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Namma Kalvi
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UNIT III Chapter 8

Microbes in
Human Welfare

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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT

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9.1 Microbes in household products
9.2 Microbes in industrial products
9.3
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Microbes in sewage treatment and energy generation
9.4 Microbes in the production of biogas
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9.5 Microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilisers
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9.6 Bioremediation
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Evaluation
1. Which of the following microorganism is used 8. CO2 is not released during
for production of citric acid in industries? (a) Alcoholic fermentation
(a) Lactobacillus bulgaris (b) Lactate fermentation
(b) Penicillium citrinum (c) Aerobic respiration in animals
(c) Aspergillus niger (d) Aerobic respiration in plants
(d) Rhizopus nigricans [Ans. (b) Lactate fermentation]
[Ans. (c) Aspergillus niger]
9. The purpose of biological treatment of waste
2. Which of the following pair is correctly water is to __________.
matched for the product produced by them? (a) Reduce BOD
(a) Acetobacter aceti - Antibiotics (b) Increase BOD
(b) Methanobacterium - Lactic acid (c) Reduce sedimentation

Microbes in Human Welfare

(c) Penicillium notatum - Acetic acid (d) Increase sedimentation
(d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Ethanol [Ans. (a) Reduce BOD]

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[Ans. (d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Ethanol]
10. The gases produced in anaerobic sludge
3. The most common substrate used in distilleries digesters are

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for the production of ethanol is_________ (a) Methane, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide
(a) Soyameal (b) Groundgram at (b) Hydrogen sulphide, methane and sulphur
(c) Molasses (d) Corn meal dioxide
[Ans. (c) Molasses]
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(c) Hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and methane
4. Cry toxins obtained from Bacillus thuringiens (d) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2
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is are effective against for __________ [Ans. (d) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2]
(a) Mosquitoes (b) Flies
11. How is milk converted into curd? Explain the
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(c) Nematodes (d) Bollworms

process of curd formation.
[Ans. (d) Bollworms]
Ans. The LAB bacteria grows in milk and convert it
5. Cyclosporin – A is an immunosuppressive into curd, thereby digesting the milk protein
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drug produced from __________ casein. A small amount of curd added to fresh
(a) Aspergillus niger milk as a starter or inoculum contains millions of
(b) Manascus purpureus
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Lactobacilli, which under suitable temperature

(c) Penicillium notatum (≤40oC) multiply and convert milk into curd.
(d) Trichoderma polysporum Curd is more nutritious than milk as it contains
[Ans. (d) Trichoderma polysporum] a number of organic acids and vitamins.
6. Which of the following bacteria is used 12. Give any two bioactive molecules produced by
extensively as a bio-pesticide? microbes and state their uses.
(a) Bacillus thuringiensis Ans. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced
(b) Bacillus subtilis by microorganisms which can kill or retard the
(c) Lactobacillus acidophilus growth of other disease causing microbes even
(d) Streptococcus lactis in low concentration. Examples of antibiotics
[Ans. (a) Bacillus thuringiensis] are:
7. Which of the following is not involved in (i) Penicillin: Penicillin is an antibiotic
nitrogen fixation? produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum.
(a) Pseudomonas (b) Azotobacter Action: It is bactericidal in action and
(c) Anabaena (d) Nostoc inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell
[Ans. (d) Pseudomonas] wall.

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Zoology

Streptomycin: It is a broad spectrum
(ii) 16. Justify the role of microbes as a bio-fertilizer.
antibiotic isolated from the actinomycetes, Ans. (i) Bio-fertilisers are formulation of
streptomyces griseus. living microorganisms that enrich the
Action: It is bactericidal against both nutrient quality of the soil. They increase
Chapter 8

gram positive and gram negative bacteria physico – chemical properties of soils such
especially against Mycobacterium as soil structure, texture, water holding
tuberculosis. capacity, cation exchange capacity and
13. What is biological oxygen demand? pH by providing several nutrients and
sufficient organic matter.
Ans. BOD stands for Biological Oxygen Demand.
(ii) The main sources of bio-fertilisers
BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that would
are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.
be consumed if all the organic matter in one litre
Rhizobium is a example for symbiotic
of water were oxidized by bacteria. The greater
nitrogen fixing bacteria. This bacterium
the BOD of the waste water, the more is its
infects the root nodules of leguminous
polluting potential.
plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen
14. Explain the role of cry-genes in genetically into organic forms. Azospirillum and

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modified crops. Azotobacter are free living bacteria that
Ans. (i) Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil dwelling fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the

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bacterium which is commonly used as a nitrogen content of soil.
biopesticide and contains a toxin called at (iii) A symbiotic association between a fungus
cry toxin. Scientists have introduced this and the roots of the plants is called
toxin producing genes into plants and mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont in these
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have raised genetically engineered insect associations absorbs the phosphorus from
resistant plants. Eg. Bt-cotton. soil and transfers to the plant. Plants having
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(ii) When the insects ingest the toxin crystals such association show other benefits such
their alkaline digestive tract denatures the as resistance to root-borne pathogens,
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insoluble crystals making them soluble. tolerance to salinity, drought, enhances

The cry toxin then gets inserted into the plant growth and developments. For
gut cell membrane and paralyzes the example, genus Glomus form mycorrhiza.
digestive tract. The insect then stops eating (iv) Cyanobacteria (or) blue green algae (BGA)
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and starves to death. are prokaryotic free-living organisms

which can fix nitrogen. Oscillatoria,
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15. Write the key features of organic farming.

Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix are well
Ans. (i) Protecting soil quality using organic known nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. In
materials and encouraging biological water logged paddy fields Cyanobacteria
activity. multiply and fix molecular nitrogen.
(ii) Indirect provision of crop nutrients using Cyanobacteria secrete growth promoting
soil microorganisms. substances like indole-3-acetic acid,
(iii) Nitrogen fixation in soils using legumes. indole-3-butyric acid, naphthalene acetic
(iv) Weed and pest control based on methods acid, amino acids, proteins, vitamins which
like crop rotation, biological diversity, promotes plant growth and production.
natural predators, organic manures and (v) Biofertilisers are commonly used in
suitable chemical, thermal and biological organic farming methods.
interventions. (vi) This process involves the use of biological
materials, avoiding synthetic substances
to maintain soil fertility and ecological
balance thereby minimizing pollution and
wastage.

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17. Write short notes on the following. (i) A microbial fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical
a) Brewer's yeast b) Ideonella sakaiensis system that drives an electric current by
c) Microbial fuel cells. using bacteria and mimicking bacterial
Ans. (a) Brewer's yeast: interaction found in nature.
(i) Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly called (ii) Microbial fuel cells work by allowing
brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting bacteria to oxidize and reduce organic
malted cereals and fruit juices to produce molecules.
various alcoholic beverages. Wine and beer (iii) Bacterial respiration is basically one big
are produced without distillation, whereas redox reaction in which electrons are
whisky, brandy and rum are obtained by being moved around.
fermentation and distillation. (iv) A MFC consists of an anode and a
(ii) Oenology is the science and study of wine cathode separated by a proton exchange
and wine making. Wine is made from membrane. Microbes at the anode oxidize
the fermentation of grape juice. Grape the organic fuel generating protons which

Microbes in Human Welfare

juice is fermented by various strains of pass through the membrane to the cathode
Saccharomyces cerevisiae into alcohol. and the electrons pass through the anode

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(iii) Beer is produced from germinated barley to the external circuit to generate current.
malt grain by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
18. List the advantages of biogas plants in rural

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Rum is made from fermented sugarcane
areas.
or molasses or directly from sugarcane
Ans. (i) Biogas can be produced from raw materials
juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Whisky
at such as agricultural wastes, manures,
is made from fermented grain mash by
municipal waste, plant material, sewage,
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
food waste etc., available naturally in rural
(iv) Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major
areas.
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producer of ethanol (C2H5OH). It is

(ii) The biogas plants convert the organic
used for industrial, laboratory and fuel
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materials into gas and organic fertilizer by

purposes.
anaerobic decomposition. by microbes.
(b) Ideonella sakaiensis:
(iii) The biogas is devoid of smell and burns
(i) Ideonella sakaiensis is currently tried for with a blue flame without smoke.
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recycling of PET plastics. These bacteria

(iv) Biogas is used for cooking and lighting
use PETase and MHETase enzymes to
(v) The slurry drained out of the biogas plant
breakdown PET plastic into terephthalic
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acid and ethylene glycol. This is an serves as a organic fertilizer which is free,
example of Microorganissms playing a ecofriendly and thus no waste is generated
role in Bioremediation. from the process.
(vi) The cattle dung is a primary raw material
(c) Microbial fuel cells:
for Gobar gas production which is easily
available in rural areas.
e-
e- (vii) Biogas plant technology is supported by
Government agencies. Further the set up
Substrate C
A a does not require a lot of space. There are
O2 + 4H+
n t no side effects and the whole process is eco
o
d
h friendly and easily manageable in rural
o
Re e d
2H2O areas.
e
CO2
OX
H+ H+
19. When does antibiotic resistance develop?
Ans. (i) Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria
Proton exchange membrane develop the ability to defeat the drug
Microbial fuel cell designed to kill or inhibit their growth.

