Scribd
Upload
19 views

Concept of State

Uploaded by

atendrasingh27111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Concept of State

Uploaded by

atendrasingh27111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Course -Control Engineering

Concept of State, State Variables, and State Model

Presented by : Atendra Singh (Student ID: 2021uce0050)


Introduction:

• State space analysis is an powerful and modern approach for the


design and analysis of control systems.
• The conventional or old methods for the design and analysis of c
ontrol systems is based on transfer function method.
• Initial conditions can be incorporated in the system design
• State equations are highly compatible for simulation on analog or
digital computers
• 1. State:
• The "state" of a system refers to the smallest set of variables (state variables) that,
along with the inputs to the system, provide a complete description of the
system's behavior and future response at any time. The state enclose all the
necessary information about the past behavior of the system that influences its
current and future responses.
• In essence:
• The state represents the memory of the system.
• It is a summary of the system's history necessary to predict future behavior.
• For example:
• In a mechanical system, the state might include position and velocity.
• In an electrical circuit, the state could include currents through inductors and
voltages across capacitors.
• 2. State Variables:
• State variables are a set of variables used to describe the state of the system
mathematically. These variables are usually chosen to simplify the
mathematical model and are typically dependent on the system dynamics.
• Characteristics of state variables:
• They are the minimum set of variables required to describe the system's
dynamics.
• They are typically linearly independent.
• For example:
• For a mass-spring-damper system, the displacement x(t) and velocity x˙(t) of
the mass are common state variables
• 3. State Model:
• The state model represents the system in terms of state variables and their
time derivatives or differences. It typically consists of:
1.State Equation (Dynamics): Describes how the state variables evolve over
time. For a continuous-time system, this is a first-order differential equation:
2.x˙(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)
where:
1. x(t) is the state vector.
2. u(t) is the input vector.
3. A and B are system matrices.
3.Output Equation: Relates the state variables to the output:
4.y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)
where:
1. y(t) is the output vector.
2. C and D are output matrices.
• Importance of the State Space Approach
• The state-space approach is fundamental in control system analysis and design due to its flexibility
and generality. Its importance includes:
1. Applicability to Multivariable Systems:
1. Unlike transfer function methods, state-space models can naturally handle systems with multiple inputs and
outputs.

2. Time-Domain Analysis:
1. It is inherently a time-domain method, making it suitable for analyzing systems with time-varying dynamics or
non-linear behavior.
3. Initial Conditions:
1. The state-space representation explicitly accounts for the initial conditions of the system, allowing for a
complete description of the system's behavior.
4. Modern Control Design:
1. It provides the foundation for modern control techniques, such as optimal control (e.g., Linear Quadratic
Regulator) and state observers (e.g., Kalman Filter).
Kalman Filter - It's used in many fields, including computer vision, signal processing, and navigation systems.
5. System Analysis:
1. The approach facilitates analysis of stability, controllability, and observability, which are essential properties in
system design.
6. Numerical Simulation:
1. It is well-suited for computer-based numerical simulation, as the state equations can be integrated directly.
Advantages of state variable analysis.
This can be applicable to
• Linear systems
• Non-linear system
• Time variant systems
• Time invariant systems
• Multiple input multiple output systems
• This gives idea about the internal state of the system

You might also like