Application Data
Application Data
Under this architecture all the CAD tools share the centralized
4.
relational database. Nonetheless, each CAD tool can have a different
internal data structure most suitable for its own use. The mapping
subsystem performs the required data conversion between these two
forms of data, following a script written in a non-procedural language.
12. In some cases, it will turn out that there are actually common
concepts involved, whereas in many others, representations from
one conceptual structure only roughly approximate the seemingly
analogous representations from some other structure. Considering
the degree of natural language and common sense reasoning
involved in . communicating within an international organization, the
task of creating some conceptual supersystem first is hardly feasible,
and, second, does not promise very successful in the application
either. Hence, the objectives when designing the data model for an
international organization are o Identify the similarities and analogies
between the concepts commonly used, and o Handle those
similarities and analogies in the context of a model.
13. The script identifies the tuples in relational tables from which the
records for such entities as transistors and nodes are constructed,
and then it provides linkages among those records so that the data
structure can be efficiently manipulated by a conventional
programming language. Besides constructing the data structure, the
script can also initialize certain fields by using declarative SQL
statements. We show in this paper that the data-structure builder can
significantly reduce the amount of programming required for data
conversion in VLSI/ CAD programs.
document ontology2.pdf
Graph to RDBMS.pdf
A DOOD concept used in QUIXOTE: has enough power to rep resent
17.
every data in existing databanks and most rules for them. Building a
protein function database belongs to both stages. It is an ingredient
of integrated database, as well as supplementary knowledge base for
protein sequence or structure database.
18. Tables, primary and foreign keys, and columns constitute the
metadata. Thirdly, the Map- ping Generator Engine ( MGE) generates
a file containing the mapping ( R2RML file). Finally, this R2RML
model inputs the complete schema of the instances and the file
contain- ing a set of rules, then, using r2rml-kit-master, produces the
data in RDF triples.
19. Intermediate structure – the intermediate data structure used for the
conversion of OWL into a relational schema: MOF ( Meta-Object
Facility) FOL (First order logic), RDF, Jena model, etc.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
This is the base of the proposed data structure. The access to any
26.
node is performed using a dynamic index structure. Data is
distributed using a combination of this index and the B-tree [6].
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
The data model for protein structure databank is also dis cussed: a
36.
deductive database[4] and an object-oriented database with a
functional data model[3].
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
The strategy proposed by MDE consists of two steps: the first (pre-
39.
processing) struc- tures the data in a database; from this structure
obtained, the system generates an SQL file containing the tables and
their extensions. This ascertains the synchronization between the
input model and the RDB metamodel. The resulting input model is
used in the mapping phase.
41. 252 data and queries can be imprecise, but, the database schema
itself cannot be imprecise. This situation is also the same in
conventional OODB systems. But, in some applications, it is very
difficult to define a precise database schema (table skeletons in the
case of RDB, and class hierarchies in the case of OODBs).
The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
Indeed, the programmer needs not any more to worry about the
55.
impedance mismatch between the database and the programming
lan guage pal·adigms. He/she manipulates persistent data without
having to be aware of the fact that they persist alld do not have to
translate data from one type structure to another when making them
persistent (as it is necessary in the embedded ap proach).
57. The first step used by the placement officer is to retrieve the
transferring officer's record from the NMPC database and review his
qualifications. The following officer information will be required for this
simple prototype: Name, Rank, Social Security Number ( SSN),
Designator, Present Homeport, Planned Rotation Date ( PRD), and
Requested Home port. This data gives a good sketch of the officer's
qualifications and what the billet requirements need to be.
60. Other applications within the project use the database, and their
nature requires that each piece of data be accessible in random time.
This stresses the im- ’ Funded by the Artificial Intelligence and
Development Fund of the Ministry of Industry, Science and
Technology Canada, Transport Canada, Atmospheric Environment
Services of Environment Canada, and the Department of National
Defence. The author wishes to thank Frances de Verteui!,
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
70. We applied SGML as the common specification language for the three
types of data. When an application is used, STUFF accesses its
specifications from the SGML-DB, and interprets them. We also use
SGML to specify the protocol for transmissions between STUFF and
SGML-DB.
The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
82. Indeed, this table can be considered a bridge table that real- izes a
many-to-many relationship. A detail worth noting is that the resulting
owl ontology will be written in owl-full (indeed, a datatype property
can be inverse functional only in owl-full language). Typically, such
an OWL-Full ontol- ogy can be less useful in terms of possible
inference on the data because OWL-Full is not completely
processable by a reasoner.