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Zoology

(ii) Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and over use of antibiotics, as well as poor infection
prevention control.
(iii) Antibiotics should be used only when prescribed by a certified health professional.
(iv) When the bacteria become resistant, antibiotics cannot fight against them and the bacteria multiply.
Chapter 9

Narrow spectrum antibiotics are preferred over broad spectrum antibiotics. They effectively and
accurately target specific pathogenic organisms and are less likely to cause resistance. "Superbug" is
a term used to describe strains of bacteria that are resistant to the majority of antibiotics commonly
used today.
20. What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
Ans.
S. No. Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment
i. It involves the physical The process takes place in large aeration tanks with vigorous
removal of solid, and growth of microbes. These organisms break down the organic
particulate organic and matter and reduces the Biological oxygen demand. it is further
inorganic materials from the passed into a setting tank where are bacterial ‘flocs’ sediment to

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sewage through filtration form the activated sludge.
and sedimentation. The A small part of the sludge seves as inoculum for aeration tank and
supernatant is the effluent is pumped back. The remaining part of the sludge is pumped into

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which is taken for secondary large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters where the anaerobic
treatment. bacteria digest the sludge. Biogas is produced which is used as a
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source of energy and organic waste has been completely digested.
ii. It is a total physical process. It is a biological process.
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iii. The solid waste is mainly The dissolved organic waste is removed by this process by aerobic
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removed. and anaerobic means.

iv. It is a simpler process It is more time consuming and a major part of sewage treatment.
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v. No by products are produced Biogas production occurs.

Additional Questions
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Choose the Correct Answer 1 Mark

I. Choose the Correct options 3. Lactobacillus helps to produce __________.

(a) Citric acid (b) Milk
for the below Questions
(c) Acetic acid (d) Butyric acid
 [Ans. (a) Citric acid]
1. The enzyme __________ is got from
Aspergillus. 4. Aspergillus niger helps to produce __________.
(a) Rennet (b) Zymase (a) Citric acid (b) Acetic acid
(c) Amylase (d) Lipase (c) Turmeric acid (d) Lactic acid
 [Ans. (c) Amylase]  [Ans. (d) Lactic acid]
2. World Biofuel day is observed on __________. 5. Genetically engineered __________ are used
(a) 10th September (b) 22nd April as clot buster in cardiac related issues.
(c) 10th August (d) 17th October (a) Staphylococcus (b) Yeast
 [Ans. (c) 10th August] (c) Penicillium (d) Streptococci
 [Ans. (d) Streptococci]

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3. Enzyme needed for cheese production ______ 21. Commonly used biofuels __________
[Ans. Rennet] [Ans. ethanol and biodiesel]
4. Substance which gives flavour to yoghurt 22. Most suitable oilseed identified for biodiesel
______ Acetaldehyde. [Ans. Acetaldehyde] production _________.
[Ans. Jatropha curcas]
5. Process involved in milk getting converted to
curd _______ 23. A bio-electrochemical system __________
[Ans. coagulation of milk protein] [Ans. microbial fuel cell]
6. Dough for idli and dosa is fermented by this 24. Major component of bio gas __________
[Ans. methane]
organism __________
[Ans. Leuconostoc mesenteroides] 25. A bacterium used as biopesticide __________
[Ans. Bacillus thuringiensis]
7. Organism involved in bread making ________
[Ans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae] 26. Toxin coded by cry genes __________
[Ans. Delta endotoxin]

Microbes in Human Welfare

8. Example of single cell protein __________
[Ans. spirulina] 27. Fungus which produces bioherbicide ________

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[Ans. Phytophthora palmivora]
9. Meaning of the word antibiotic __________
[Ans. against life] 28. Viruses used as Biocontrol agents __________
[Ans. Buculoviruses]

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10. Who used the term antibiotic for the first
29. Free living bacteria used as biofertilizer
time? at __________ [Ans. Azospirillum/ Azotobacter]
[Ans. Selman Waksman]
30. Symbiotic bacterium used as bio fertilizer
11. Name the antibiotic discovered by Waksman
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___________ [Ans. Rhizobium]
__________.
[Ans. Streptomycin] 31. Cyanobacteria /Blue green algae used as bio
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12. Who discovered penicillin __________ fertilizer __________.

