ls gh vk—"V gksrh gS½ gSA {k.k-Hk³~xqj
fo|qr~ dks mRiUu djus okyh o"kkZ ds leku & ;g y{eh 'kh?kz gh lekIr gks tkus okyh
ped dks mRiUu djrh gSA nq"V jk{klh ds leku ;g y{eh vusdkusd O;fDr;ksa dh
mUufr fn[kkdj vYicqf) ls ;qDr O;fDr dks mUeÙk cuk nsrh gSA ljLorh }kjk
Loh—r O;fDr dk ekuks Ã";kZ ds dkj.k vkfy³~xu ugÈ djrhA xq.koku~ O;fDr dks ekuks
vifo= tkudj Li'kZ ugÈ djrhA mnkj LoHkko okys O;fDr dks ekuks v'kqHk tkudj
vfèkd lEeku ugÈ nsrhA lTtu O;fDr dks ekuks vi'kdqu le> dj ugÈ ns[krhA
mPpdqy esa mRiUu O;fDr dks ekuks liZ le>dj yk¡?k tkrh gSA 'kkS;Z ;qDr O;fDr dks
ekuks dk¡Vk le>dj NksM+ nsrh gSA nhu O;fDr dks ekuks cqjk LoIu tkudj mlds lehi
ugÈ tkrhA euLoh O;fDr dks ikxy le> dj ml ij g¡lrh gSA

ijLij fojksèkh vius LoHkko dks ekuks bUætky ¼tknw½ dh rjg fn[kkrh gqà lalkj esa
vius pfj= dks çdV djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ¼;g y{eh½ fujUrj Å"ek ¼¾ niZ½ dk
vkjksi.k djrh gqà Hkh 'khryrk ¼tM+rk¾ew[kZRo½ dks mRiUu djrh gSA mUufr dks çnku
80
djrh gqà Hkh uhp LoHkko dks çdV djrh gSA leqæ ls mRiUu gksus ij Hkh r`".kk ¼¾bPNk½
dks c<krh gSA Ã'ojRo dks èkkj.k djrh gqà Hkh veaxy LoHkko dk çlkj djrh gSA 'kfDr
dh o`f) dks mRiUu djrh gqà Hkh {kqærk çnku djrh gSA ve`r dh lgksnjk gksus ij Hkh
;g ifj.kke esa dVq gSA 'kjhj èkkfj.kh gksus ij Hkh çR;{k ugÈ fn[kkà nsrhA Hkxoku~ fo".kq
esa vklDr gksrs gq, Hkh nq"V yksxksa ls çse djrh gSA èkwfy ls ;qDr ¼vk¡/kh½ ds leku
jtkse;h ;g y{eh LoPN oLrq dks Hkh dyqf"kr dj nsrh gSA
bl izdkj ck.kHkê ds }kjk dknEcjh ds “kqduklksins'k ds vUrxZr ftu rF;ksa dks
izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS] mUgsa vkidh tkudkjh ds fy;s ;gk¡ la{ksi esa izLrqr fd;k x;k
gSA blds vkxs dk va'k vkids ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr gS ftldk v/;;u vki foLrkj ls
djsaxAs

¾ tSls-tSls] ~ ¾ ;g y{eh] ¾ papyk] ¾ nhIr

gksrh gS] ¾ oSl-s oSl]s ¾ nhid dh f'k[kk ds leku] ~
¾ dkty ds leku efyu] Z ¾ deZ dks] ¾ izdV djrh gSA ¾ ;g
y{eh] ¾ r` " .kk:ih fo"kyrkvks a dks c<+ k us okyh]
¾ bfUnz;:ih e`xksa dks foo'k djus okyk cgsfy;ksa dk xhr]
¾ c<+kus okyh tyèkkjk] ¾ lPpfjr:ih fp=ksa dks]
¾ vko`r djus okyh /kweys[kk] ¾ eksg:ih nh?kZ
funzk ds fy;s] k ¾ foykl 'k;u] ¾ /ku vkSj en:ih
fi'kkfpfu;ksa ds] ¾ jgus ds fy;s th.kZ'kh.kZ vVkjh]
¾ “kkL=Kku:ih n`f"V ls ;qDr yksxksa ds fy;s] ¾ eksfr;kfcUn tSlk jksx]
¾ leLr mí.Mrkvksa] ¾ vkxs pyus okyh irkdk]
¾ Øksèk ds vkosx:ih exjePNksa dh] ¾ mRifÙkLFkku:ih
unh] ¾ lq[k:ih efnjkvksa ds] ¾ iku djus dk LFkku]
efnjky;] ¾ Hkzdfq Vfodkj:ih ukVdksa dh] ¾ j³~xHkwfe
gS] ¾ nks"k:ih liksZa dh] ¾ fuokl djus dh xqQk]
~ ¾ lTtu iq#"kksa ds O;ogkjksa dks] ¾ nwj djus
okyh csra dh NM+h] ¾ xq.k:ih dygalksa dks Hkxkus okyh]
¾ vle; o`f"V] ¾ yksdfuUnk:ih QksMk+ as dks]
¾ QSykus okyh Hkwfe] ¾ diV:ih ukVd dh] ¾ Hkwfedk]
¾ dke:ih gkFkh dk fiz;Hk{k.k:i] ¾ dsys dk ikS/kk] 81
 ¾ lTturk ds Hkko dh] ¾ o/k Hkwfe] ¾ /keZ:ih pUnzek ds
e.My dks xzlus okyh] ¾ jkgq dh thHkA

