Agnel Charities’

Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi.

Course Name: Mechanical Measurements and Controls (TE SEM V)

Subject Code: MEC501

Module 1 Introduction to Metrology

Lecture 01
Mr. Amar Murumkar
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department,
FCRIT, Vashi, Navi Mumbai.

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 Module No. 01
o Introduction to Metrology
o Need for inspection
o Fundamental principles and definition
o Standards of measurements
o Errors in measurements
o International standardization
o Limits, fits and tolerances of interchangeable manufacture
o Elements of interchangeable system
o Hole based and shaft based systems
o Tolerance grades
o Types of fits
o General requirements of Go & No go gauging
o Taylor’s principle
o Design of Go & No go gauges
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 Module No. 02
2.1 Principles of interference:
o Concept of flatness, Flatness testing, Optical flats,
o Optical Interferometer and Laser interferometer.
2.2 Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions,
o Roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters
- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc.,
o Surface roughness measuring instruments.
2.3 Screw Thread measurement:
o Two wire and three wire methods,
o Floating carriage micrometer.
2.4 Gear measurement:
o Gear tooth comparator,
o Master gears,
o Measurement using rollers and
o Parkinson’s Tester.
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 Module No. 03
3.1 Significance of Mechanical Measurements:
o Classification of measuring instruments,
o Generalized measurement system,
o Types of inputs: Desired, interfering and modifying inputs.
3.2 Static characteristics:
o Static calibration, Linearity, Static Sensitivity, Accuracy,
o Static error, Precision, Reproducibility,
o Threshold, Resolution, Hysteresis,
o Drift, Span & Range etc.

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 Module No. 04
4.1 Displacement Measurement:
o Transducers for displacement, displacement measurement, potentiometer, LVDT, Capacitance Types,
Digital Transducers (optical encoder), Nozzle Flapper Transducer
4.2 Strain Measurement:
o Theory of Strain Gauges, gauge factor, temperature Compensation, Bridge circuit, orientation of
strain gauges for force and torque, Strain gauge based load cells and torque sensors
4.3 Pressure Measurement:
o Elastic pressure transducers viz. Bourdon tubes, diaphragm, bellows and piezoelectric pressure
sensors, High Pressure Measurements, Bridge man gauge. Vacuum measurement: Vacuum gauges
viz. McLeod gauge, Ionization and Thermal Conductivity gauges
4.4 Flow Measurement:
o Bernoulli flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeter, Magnetic flow meter, rotameter
4.5 Temperature Measurement:
o Electrical methods of temperature measurement Resistance thermometers, Thermistors and
thermocouples, Pyrometers

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 Module No. 05
5.1 Introduction to control systems,
o Classification of control system.
o Open loop and closed loop systems.
5.2 Mathematical modelling of control systems,
o Concept of transfer function,
o Block diagram algebra
5.3 Transient and steady state analysis of first and second order system.
o Time Domain specifications.
o Step response of second order system.
o Steady-state error, error coefficients,
o Steady state analysis of different type of systems using step,
o Ramp and parabolic inputs

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 Module No. 06
6.1 Stability analysis:
o Introduction to concepts of stability,
o The Routh criteria for stability
6.2 Experimental determination of frequency response,
o Stability analysis using Root locus,
o Bode plot

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 Objectives

1. To study the principles of precision measuring instruments & their significance.

2. To familiarize with the handling & use of precision measuring instruments/
equipment’s.
3. To impart knowledge of architecture of the measurement system.
4. To deliver working principle of mechanical measurement system.
5. To study concept of mathematical modelling of the control system.
6. To acquaint with control system under different time domain.

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 Outcomes: Learner will be able to…
1. Apply the concept of limits, fits and tolerance of interchangeable manufacture to
design Go and No Go Gauges.
2. Describe the concept of interference for measurement of various surface roughness
parameters.
3. Identify the various static characteristics and different types of inputs associated with
measuring instruments.
4. Select and use appropriate measuring instruments for displacement/
pressure/flow/temperature and strain measurement.
5. Analyze the control system for steady state error and system stability.

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 Module 01 : Learning Objective
 To acquaint with …

 Measurement

 Inspection

 Standards used for measurement and

 Concept of limits, fits and tolerances.

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 Expected Learning Outcome : Learner will able to…
 Define metrology and its type.

 Identify importance and need for inspection.

 Illustrate the standards of measurement.

 Categorize various types of errors associated with measuring instruments.

 State the importance of limits, fits and tolerances of interchangeable manufacture.

 Determine different types of limits, fits, and tolerances in design and

manufacturing fields.

 Discuss various tolerance grades.

 Design Go & No Go Amar

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Gauges by Taylors principle.
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 Sample Questions
 State different objectives of metrology.

