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Theme Through tho Fyes o Travell ens
Five fenteptions of Sociatylds dt ooltood
9ntroduetion 0lg ddo nu o tae bns aulaunl ovol ai
Women and men travelled in soarch oh wortk, 10 ascape tom natural
disasterts, as tradans, manchants, soldiatu, priasis, plgrims on driven
by asense o odventute.ogutiu puiapui ad bomupdu
Al-8irtuni and the Kitab-Vl- Hindat banabag acthy ci dd
From KhWa i3m to the Punjalb
Al- Biruni borned in 973 in Khuoanigm in present-day Abghanistan -
well versed in Syrie, Arabie, Persian, Hebraw and 9anskrii.
9n 1o17, Sultan Mahmud invaded Khwanigm, Hook savertal scholaru
and poels back to his eapital Ghagni - Al Biruni one o them
>He developed an intanest in 9ndia in qhagni. 1d baba0a
L Sanskriít works on astronomy, mathemation and medicine hod baen
ranslated into Arabie hrom 8th eeiury onwardh.
The Kitab-ul-Hind udgoeolis aadulog c10faab-aaudaa
A l Bitun's kitab-ul-Hind - ortiten in Arrabic simple and luuo.
A voluminous tuxt, divided inlo g0 chapiens on subjeis such as
ond philosophy hestivals, astronomy, alch amy, mannarts and
religion
eustoms, souol Nhe, weights and measuru, iconognaphy, laws and
metrrolog
Al-Biruni onote in Anabic, prob ably intended his work bor
poples tiving along brontiars o subeontinent
Familian with translations and adoptions oh Sanskrit, Pali and
Prakrit 4exts into Arabic.a
plespnt bo -0fal a daasa bsdaudug a d19
18N BATTUTA'S RIHLA a bslainganiga~
An early globe irotear lgabe of fuatao bouino
Rihla - book on tnavels - rilten in Arabic prroviden exinamay
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rtich and interesting details about social and cultural lihe in the
subeontfnent in 14th nyt
eentury
8otn ino Tangiert into a most mespectable ond aducafed hamily.
9 He loved travelling and went to harn-obb placn, explorting new
wonlds and peoplesmo to dm butloyont o bho nno
A Reached Sind in 1333, Hnavelling ovenland through Cantral Asia.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Sultan of Delhi, impriessed by his yd
3cholanship and appointed him gazi orr judge oh Dalhi.
9n 1942, sulilan ordaned him to proceed to ehina a Sulfan's
envoy to Mongol trulen.
Ro1eFrom Malaban, he went to Maldives-stayed bor 18 months
qazi decided to prnoceed to Si Lanka booniy i
visited Bengal and Assam behone mesuming his mission to China.
st Trrav elled: 2xtensivaly in China detided to telurn home in 1341.
Recorded his cbsurtvafions about new eultuness peoples belizs,
values otebng 9ilomgatom ymononf2p no 210D fn2 apg
hneno vmutng df8 mon sidont oiai batolsaon
Frran cois Berrnien: A Doctot with a Deyh ertence
A Frenchman a doctort, politieol philosophen and historian.
Came to Mughal empine in seanch o opporntuniti».inumig 74
Stayedin 9ndia bot 12 yeams 1656 to 1669 elosely assouated
with Mughal Count as a
physician to Prince Dama shukoh, ddest
son oh Empetor 8hah Jahan- bag 2h/gts 9 loo02 2ama fa
KRolons
eomporong Easthand Westn dong idont i sfomouiaunid
Travelled to severtal partts oh the eountrry wrtote actounts ob
whiat he and companing ih wlth siluadion in
saw
Eurtopemoe
Dadicated his mojor wniting to Louis XIV, King oh Frtance
LHis w ortks wert publis hed in French in 1610-71 and transl ated
into English-rprinted 8 times in Fnench and 3 times in
English marnked eontrant to accounts in Anable and Pensian.
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Making S ense o an Alien Worid Al-Binuni and the Sansknitie 1nadition
OVerncoming banrigrs do undensianding bmos balia
Al- Binuni discussed savenal "pennians thad he tt obstnucted
und unst anding.
i s t - Language - Sanskit was dit}unent rom Arabie and Pansian,
ldeas and concapls eould not be eaaily transladed
2nd Religious beli ghs and pradieas
3rd salh-obsorpation and eonsequent insul onily oh local population.
Hedapended almost axclusively en works ob Brahman citing
passages brom Vedah, Punana), Bhagavad qta, wortks oh Palanjali
Manusmriti ete to provide an und astanding o Sndion souelyY
A-8iruni's destription ob the Caste Syctem ad
He tried to explain causle aystam by loking horu parallgls in othert
sOcieiesobao fignG i
Noted 4 social eadegonies-
Knights and Pninces diad kudutd
Monks, Fine- prniasis and lawyan S
Physidans, Astronomens and othert scientists;alg 0d
Peasants and aretisans augegar Akd -2alauao lanutias
L Suggested sodal divi sions worte not unique to 9ndia.uiub
Pointed out that uoHhin 9slam all men eneeonsidaned equal.
