CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND THEIR

PRACTICES
Contemporary arts come in different The human images are commonly used as
forms: fine arts, visual arts and subject of this painting throughout history
performing arts. Fine arts direct on up to the present.
contemporary painting, sculpture and
architecture. 4. Watercolor Painting- Painting is
considered to be one of the most
Visual arts focus on installation art as primitive types of painting.
New Media Art; Public Art, the art in
outdoor space; Mixed media, which It is familiarly used by beginners or by
combines different art forms; children in most of their activities in
Photography and Digital Works, the school.
technology-aided art.
It is usually mixed with water and put it
Performing Arts tackles the art of Theatre on paper.
and Performance arts, Dance and Music.
5. Oil Painting- Considered to be a great
Contemporary Fine Arts means to achieve a more convincing and
realistic artwork.
Contemporary Painting- It is the most
popular among fine arts but it is also very It is done on a canvas.
hard to distinguish when a painting is
Oil colors are made by mixing color
contemporary. Aside from the fact that
powder with linseed oil to a stiff paste
the artist must still be alive at present, it
consistency and grinding it in a steel
is also through artwork that we can tell
roller.
that it is contemporary; it must connect
itself to the issues and concerns of the Linseed oil is also known as flaxseed oil or
society, then it is contemporary. It comes flax oil.
in different types in genre and in material:
Contemporary Sculpture- Most familiar
1. Landscape Painting-The most art forms among Filipinos from carving to
common among all types of painting by molding of gods and heroes for a long
genre. time, but at present, through availability
of varied materials and medium,
These are painting of outdoor scenes.
technology and technique, it gives
Most of the favorite subjects in this type freedom to sculptor to be more flexible
of painting are: skies, mountains, river and expressive in making their art work.
and even infrastructure like buildings, Sculptural processes require artist’s
houses and many more that we usually physical strength and creativity in the use
see in our surroundings. of materials such as: stone, wood, metal,
wax, terracotta or clay and resin.
2. Abstract Painting- The most difficult Sculptors use four basic techniques:
among paintings for it demands a good
background in drawing for the pre- 1. Molding- Is an additive process where
planned concept of painting, and an in material like clay is added to form the
overflowing passion in painting for this desired sculpture.
type is used by most artist as an avenue
2. Carving- Is a subtractive process in
where they can express their boundless
which materials like wood, marble, stone
imagination.
or other hard material is removed or
It let viewers to thinks deeper and allow carved by cutting or chipping away to
them to have their own interpretation. form an image.

3. Figurative Painting- A painting that Glass sculpture is viewed to be unique

portrays pictures of actual images as seen and popular in the country. Ramon Orlina
in the real world. is now known as the “Father of Philippine
Glass Sculpture”.
3. Casting- Is a technique used to make more of awareness rather than a sale or
the sculpture more durable and profit. It is composed of some other art
transferrable from one place to another forms like: painting, sculpture and even
without any breaking. miniature architecture depending on the
need for display. There different types of
It is made to last through material like installation art:
resin, a liquid material that is usually
poured out to form a smooth hard surface 1. Interactive Installation Art- An
when dried, that is used as coating for installation that allows viewers or
holding of sculpture. spectators to interact with the installation
piece.
4. Assembling- The easiest yet very
creative technique where in different Viewers are encouraged to touch and give
materials (found, recycled, indigenous, comment to an artwork.
etc.) gather together to form a sculpture.
2. Conceptual Installation Art- An
It is an additive process that uses installation that focuses on the idea or
adhesive, or any material used for concept.
adhesion to put together all materials to
form a sculpture. The installation exhibited objects and
events that will lead to a concept that the
Contemporary Architecture- The artist tried to show.
architecture of today is very rich in style
and in high technology with the use of 3. Technology-aided Installation Art-
advanced materials, such as tube The use of technology in an installation
structure and the use of computer-aided art, like: the use of light, sound and
design. Its style doesn’t have a computer application.
recognizable feature for its style is quite
4. Performance Installation Art- An
varied for it is from different influences
installation for theatre and dance which
but there is typical feature for a
includes careful planning for the
contemporary house and building such as
execution of movement of performers
oversized windows and free shaped of
with the placement of materials, lights
frame. The following are the styles in
and sound.
contemporary architecture:
5. Environmental Installation Art- An
1. Environment-Friendly
installation that shows environmental
Architecture- A design that promotes
concerns.
environmental awareness through their
style. Some artists use this installation art to
address to natural disasters and
Example, the building of Centrio Mall in
calamities.
Cagayan de Oro City, instead of uprooting
the very big tree in the site, what they did Public Art- Commonly, these are
was, they make the tree as their center monuments of heroes, public and
piece of their mall, they integrate nature religious figures but due to the challenges
into the structure of advancement, artists expand their
choice of materials and methods to meet
2. Biomorphic Architecture- Is a design
the global competencies in public art. The
that is inspired by the features of a living
following are the types of public art:
thing such body parts of animals and
human and even plants. 1. Commemorative Monuments- Are
monuments of people or group of people
Contemporary Visual Arts
who are considered to be heroes in
Installation Art- It is an art form that history.
requires a suited site for transformation of
2. Municipal Art- Usually sculptures
spaces to a desired effect. They are
located in front of government
created and installed only in the space
establishment and academic institutions
intended for it in a certain period of time
to instill nationalism and serves as
and are dismantled and some are burned
historical landmark to Filipinos and
after it served its purpose. Its purpose is
visitors and educate the young ones.
3. Community-based Art- Refers to the places we might not encounter in our
community-based artistic activity with the lifetime.
use of different materials available in the
area and interaction of people in the 3. Photojournalism- Is a combination of
community and the artist. photography and journalism. Pictures are
used to help the readers, view what is
This usually based in deprive or remote being narrated, like in many newspapers
areas often used as catalyst for change. and magazines.

4. Land Art- Are public art that interact 4. Photographic Alteration- The use of
with nature and the environment. photographic devise to alter or edit
images and add what is being desired in
5. Campaign–inspired Public Art- just one touch.
Promotes idea by making the idea visible
to everyone. 5. Mobile Photography- Photographs
taken by a mobile phone.
It is usually set up at places where people
are congested. Contemporary Performing Arts

6. Architectural Art- Are public art Theatre and Performance Arts-

usually seen on malls or any enclosed Performance Arts is an art done live to
concrete structures. convey message in a limited time. There
maybe group of performers or just one to
7. Design-based Public Art- Is perform on stage or on streets that shows
decorative and is often placed in parks on in acting, poetry, music, dance and
and in outside commercial centers. painting to covey a campaign.
Performance may be scripted, just like
The design usually harmonizes with the
theatre or unscripted, spontaneous or
surroundings and infrastructure around
planned, with or without participation of
the location.
audience.
Mixed Media Art- These are artworks
Theatre Art is an art that requires actors
done from mixed materials, any materials
and actresses to connect to the audience
including commercial garbage. Artist may
to let them experience a real or imagined
use their full freedom in choosing
event through combination of gesture,
materials in a context to express views
speech, song, music and dance,
and opinion on issues around. The two
commonly done on stage and are
techniques used in mixed media are:
scripted. There are styles that is
1. Collage- A technique when cut out commonly seen in Philippine Theatre, and
materials, cloth, string and many others, these are: Realism, Combination of
are pasted on a flat surface that turn into Realistic and Non-realistic styles, The
a creative artwork. Brechtian Style, Musical Performances,
Documentary Styles, Short Plays
2. Assemblage- A technique of putting
objects together by welding or adhesion 1. Realism- A style that shows actual
in a new concept. situations that Filipinos are in, focuses on
the problems and the reaction to socio-
Photography- Photography is of economic-political issues encountered.
different types: 1. Photography and
Reality 2. Nature Photography 3. Photo 2. Combination of Realistic and Non-
journalism 4. Mobile Photography 5. realistic Styles- Is a style that combines
Photographic Alteration realistic and non-realistic style.

1. Photography and Reality- A 3.The Brechtian Style - A style brought

photography that depicts reality. by German playwright, Bertolt Brecht. He
used devices to tell the audience that it’s
Most of its photographs depict true just a theatre not true to life.
happenings or really exists in reality.
It’s a style that promotes audience’s
2. Nature Photography- Are reflective detachment and not emotional
photographs of nature, landscape and involvement.
4. Musical Performances- Is a theatre 1. Freddie Aguilar- Freddie Aguilar was
art that uses music in expression of arts. very famous for his song “Anak” that had
been very popular worldwide. The song is
The issues of tempo, dynamics, pitches about a son who goes astray as he grows
and instrumentation are on a performer’s up.
option.
2. Gary Valenciano- Gary Valenciano is
5. Documentary Style- Are plays known for his ala Michael Jackson moves
dealing with historical events and life and religious songs.
story of a person.
3. Sharon Cuneta- Sharon Cuneta is a
6. Short Plays- Are skits used by starter very well-known superstar and a love
before jumping into something big. song singer. She received many awards in
music and in acting fields.
Usually used by students and teachers as
an activity to hook the interest of the 4. Mike Hanopol- Mike Hanopol is a
student in a new lesson. recording artist, guitarist and a singer.
Some of his famous songs were Katawan
Contemporary Dance- Contemporary
and Laki Sa Layaw.
dance is a performing art that involves
body movement in accord to the musical 5. Kuh Ledesma- Kuh Ledesma is a
beat, for some use it as an expression of famous singer from Bacolod City. Some of
thoughts and feelings, releasing energy or her famous songs are Bulaklak; Till I Met
simply joining with the beat of music or You and Sino ang Baliw.
into dance movement itself. The
contemporary dance styles that have
been popular in the Philippines were disco
and hip hop.

1. Disco Dancing- A dance style

characterized by movement of the hip
and pelvic, some will jump together with
the raising of arms to the beat of the
disco music.

Its music is a continuous mix of disco

songs operated by the Disc Jockey.

2. Hip hop- Is a dance style that includes

breaking, locking and popping.

It is something made just happened or

“freestyle” or spontaneous performance.

Contemporary Music- Music is beyond

words, it has the power to speak through
people’s mind, heart and soul. It can
affect the mood, way of thinking and even
character and disposition of people
listening to it. Music composition is a little
bit complex for it involves mastery and
skill to produce a melody. Some musician
developed music through
experimentation and combination of
instruments.

There are famous contemporary OPM

singers, and they are Freddie Aguilar,
Gary Valenciano, Mike Hanopol, Kuh
Ledesma and Sharon Cuneta and many
more.
 Musical instruments

Idiophones when plucked. Ex. Jew’s harp, mbira or

thumb piano
Idiophones are classified as instruments
that produce sound from the substance of Metal idiophones has two categories: flat
the instrument itself (wood or metal). gongs and bossed gongs.
They are subdivided into those that are
struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or Most of the flat gongs are made of
rubbed. bronze, brass and irons found principally
in the north among the Isneg, Tinggulan,
There are metal and wooden (principally Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi, Kankanai,
bamboo) idiophones in the Philippines. Gaddang, Ifugao. They are commonly
referred to as Gangsa. Gongs have a
IDIOPHONE CATEGORIES: central profusion or knot, hence the term
bossed gongs.
1. Percussion Idiophones
There are types:
2. Shaken Idiophones
first sets of graduated gongs laid in row
3. Concussion Idiophones
called the kulintang; second larger, deep-
4. Friction Idiophones rimmed gongs with sides that are turned
in called gandingan.
5. Scraped Idiophones
These gongs may be played along but are
6. Stamping Idiophones often combined with other instruments to
form various types of ensembles in
7. Plucked Idiophones
southern Philippines.
1. Percussion Idiophones- Are hit with
Bamboo idiophones abound in the
sticks, beaters, or clappers Ex. Bells, steel
Philippines- xylophones, drums, quill-
drums
shaped tubes, stamping tubes, scrapers,
2. Shaken Idiophones- Are shaken. Ex. buzzers, and clappers. In southern
Maracas, eggs, jingle bells Philippines, the bamboo xylophones like
gabbang, also Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and
3. Concussion Idiophones- Played by Palawan are found.
chasing two of them together. Ex.
Castanets, claves, spoons Xylophone consists of bamboo keys of
graduated lengths mounted on a
4. Friction Idiophones- Made to vibrate trapezoidal box. The number of keys
by rubbing them. Ex. Make a wine glass usually ranging from 3 to 22 but varies
ring by rubbing its rim among the different ethnic groups.

5. Scraped Idiophones- Played by Among the Kalinga in Northern Luzon,

scraping a stick across a set of notches or individual xylophone-like blades called
corrugations on the instrument Ex. Guiro, patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.
washboard
Bukidnon bantula- Is a bamboo slit
6. Stamping Idiophones- Are stamped drum which is fashioned out of a bamboo
on the ground, floor, or hard surface. Ex. tube closed at both ends with anode with
Tap shoes a slit cut out of the tube.

7. Plucked Idiophones- Have a thin

tongue of metal or bamboo that vibrates
Its main use is announce important ◦ In the Philippines, harps are
events and this is found among different principally made from bamboo and
groups of people. some are made of metal. This is a
type of mouth resonated instrument
Maranao tagutok and the consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at
Maguindanao kagul- Are struck quill- one end to a surrounding frame. The
shaped bamboo tubes with notches player play this instrument by placing
etched on the tube, are found only in the free end of the instrument with
southern Philippines such as. the hand or by pulling a string
attached to the blade. These
In this instrument, the player scrapes the
instruments have different names
notches with a bamboo stick.
among the various ethnic groups. In
Bamboo buzzers- Are widespread the south, it’s common term is
among the Cordillera highlanders. These kubing, in the north ulibaw.
are made from a length of bamboo closed
Aerophones
with a node at the bottom, with its top
half shaped so that two tongues face Flutes, pan-pipes, and read pipes are
each other. On top half is struck against among the Philippine bamboo
the palm of the hand. These are known by aerophones.
different names such as balingling, pew-
pew, pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the The flutes are the most widespread and
various groups. numerous which are mostly end-blown
with the air stream directed into the open
Bamboo clapper- Fashioned from a end of the tube.
tubular section of bamboo, split from one
end to approximately half of the tube is AEROPHONE CATEGORIES:
common among the Ifugao. To make it
more flexible when the halves are made 1. Whistle
to flap against each other, each half of
2. Blowhole Instruments
the split portion is shaped
3. Reed Instruments
Hanunuo kalutang- Consists of a pair of
sticks cut from forest trees. This is s 4. Cup Mouthpiece Instruments
wooden idiophone that include sticks,
suspended logs, and log drums.It is struck 5. Pipes of an Organ
against each other and played while
6. Free Aerophones
hikinh through forest and mountain trails.
Whistle- The air is blown at a sharp
Ifugao patting- The instrument of Ifugao
edge in the instrumental (as recorded as
pattung is a percussion yoke bar made
well as police whistles)
from a tapered piece of wood and struck
with a stick. This is used in ceremonies for Blowhole instruments- The air is blown
the sick, at rites which entail the offering across the sharp edge at the blowhole.
of sacrificial pigs, or at death rituals. When the instrument is tube-shaped, the
blowhole can be in the end. (“end-blown”,
◦ In southern Philippines suspended
as in panpipes), or in the side of the
logs are widespread where they are
instrument (“side-blown”, as in fife)
known by different ethnic names.
Maguindanao luntang consists of Reed instrument- The vibration of a
several logs with varying lengths reed or reeds begin the air vibration. In
hung in order from longest to single reed like saxophone, for example
shortest. One performer will struck and double reed like oboe instruments,
the pointed playing ends of each log the one or two reeds are part of the
creating a melody against which mouthpiece. In bagpipes and in free-reed
another performer beats drone instruments such as harmonica and
rhythm on one of the logs. accordion, the single or double reeds are
mounted somewhere inside the
◦ The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar
instrument and there can be many of
drums.
them – sometimes a different reed for panpipes. It consists of a number of
every pitch. bamboo pipes (5-8) strung together.

Cup mouthpiece instruments- The Flauta- Flauta (Ilongo, Sebuana, Bicol);

player buzzes the lips against the plawta (Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo,
mouthpiece, causing a sympathetic Waray) are the most Philippine transverse
vibration in the air inside the instrument flutes that are adaptations or imitation of
(bugle, conch shell) EUROPEAN versions.

Pipes of an organ- Have a sharp edge In modern days these instruments

like a whistle, but the pipes are filled with are also know aerophones- Some
air from something other than a mouth or blown instruments are made from shell or
nose, usually a bellows of some sort. carabao horn. They are used for calling
people or sending messages over wide
Free aerophones (bull-roarers, toy distances. The shell trumpets include the
spinning tops)- Cause vibrations in the budyong, lungga, taburi. The Carabao
air around them rather than inside them. horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) and
kogato (Ifugao).
◦ In northern and southern Philippines,
the lip valley notch flute, so called Chordophones
because of its mouthpiece which is
obliquely cut and curved at a slant to These are bamboo or wood stringed
follow the contour of the player’s lips. instruments that may be struck, plucked,
These are known by different names or bowed.
among the different linguistic groups,
such as the paldong in the south and They included zithers, lutes, and bowed
the palendag in the north. These are string.
instruments of leisure and used for
CHORDOPHONE CATEGORIES:
serenading, courting, or merely to
pass the time away. 1. Zithers
◦ Another type of end-blown flute is a 2. Lute
nose flute. This is found mostly in
northern Philippines where the 3. Lyre
Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok
4. Harp
kaleleng, and the Ifugao ungiung. This
is also found sporadically in some 5. Musical Bow
areas of the south among the Cuyunin
is a gigantic nose flutes with tubes Zithers- The strings are stretched across,
much larger in diameter than those over, or inside a resonator, or between
found in Luzon. two resonators. The resonator can be a
hollow tube, a gourd, a board, a hollow
Suling- Suling in southern Philippines is box, or even a pit in the ground. Some
less common flute and a ring type. The have fingerboards with or without frets;
whistle type is called thumping some have a keyboard with a complex
(Subanun); and the reed is called saunay mechanism; many are simply a multitude
(Tausug). of strings strung from one end to the
other resonator to the other. The strings
saggeypo (Kalinga) and sagay-op
can be struck (as in a piano) or plucked
(Bontok)- The saggeypo (Kalinga) and
(harpsichord)
the sagay-op (Bontok) are stopped found
in northern Philippines. This bamboo pipe Lutes- The strings stretch across the
is closed on one end by a node with the resonator and up a neck. They may be
open end held against the lower lip of the plucked (guitar, banjo) or bowed (violin,
player as he blows directly across the top. fiddle)
This pipe can be played individually by
one person or in ensembles of three or Lyre- The strings leave the resonator at
more. right angles to an edge and run to a cross
bar that is held away from the resonator
Diwas- Diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew are (as in the classical Greek lyre that is so
rarely used today. These are bamboo often used as a symbol of music)
Harp- In harp (like the orchestral harp) bark or animal skin.The string is made of
the strings leave the resonator at a slant abaca fibers, horse hair, and more
(smaller than a right angle) up to a neck recently, wire. It is called duwagey by the
connected to the resonator. Manobo and Bilaan.

Musical bow- The string or strings are A favorite string ensemble called
stretched from one end of a wooden bow cumparsa emerged in the later period of
to the other. Some have resonators, but the Spanish regime. This was an
many don’t. They can be plucked or adaptation of similar instrument groups in
bowed (with a second, smaller bow). Mexico (murza or Murga) and Spain
(estudiantina) in the early years of the
◦ The Philippine zithers have resonating American regime, the cumparsa was
bodies that are made from bamboo superseded by the rondalia.
tubes or half tubes with strings that
run parallel to the length of the tube. The rondalla ensembles consists of
In northern Luzon, Mindanao, and plucked and instruments like bandurria,
Palawan tube zithers are found. They the laud, the octavina, the six stringed
have two types: gitara and the bajo de unas or bass guitar.

Polychordal zithers- They have several Bandurria is pear shaped, with a

strings that run around the tube. rounded back, a round hole and a fretted
neck. This served as the melody
Parallel stringed zithers- They have instrument of the ensemble. Octavina and
two strings on one side of the tube. bandurria are tuned an octave below the
laud. These instruments furnish the inner
◦ The Polychordal tube zithers found in
harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration
the Cordillera, Mindanao and Palawan
to the melody. The guitar’s main function
have strings that are etched out of
is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal
the bamboo body, remaining attached
underpinnings of the ensemble while the
at both ends. Small wooden frets are
bajo de unass is tuned like the contra-
inserted beneath the string near the
bass.
ends. The number of strings varies
from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even Membranophones
11. Other names by which this zither
is called are kolitong, kollessing, The single and double headed drums are
kulbet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangka, found throughout the Philippines. These
togo, and paging. are variously shaped-conical, cylindrical,
goblet shaped, barrel shaped. The animal
◦ The lutes are found only in the south, skins (snake, dear, or goal) is used as
in Mindanao and Palawan. These head/heads of the drum. These may be
instruments are of the long neck beaten with sticks or by the palm portion
variety, with two strings that run from of bare hands. The drums are seldom
the neck to the base of the resonating used alone except to announce tidings
chamber. One sitting plays a drone, over long distances. They are usually
the other a melody. The location and played with other instruments,
number of frets vary between groups, particularly gongs, to form different kinds
though all the lutes are fretted. of ensembles.
◦ The Maranao and Maguindanao MEMBRANOPHONE CATEGORIES:
kudyapi frets are glued to the body of
the reasoning chamber, while the 1. Tubular Drums
frets of the Bilaan fuglung, the
Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and 2. Kettledrums
the Palawan kudyapi are located on
3. Friction Drums
the neck of the instrument.
Tubular drums- Are divided into
In Mindanao, one stringed-bowed lutes
cylindrical, conical, barrel, long, waisted
(fiddles) of the long neck variety are
(hourglass-shaped), goblet (with a stem
found. These instruments have a
at the base), and footed (with feet around
surrounding box made from a coconut
the edge of the bottom).
half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of
Kettledrums- Kettledrums or vessel
drums have rounded bottoms. In the
frame drums, the membrane is stretched
over a frame, usually making a wide,
shallow instrument. (Tambourine are in
this category).

Friction drums- Friction drums come in a

variety of shapes. Instead of beating on
the membrane, the player runs a stick
through a hole in the membrane.

Sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and

Ibaloi people are longitudinal slightly
barrel shaped hollowed out logs with deer
skin heads on one end. Taller drum (ca 80
cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca.
75cm) is called the sulibaw. Drum head is
small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter.
These ar eplayed with palms of two
hands. These drums are combined with
gongs and other instruments to form
different types of ensembles.

Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum

with a deer or goat skin head. This is
played with a gong during harvest time
under the rice granary.

Dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum

used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in
their kulintang ensembles.

Electrophones- These are the category

of instruments. They have only been
around since 20th century. They produce
an electronic sound. There are two main
families of electrophones: the electronic
instruments and the amplified acoustic
instruments.
 Visual design
A visual design is a composition or layout • Uses small number of colors
of lines, shapes and color to form patterns
on paper, textile, or any piece for that • May be achieved by using fluid or
matter. straight lines (line art)

It can be found in either two-dimensional • The opposite of abstract

works like painting and drawing or three
CONCEPTUAL ART- A conceptual art is a
dimensional works like installation and
sub-category of illustration and is a
sculpture. Integration of arts in visual
metaphorical depiction of a visual idea.
design happens in several hybrid art
This is considered as the fictional section
forms like installation videos and the like.
of illustration, as it doesn’t necessarily
3D- This three-dimensional artwork gives feature likeness to the real object it
the opposite illusion of a flat design. This models after.
is also characterized by the illusion of
Characteristics:
volume and mass, therefore looking like it
occupies space. It is commonly used to • May contain some elements of reality
create skeuomorphic designs, the idea of
creating something to resemble a real-life • Features designer’s own
object. interpretation of the object it models
after
Characteristics:
FEMININE- This is basically the opposite
• Illusion of depth/volume of masculine design, feminine style is
usually characterized by details that
• Employs lighting effect
stereotypically attract female attention
• Employs shades of one color such as soft color palettes, florals and
cursive writing.
ABSTRACT- An abstract is the style of
creating a piece of art that is independent Characteristics:
from the way it looks in the real world.
• May employ cursive, fluid fonts
Abstract design style is achieved by a
combined composition of colors and • May incorporate pastel colors and/or
shapes usually based on the individual shades of red (e.g. pink, purple,
interpretation of the designer, the client orange)
or both.
• May feature a woman’s face, flowers
Characteristics: and fashion components (e.g. lipstick,
shoes)
• Ambiguous representation of an
object/concept FLAT- This type of style could be
considered as a subcategory of the
• Invites individual interpretation
minimalist look. It employs minimal use of
CLEAN AND MINIMALIST- Minimalism is colors and shading for a visually-pleasing
a style or technique that is characterized aesthetic.
by sparseness and simplicity. It is the
Characteristics:
opposite to lavish and highly-decorative
styles and leaving its most basic form to • Uses small number of colors
communicate the message.
• No realistic shadow effect
Characteristics:
FUN AND PLAYFUL- This is a design LUXURIOUS- A luxurious design style
style that inspires fun and usually gives evokes the idea of indulging in extra
off an informal, rather than rigid, comforts or pleasures additional to the
impression. Commonly used to create necessary standard of well-being. The use
cartoons, it can be non-realistic or semi- of rich colors such as gold helps achieve
realistic artistic style or drawing. this idea of luxury.

Characteristics: Characteristics:

• May feature caricaturized • Often uses the color black, gold, and
person/animal bronze

• Colorful • Achieves the idea the brand is

impactful on its own by employing
• May contain elements of fantasy simple, minimalist designs

• Uses either old-style fonts or simple

and modern fonts
GEOMETRIC- This style is derived from
the idea of geometry, this style is MASCULINE- The masculine design style
characterized by heavy use of straight is stereotypically appealing to man.
lines and shapes. The typical geometric Details in masculine design may include
design can comprise of rectangles, simple lines, monochromatic theme
squares, and triangles. (black and white) and “rugged” texture.
Characteristics: Characteristics:
• Incorporates straight lines • May employ hard-edged, thick-stroke
fonts
• Features symmetry
• May incorporate rugged and gritty
GRUNGE- This is sometimes considered
image
as a sub-category of the vintage style,
grunge evokes the darker, gritty and cool • May feature blue or darker colors
style of the 1990s. It is typically
characterized by distressed/rough or torn ORGANIC AND NATURAL- Organic
appearance to its designs. Grunge is also design is a style which takes the flowing
commonly associated with punk and natural forms of a reality and
gothic styles. characterized by continuous lines and
dynamic curves. Organic style can also
Characteristics: feel rustic by adding weathered and
texturized effects.
• Generally uses dark colors and
monochromatic color scheme Characteristics:
• Generally invokes the feeling of • Generally incorporates natural
darkness and danger elements like leaves, flowers and
fresh produce
ILLUSTRATED- This illustration style is
derived from the interpretation or visual • May be combined with illustrated look
explanation of a text, concept or process. for the raw, organic look
There are plenty of subcategories under PHOTOREALISM- A photo realism is a
illustration, among them are conceptual form of illustration where the designer
art and photorealism. closely matches it to the original image or
photo as much as possible.
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
• Generally has “raw”, hand-drawn look
• Features refined details to emulate
• Look dependent on designer’s
the original image as much as
drawing style
possible
• Usually achieved by, but not limited
to, pencil sketches

PROFESSIONAL/CORPORATE- This
professional design style is usually
characterized by muted colors, and
minimal details to represent conservative
ideas. This style is typically employed by
organizations who want to make formal
impressions on their target audience.

Characteristics:

• Employs straight, classic font styles

• Generally incorporates simple shapes

or objects

• May invoke formal impressions with

use of negative space and line art

TYPOGRAPHIC- A typographic style

utilizes the modification of fonts. It is the
design of the written words to evoke
response in its target audience. For logo,
fonts need to be uniquely modified.

Characteristics:

• Font style is generally the focus of the

design

• May incorporate objects, but the text

usually conveys the main message

VINTAGE/RETRO- This vintage or retro

(short for “retrospective”) is a style that is
derivative of trend from the recent past.
Some popular vintage styles include
Victorian (inspired by decorative styles of
the Victorian era), steam punk (an ode to
the industrial revolution of the late 19 th
century) and Bauhaus (the minimalist
style movement between the 1920s and
the 1930s).

Characteristics:

• May incorporate rustic, nostalgic

elements to invoke the past

• May use illustrated ornate ribbons

and wreaths reminiscent of the 19th
century

• May incorporate visual clues such as

old letterpress, hand-drawn typefaces
and elaborate decorative arts
 Theatrical performance
Theatrical performance is the staging and presented by the writer as an interrelated
execution of a product like drama, opera, sequence.
festivals, and the like.
2. CHARACTER- Is a person in a novel,
This pertains to a public presentation of a play or movie.
dramatic or musical entertainment.
3. THOUGHT- Is the action or process of
It involves a lot of teamwork that includes thinking.
the producer, the director, the cast, and
crew of workers. 4. LANGUAGE OR DICTION- Refers to
the writer’s or the speaker’s distinctive
Contemporary theatrical vocabulary choices and style of
performance is experimental, innovative expression in a poem or story.
and interdisciplinary, going beyond
theater and other art forms like puppetry, Language definition, a body of words and
cinema and sculpture. It also goes out to the systems for their use common to
other disciplines like psychology and the people who are of the same community or
social and political sciences. nation.

PETA’s Rak of Aegis, is one specific 5. SONG OR MUSIC- Refers to the

example of contemporary theatrical speaking, dancing, and singing part in the
performance. This is a musical tribute to performance.
the Filipino 90’s band, Aegis. It used the
6. SPECTACLE- Is an event or scene
integration of music, theater and dance to
regarded in terms of its visual impact.
create a hybrid piece of art.
7. DIRECTOR- Is a person who
The performing arts may include
supervises the actors, camera crew, and
dance, music, opera, theater and musical
other staff for a movie, play, television
theater, magic, illusion, mime, spoken
program, or similar production.
word, puppetry, circus arts, performance
art, recitation and public speaking. It is a 8. PLAYWRIGHT- Is also known as a
specialized form of fine art, in which the dramatist, a person who writes plays.
artists perform their work live to an
audience. 9. THEATER SPACE- (with a focus on
Proscenium, thrust stage, theatre in the
Theatre or theater is a collaboration round, black box theater)
form of fine art that uses live performers,
typically actors or actresses to present THE FOUR BASIC THEATRE STAGES
the experience of a real or imagined
1. PROSCENIUM- The Proscenium Arch
event before a live audience in a specific
was the most common form of theatre
place, often a stage.
building in the 18th, 19th, and 20th
ELEMENTS OF DRAMATIC THEATRICAL centuries.
PERFORMANCE
The “Arch” acts like a picture frame
1. PLOT- The main events of a play, through which the action can be seen.
novel, movie, or similar work, devised and
2. ARENA OR CIRCLE STAGE- In theatre
and performing arts, the stage is a
designated space for the performance,
the audience is located on all four sides of
the stage.

3. THRUST STAGE- Is a stage that

extends into the auditorium so that the
audience is seated around three sides.

4. CREATED AND FOUND- Is a stage

that can also be improvised wherever a
suitable space can be found.

Examples may include staging

performance in a non-traditional space
such as a basement of a building, a side
of a hill or, in the case of busking troupe,
the street. In a similar manner, a
makeshift stage can be created by
modifying an environment.

STRATEGIC FEATURES- According to

Nicanor Tiangson, most of the original
plays of today were written for literary
contents or evolved through workshops or
created for semi-professional companies,
student drama organizations and
numerous community theatre groups all
over the country.