BBT 302 – Molecules of Life

Molecu
Unit IV: Nucleic acids and Vitamins

Ms. Mary David

Asst. Prof ,
School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Index - (Molecules of Life – BBT 302)

Lecture 1 –

Lecture 2
Lecture 3 –Carbohydrates – Importance,properties, Classification,
Monosaccharides, Stereoisomerism (epimers, enantiomers, anomers)
mutarotation
Lecture 4 – Carbohydrates, Dissaccharides, Oligosaccharides,
polysaccharides, types, storage and structural polysaccharides

Lecture 5 – Carbohydrates, functional groups and reactions

Lecture 6 – Lipids general properties, functional groups, classification,

fatty acid classification, nomenclature, properties

Lecture 7 – Fatty acids, properties, Triglycerides, phospholipids,

Lecture 8 – Glycolipids, cholesterol, General properties and reactions

Lecture 9 – Amino acids Introduction and Importance, Classification of
Amino acids
Lecture 10 – Properties of amino acids, peptide bond formation,
characteristics, Important peptides
Lecture 11 - Introduction to various levels of protein heirarchy, primary
and secondary structure in proteins
2
Lccture 12 - Tertiary and quarternary structure, denaturation and
Index - (Biochemistry – BBI - 205)

Lecture 13 – Classification based on function, shape and solubility,

Biological importance of protein

Lecture 14 –. Nucleic acids, nucleotides, functional groups , formation

of phosphodiester linkage, structure of DNA (Watson – Crick model),

Lecture 15 – A, B, and Z DNA, DNA and RNA properties,

Lecture 16 – Structure and function of different RNA, Biological role of
Nucleic acids

Lecture 17 – Vitamins,. Sorces, RDA, and biological role of fat soluble

vitamins

Lecture 18 - Vitamins,. Sorces, RDA, and biological role of fat soluble

vitamins

Lecture 19 – Vitamins,. Sorces, RDA, and biological role of water

soluble vitamins

Lecture 20– Vitamins,. Sorces, RDA, and biological role of water

soluble vitamins

Lecture 21 –

3
Unit IV

Nucleic acids and Vitamins

 Lecture 14

Nucleic acids, nucleotides,

functional groups , formation of
phosphodiester linkage, structure
of DNA (Watson – Crick model),
 Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are molecules that store

information for cellular growth and
reproduction.
• There are two types of nucleic acids:
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• These are polymers consisting of long chains
of monomers called nucleotides
• A nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar
(ribose in RNA with an OH at the 2’ C atom
and deoxyribose in DNA with an H at the 2nd C
atom), a nitrogen base and a phosphate
group.
• The C-atoms in the sugar are numbered as
1’,2’, 3’,4’, 5’ so that they can be distinguished
from the members of the nitrogen base

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 The Nitrogen bases

• The nitrogen bases in nucleotides are planar. They can therefore be

stacked. They are of two types.
• The bicyclic purines, Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
• The monocyclic pyrimidines, Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)

7 Introduction to nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids http://www2.samford.edu/~djohnso2/44962w/333/chapt10/10_07_bases.jpg

 Tautomeric forms of bases in DNA

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 Base pairing in tautomeric forms of bases in DNA

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 Modified bases

• Nucleic acids also contain unusual or modified bases

• Unusual bases are the additional purines and pyrimidines which are
included by nucleic acids at considerably smaller quantities
• 5-methyl cytosine → DNA
• N6-methyl adenine → DNA
• N6,N6-dimethyl adenine → RNA
• 5-OH methyl cytosine → DNA
• Pseudouracil → RNA
• 7-methylguanine → RNA
• N2-methylguanine → DNA

10 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Modified bases

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 Modified bases

• http://mol-biol4masters.masters.grkraj.org/html/Ribose_Nucleic_Acid3A-Transfer_RNA_files/image016.gif

12 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Modified bases – functions

They serve important functions in oligonucleotide recognition in DNA and

RNA.
The presence of specific methylated nucleotide bases allows the bacterial
DNAses arising from viral infection in bacteria to distinguish between native
and foreign oligonucleotides
Methylated cytosine in the promoter region is responsible for gene
expression.
Unusual bases play role in regulation of half-life of RNAs

Methylated purines in plants:

Theophylline → Dimethylxanthine → Tea
Caffeine → Trimethylxanthine → Coffee
Theobromine → Cocoa

13 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Modified bases – Hypoxanthine and Xanthine

•They are intermediates in the catabolism of purines.

They can be produced by spontaneous deamination of
adenine and guanine, respectively and be a cause for
mutation

Nucleotides and Nucleic acids

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 Nucleosides and Nucleotides

A nucleoside consists of a nitrogen base linked by the N9 of

a purine or N1 of a pyrimidine by a glycosidic bond to the
C1’ of a ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleosides are named by changing the the nitrogen base
ending to -osine for purines and –idine for pyrimidines
A nucleotide is a nucleoside with a phosphate group
attached by a phosphate ester bond to the C5’ OH group of
ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleotides are named using the name of the nucleoside
followed by 5’-monophosphate

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15 Nucleotides and Nucleic acids

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 Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides

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 The different nucleotides

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 Syn and Anti- conformations of nucleotides

The nucleosides in the DNA

duplex adopt the anti
conformation (there are very
few exceptions to this rule,
one of which is guanosine
monophosphate, in which the
guanine base adopts the syn
conformation about the
glycosidic bond) especially in
Z DNA when purines may be
in syn coformation and
pyrimidines in anti
conformation, giving Z DNA
its characteristic zig-zag form.

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18 Nucleotides and Nucleic acids Adenosine_syn_anti_conformation.svg.png
 Properties of Nucleotides

• Nucleotides absorb uv light at 260nm, a property which can be attributed to

the cyclic nitrogen bases. This property is used to quantitate DNA and also
to check its purity.

• Nucleotides have a negative charge on account of its phosphate group. This

property is taken advantage of in gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids.

19 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Functions of Nucleotides

• Nucleic acid biosynthesis

• Energy production and transduction as nucleoside triphosphates have high

group transfer potential

• Protein biosynthesis

• Biosynthesis of some biomolecules.

• Regulatory cascades and cellular signal transduction

• Many coenzymes are nucleotide derivatives

• Synthetic nucleotide analogs are used in chemotherapy

20 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Functions of Nucleotides

• Energy production and transduction as nucleoside triphosphates have high

group transfer potential

• Nucleoside triphosphates have high a enery stored because of acid

anhydride bonds. Cleavage of an acid anhydride bond is coupled with a
highly endergonic reaction such as protein synthesis or nucleic acid
synthesis which requires energy.

• Although ATP s the cell’s energy currency and donor of phosphoryl groups,
all other nucleoside triphosphates (GTP, UTP, CTP) and all the
deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dTTP and dCTP) are
energetically equivalent to ATP
• The free energy changes associated with hydrolysis of their
phosphoanhydride linkages are very nearly identical with those for ATP

19 Nucleosides nucleotides and Nucleic acids

 Functions of Nucleotides –Protein biosynthesis
Initiation Elongation

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Thank You