The target application retrieves data objects from the database (e. g.
102.
01) b) Encapsulated Object. Oriented In this case the database
contains objects and methods operating on them.
107. The extracted metadata includes tables, col- umns, primary keys (
PKs), and Foreign Keys ( FKs). Thirdly, Mapping Generator Engine (
MGE) exploits the extracted metadata and build a mapping file (
R2RML file). Lastly, R2RML engine takes as input, the database
model ( Schema + Instances) and the gener- ated mapping
document that contains a set of rules representing the database
schema, then provides an output represents the RDF dataset (triples)
using r2rml-kit-master.
A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational db.pdf
110. Moreover, we can also ignore the instance data operations via
predicate () Data because they can be implemented using simple,
efficient queries supported by any high- performance SQL DBMS. With
these in mind, we can use the total number n of database schema
elements, including tables, attributes, and FK/ PK references, to
measure the input size of the algorithm. Thus we have T A Rn n n n=
+ + , where Tn , An , Rn denote the number of tables, attributes, and
FK/ PK references, respectively.
115. and the operation column describes the ways in which a system can
process alignments. The second half of the table classifies the
available matching methods depending on which kind of data the
algorithms work on: strings (terminological), structure (structural),
data instances (extensional) or models (semantics). Strings and
structures are found in the ontology descriptions, e.
127. A part from storing documents in a database, STUFF also man ages
document structures, user interface schema ( UI schema), and
transmission control data in a database, called SGML-DB. That is,
SGML-DB manages not only document data and their schema but
also their handling schema ( UI schema and transmission control
data).
128. In order to solve these name conflicts, a type defi nition can contain a
renaming clause 2.4 Views At the conceptual level, a database
application can be seen as a set of tasks manipulating the data. Each
task can be described as a set of operations. Some of these
operations are run by users through a human interface[3] and some
are run by others operations.
132. In the database field, the two main and widely used techniques to
represent a data model (let’s call them conventional techniques) are
the entity- relationship model [1] and the object-oriented model [2]
which are otherwise mutually convertible [3]. However, these
conventional techniques do no longer provide expressivity that is
sufficiently complete to semantically interpreted and widely reused
data outside a restricted field of application [4]. The current trend in
data integration is, therefore, the use of knowledge to enhance the
process [4], [5].
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
135. Then these fragments and not tAe relations of the relational scheme
are materialized. We further develop a scheme for maintaining the
consistency of a database made up offragments (which include at
tributes of the left or right side of a split functional dependencies) of a
non- 3NF relation by introducing the concept of update clusters and
virtual attributes. The methodology results in a database design
where the database operations access less amount of irrele vant
data in comparison to the design where the base relations are
materialized.
136. Thuy et al. (2014) introduce a method called RDB2 RDF, which
connects to a relational database and, using select queries, can
extract meta-data and data from it to generate an ontology file
reporting both owl concepts and instances. The paper considers that
many ontology learning works proposed at that time performed a
conversion from RDB to ontology without considering that usually, in
such databases, some relational columns are also similar to others in
the name: duplicate columns, representing the same information can
lead to data redundancy.
137. e., the RDF/ XML syntax that is used to publish and share ontology
data over the Web, and the frame-like style abstract syntax that is
abstracted from the exchange syntax for facilitating access to and
evaluation of the ontologies (being this the reason for describing our
approach using the abstract syntax in the present paper). Typically,
an OWL DL ontology consists of a set of axioms built using OWL
identifiers and constructs. In the following, Definition 2 [29,31], we
give a concise definition of an OWL DL ontology that is suitable for
capturing the knowledge extracted from a relational database.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
IV. DISCUSSION Ontologies are used as knowledge models to
139.
define axiomatically the application domain while the relational
schema is used as a logical data model to store, modify, and retrieve
in a secure way a large amount of data. In the context of data
integration, the role of ontologies is twofold.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
The actual project aims at the development of a relational database
144.
supporting the complex tasks of markscheiderology and mine
planning in general. These tasks are shortly described in the
following chapter as an introduction to the characteristics of the
application domain. Chapter 3 summarizes the previous computer
support, the existing data basis, and application programs.