[Ans. Nostoc / Anabaena]
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[Ans. Alexander Flemming]

13. Queen of drugs _________ [Ans. penicillin] 32. Process of using microbes to reduce or degrade
pollutants ______________
14. Antibiotic used for Tuberculosis treatment
[Ans. Bioremediation]
_________
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[Ans. streptomycin] 33. Genetically engineered bacterium which can

15. The name used for strains of bacteria with digest hydrocarbons in oil spills ___________
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resistance to majority of antibiotics _________ Pseudomonas putida

[Ans. superbugs] [Ans. Pseudomonas putida]
16. Science dealing with process as applicable to 34. An anaerobic fungus used in bioremediation
fermentation __________. _________
[Ans. zymology] [Ans. phanerochaete chrysosporium]
17. Scientific name of brewer’s yeast __________ 35. An endophytic fungus which can break down
[Ans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae] polyurethane ____________
18. Name given to inhibiting effect of oxygen on [Ans. pestalotiopsis microspora]
fermentation process ______
[Ans. Pasteur effect] Very Short Answers 2 Marks
19. Raw material needed for beer production 1. What are probiotics? Give examples
_________ germinated barley. Ans. Probiotics are live microorganisms intended
[Ans. germinated barley] to provide health benefits when consumed,
20. The other name of industrial ________ alcohol generally by improving or restoring the gut
[Ans. ethanol] flora. Eg. Lactic acid bacteria in milk.

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Zoology

19. What is ''clot buster''? Delta-endotoxin which are toxic to certain
Ans. Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Insect pests. The Bacteria is used to produce
Streptococcus and genetically engineered genetically engineered insect resistant plants.
Streptococci are used as “clot buster” for 27. Give example of a mycoherbicide.
removing clots from the blood vessels of patients
Ans. The first bioherbicide developed in 1981 was
who have undergone myocardial infarction.
a Mycoheribicide derived from the fungus
20. What is rennet? Phytophthora palmivora. It controls the growth
Ans. It is an enzyme and can be used to separate milk of strangler vine in citrus crops.
into solid curds for cheese making.
28. What are mycorrhiza?
21. What are the aims of National River Ans. A symbiotic association between a fungus and
conservation plan (NRCP)? the roots of the plants is called mycorrhiza.
Ans. The aims of NRCP are: The fungal symbiont in these associations
(i) To capture the raw sewage flowing into the absorbs the phosphorus from soil and transfers

Microbes in Human Welfare

river through open drains and divert them to the plant. Plants having such association
for treatment. show other benefits such as resistance to root-

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(ii) Setting up sewage treatment plants for borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity, drought,
treating the diverted sewage. enhances plant growth and developments. For

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(iii) Construction of low cost sanitation toilets example, many members of the genus Glomus
to prevent open defecation on river banks. at form mycorrhiza.

22. What are methanogens? 29. What is the significance of cyanobacteria as a

Ans. Methane producing bacteria are called
biofertilizer?
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methanogens Eg. Methanobacterium. It is Ans. Cyanobacteria (or) blue green algae (BGA) are
prokaryotic free-living organisms which can
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present in anaerobic sludge and rumen of cattle.

It plays a role in Gobar gas production. fix nitrogen. Eg. Oscillatoria, Nostoc. In water
logged paddy fields Cyanobacteria multiply and
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23. Name the stages of anaerobic digestion in a fix molecular nitrogen. Cyanobacteria secrete
Biogas plant. growth promoting substances like indole-3-
Ans. (i) solubilisation, (ii) acidogenesis and acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, naphthalene
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(iii) methanogenesis. acetic acid, amino acids, proteins, vitamins

24. What is biocontrol? which promotes plant growth and production.
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Ans. Biocontrol is a method of controlling pest by use 30. Define bioremediation.