¾ ;su ;su çdkjs.k] ¾ ,"kk] ¾ papyk]

¾ LQqjfr] ¾ rsu rsu çdkjs.k] ¾ çnhikÆp%] bo]
a ¾ dTtye~ ¾ vatue~ bo efyue~ ¾ eyhele~] ¾ fØ;ke~] ,o]
¾ mfn~xjfrA ;Fkk nhif'k[kk dTtyeso çlwrs rFkSo; s a y{eh% dTtyefyua
nq"dekZfnda tu;frA ¾ y{eh] ¾ fyIlk:ifo"kyrkuka]
¾ foLrkj.ktyèkkjk] ¾ bfUæ;gfj.kkuka]
e`x;
s qxkua] ;Fkk O;k/kk% LoeèkqjxhrS% e`xkuk—"; rs"kka çk.kku~ gjfUr rFkSo b;a y{eh%
vfi bfUæ;kf.k fo"k;kfHkeq[kkfu foèkk; yksdku~ uk'k;frA ¾ lPpfjrkfu
& lqo`Ùkkfu ,o fp=kf.k &vkys[;kfu rs"kke~] ¾ vkoj.kèkweys[kk] ;Fkk
èkweys[kk 'kuS% 'kuS% fp=kf.k vko`rkfu —Rok fouk'k;fr rFkSo b;efi 'kuS% 'kuS% lPpfjrkfu
fouk'k;frA

tSls tSls ;g y{eh çnhIr gksrh gS oSls oSls gh nhid dh ykS dh Hkk¡fr
dkty ds leku efyu deks± dks mxyrh gSA D;ksafd r`".kk :ih-yrkvksa dks c<+kus ds
fy, ;g ty dh èkkjk gSA bfUæ; :ih e`xksa ds fy, ¼;g½ f'kdkjh dk xhr gSA lqUnj
pfj= :ih fp=ksa dks feVkus ds fy, ;g èkq,¡ dh iafDr ds leku gSA eksg :ih nh?kZfuæk
ds fy, ;g foykl'k¸;k gSA ,s'o;Zen :ih fi'kkfpfu;ksa ds fy, ;g th.kZ 'kh.kZ
vêkfydkvksa okyk fuokl LFkku gSA 'kkL= :ih us=ksa ds fy, ;g *frfej* uked jksx dh
mRifÙk gSA ;g y{eh lc çdkj dh nq"Vrkvksa dh iqj% irkdk gSA Øksèk ds vkosx :ih
xzgksa dks tUe nsus okyh unh gSA fo"k;okluk :ih efnjk dh ikuHkwfe gS A Hkzwfodkj :ih
vfHku; dh laxhr'kkyk gSA nks"k :ih fo"kSys lk¡iks ds fuokl djus dh xqQk gS A lTtu
iq#"kksa ds O;ogkjksa dks nwj djus ds fy, os=yrk gSA xq.k:ih dygalksa dks nwj djus ds
fy, vdky o"kkZ gSA yksdfuUnk :ih foLQksVdksa ds QSyus ds fy, ¼;g vuqdy w ½ LFkku
gSA diV :ih ukVd dh çLrkouk gSA dke :ih gkFkh ds fy, dnyh-ou gSA lkèkq-Hkkoksa
ds fy, ;g oè;'kkyk gSA èkeZ :ih bUnqe.My ds fy, ;g jkgq dh ftºok gS A

b;a y{eh% bfUæ;kf.k fo"k;kfHkeq[kkfu foèkk; fpÙka dyq"khdjksfrA 'kuS%

'kuS% lPpfjrkfu uk'k;frA y{E;k% lalxsZ.k iq#"kk.kka lnln~foosdks fou';frA
loZfoèkèkekZpj.kkuka fouk'k'p HkofrA dkekfnfodkjk.kka çkcY;su lokZ% xq.kk% vi;kfUrA
fofoèkfufUnrkpj.ktU;yksdkioknk% tk;UrsA vfi p papyLoHkkok b;a uSd= fLFkjr;k
okla djksfrA vkjCèk;kSousu pUækihMsu ;kSojkT;çkIrs vfLeu~ voljs ,rr~ lo± fpUruh;e~
bR;k'k;%A

nhi~] yV~]Á-iq-,-o-A mr~$oe~] Á-iq-

,-o-A mn~$xe~$fDru~A Á$Lrq$f.kp~$;qp~$Vki~A
mr~$l`$f.kp~$Y;qV~A

nhiL; f'k[kk ¾ nhif'k[kk] rRiq#"k leklA

dTtye~ bo efyue~] miin leklA okjh.kka /kkjk] "k"Bh rRiq#"k]
lao/kZuk; okfj/kkjk] prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA fo"kL; oYy;%] fo"koYy;%]
"k"Bh rRiq#"k] r`".kk ,o fo"koYy;%] deZ/kkj; A O;k/kL; xhfr%] "k"Bh
rRiq#"kA bfUnz;kf.k ,o e`xk%] deZ/kkj;A
/kweL; ys[kk] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] ijke'kkZ; /kweys[kk] prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA
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lrka pfjrkfu] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] rkU;so fp=kf.k] rs"kke~] deZ/kkj;A
eksg ,o nh?kZfunzk ;s"kka rs"kke~] deZ/kkj; xfHkZr cgqozhfgA th.kkZ
pklkS oyHkh] deZ/kkj;] fuoklk; th.kZoyHkh] prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA
/kukuka enk%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] /kuenk% ,o fi'kkfpdk%] rklke~] deZ/kkj;A
frfejL; mn~xfr%] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA losZ p rs vfou;k%] deZ/kkj;A
fuEua xPNfr bfr fuEuxk] mRiÙ;S fuEuxk] miinxHkZ prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA
& Øks/kL; vkosxk%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] Øks/kkosxk% ,o xzkgk%] deZ/kkj;A
& vkikuk; Hkwfe%] prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA & fo"k;k% ,o e/kwfu]
deZ/kkj;A & Hkzqoka fodkjk%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] Hkzwfodkjk% ,o ukV~;kfu]
deZ/kkj;A & nks"kk ,o vk'khfo"kk%] deZ/kkj;A vkoklk;
njh] prqFkhZ rRiq#"kA diVeso ukVde~] deZ/kkj;A
dke% ,o djh] deZ/kkj;A lk/kks% Hkko%] "k"Bh rRiq#"kA
bUnks% e.Mye~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] /keZ ,o bUnqe.Mye~] deZ/kkj;A

& 1-vçR;;ks·èkhu'kiFkKkufo'oklgsrq"kq bR;ej%A 2- oYyh rq ozrfryZrk* bR;ej%A

3-*foVi% iYyos f'k³~xs foLrkjs LrEc'kk[k;ks%* bfr fo'o%A 4- *Hk³~xLrj³~x ÅÆeokZ
fL=;ka ohfp%* bR;ej%A

^;Fkk ;Fkk ps;a piyk nhI;rs rFkk rFkk nhif'k[kso dTtyefyueso

deZ dsoyeq)efr* ;gk¡ ^iw.kksZiek* vyadkj gSA ^b;a laoèkZuokfjèkkjk--------jkgqftg~ok* rd
lEiw.kZ x|ka'k esa ijEifjr :id vy³~dkj gSA

1½ ^lokZfou;kuke~* bl in esa dkSu-lk lekl gS \

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2½ 'kqdukl ds iq= dk D;k uke Fkk \
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 3½ rkjkihM dgk¡ dk jktk Fkk\
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4½ pUnzihM ds ekrk-firk dk D;k uke Fkk \
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5½ y{eh us dBksjrk dgk¡ ls xzg.k dh \
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6½ ^nks"kk'khfo"kk.kke~* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS \
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1½ ^lao/kZuokfj/kkjk r`".kkoYyhuke~* dk rkRi;Z fyf[k,A