Bakkas et al. (2013) provide a method that extracts the RDB schema
147.
directly from the database to convert the RDB meta-data and data
into an owl ontology file with owl concepts and instances. This
method operates on two lev- els, applying two different algorithms:
the first algorithm is based on reverse engineering; it then extracts
the RDB schema (database schema is assumed to be normalized 3
NF) and converts it into the ontology model ( TBOX).
148. We applied SGML as the common specification language for the three
components in SGML-DB: document structures, user inter face
elements and transmission control data. This greatly increases
portability of the applications as well as the documents. STUFF has
facilities for constructing document-based applications to access the
components in the SGML-DB and interpret them.
2)- Distributing this set of positions as follows: a)- for i=1 to ( NP-l) do
151.
associate to the processor i the positions that are between «i-l)*([(2
n-L+ l)x(2n-l+ 1)+ I] JNP)+ 1) and (i*([(2 n-L+ l)x(2n-l+ 1)+ 1]/ NP) b)-
associate to the NPth processor the positions that are between « NP-
l)*([(2 n-L+ l)x(2n-l+ 1)+ 1]/ NP)+ 1) and «2 n-L+ l)x(2n-l+ 1)+ 1) 3)-
Each processor executes partial fuzzy search in its associated set of
positions 5. Conclusion The main contribution of this paper can be
described as the pro position of a new Quadtree-based data
structure allowing a fuzzy search of pattern in an image database.
We have investi gated different types of manipulations with this
structure, and we have shown that it is well adapted for content-
oriented retrieval and fuzzy search.
152. The two above mentioned classes of object oriented data models
cannot guarantee type safetr of database operations at compile time.
We argue that the lack of type safety in object bases constitutes a
much more severe problem than in object oriented programming
languages: an object base is a highly shared, persistent resource
which is modified by a variety of more or less knowledgeable users.
Furthermore, many database facilities, e.
Graph to RDBMS.pdf
Thus, we consider the relational schemas and data, rather than the
156.
conceptual schemas, as the important source of knowledge (i. e.,
domain semantics) to be extracted when generating OWL ontologies.
In order to acquire natural semantics from a given relational
database, we must do an in-depth analysis of the conceptual
correspondences between database forward engineering and
reverse engineering.
163. Generally, we can assume that the system design ers are not
available. Therefore ways and means should be identified to achieve
also later at least a partial, partly au tomated and application specific
integration of various data sources with fhe participation of the
involved database ad ministrators and users.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
168. models. Finally, we resolve conflicts and produce an The most critical
items are those shown in the integrated logical data model with a
traceability matrix. intersection, i. e., elements that are shared by the
two Then, migrating the existing data base to a relational data
systems and are directly related to pay.
175. Moreover, with the opportunity to easily access data, new needs will
emerge, and existing needs may change. The impact when
integrating knowledge change that implies schema evolution can be
very large. Consequently, the conversion process needs to be
defined in a way to facilitate structure modification and extensibility.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
177. The data type di∈D in database schema was mapped to data type
symbol ( ) id DT in OWL ontology.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
For these reasons some database systems, which have the functions
181.
to handle vague data and vague queries, have been reported so far
(for example, see Duckles and Petry[2], Motro[3], Raju and
Majumdar[4], Morrissey[5], Umano[6]) and all of these except
Morrissey[. 5] are based on extensions of the relational database
model to the fuzzy relational database model, since the relational
database model has an established logical foundation.
182. High flexibility and efficiency is realized through the use of an object-
oriented paradigm, cache-like mechanisms, and data compression
algorithms. DB has been proved effi cient not only in the Stratus
knowledge based system, but also in more traditional data
processing applications, such as a tephigram display program, a
contouring display pro gram, and a numerical analysis program to
compute vertical motion.
185. For the integrated database, we take an approach to write var ious
data and knowledge in a single knowledge representation language,
QUIXOTE, which is designed at ICOT for deductive and object-
oriented database ( DOOD). As a protein function database is a typical
one with complex data and inference rules, we start to describe it in
QUIXOTE as a part of the integrated database.
191. The key to obtain ontology concept and its relation from relational
data schema was to set up the mapping rule from relational database
schema to ontology. The formal definition of relational schema and
ontology was shown as follows, as well as the conceptual model
reflecting the practical significance of the data.
195. The SUPER environment consists of the following four visual tools:
The schema editor is a visual data definition interface allowing
designers to build an ERC+ schema and supporting two modes of
interaction. The query editor is an editor that provides the user with
direct and visual manipulation facilities for the specification of queries
and updates. The view definition tool provides the user with an
interface allowing to build views over an existing database schema.
Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf
ISRA 2012. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1109/ ISRA. 2012. 62192 58 Zhang
199.
L, Li J (2011) Automatic generation of ontology based on data- base.
document ontology2.pdf
212. (b) Or~anizational Objects may either be fact or rule type objects.
Fact objects correspond more to data base components, such as
person data, appointments and so on. They are usually designed
using standard database design techniques.
217. g. having pain in the back), and the ordering of the retrieved objects
according to precise or im precise search criteria (e. g. ordering by
age or ordering by simi lar case histories). Arithmetic computations
as well as selecting and sorting data items according to precise
criteria can be ex pressed in a conventional database query
language such as SQL.
220. 2.3 Logics and Inferencing In our approach we rely on (i) F-Logic as
representation language for our mapping model (cf. [7], “F” stands for
“ Frames”) and (ii) Ontobroker as the inference engine to process F-
Logic (cf. [8]). F-Logic combines deductive and object-oriented
aspects: “F- logic ... is a deductive, object-oriented database
language which combines the declar- ative semantics of deductive
databases with the rich data modelling capabilities sup- ported by the
object oriented data model” (cf. [10]).
224. In our view a schema contains the knowledge regarding the structure
and semantics of its underlying object-base which not only describes
the actual data structure and organization within the system but also
the semantics of the problem domain. Unfor tunately, this type of
knowledge is buried deeply in the schemas, and one needs to rely on
an interactive environment to analyze schemas, extract and structure
this body of knowledge. There are two sorts of comparisons
considered here: one is based on the structure, while the other is
based on the semantics of the schemas.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
229. (2) Node design Secondly, individual nodes are specified. In this
phase, the concept of database abstraction is helpful to organize
nodes, as described in Section 2. A hierarchy of "is-a" relationship is
also useful when combining the internal data structure with the
objects seen at the hu man interface.
231. In order to exploit the expressive power of OWL, Li, et al. [13] firstly
explicated a set of rules with formal notations for translating RDB
schema into OWL ontology through analysis of relational schema and
data. The rules were organized for learning classes, properties,
hierarchy and cardinality.
The result- ing ontology contains only classes and properties while
232.
the instances are not loaded, but they remain in the databases in
such a way that they can be retrieved in response to a user query.
The paper, starting from 3 table cases with its 6 map- ping rules,
describes useful rules for converting database elements into classes,
data properties, object properties, and hierarchical class structures.
However, it does not define any conversion rule capable of building
axioms starting from RDB base constraints (like a not null, unique,
and primary key), which are typically required for a complete
mapping of real relational databases.
In a first prototype, the hybrid expert shell BABYWN [3], which is the
242.
platform for the mine planning expert system, was coupled with the
relational data base management sys tem INGRES [4] (fig. 2).
In the remainder of the paper we shall use both the SET and NELIST
249.
data types, in designing an expert database system for a route plan
ning application.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
259. Pointers link related records and provide traversal paths. We call the
internal data structure thus constructed a
Readcif is a library routine that builds a data structure from a . cif file
261.
in Manhattan geometry. Fig.
264. 102 Venecia, see Venice Venetia, see Venice Despite of all these
difficulties it will be important not to demand too much of the
capacities of the editor and his collaborators and it will be necessary
to find a structure of data for the input which is as simple as possible.
This will, of course, be achieved by the strict separation of the input
of the data themselves on the one hand and of all means for
identifying, translating etc. on the other hand. It must be the choice of
the editor to trust these fields of work to different collaborators.
Note that the data base operations only differ in their input
268.
parameters. Only for a new tuple ( i. e. no duplicate error results from
the IN SERT ) another task is defined.
It should be noted that this number covers only the index and the
273.
minimal information for the structure records. Memory used for other
suppor ting data and texts are not considered.
Fig. 10: Binary tree for article nodes of fig. 2 7 Present and Future
274.
Work Presently, the BOM system is implemented with the following
restrictions: The generation of the dynamic data structure in
Fig. 4 shows part of the structure that was created from the data
281.
provided by the employees. The part that is shown in the figure
focuses on a subset of knowledge used in e-Learning projects
(domain specific competencies).
