Optics : Lecture - 2
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Chapter - 1 : Interference
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Mr. Kaushal Agheda
Interference
of Light
A
Department of Applied Physics
Fresnel’s Faculty of technology and Engineering
Biprism
Experiment THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
January 25, 2022
Phase Difference & Path Difference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
Path Difference → Phase Difference
λ → 2π
x → (?) = δ ⇒ δ = 2πxλ
Phase Difference δ = 2πλ (Path Difference)
Classification of Interference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
1 Division of Wavefront : The wavefront originating from
.
Agheda a source of light is divided into two parts which serves the
purpose of coherent sources. It can be obtained by the
.K
Interference
Young’s
phenomena of reflection, refraction or diffraction. These
Interference
Experiment
two parts of the same wavefront travel unequal distances
Analytical and reunite at some angle to produce interference bands.
treatment of
Interference
The examples are Fresnel biprism and Lloyd’s mirror.
Conditions for 2 Division of Amplitude : The amplitude of a beam of
Interference
of Light light is divided into two parts by partial reflection or
A
Fresnel’s refraction methods. The waves corresponding to the
Biprism
Experiment divided parts travel different paths and hence produce
interference. These divided parts reunite after traversing
different paths and produce interference. Newton’s rings
and Michelson’s interferometer come under this class.
Young’s Interference Experiment
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
Analytical treatment of Interference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
Analytical treatment of Interference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Consider a point P on the screen for investigation.
Mr. Kaushal Let’s assume the amplitudes A1 and A2 from the sources
.
Agheda
S1 and S2 having phase difference δ between them reach
.K
Interference at a point P.
Young’s Let y1 and y2 be the instantaneous displacements at the
Interference
Experiment point P due to two waves which are
Analytical
treatment of y1 = A1 sinωt
Interference
Conditions for y2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
Interference
of Light
Resultant Displacement Y,
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment Y = y1 + y2 (1)
= A1 sinωt + A2 sin(ωt + δ) (2)
= A1 sinωt + A2 sinωtcosδ + A2 cosωtsinδ (3)
= (A1 + A2 cosδ)sinωt + (A2 sinδ)cosωt (4)
Analytical treatment of Interference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
Rcosφ = (A1 + A2 cosδ) (5)
.
Agheda
Rsinφ = (A2 sinδ) (6)
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Substituting eqs (5,6) in equation (4),
Analytical
treatment of Y = R(cosφsinωt + sinφcosωt)
Interference
Conditions for
Interference Y = Rsin(ωt + φ) (7)
of Light
A
Fresnel’s above equation represents the equation of Simple
Biprism
Experiment harmonic motion of amplitude R, ω, Y.
Therefore, the resultant displacement at the point P on
the screen represents the simple harmonic motion of
amplitude R that can be obtained by suitably simplifying
(5,6), Thus we obtain,
Analytical treatment of Interference
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal R 2 cos 2 φ + R 2 sin2 φ = (A1 + A2 cosδ)2 + (A2 sinδ)2
.
Agheda
R 2 = A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cosδ
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment We know that relation between intensity and amplitude,
Analytical
treatment of I = R2
Interference
Conditions for
= A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cosδ
Interference p
of Light = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cosδ
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism Where δ is the phase difference between two waves arriving
Experiment
at the point P which is related to the path difference by
2π
δ= (Path difference)
λ
2π
δ= (S2 P − S1 P)
Condition for Maximum Intensity
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Intensity is I = A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cosδ
Mr. Kaushal To get maximum intensity, cosδ = 1 → δ = 2nπ ,
.
Agheda
where n = 0,1,2,3...,etc.
.K
Interference
But Path difference is
Young’s
Interference
2π
Experiment
δ= (S2 P − S1 P)
Analytical λ
treatment of 2π
Interference
2nπ = (S2 P − S1 P)
Conditions for λ
Interference
of Light
So Path difference become,
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment (S2 P − S1 P)[Path difference(∆)] = nλ
Imax = A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 = (A1 + A2 )2 , But when
A1 = A2 = AR then Imax = 4A2R → Imax = 4IR
Condition for Minimum Intensity
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Intensity is I = A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cosδ
Mr. Kaushal To get Minimum intensity, cosδ = −1 → δ = (2n + 1)π ,
.
Agheda
where n = 0,1,2,3...,etc.
.K
Interference
But Path difference is
Young’s
Interference 2π
Experiment δ= (S2 P − S1 P)
Analytical
λ
treatment of 2π
Interference (2n + 1)π = (S2 P − S1 P)
Conditions for
λ
Interference
of Light So Path difference become,
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism λ
Experiment ∆ = (2n + 1)
2
Imin = A21 + A22 − 2A1 A2 = (A1 − A2 )2 , But when
A1 = A2 = AR then Imin = 0
Energy Distribution
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
xd
Path Difference(∆) =
D
Bright Fringes
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda If the path difference is a whole number multiple of
wavelength λ, the point P is bright,
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference ∆ = nλ, where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3....
Experiment
Analytical xd nλD
treatment of = nλ ⇒ x =
Interference D d
Conditions for
Interference
of Light The distance between any two consecutive bright fringes is
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism λD
Experiment ∆xbright =
d
Dark Fringes
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
If the path difference between two waves reaching the point P
Mr. Kaushal
is an odd number multiple of half wavelength
.
Agheda
λ
.K
Interference ∆ = (2n + 1) , where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3....
2
Young’s
Interference xd λ (2n + 1)λD
Experiment
= (2n + 1) ⇒ x =
Analytical D 2 2d
treatment of
Interference
The distance between any two consecutive dark fringes is
Conditions for
Interference
of Light λD
A
Fresnel’s
∆xdark =
Biprism d
Experiment
Fringe Width
λD
β= (8)
d
Conditions for Interference of Light
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal Condition for Sustained Interference
.
Agheda
1 The two sources should Coherent.
.K
Interference 2 The two sources must emit continuous waves of same
Young’s wavelength.
Interference
Experiment Conditions for Observation of Fringes
λD
Analytical 1 To observe the fringes separately, the fringe width β = d
treatment of
Interference should be large.
Conditions for
2 The background is perfectly Dark.
Interference
of Light Conditions for Good contrast
A
Fresnel’s 1 To achieve good contrast between bright and dark
Biprism
Experiment fringes, the amplitude of the interfering waves should be
equal.(4A2 and 0)
2 The light sources must be narrow.
3 The sources must be monochromatic.
Fresnel’s Biprism
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
Fresnel’s Biprism
Chapter - 1 :
Interference
Mr. Kaushal
.
Agheda
.K
Interference
Young’s
Interference
Experiment
Analytical
treatment of
Interference
Conditions for
Interference
of Light
A
Fresnel’s
Biprism
Experiment