of microbes such as fungi, bacteria, viruses or Ans. The use of naturally occurring or genetically
by naturally occurring substances derived from engineered microorganisms to reduce or
plants and animals. Eg. Lady bird beetle is used degrade pollutants is called bioremediation.
to control aphids. Bioremediation is less expensive and more
sustainable than other remediations available.
25. What are biopesticides?
Ans. The use of a microbes or other biological agents 31. Why is curd more nutritious than milk?
to control a specific pest is called a biopesticide. Ans. Curd is more nutritious than milk Since it
Biopesticides are used to control insect pests. contains a number of organic acids and vitamins.
The lady bird beetle and dragonflies are
useful to control aphids and mosquito larvae Short Answers 3 Marks
respectively.
1. Mention a therapeutic use of Yeast.
26. What are crygenes?
Ans. Recombinant human insulin has been produced
Ans. They are genes present in the bacterium Bacillus
using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which is
thuringiensis and code for crystal proteins called
used in diabetes treatment.

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Long Answers 5 Marks

1. Explain the process of sewage treatment.

Ans. Sewage treatment is usually performed in the following three stages:

Preliminary Primary Secondary or biological Tertiary

treatment treatment treatment treatment

Primary Secondary Treated

Aeration zone Disinfection
Pretreatment settling tank settling tank sewage
(air + liquid water) zone
Waste for
water from dispose/reuse
cities and towns Remove
coarse solids Air 80-90% Organic

Microbes in Human Welfare

sand and grit solids

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Recirculated to aeration tank

Primary Secondary
sludge Anaerobic sludge
sludge digester

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Production of biogas
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Sewage treatment process
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(i) Primary treatment:
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(a) Primary treatment involves the physical removal of solid and particulate organic and inorganic
materials from the sewage through filtration and sedimentation.
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(b) Floating debris is removed by sequential filtration. Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are
removed by sedimentation.
(c) All solids that settle form the primary sludge and the supernatant forms the effluent. and is
taken for secondary treatment.
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(ii) Secondary treatment or biological treatment:

(a) The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated
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mechanically and air is pumped into it.

(b) This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into floc (masses of bacteria associated
with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures). Which consume the organic matter in the
effluent.
(c) This significantly reduces the BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand or Biological oxygen
demand). BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed, if all the organic
matter in one litre of water were oxidized by bacteria. The sewage water is treated till the BOD
is reduced. The greater the BOD of the waste water more is its polluting potential.
(d) Once the BOD of sewage water is reduced significantly, the effluent is then passed into a
settling tank where the bacterial “flocs” are allowed to sediment. Which is called activated
sludge. A small part of activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the
inoculum.
(e) The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge
digesters. Here, the bacteria which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in
the sludge. During digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen
sulphide and CO2. Which form biogas and can be used as a source of energy.

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Zoology

(iii) Tertiary treatment
(a) Tertiary treatment is the final process that improves the quality of the waste water before it is
reused, recycled or released into natural water bodies.
(b) This treatment removes the remaining inorganic compounds and substances, such as nitrogen
Chapter 8

and phosphorus.
(c) UV is an ideal disinfectant for wastewater since it does not alter the water quality – except
for inactivating microorganisms. UV is a chemical-free process that can completely replace
the existing chlorination system and also inactivates chlorine-resistant microorganisms like
Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
2. Explain the working of a biogas plant.
Ans.

Gas storage Gas Control valve

tank (outlet for Biogas)

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Mixing
tank Overflow
at tank

Inlet pipe
Outlet pipe
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Inlet tank
Partition
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wall
Digester
tank
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Biogas unit
(i) Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of
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oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural wastes, manure, municipal
wastes, plant material, sewage, food waste, etc.,
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(ii) The excreta of cattle called dung is commonly called “Gobar”. Gobar gas is generated by the
anaerobic decomposition of cattle dung. It consists of methane, CO2 with some hydrogen, nitrogen
and other gases in trace amounts.
(iii) In a biogas plant, anaerobic digestion is carried out in an air tight cylindrical tank known as digester
(Fig.). It is made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel. Bio-wastes are collected and slurry
of dung is fed into this digester. It has a side opening into which organic materials for digestion
are incorporated for microbial activity. Anaerobic digestion is accomplished in three stages:
solubilisation, acidogenesis and methanogenisis. The outlet is connected to a pipe to supply biogas.
The slurry is drained through another outlet and is used as fertilizer. Biogas is used for cooking and
lighting.

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