Aecepted Brahmanical destipiion oh eate aystam disapnoved
netion o Population. acsbusug
Rem arnked that avertything which halls indo a state o impuniy
strives and sueeds in regaining its original eondition oh punity
Aecondingto him, eoneaptien obeoial pollution, inininsie to esle
syst.em o contrtary to laws o natun.
dautos
1bn BaHuda and the Exotamant o the Untamilian
By 4th entuny, 9bn BatuBa anmived in Dalhi subconinent wa
pant o a
global networtk o} communication -stnelched mom China
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in West ede
i0 2ast o north-west Akriea and Eunope
men and rulens,
shmines-spent time uoith leanned
9visited sacned
q0zienjoyed
0s eosmopolitan euHune oh urnban entne
obhtiating listenert on
highlighted in order to ensune impmess
un amiliar ef
0127 readert f b 2D09 114200-9ponpo
hao 3/loo igloM
The Coconut and the Paoan bo
unhamiliarn to
0 a l y Tuwo kinds oh plant produte thaf were eompletoly
his audiente rgte gourlbre feealo babasqaD
9bn Batufa and 9ndian hes
3buvongot
ato ttanauuo
Found eities in subcomînent hull oh x citing opportunities ort those
who had necessarty dtive, rtesourtein and skills. C
| Densely populated and prospenouc. fA0 ofg of boi
Most eitin had erowded streets and bright and colounhul
markets. 2n9pat09 loinoz boluit
L Deseibed Dalhi as a vast ety, wlth a great population.largest
in 9ndia.
Bazaars- plate5 ob etonemic trans action, hub ohsoual and
euHural activities.- hod a mosque ort
templespaces
or
dancors, musicians and gingerts ote iuib abg-batf2apou
Found 9ndian agrti eulture veny productive- betouse o herttlty
9001fytm3b io bino mdpnd baiqsooif e
L 9ndian textiles oTe in gneat demond.
00itoivg09 a0i34
A Unique System ob Communic ati on T 0
2b3rhu2 bap 2auiaiz
L Almost all tnade ROutes wene wel supplied wtth inns
and guest hous
Postal syst em ollovoed menthonts
to not
only sand
remit credit aertoss long distancu.
inhortm ationand
Postol syst em was so
ebhiei ant took 50 days to meuch Dihi
rom sind
frauTUm9e iguf 9 uoo
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B ertolert ond the "Degenerate' Eost
The Quesfon of landownenshipn a
AeLording to Bartnien-one bundam ental di}}enenL btwun Mughol
9ndia and Furope- lack ob private prroportty in land in onmen.
Believed in vintues oh privote propertly and saw ertoon Ownenship o
land as being hanmtul bort both state ond ils peopleat
Theught the Mughal Empine omperroru owned all land and distributed
i tamong nobles -disastrous eonsaq ueneas bon economy ond
Soiety
|Landholdens eould not pass on their land to thein ehíldnen.
Absence oj prtivaBe land pravented emengence oj elaba
property in
oimproving' landlonds with a coneerun to mointain on impnove land.
L1d to unitorm ruínation ob gmiculturne, exeassive oppenession oh
peab antruy and a eontinous decine in living stand arndn oh all
Sextions eh soieiy, ercept ruling aristocray
9ndion sotialy epnsisting oh undißbanentiated masses o
Impoverished people, subjugated by a smal minority oh a veny rich
and powarhul ruling class.
|No middle stade in 9ndia.
A moTe complex social rreality os 2aluaia
wteio He belt thot uttisans had no incentive to Improve quality oh theirt
manu achuTes probits wune appropiated by state.
vast quantities o wordd's precious metals blowed inlo 9ndia
0.s manuh actues wte 2xportled in exchange horn gold and silvert,
Noticed that existence oa ptospertous marehant eommunity
angaged a long-distance gxchange.
Metehants ehten had
strong eommunity orn kin tiu,- organised into
thin ewn euste-eum-0ctupational bodin.aaokaita
L ealled Mahajana in Wastern 9ndia.
vhaul4 asiad da
Othern urtban groups induded pmohession al elasse
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1g m
|Women ?Slaves, Sai and Labourerts
markets. M 1990E
9 Slaves wule openly sold tn that therte wan eonsidenable
>9t appearu brom 9bn 8aHuta's account
dib errenti ation omong slavesoingfo n 1g u bar p
ayes were gen ermally used orr domestic Iabour prtiee oh slaves
Particularly hemale slaves was vety lowo ptd bapi
bolContemporarty European travelers and ordterrs ohten highlighted
treatment o women as a etucial markert oh dibhermenca b
Western and Fastann sodeties. 0
Prractice oh sati was thenethein lobourn was in both ogrieullunal
and non-agrleultural produchion.i utao qong aoving jo 920
bnof Women rom merthant familles participated in commetual
activitesHaking meneantile disputes to eourth oh lau. oi
b7mmmtz pmvit 9rihsb 2onitn09 bno yntnaus
0nAdd-Ons*qy poondo znoif9
#Mchrology: Sciente oh measurtement giteiuno ylaibop notbne e
4Tartm Hindu' oas derived btom an old Pensian wortd, nehR to
rtegion ast o Sindhu riven. 22Dfs galut lugnabuog ba
Timelne
Some Travellers who Leht Accouniso
Jtigd9731048: Muhammad 4bn Abmad Abu Raihan al- Biruni-(rom Vebakistan)
1254 1323; Matt0 Polo Chrom 9taly)figon9 201f30alap
H1304-1377: 9bn Batuta ChTom
Morocco 2oltit pup tpe
lt 1413-1482 9shaq al-9amartqandi (brrom
H 1466-1412: A}anasii NiKitich Nkitin (jrom Somartqand)uem 20
H 1518 Duarte Banb0Sa (rom Ponttug
Russia) todt boailoid
l4E62: al)io tit-prol bopupn
ofa Seydi Ali. Reis (hrom Turkey) 2ta ba etdo ainodomz l0
41536-1600 Antonio MOns efutafe (brom Spain-t79 ye-aisdt e
lt 16D0-1667: Pater Mundy (5om England
Bgitant batlo9
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