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Lecture 2 Types of Survey

Types of survey

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25 views15 pages

Lecture 2 Types of Survey

Types of survey

Uploaded by

lordzookid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Types of Surveying

Classification
A. Primary Classification or Primary
Division :

1. Plane surveying

2. Geodetic surveying
1. Plane Surveying
ØThe shape of the earth is spherical. Thus the surface is obviously
curved.
ØBut in plane surveying the curvature of earth is not taken into
account.
ØThis is because plane surveying is carried out over a small area,
so the surface of the earth is considered as a plane.
ØThe degree of accuracy required in this type of surveying is
completely low.
ØPlane surveying is done on an area of less than 250 sq.km.
2. Geodetic surveying
ØIn geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into
consideration.
ØIt is extended over a large area greater than 250 sq.km. The line
joining any two points is considered as a curved line.

ØVery refined methods and instruments are used in this type of


surveying.

ØIn this method very high precision or accuracy is required.


B. Secondary Classification
►Survey can be classified on different bases:

Based on instrument:
1. Chain Survey: use of chain to measure linear distances. Only
linear measurements are made i.e. no angular
measurements are made.

• Chain survey is suitable in the following cases:


a) The area to be surveyed is comparatively small
b) The ground is fairly level
c) The area is open and
d) Details to be filled up are simple and less.
Based on instrument:
2. Compass survey: adopted in determining the position of an object
both by angular and linear measurements. Here angular
measurements are taken using a compass and linear measurements
are determined using chain or tape.
• Some priorities for compass surveying are as following-
a) If there is a large area to be surveyed such as the coastal areas or the course line areas of the
river.
b) If the area is crowded with many details and has many obstacles for conducting chain
surveying as triangulation becomes impossible.
c) If the surveyor has a specific time limit for conducting the surveying on a large and detailed
area.

• Limitations: not recommended for the areas that are avoiding public attention and have the
presence of iron ore deposits, magnetic substances like metallic or steel structures, electric
cables conveying current, etc.
Based on instrument:

3. Plane Table survey: In this type of surveying plotting of the plan and field
observations can be done simultaneously. This surveying is carried out utilising a
plane table hence it is named as plane table surveying.
• The plane table generally refers to the instrument that is used in surveying and
provides a solid and level surface on which field drawings, maps and charts are
made.

• It is a fast and cheap method of surveying. Another benefit of using this method of
surveying is that the omission of observations is eliminated, as the surveyor
directly plots the details in the field.
• As Plane Table Surveying is used extensively in the construction industries
Based on instrument:
4. Theodolite survey: A theodolite is used to measure the
horizontal and vertical angles.

• A Theodolite is a very precise instrument, mainly used for


determining the horizontal and vertical distances between two
points.

• It can also be used for


a) prolonging a survey line
b) measuring distances indirectly
c) as a level
d) as tachometer.

• Due to its wide range of applications, it is also termed as


“Universal Instrument”.
Based on instrument:
5. Tacheometric Survey: A branch of surveying in which horizontal and
vertical distances are determined by taking angular observation with an
instrument known as a tachometer.

• Tacheometric surveying is adopted in rough in rough and difficult


terrain where direct leveling and chaining are either not possible or
very tedious.
• Though not very accurate. Tacheometric surveying is very rapid, and a
reasonable contour map can be prepared for investigation works
within a short time on the basis of such survey.
Based on instrument:
6. Photographic survey: Aerial or spatial imagery is used
to create topographical maps

The fundamental principle of photographic survey is


triangulation:- by taking photographs from at least two
different locations, so called “lines of sight” can be
developed from each camera to point to an object
2. Based on methods:

►Triangulation Survey: A method that measures the angles in a


triangle formed by three survey control points. Using trigonometry and the
measured length of just one side, the other distances in the triangle are
calculated.

►Traverse Survey: Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to


establish control networks. Control networks involve placing survey stations along
a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base
for observing the next point.
3. Based on Objects:
►Geological survey

►Mine survey

►Archeological Survey

►Military survey
4. Based on nature of field

►Land Survey

►Marine survey

►Astronomical survey
Other Types of Surveys:
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by
camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners,
boundaries, and areas of land parcels.
3. Control Surveying – establish a network of horizontal and
vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for
other survey projects.
4. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for
the building Civil Engineering projects.
Other Types of Surveys:
5. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps
showing the locations of natural man-made features and
elevations of points of the ground for multiple uses.
6. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long –
narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering projects.
• Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.
7. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the
bottom of bodies of water.
• Also known as bathymetric surveying.

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