LOGIC MICRO OPERATIONS

Logic operations are binary micro-operations implemented on the bits saved in the
registers. These operations treated each bit independently and create them as binary
variables.

For example, the exclusive-OR micro-operation with the contents of two registers R1 and
R2 is denoted by the statement

P: R1←R1⊕⊕R2

It determines a logic micro-operation to be implemented on the single bits of the registers

supported that the control variable P = 1. Consider that each register has four bits. Let the
content of R1 be 1010 and the content of R2 be 1100.

The exclusive-OR micro-operation stated above represent the following logic computation −

1010 Content of R1
1100 Content of R2
0110 Content of R1 after P = 1

The content of R1, after the implementation of the micro-operation, is similar to the bit-by-bit
exclusive-OR operation on pairs of bits in R2 and previous values of R1.

1. Clear
The Clear logic micro-operation is used to clear the register or set the bits of the register
to 0. To use this micro-operation, we need to feed 0 to the register. In the above truth
table, F0 represents the truth table of Clear logic micro-operation.
For example, F <- 0 means the value of the register F is set to 0 or is cleared. The
previous value of register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Clear logic micro-operation is F0 = 0
2. AND
stored in the two registers. The symbol to represent the logical AND is ∧ .
The AND logic micro-operation performs the logical AND between the bits of the data
Case 1: Both x and y values are true.
In the first case, if the values of both two registers are true then the result of AND
operation is 1; else, it is 0. F1 represents the truth table of AND logic micro-operation in

For example, F <- A ∧ B means the registers A and B value will undergo AND micro-
the above truth table.

operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the AND logic micro-operation will be F1 = x.y
Case 2: x is true, and y is false.
The logical AND operation we discussed above gives output 1 when both x and y are
true. There is also another AND operation which includes x but not y. Also known
as inhibition, here for performing the AND operation, the first value is taken from the x
variable or register. The second value is taken as the complement of the y variable or
register. If the value of the x register is true and of the y register is false, then the result
of AND operation is 1; else, it is 0.
F2 represents the truth table of inhibition AND logic micro-operation in the above truth

For example, F <- A ∧ B’ means the value of the registers A and complement B will
table.

undergo AND micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the AND logic micro-operation will be F2 = x.y’
Case 3: x is false, and y is true.
The third case of logical AND operation includes y but not x. Also known as inhibition,
here for performing the AND operation, the first value is taken as the complement of
the x variable or register, and the second value is taken from the y variable or register. If
the value of the x register is false and of the y register is true, then the result of AND
operation is 1; else, it is 0.
F4 represents the truth table of inhibition AND logic micro-operation in the above truth

For example, F <- A’ ∧ B means the value of the complement register A and as it is B
table.

will undergo AND micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the AND logic micro-operation will be F4 = x’.y
3. Transfer A
The Transfer A logic micro-operation transfers the contents of register A (first register)
to the output register.
F3 represents the truth table of Transfer A logic micro-operation in the above truth table.
Since there is a transfer of data from the first register to the output register in this micro-
operation, its truth table is the same as the taken values of the x variable (0, 0, 1, 1).
For example, F <- A means the value of register A is moved to register F. The previous
value of register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Transfer A logic micro-operation is F3 = x
4. Transfer B
The Transfer B logic micro-operation transfers the contents of register B (second
register) to the output register.
F5 represents the truth table of Transfer B logic micro-operation in the above truth table.
Since there is a transfer of data from the second register to the output register in this
micro-operation, its truth table is the same as the taken values of the y variable (0, 1, 0,
1).
For example, F <- B means the value of register B is moved to register F. The previous
value of register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Transfer B logic micro-operation is F5 = y
5. Exclusive OR
Also known as XOR, this logic micro-operation performs the logical XOR between the

but not both. The symbol to represent the Exclusive OR is ⊕.

data bits stored in the two registers. The logical XOR means either x should be true or y

F6 represents the truth table of Exclusive OR logic micro-operation in the above truth

For example, F <- A ⊕ B means the registers A and B value will undergo XOR micro-
table. The output will be 1 when either x =1 and y = 0 or x = 0 and y = 1.

operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Exclusive OR logic micro-operation will be F6 = x.y’ +
x’.y
6. OR
the two registers. The symbol to represent the logical OR is ∨.
The OR logic micro-operation performs the logical OR between the data bits stored in

Case 1: Either x or y or both x and y values are true.