The personal data in case of the regarded formula for temporary life
283.
insurance products is reflected through the age parameter. Therefore
index structure can be constructed for every age-value using
insurance products restricted to the selected age. After a customer
provides his age and his requirements the corresponding index
structure is chosen and the products are configured with respect to
the customer’s requirements.
0.65 0.69 0.73 0.77 0.81 0.85 NB BN 1NN 3NN 15NN C45 gram -
284.
gram+ avg global 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 NB BN 1NN
3NN 15NN C45 ant1 ant2 ant3 avg group Fig. 2. Classification
accuracies for two main pathogen clusters (left) and for b_lactam
antibiotics clusters (right) 4.5 Tracking Concept Drift Most DM
algorithms assume that data is a random sample from some
stationary distribution, while real data in clinical institutions are
gathered over long time periods (months or years) and therefore
naturally violate this assumption. Kukar [5] states that even in most
strictly controlled environments some unexpected changes may
happen due to fail and/or replacement of some medical equipment,
or due to changes in personnel.
g. daily, weekly, or monthly) uploads the processed data into the final
285.
data base storage, the data warehouse.
287. This structure corresponds to the XML output that will later be
generated by the wrapper. After loading a Web page with relevant
data into the Lixto software, at first a pattern named article is defined.
This pattern later recognizes lines with article information.
Fig. 6. System structure overview 3.2 Tire Data Extraction with Lixto
288.
The generation of the wrapper agents to extract data in online
pricelists from tire selling Web sites is conducted analogous to the
procedure described in chapter 2.2. In addition, many of these Web
sites require logging in to the site (authentication), and then filling out
request forms (what tires are of interested) before the result page
with the information needed is displayed and can be extracted.
These techniques stem from the deductive data base community and
291.
are optimized to deliver all answers instead of one single answer as
e. g. resolution does.
Our first experiment with InterSect shows that the extended hypertext
295.
data model can support both the modelling of the application and the
hypertext structure of instances. We benefit from the mechanisms of
the object oriented datanbase management sys tem, especially the
version mechanism and complex entity type definition mechanism.
We are following this experimental approach because we would like
to find out practically how object oriented database can support
hypertext systems and how such a combination can be used as a
solution to solve some of the problems of the next generation
hypermedia systems pro posed by Halasz[2].
One of our goal is to have a data model that can be used to support
297.
a rule based language with object-oriented flavors. Meta variables
hide the structural difference between type and its subtypes, thus
clear the way for the unification algo rithm, which, at current form,
can not handle predicates with different numbers of arguments.
Through meta variables, a type and its subtypes have the same
structure at a higher level, which makes inheritance staightforward.
Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
on the Mgt. of Data, Jnne 1986 [11] M.R. Stonebraker and et. al.,
303.
The POSTGRES Data Model, Proceedings of the 13th VLDB
Conference, Brighton 1987 [12] M.M. Zloof, Office-By-
Example:A business language that unifies data and word
processing and electronic mail, IBM Systems Journal, VOL.
304. Database programming languages Dre the lead ing point of two
independent trends. On one hand, the programming language
community has felt the need to manipulate bulk data, and to keep
them on secondary storage in a comfortable way. This have led to
the persistent programming languages field[6].
The central data control unit will interrogate the network monitors at
306.
regular intervals or on special request. The data retrieved has to be
preprocessed into relevant information and stored in a local
Performance Database, or has to be delivered directly to the
requesting application.
307. If sufficient data have been entered, the output op tions are manifold.
The program provides adjustable al phabetical order for special,
language specific characters, it enables you to print either the
normalized forms of words and names or the words as they are
written in the source text, and it supplies the option of additional sort
ing according to dates etc. The typographic module can produce hard
copies for correction or files.
310. The facts and rules stored in the meta-KB contain the names of all
the generic, organizational, and data mini-KBs available in the
educational application class. Furthermore the meta-KB contains the
facts and rules for merging and integrating the generic and specific
knowledge-bases.
315. That means that a specifically prepared and dedicated visual object
is presented within a predefined application step. This action is
completely driven by the content of a controlling application. Usually
there is nor object related structural data nor any contextUlJl
knowledge contained within the visual object itself.
There are even reasons that might justify the parallel usage of
316.
various concepts. For example, a combined program-oriented and
declarative description might considerably increase application
flexibility and performance, but may contemporarily have a negative
impact on data consistency and redundancy.
The second interface is used for the control of the dis tributor
320.
module, which in turn controls the input and the output data stream
from the activated application programs and the multimedia device
drivers which serve as the presen tation tools of the virtual meeting
room.
