Tutorial 3 Questions

1. Construct the sample space for the experiment in which a coin is tossed 3 times.
Solution:

𝑺 = {𝒉𝒉𝒉, 𝒉𝒉𝒕, 𝒉𝒕𝒉, 𝒉𝒕𝒕, 𝒕𝒉𝒕, 𝒕𝒕𝒉, 𝒕𝒕𝒕}

There are 8 elements in S, 𝑵(𝑺) = 𝟖
a) 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠)

Let A = 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝑨 = {𝒉𝒉𝒉, 𝒉𝒉𝒕, 𝒉𝒕𝒉, 𝒕𝒉𝒉, 𝒕𝒕𝒕} There are 5 elements
in A, 𝑵(𝑨) = 𝟓

𝑵(𝑨) 𝟓
𝑷(𝑨) = =
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟖

b) 𝑃(𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙)

Let B = 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝑩 = { 𝒉𝒉𝒕, 𝒉𝒕𝒉, 𝒕𝒉𝒉, 𝒕𝒕𝒉, 𝒕𝒉𝒕, 𝒉𝒕𝒕} There are 6
elements in B, 𝑵(𝑩) = 𝟔

𝑵(𝑩) 𝟔
𝑷(𝑩) = =
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟖
c) 𝑃(𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠)

Let C = 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝑪 = { 𝒉𝒉𝒕, 𝒉𝒕𝒉, 𝒕𝒉𝒉} There are 3 elements in C,
𝑵(𝑪) = 𝟑
𝑵(𝑪) 𝟑
𝑷(𝑪) = =
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟖

d) 𝑃(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑)

Note: there are only two kinds – heads and tails. So, for example, getting 3 of a kind
would be the events 𝒉𝒉𝒉 and 𝒕𝒕𝒕.

Let D = get two of the same kind

There are elements 6 in D: 𝑫 = {𝒉𝒉𝒕 , 𝒉𝒕𝒉 , 𝒕𝒉𝒉 , 𝒕𝒕𝒉 , 𝒕𝒉𝒕 , 𝒉𝒕𝒕 }
So,

𝑵(𝑫) 𝟔
𝑷(𝑫) = =
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟖
2. Suppose you are given the sample space:

𝑆 = { 30, 40, 60, 80, 90, 110, 120, 130, 140, 160 }

𝑵(𝑺) = 𝟏𝟎

Define the 3 following events:

𝐴 = {40, 60, 80, 110}

𝐵 = {30, 60, 80, 130, 140}

𝐶 = {40, 60, 80, 120, 140,160}

a) Calculate 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪 = {𝟔𝟎, 𝟖𝟎}
𝑵(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) 𝟐
𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟏𝟎

b) Calculate the probability of 𝑃([𝐶̅ ∪ 𝐵] ∩ 𝐴)

̅
First find the elements of 𝑪 ̅ = {𝟑𝟎, 𝟗𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟑𝟎}
𝑪
̅∪𝑩
Now find the elements of 𝑪
̅ ∪ 𝑩 = {𝟑𝟎, 𝟔𝟎, 𝟖𝟎, 𝟗𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟑𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝟎 }
𝑪
̅ ∪ 𝑩] ∩ 𝑨
Now find the elements of [𝑪 ̅ ∪ 𝑩] ∩ 𝑨 = {𝟔𝟎, 𝟖𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟎}
[𝑪

̅ ∪ 𝑩] ∩ 𝑨)
𝑵([𝑪 𝟑
̅ ∪ 𝑩] ∩ 𝑨) =
𝑷([𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟑
𝑵(𝑺) 𝟏𝟎

3. Let A and B be events defined on the same sample space. Identify which of the statements
below are true and which are false.

a) Empirical probability tends towards true probability as the number of trials increases. TRUE
b) If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.2 and 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.5, then event B is more likely to occur than event A. TRUE
c) If A and B are mutually exclusive, then the sum of their probabilities is 1. FALS
d) The probability of an impossible event is 0. E
TRUE
e) 0 ≤ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ≤ 1 TRUE
f) If A and B are complementary events, then the sum of their probabilities is 1. TRUE
4. The bar chart below shows the number of students that passed STAT111 in 2013, 2014 and
2015.

a) If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that they were doing a BSc
degree?
𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑷(𝑩𝑺𝒄) = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎
b) If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that they did not pass in 2014
or 2015?

The group of students that we are randomly choosing from is made up of only
students who passed Stat130. This question is not asking about failures (we
have no information about failures), it is asking about when the students
passed.

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝑷(𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓) = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎

c) If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that they were studying a
commerce degree and passed in 2014?

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑷(𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓) = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎

5. In a batch of 15 jars of instant coffee, 5 have been under filled. Suppose 6 of these jars are
selected without replacement. If more than 1 of these selected jars are under filled, the whole
batch is sent back for refill. What is the probability of the batch being sent back for refill?

𝑷(𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍) = 𝑷(𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝒋𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅)

= 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝒋𝒂𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅)

= 𝟏 − (𝑷(𝟎 𝒋𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅) + 𝑷(𝟏 𝒋𝒂𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅))

 𝟓𝑪𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔 𝟓𝑪𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟓
=𝟏−( + )
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
ALTERNATIVE!!!!