2½ rkjkihM us LoIu esa D;k ns[kk \
3½ oS'kEik;u us pUnzkihM dks dkSu-dkSu ls en crk;s gSa \
4½ bl bdkbZ dk vfHkizk; vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
5½ bl bdkbZ ds vk/kkj ij y{eh ds nqxqZ.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

84
izLrqr bdkbZ esa 'kqduklksins'k ds vUrxZr y{eho.kZu 'kh"kZd ls dqN ikB~;ka'k vkids
fy;s izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ck.kHkê us y{eh dk o.kZu djrs gq, mlds nks"kksa dks Hkh izLrqr
fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;g y{eh nhif'k[kk ds leku gS A ftl izdkj nhif'k[kk
izdk'k rks djrh gS fdUrq vius /kwe ls dkfyek Hkh QSykrh gS mlh izdkj y{eh Hkh euq";
dks cqjs dk;ksZa esa izo`Ùk djrh gSA ;g y{eh euq"; dh r`".kk dks Hkh c<krh gSA tSls-tSls
y{eh izkIr gksrh tkrh gSA euq"; dh vkSj vf/kd ikus dh fyIlk c<+rh tkrh gSA ;g
y{eh bfUnz;:ih e`xksa dks foo'k djus ds fy;s O;k/kxhr gSA ftl izdkj cgsfy;k e`xksa
dks o'khHkwr djus ds fy;s xhr xkrk gS vkSj e`x ds eksfgr gksus ij mls ekj nsrk gS] mlh
izdkj y{eh bfUnz;:ih e`xksa dks viuh vksj vklDr djrh gS rFkk euq"; dk fouk'k dj
nsrh gSA ;g egkiq#"kksa ds lPpfj= dks mlh izdkj ls vko`Ùk dj ysrh gS] tSls /kwe fp=
dks vko`Ùk dj ysrk gSA bl y{eh ds dkj.k O;fDr /ku ls erokyk gks tkrk gSA og
foosd:ih us=ksa dks [kks nsrk gSA y{eh ds en ls O;fDr mí.M gks tkrk gS rFkk fdlh
dk lEeku vkfn djuk Hkwy tkrk gSA ck.kHkê ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;g y{eh Øks/k dks
c<kus okyh exjePNksa dh tUeHkwfe unh gSA y{eh dk lnqi;ksx u djus okyk O;fDr
yksd fuUnk dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj mls vi;'k gh izkIr gksrk gSA ;g dkenso:ih gkFkh
dk fiz; Hk{k.k gSA tSls gkFkh dsys ds dksey ikS/ks dks rksM+dj [kk tkrk gS] mlh izdkj
y{eh ds en esa pwj O;fDr viuh dkeukvksa ds }kjk rksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

fuEuxk unh
vk'khfo"k% liZ
o"kkZdky% o"kkZ dk le;
piyk & papy
r`".kkfo"koYyh & r`".kk:ih fo"k dh yrk
O;k/kxhfr% & cgsfy;ksa ds xhr
foHkze'kS¸;k & foykl 'k;u
frfejksn~xfr% & vU/kdkj dk mRifÙk LFkku
laxhr'kkyk & jaxHkwfe
yksdksiokn & yksdfuUnk
dkedjh & dkenso:ih gkFkh

1½ dknEcjh & Hkkocksfèkuh O;k[;k lfgr] MkW- t;'kadj yky f=ikBh] —".knkl
vdkneh] okjk.klh] 1993A

2½ dknEcjh & egksikè;k; HkkuqpUæfl)pUæ —r Vhdk lfgr] la- dk'khukFk ik.Mqj³~x

ijc~] fu.kZ;lkxj çsl] ckWEcs] 1849 ¼'kdkCn½A
85
 1½ ^lokZfou;kuke~* bl in esa deZ/kkj; lekl gS A
2½ 'kqdukl ds iq= dk uke iq.Mjhd Fkk A
3½ rkjkihM mTtf;uh dk jktk FkkA
4½ pUnzihM ds ekrk-firk dk uke rkjkihM vkSj foyklorh FkkA
5½ y{eh us dBksjrk dkSLrqHkef.k ls xzg.k dhA
6½ ^nks"kk'khfo"kk.kke~* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & nks"k :ih liksaZ dhA

bu Á'uksa ds mŸkj fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksAa

86