324. While planners provide some of the most advanced and de manding
applications for the mediator architecture, the ar chitecture also
supports ordinary application programs that retrieve distributed data
through mediators, e. g. to produce weekly production summary
reports.
332. Further on the technical level, CAKE has monitored the interactions
between IC and CAKE, therefore, the initial workflow is enhanced
with this request for chemical materials. Both the request and the
response are captured in the context application data of the IC’s
workflow instance. CAKE monitors this context for extracting critical
Since our data model is mapped into nested relations, most class
342.
operators match nested relational model operator definitions.
However, we have studied set operators with more attention,
especially in situations where the participating classes do not have
the same schema. Recently, this aspect of class creation by set
operations has been analyzed by [ RU90).
Graph to RDBMS.pdf
348. In this case, a bug report and a test data are selected and sent to the
person who has been already assigned. As shown in the example,
document transmission flow can be easily specified (and modified)
because it is managed in the database.
351. This typing strategy has its roots in the programming language LISP;
one representative data model adhering to thiS’ is FAD [2].
The next section describes this conceptual view of the data. We then
353.
outline the architecture of the database in terface and its actual
implementation. Some performance results are provided and we also
give an overview of the cur rent and future developments.
Only one option during the call indicates to a slave that it is dealing
354.
with the database interface, and the only additional action from the
slave will be to add a special character to the output when all the
data from one request has been transmitted. ThiR character signifies
the end of the transmission to the master module. Upon call, the
slave module will load one file of data into real memory.
These elements (i. e., classes and instances) could, but do not have
355.
to refer to database tables and rows; at the beginning of the building
up process they refer to those elements. Initially all places are empty,
only the transition prepare global data dictionary can be fired.
386 ation (becauee they do not have data relevant for that operation)
359.
can proce&ll another database operation.
360. IT the total number of versions of all data items is K, then overwrite
the "oldest" version stored in the database.
The purpose is that not only data stored in the databases shoulo
362.
reflect specific needs within an organization but also that the
interfaces should be customized in an easy manner to reflect
different user requirements and to provide a virtual memory to the
user. Information is produced from data stored in the database
containing raw data, i. e the standardized default values.
363. For the molecular biology, the major benefit is that data which was
difficult to store in databases can now be stored. It is also easy to
retrieve whatever data we want when we use QUIXOTE. It is powerful
in knowledge description and enables us to retrieve complex data by
means of the deductive mechanism.
Mter generating the transfer file by MUMPS the data are read by a
365.
progrllIl\ written in PRO*C and inserted into the INEKS database.
The World Wide Web, the largest database on earth, holds a huge
369.
amount of relevant information. Unfortunately, this data exists in
formats intended for human users.
In this business case, the Lixto Software was integrated in the Pirelli
370.
BI infrastructure in 2003 within a timeframe of two months. Tire
pricing information of more than 50 brands and many dozens of tires
selling Web sites are now constantly monitored with Lixto ( Pirelli
prices and competitor prices). The data is normalized in the Lixto
Transformation Server and then delivered to an Oracle 9 database.
6 depicts the resulting decision table for the Bene1 data set. Clearly,
372.
the top-down readability of such a DT, combined with its conciseness,
makes it a very attractive visual representation.
However, given the fact that the majority of current Web data sources
376.
are powered by RDBs, our approach can be widely applied in
ontology development of Semantic Web applications whose
underlying data sources are modeled in the relational model and thus
can act as a gap- bridge between existing Web data sources and the
Semantic Web. For instance, using our approach, an ontology
extracted from the underlying RDB of a deep web site can be
employed to annotate the dynamic web pages generated by the web
site. This kind of applications, so-called “deep annotation”, has been
addressed in [33].
377. Scenario 1 is to upgrade the current policy for calculation of pay and
the lower level system implementation for current needs by migrating
the models; we have cross-finctional integration between the existing
data base to a relational data base by creating new personnel
system representing personnel functions, and physical components
from the as-is normalized data the payroll system representing pay
functions; we have model. inrra-system integration within each
migration system Scenario 2 is to expand system functionality. We
would model as it relates to tbe calculation of pay that is part of frost
modify the as-is normalized data model into the to-be the re-
engineering effort that prepares it for integration; normalized data
model by capturing new business and finally we have inter-system
integration since we need requirements. In addition, we integrate
strategic, tactical, to resolve data conflict between the two re-
engineered and operational level data models with the re-engineered
data models representing the data requirements of the two “as-is
normalized data model”.
As for table Ti, the set of all tuples on it can be showed as tupler( Ti);
379.
A referred to a finite set of column name, aj( Ti) was the column
name of column j in Ti ; D stood for the name set of a Data Type, and
each of the data type name was the type-name predefined by DBMS,
such as integer; DOM represented the mapping of the specific column
aj( Ti) to its data range(data type), namely, a nonblank column set A(
Ti) existed for each table name Ti∈T, and each column a( Ti. )∈A( Ti)
had a relational predefined data type datatype(a( Ti))∈D as its data
range; PK was primary key constraint: T had one and only one
primary key pkey(T) solely determined each line of instance data in T,
moreover, it can be pkey(T) A(T) (be called single primary key that
just entity table can have and only have), or be pkey(T) A(T)(be
called composite primary key that only association table can have
and only have); FK presented foreign key constraint. : T may have
foreign key fkey(T,R) of 0~n (n≥l) that quoting R single primary key of
other tables, which should satisfy: fkey(T,R)∈A(T), dom(fkey(T,R))
dom(pkey(R))∪{null}, pkey(R)∈A(R), In which, dom (*) meant the
range of “*”;
380. The direct mapping to relational terms would be too far away from
the user's resp. application's view. More adequate formal description
methods are offered by data models currently developed in the
context of object oriented database systems (c. f. [19], [20], [21],
[22]). The general definition of object oriented database systems and
their characteristics (e.
383. Database design based on views is not limited to the relational data
model; it can be suitably applied to any data model which supports
the concept of a view. This methodology can be uniformly applied for
designing centralized databases and fragmenta tion scheme for
distributed databases. This model has builtin authorization
mechanism as the user ac cessing the database is limited to the part
of the database spanned by the views he/she accesses.
Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf
[10]), can access the needed DIGMAP data via the database
391.
correctly.
3.3 Scientific data In contrast to relational DBMS that can handle only
394.
a fe," data types required for business and administration data, EIS
should be able to manage a diversity of data typps that occur in
scientific data, e. g. spatial data, temporal data and statis tical data.
For these kinds of data, appropriate data types, operators and
predicates have to be supported by the DBMS.
399. ion algorithnm proposed in the liter ature for homogeneous DDBMS,
decompose a «uery int. o a sequence of basic relational oper ations,
such as selui-joins, and data moves.
In order to represent the database the user makes use of a par tially
404.
ordered, connected, direct and acyclic oriented graph model, the
GRASS[7] graph. This graph is made up of the following node types: -
S nodes: identify the statistical phenomenon associated with the ST. -
T nodes: identify the ST of the databases and the relevant data type.
406. 4.2 Accessing Single Nodes To get the starting point for the tree
operations, a function to find any article node, is provided:
bp_sel_node 4.3 Tree Operations To search in structure data,the
following functions are defined: - bp sel top down one level (use-
what) For ~ne entry node all subordinate nodes of the next lower
level are found.
407. Integrators are meditators which, using schema inte gration and data
conversion facilities [10], integrate heterogeneous data
representations to be presented uni formly to other mediators.
413. In order to have comparable results to the Gulf, the data collection
tools used for Ethiopia and the Gulf countries were similar, apart from
the different sectors included. Hence, sector- specific questions were
incorporated into the overall questionnaire structure.
Fig. 2-4 shows the data structure (structured view) used by program
424.
presim for the logic simulation of the circuit. The current presim
program using a file system uses about 22 pages of programming
statements to construct this structured view.
434. Both administrative and medical data for each patient are recorded
on the encounter report with a definite structure and format. An
encounter report is completed not only for each patient in the clinical
department, but also for emergency department visits. The encounter
report compiled by physician contains requests about tasks to be
performed by various clinical departments as laboratory tests,
physical examination etc ..
The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
Graph to RDBMS.pdf
The experimental results indicate that: (1) the total time complexity of
444.
our ontology extraction approach, including the table-type
identification algorithm TabTypeIdentification and the schema
translation Algorithm TabTypeIdentification ( D ) Input: A relational
database D including its schema ( ), , , ,S = N attr DT pk fk and
instance data. Output: All table types identified. Tables ET RT← ∪ ;
assign false to all auxiliary predicates; while Tables ≠ ∅ do { Get a
table T ET RT∈ ∪ ; { } TTables Tables← − ; if T has no foreign key
and one primary key then { ( ) normEntityTab T true← ; continue}; if T
has exactly one foreign key 1( )fk T and one primary key ( )pk T such
that 1( ) ( )fk T pk T⊂ then { ( ) weakEntityTab T true← ; continue}; if
T has exactly two foreign keys 1 2( ), ( )fk T fk T and one primary key
( )pk T such that .
OWL Ontology Extraction from Relational.pdf
We now describe the data structure used by the pointers for each
445.
kind of relationship.
Indeed, the use of any data structure that process grid representation
449.
of spatial data, generates an image space where each inserted
image is coded and linked to a speci fic structure. Inserting 2 images
using quadtree structure, gene rates 2 quadtrees. So, each image
has its own set of prefixes, and the searched pattern also has its
proper set.
Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf
451. A meta variable in a type hides part of structural detail in the subtype.
Through the instantiation of meta variable, a type hierarchy is built
up, with its root being the most abstract data type, and all the leaf
types being detailed structures. The types between the root node and
leaf nodes expose the hidden structure to a certain degree.
462. 2.2.1 Data Sorts The data sorts for the example schema are given in
the following way: sorts: int, string, date, titne, ... function . : o : .... int
+ : int x int -+ int square : int .... int length : string .... int makedate : int
x int x int .... date month : date .... 8t";ng etc.
463. The predicates and functions for data sorts have a fixed semantics
for all database states. The sets 0’; (8) are not disjoint for different
states. This allows state-independent object identification, which is an
important prerequisite for dealing with object behaviour [23, 21.
465. The data base must allow to preser ve the participants for each year
of the rally (the RALLYMANs) and to follow the participants of the
current rally (the COMPETITORs). A TEAM is made up of one Or
several compe titors, the number of competitors depending on the
type of ve hicle (for example one for a motorbike, two for a car, three
for a truck). A competitor must be recommended by a participant from
one of the previous rallies.
466. 2 LOGICAL MODEL AND USER MODEL ADAMS is a system which can
be used to manage a statistical data base containing macro-data.
The macro-data are obtained by the aggregation of data referring to
individual events. The macro-data are described using other data,
known as meta-data.
469. The use of computer systems in medical area has rapidly grown
during the last few years. This is not restricted to im age processing
systems but also to other application fields. Nowadays, in the better
equiped hospitals, most of the data concerning a patient can reside
in a computer.
data neural net rule set decision table validation direct consultation
475.
program codeif ... then ...
The Data Analysis Module ( DAM)is the inter face between the ADMS
489.
and the device. It receives the real-time sensor data from the device,
samples the data according to rates set by the system operator and
passes the data on to the Data Management Module for insertion into
the database. The Data Analysis Module triggers the diagnosis
process whenever it detects a fault in the in coming data.
Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf
Then the method is applied to them in order to retrieve data from the
490.
database. The intensional query mechanism has been implemented
without any additional optimization methods.
492. The ExER operators realize the ExER model concepts, while
application operators serve for the enduser system in teract ion. In
addition, the following ExER operators have also been implemented
respectively are in the implementa tion process: show data; choose
into application; declare keys; declare reference; declare
generalization; declare group ing; declare aggregation; declare
multivalued; load instances; 331 delete instances. The current state
of the application opera tors is: declare synonym; reload instances;
show application data; water quality comparison; department water
quality comparison.
Once the robot tasks have been prototyped, the production cell will
493.
be simulated against a mock up state. In essence, this amounts to
producing derivable database states that reflects the reachable cell
states. The simulation analysis involves statistical aggregation of
measurement data, such as the average production time of a piece,
and the recognition of critical intermediate states, such as two robot
arms in deadly embrace awaiting the other to leave a 3-D subspace.
496. This version is either added to the DB, when the current number of
versions of data items is less than [(, or it replaces a version of a data
item stored in the database, when the current number of versions of
data items is equal to [(. A transaction terminates with either a
commit, c, or an abort, a, operation. We assume a transaction model,
in which all write operations of a transaction are executed as a single
indivisible step together with a commit operation.
The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf
507. Examples of this base by creating new physical components from the
to-be type of data are an Employee-Id and the employee’s
normalized data model . associated Pay Grade. The second subset
includes elements that are not shared by the systems but which are
5. Our Model Integration Approach directly related to pay.