In the first case, if either the value of x register is true and y register is false, or the
value of x register is false, and y register is true, or both the values of x and y registers
are true, then the result of OR operation is 1 else it is 0. F7 represents the truth table of

For example, F <- A ∨ B means the registers A and B value will undergo OR micro-
OR logic micro-operation in the above truth table.

operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the OR logic micro-operation will be F7 = x + y
Case 2: If y, then x else not.
In the second case, the output for 1 follows the condition that
 If the value of the y register is true, then the value of the x register must be true. If
this condition is satisfied, then the output is 1.
 If the value of the y register is false, then we don’t need to look for the value of the
x register, and the output is 1.
 Else the output is 0.
To perform this logic micro-operation, we need to perform the logical OR of the values
of the x register and the complement value of the y register.

For example, F <- A ∨ B’ means the value of the registers A and complement B will
In the above truth table, F11 represents the truth table of this logic micro-operation.

undergo OR micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for this OR logic micro-operation will be F11 = x + y’
Case 3: If x, then y else not.
In the second case, the output for 1 follows the condition that
 If the value of the x register is true, then the y register's value must be true. If this
condition is satisfied, then the output is 1.
 If the value of the x register is 0, then we don’t need to look for the value of the y
register, and the output is 1.
 Else the output is 0.
To perform this logic micro-operation, we need to perform the logical OR of the
complemented value of the x register and the value of the y register.

For example, F <- A’ ∨ B means the complemented register A and B value will undergo
In the above truth table, F13 represents the truth table of this logic micro-operation.

OR micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for this OR logic micro-operation will be F13 = x’ + y
7. NOR
The NOR logic micro-operation is simply the opposite of OR logic micro-operation. As
the name suggests, it is Not OR. The output of OR micro-operation is 1 when the value
of either x register or y register or both x and y registers are true. In contrast, in NOR,
the output is 0 when the value of either x register or y register or both x and y registers
are true, and it is 1 when both x and y registers are false. In the above truth table,

For example, F <- (A ∨ B)’ means the registers A and B value will undergo NOR micro-
F8 represents the truth table of NOR logic micro-operation.

operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Transfer A logic micro-operation is F8 = (x + y)’

8. Exclusive NOR
If we perform the Exclusive NOR micro-operation, the output will be 1 when the values
of both the x and y registers will be the same. They can be true or false, but they have
to be the same.
F9 represents the truth table of Exclusive NOR logic micro-operation in the above truth

For example, F <- (A ⊕ B)’ means the registers A and B value will undergo Exclusive
table. The output will be 1 when either x = 0 and y = 0 or x = 1 and y = 1.

NOR micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Exclusive NOR logic micro-operation will be F9 = x.y +
x’.y’
9. Complement B
The Complement B logic micro-operation transfers the complemented contents of
register B (second register) to the output register. First, the content of the register is
complemented and then moved to the desired register.
In the above truth table, F10 represents the truth table of Complement B logic micro-
operation. Since there is a transfer of complemented data from the second register to
the output register in this micro-operation, its truth table is just the opposite of the taken
values of the y variable (1, 0, 1, 0).
For example, F <- B’ means the complemented value of register B is moved to register
F. The previous value of register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Complement B logic micro-operation is F10 = y’
10. Complement A
The Complement A logic micro-operation transfers the complemented contents of
register A (first register) to the output register. First, the content of the register is
complemented and then moved to the desired register.
F12 represents the truth table of Complement A logic micro-operation in the above truth
table. Since there is a transfer of complemented data from the first register to the output
register in this micro-operation, its truth table is just the opposite of the taken values of
the y variable (1, 1, 0, 0).
For example, F <- A’ means the complemented value of register A is moved to register
F. The previous value of register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Complement A logic micro-operation is F12 = x’
11. NAND
The NAND logic micro-operation is simply the opposite of AND logic micro-operation.
As the name suggests, it is Not AND. The output of AND micro-operation is 1 when the
value of both the x register and y register is true. In contrast, in NAND, the output is 0
when the value of both x register and y register is true, and it is 1 when either x is false,
or y is false, or both are false.

For example, F <- (A ∧ B)’ means the registers A and B value will undergo NAND
In the above truth table, F14 represents the truth table of NAND logic micro-operation.

micro-operation, and the output will be stored in register F.

Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the NAND logic micro-operation is F14 = (x.y)’
12. Set to all 1’s
The set to all 1’s logic micro-operations is used to set all the register bits to 1. To use
this micro-operation, we just need to feed 1 to the register. In the above truth table,
F15 represents the truth table of Set to all 1’s logic micro-operation.
For example, F <- 1 means the value of the register F is set to 1. The previous value of
register F will be removed.
Boolean expression-
The boolean expression for the Clear logic micro-operation is F15 = 1.