 Describe role of inspection and its need in Industry.

 Describe different type of standards in measurement

 Differentiate between Instrumental Errors and Environmental Errors in measuring

instruments, with suitable examples.

 Differentiate between unilateral and bilateral tolerances.

 List and explain different types of tolerance grades.

 Describe Taylors principle for design of GO & NO Gauge.

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 Introduction to Metrology
 The origin can be traced to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Western
Europe and the United States in the beginning of the 19th century.

 The Industrial Revolution introduced many new measurement challenges which

continue to be of importance in the 21st century.
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 Introduction to Metrology

 Derived from two Greek words

o ‘Metro’ = Measurements

&
o‘Logy’ = Science
 Metrology is the science of measurement

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 Introduction to Metrology

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 Fundamental Definitions

 Concerned with measurements and includes both theoretical and practical

problems related to measurement.
 Process of making extremely precise measurement.
 It is the documented control that all equipment is suitably calibrated and
maintained in order to perform it is function and give reliable results.
 It is the science concern with the establishment, reproduction and transfer of
units of measurements and their standards.

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 Objectives of Metrology

 To find out sources of errors.

 To evaluate the newly developed components.
 To determine the capability of the measuring instrument (20+/- 0.01 mm)
 To enhance consumer satisfaction.
 To minimize the cost of inspection by effective utilization of instruments and available
facilities.
 To reduce the rework and rejections by using quality control techniques.
 It helps in achieving interchangeability of parts.

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 Measurement
Standard
(Known quantity)

Measurand Comparison Result

(Unknown Quantity) Process (Numerical Value)

 Measurand, a physical quantity such as length, weight, and angle to be

measured
 Standard, the physical quantity or property to which quantitative
comparisons are to be made, which is internationally accepted.
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 Areas of applications of Metrology

Industry Science Medical Food Safety Transport

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 Importance of Measurement

 To ensure safety and effectiveness of healthcare diagnostic and treatment.

 Measuring composition of material.
 To ensure safe operation of vehicles, machine tools.
 To ensure proper food supply.
 To ensure fairness between buyer and seller.
 To ensure structural health of bridges and buildings.
 To evaluate newly developed products and processes.
 To get accurate and precise data in scientific research.

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 Metrology Types

 Scientific Metrology

 Industrial Metrology

 Legal Metrology

Source: https://metrologyasiapacific.com/about-metrology/what-is-metrology/
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 Scientific Metrology
 It deals with the organization and development of
measurement standards and with their maintenance at
the highest level.
 Establishment of quantity system, unit systems, unit of
measurement, development of new measurement
methods and transfer of traceability from these
standards to users in society.
 In India, National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is
custodian of various primary standards.

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 Industrial Metrology

 It deals with the application of measurement

science to manufacturing processes and their
use in society.
 Ensure that instruments, used in a wide variety
of industries, are functioning properly.
 Ensures the suitability of measurement
instruments, their calibration and quality
control of products.

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 Legal Metrology
 It deals with the activities which result from statutory
requirements.
 Concerned with assurance of correctness of measurements
where these have an influence on the transparency of trade, on
law enforcement, on health, on safety and on the environment.
 Legal metrology ensures that measurements and measuring
instruments comply with laws and regulations.
 To establish necessary rules and regulations on qualities and
control of measuring instruments and their use.
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 Reference Books
1. Engineering. Metrology, I.C. GUPTA, Dhanpat Rai Publications.
2. Engineering. Metrology, R. K. Jain, Khanna Publisher.
3. Measurement Systems: Applications and Design, by EO Doebelin,5th Edition, McGraw Hill
4. Mechanical Engineering Measurements, A. K. Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi
5. Instrumentation & Mechanical Measurements, A. K. Thayal
6. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J. and Gopal M, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
7. Modem Control engineering: by K. Ogata, Prentice Hall
8. Control systems by Dhanesh Manik, Cengage Learning
9. Engineering Metrology and Measurements by N V Raghavendra and L Krishnamurthy, Oxford
10. Instrumentation and Control System, W. Bolton, Elsevier
11. Experimental Methods for Engineers by J P Holman, McGraw Hills Int. Edition
12. Engineering Experimentation by EO Doebelin, McGraw Hills Int. Edition
13. Mechanical Measurements by S P Venkateshan, John Wiley & Sons

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 References
 Mechanical Engineering Measurements, A. K. Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai &
Sons, New Delhi.
 Engineering Metrology and Measurements by N V Raghavendra and L
Krishnamurthy, Oxford University Press.
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/107/112107259/
 https://metrologyasiapacific.com/about-metrology/what-is-metrology/

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 Thank You.

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