𝑷(𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍) = 𝑷(𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝒋𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅)

𝟓𝑪𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝟓𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟓𝑪𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟓𝑪𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏

= + + +
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟔

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏

6. An anonymous caller told the police that he saw a hit and run incident and had briefly seen
the number plate of the car. He knew that the number plate started with two letters – a B and
an E – but could not remember the order. After the letters were four digits – 3, 4, 8 and 9 –
but again he could not remember the order. The four numbers were followed by the letter V.
How many number plates will the police have to check to be sure of including the car
involved in the hit and run incident?

(𝟐 × 𝟏) × (𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏) × (𝟏) = 𝟒𝟖

7. A company has 5 products in it’s Basics range, 5 products in it’s Standard range and 4
products in it’s Premium range. The company wishes to advertise in a local newspaper, but
due to space constraints, it can only advertise 6 products.

a) How many possible 6-prouct groupings/selections are possible?

𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟔 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟑

b) What is the probability that an advert of 6 randomly selected products contains an

equal number of products from each of the ranges?

𝑷(𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒖𝒎)

𝟓𝑪𝟐 × 𝟓𝑪𝟐 × 𝟒𝑪𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐
𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟔
c) What is the probability that an advert of 6 randomly selected products contains the
whole Basics range and one item from the Standard range?

𝑷(𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅)

𝟓𝑪𝟓 × 𝟓𝑪𝟏
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟓 … ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟔
d) What is the probability that an advert of 6 randomly selected products contains the
whole Basics range?
 𝑷(𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔)

= 𝑷(𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅

+ 𝑷(𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒖𝒎)
𝟓𝑪𝟓 × 𝟓𝑪𝟏 𝟓𝑪𝟓 × 𝟒𝑪𝟏
= + = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟔

8. Let K denote the event that a person knows how to knit and let N denote the event that a
person does not know how to do needle-work.
a) Describe in words the event that is represented by the shaded area on the
diagram below.

A person does not know how to knit. ̅

This is 𝐾

b) Describe in words the event that is represented by the shaded area on the
diagram below.

̅∩𝑁
𝐾 ̅
A person does not know how to knit but does know how to do needle-work.

c) Describe in words the event that is represented by the shaded area on the
diagram below.

A person does not know how to knit or do needle-work. ̅

𝑁∩𝐾

9. Let A and B be events defined on the same sample space. Identify which of the statements
below are true and which are false.
a) If A and B are mutually exclusive then they are independent. FALSE
b) If A and B are independent then they are not mutually exclusive. TRUE
c) If A and B are independent, then the following is definitely true: FALSE
10. Suppose A and B are mutually exclusive events defined on the same sample space such that
𝑃(𝐴)=0.37 and 𝑃(𝐵)=𝑐.
a) What is the maximum value of 𝑐?

Max value of 𝒄 = 𝟏 – 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑

b) What is 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)?

A and B are mutually exclusive so 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = {} . So, 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎

𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) 𝟎
𝑷(𝑨|𝑩) = = =𝟎
𝑷(𝑩) 𝑷(𝑩)

11. Suppose A and B are two events defined on the same sample space such that
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.4, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.8, 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑝
where 0 < 𝑝(. ) < 1.

a) What is the value of p if A and B are mutually exclusive?

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Rearrange

𝑷(𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒

For mutually exclusive 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎

b) What is the value of p if A and B are independent?

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Rearrange

𝑷(𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑨). 𝑷(𝑩)

𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝒑

𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝒑(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒)

𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒑
𝟎. 𝟒
𝑷= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔 … ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝟎. 𝟔

For independent

𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨). 𝑷(𝑩)

12. Ms Pitts and Mr Oduse are statistics lecturers. Ms Pitts spends 62% of her day in the stats
department. Mr Oduse spends 57% of his day in the stats department. Forty-two (42) percent
of the time Ms Pitts and Mr Oduse can both be found in the
stats department.

𝑨 = 𝑴𝒔 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑩 = 𝑴𝒓 𝑶𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝑷(𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐

a) What is the probability that only one of these lecturers will be in the stats department
when you go to have a consultation? Hint: Use the Theorem of total probability

𝑷(𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒔 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕. ) + 𝑷(𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒓 𝑶𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕. )
̅ ) + 𝑷(𝑨
= 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ̅ ∩ 𝑩)

= [𝑷(𝑨) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)] + [𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)]

= [𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐] + [𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐]

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓

Alternatively: From the diagram (shaded area) 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓

b) What is the probability that neither of the two lecturers will be in the stats
department? Hint: De Morgan’s Law
̅∩𝑩
𝑷(𝑨 ̅ ) = 𝑷(𝑨
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝑩)

= 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)

= 𝟏 − [𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)]

= 𝟏 − [𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐]

= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑

c) What is the probability that only Mr Oduse will be in the stats department?
̅ ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
𝑷(𝑨

= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
13. A businessman has two secretaries. The probability that the one hired most recently will be
absent on any given day is 0.08 and the probability that the other secretary will be absent on
any given day is 0.07. The probability that both secretaries will be absent on any given day is
0.01.
a) What is the probability that at least one of the secretaries is absent on any given day?

