CONNECTING INFORMATION IN AN INTEGRATED LISTENING TASK
(Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking)
Reading Text 1: Pruning
Pruning is removing dead or living branches of a tree to improve the tree’s health
and structure. