Music
Impressionism is a French movement in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Features of impressionism music:
• The use of "color", or in musical terms, timbre, which can be achieved through orchestration, harmonic
usage, texture, etc. (Timbre is known as the tone color or tone quality)
• New combinations of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone, chromatic scales, and pentatonic
scales emerged.
• Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it.
Claude Debussy
- one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th century.
- he reformed the course of musical development by eradicating traditional rules and conventions into a new language
of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.
- born on August 22, 1862 in a small town called St. Germain-en-Layein in France.
- known as the “Father of the Modern School of Composition” and made his impact in the styles of the later 20th
century composer like Igor Stravinsky.
- he believes that “Because there is little sense of goal-directed motion, music does not seem to move from one place to
another.”
- his works:
• String Quartet
• La Mer (1905) -a highly imaginative and atmospheric symphonic work for orchestra about the sea
• Première Arabesque
• Claire de Lune (Moonlight) -the third and most famous movement of Suite bergamasque.
Maurice Ravel
- born in Ciboure, France
- his compositional style is mainly characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style (music that is written
in a way that is not based on any particular key) of harmonic treatment.
- his works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended chordal components.
- a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman.
- a strong advocate of Russian music, he also admired the music of Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, and Mendelssohn.
- his works:
• Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)
• String Quartet (1903)
• Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
• Rhapsodie Espagnole
• Bolero - is a one-movement orchestral piece which was premiered in 1928.
Expressionism is a style of music where composers seek to express emotional experience.
– using "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in one’s music.
Features of expressionism music:
• a high degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems unstable)
• extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very loud)
• constant changing of textures
• "distorted" melodies and harmonies
• angular melodies with wide leaps
Arnold Schoenberg
- born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria
- his works was greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner.
- from the early influences of Wagner, his tonal preference gradually revolved to something dissonant and atonal, as he
explored the use of chromatic harmonies.
- he was responsible for the establishment of the twelve-tone system.
- he experienced Triskaidekaphobia (fear of number 13).
- his works were met with extreme reactions, either strong hostility from the general public or enthusiastic acclaim
from his supporters.
- his works:
• Verklarte Nacht
• Three Pieces for Piano, op. 11
• Pierrot Lunaire
• Violin Concerto
• Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.
Igor Stravinsky
- born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), Russia on June 17, 1882.
- his early music reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
- he added a new ingredient to his nationalistic musical style.
- his works:
• Ballet Petrouchka (1911), featuring shifting rhythms and polytonality, a signature device of the
composer
• The Nightingale (1914)
• Three Tales for Children (1917)
• Duo Concertant (1932)
• The Rake’s Progress (1951), a full-length opera
- concerti or concerto is a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra
Electronic Music
- music that uses the tape recorder is called musique concrete, or concrete music.
- in musique concrete, the composer is able to experiment with different sounds that cannot be produced by regular
musical instruments such as the piano or the violin.
Edgard Varese
- considered an “innovative French-born composer.”
- created new sounds that bordered between music and noise.
- his musical compositions are characterized by:
• an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and
• “organized sound” (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order to capture a whole new
definition of sound).
- known as “Father of Electronic Music”
- he was also dubbed as the “Stratospheric Colossus of Sound.”
Karlheinz Stockhausen
- a central figure in the realm of electronic music.
- drew inspiration from these composers as he developed his style of total serialism.
- Some of his works include:
• Gruppen (1957), a piece for three orchestras that moved music through time and space;
• Kontakte (1960), a work that pushed the tape machine to its limits; and
• Hymnen (1965), an ambitious two-hour work of 40 juxtaposed songs and anthems from around the world
Licht (Light), a seven-part opera (one for each day of the week) for a gigantic ensemble of solo voices, solo instruments,
solo dancers, choirs, orchestras, mimes, and electronics.
Chance Music also known as Aleatoric music.
- refers to a style which the piece always sounds differently at every performance because of the random techniques of
production.
- an example of Chance music is John Cage’s Four Minutes and Thirty-Three Seconds (4’33") where the pianist merely
opens the piano lid and keeps silent for the duration of the piece.
John Cage
- known as one of the 20th century composers with the broadest array of sounds in his works.
- became one of the most original composers in the history of western music.
- he challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to attain new sounds.
Arts
20th century Art movements:
1. Impressionism
2. Expressionism
3. Abstractionism
4. Abstract Expressionism
5. Contemporary Art Forms
Artists:
1. Claude Monet
—is best known for his landscape paintings, particularly those depicting his beloved flower garden
2. Edward Manet
—depicted modern-life subjects.
—a key figure in transition from realism to impressionism
3. Auguste Renoir
—broke away from the impressionist movement to apply a more disciplined and formal techniques to portraits
of actual people and figures.
4. Henri Matisse
—uses strong, bold colors in his works.
5. Salvador Dali
—a surrealist whose works appeared morbid or gloomy subjects.
Impressionism
—color and light (short broken strokes and pure unmixed colors side by side)
—everyday subjects
—painting outdoors(natural light)
—open composition
Post impressionism:
—geometric approach, fragmenting objects and distorting people’s faces and body parts, applying colors that
were not necessary realistic or natural
Expressionism
—a bold new movement
Sub-movements:
1. Neoprimitivism – combined elements from the native arts of the South Sea landers
2. Fauvism – use bold, vibrant colors, and visual distortions
3. Dadaism – characterized by dream fantasies, memory images, and visual tricks and surprises
4. Surrealism – depicts an illogical subconscious dream world
5. Social Realism – expresses the artist’s role in social reform
Abstractionism
Sub-movements:
1. Cubism – artworks were a play of planes and angele on a flat surface
2. Futurism – created for a fast-paced, machine-propelled age
3. Mechanical Style – the result of future movement, basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres, and
cylinders all fit together precisely and neatly
4. Non-objectivism – do not use figures
Abstract Expressionism
Sub-movements:
1. Action painting – splattering, squirting, and dribbling paint with no pre-planned design
2. Color Field Painting – uses different color saturations to create desired effect
OP ( optical ) art
—a form of action painting with the action taking place in the viewer’s eye
—as the eyes moveed over a different segments of the image, perfectly stable components appeared to shift
back and forth
POP (popular) art
—range of work (from painting, to posters, collages, 3d, assemblages, and installations)
—inspirations/subjects(advertisement, pamphlets, celebrities, billboards, and comic strips
Contemporary Art Forms
1. Installation Art
— uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the viewer’s experience, in a particular space
—ussually life-size or even larger, can be constructed in everyday public
or private spaces both indoor and outdoor
2. Performance Art
— actions of the performers may constitute work, and can happen any time at any place for any
length of time
— may include activities such as theater, dance, music, mime, juggling, and gymnastics
Physical Education
Fitness – the ability to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue.
F- frequency
I – Intensity
T- Type
T - Time
Health Related
1. BODY COMPOSITION – Is the body’s relative amount of fat to fat-free mass.
• Weight – the heaviness or lightness of a person
• Height – the distance between the feet on the floor to the top of the head in standing positio
• FLEXIBILITY Is the ability of the joints and muscles to move through its full of motion
• ZIPPER TEST Purpose – to test the flexibility of the shoulder girdle flexibility
2. SIT AND REACH
Purpose – to test the flexibility of the lower extremities (particularly the trunk
3. CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE - Is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen
to working muscles and tissues, as well as the ability of those muscles and tissues to utilize oxygen.
• 3 – Minute Step Test
Purpose – to measure the cardiovascular endurance
4. MUSCULAR STRENGTH – Is the ability of the muscle to generate force against physical objects.
5. PUSH UP
Purpose – to measure strength of upper extremities
6. BASIC PLANK
Purpose – to measure strength/stability of the core muscles
Skill Related
1. SPEED – is the ability to perform a movement in one direction in the shortest period of time.
• 40 – Meter Sprint, Purpose – to measure running speed
2. POWER – Is the ability of the muscle to transfer energy and release maximum force
3. STANDING LONG JUMP
Purrpose – to measure the explosive strength and power of the leg muscles
4. AGILITY – Is the ability to move in different directions quickly using a combination of balance,
coordination, speed, strength, and endurance.
5. HEXAGONAL AGILITY TEST
Purrpose – to measure the ability of the body to move in different directions quickly
6. REACTION TIME – The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
7. RULER/STICK DROP TEST
Purpose – to measure the time to respond to a stimulus
8. COORDINATION – the ability to use the senses with the body parts to perform motor tasks s.
moothly and accurately
9. JUGGLING
Purpose – to measure the coordination of the eye and hand
10. BALANCE – is the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or while moving
• STORK BALANCE STAND TEST
Purpose – to assess one’s ability to maintain equilibrium