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒

b) What is the probability that at least one of the secretaries comes to work on any given
day?

𝑷(𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌)

= 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝐧𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤)

= 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭)

= 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗

c) What is the probability that only one of the secretaries comes to work on any given
day?

𝑷(𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌)

= 𝑷(𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕)

̅ ) + 𝑷(𝑨
= 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ̅ ∩ 𝑩)

= [𝑷(𝑨) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)] + [𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)]

= [𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏] + [𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏]

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
14. In a study about eating habits, 150 people were randomly selected and asked their annual
household income and the number of times that they ate take-away food each month. The
information is summarized in the table below.
0 to 4 5 to 10 More than 10
Under R120000 27 7 2
R120000 to R240000 14 17 46
Over R240000 15 12 10
a) Suppose you randomly select a person and their annual household income is from
R120000 to R240000. What is the probability that they eat take-away food at least 5
times a month?
𝟏𝟕 + 𝟒𝟔
𝑷(𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝟓 | 𝑹𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝑹𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖
𝟕𝟕
b) If a person who eats take-away twice a month is chosen, what is the probability that
their annual household income is at most R240000?
𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟒
𝑷(𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝑹𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 | 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟒) = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟐
𝟓𝟔
c) For eating habits 0 to 4 , what are the odds against having a bill of at least
R240000?
Failure: 𝒃 = 𝟒𝟏 successes: 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓
Event: have a bill of at least 240000
Odds against 𝒃: 𝒂
𝟒𝟏: 𝟏𝟓
𝟏: 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔

15. It has been found that 82% of land developers are currently experiencing financial
difficulties. Of those experiencing financial difficulties, 28% say that tax issues are a major
concern. If a land developer is randomly selected, what is the probability that he/she is
currently experiencing financial difficulties and says that tax issues are a major concern?

Define
𝑭 = 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔
𝑻 = 𝒔𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒙 𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒏
𝑷(𝑭) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝑷(𝑻|𝑭) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝑷(𝑭 ∩ 𝑻) =?

𝑷(𝑭 ∩ 𝑻) = 𝑷(𝑭)𝑷(𝑻|𝑭) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟔

16. An urn contains 5 red balls, 3 white balls and 8 blue balls. You randomly select 3 balls to give
to a friend. What is the probability that the first ball you draw is blue, the second is red and
the third is white?

𝑷(𝒃𝟏 ∩ 𝒓𝟐 ∩ 𝒘𝟑 ) = 𝑷(𝒃𝟏 )𝑷(𝒓𝟐 |𝒃𝟏 )𝑷(𝒘𝟑 |𝒃𝟏 ∩ 𝒓𝟐 )

𝟖 𝟓 𝟑
=( ) ( ) ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟕 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒
17. Sleep apnoea is a disorder that interrupts breathing and can awaken sufferers as often as five
times an hour. Sleep apnoea is not easily diagnosed because it usually causes loud snoring. It
is known that 13% of adults have sleep apnoea. Eighty-five (85) percent of adults that suffer
from sleep apnoea snore loudly, whereas only 42% of adults without sleep apnoea snore
loudly.

Define 𝐴=ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑎𝑝𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑎 𝐿=𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑙𝑦

Given: 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 𝑷(𝑳 | 𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓, ̅ ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐

𝑷(𝑳|𝑨

a) What is the probability that an adult does not have sleep apnoea?
̅ ) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
𝑷(𝑨

b) What is the probability that an adult snore loudly?

𝑷(𝑳) = 𝑷(𝒔𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒂𝒑𝒏𝒐𝒆𝒂)

+ 𝑷(𝒔𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒂𝒑𝒏𝒐𝒆𝒂)
̅)
= 𝑷(𝑳 ∩ 𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑳 ∩ 𝑨
̅ ) + 𝑷(𝑨
= 𝑷(𝑨)𝑷(𝑳|𝑨 ̅ )𝑷(𝑳|𝑨
̅)

= (𝟎. 𝟏𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓) + (𝟎. 𝟖𝟕)(𝟎. 𝟒𝟐)

= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟗

c) What is the probability that an adult doesn’t snore loudly if it is known that he/she has
sleep apnoea?

𝑷(𝑳̅|𝑨) = 𝟏 − (𝑷𝑳|𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

d) What is the probability that an adult doesn’t snore loudly if it is known that he/she
doesn’t have sleep apnoea.

𝑷(𝑳̅|𝑨
̅ ) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑳|𝑨
̅ ) = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖

e) Suppose an adult complains to his/her doctor that his/her loud snoring is waking
him/her up often. What is the probability that this person has sleep apnoea?

𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑳) 𝑷(𝑨)𝑷(𝑳|𝑨) (𝟎. 𝟏𝟑)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)

𝑷(𝑨|𝑳) = = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟗 … ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟐
𝑷(𝑳) 𝑷(𝑳) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟗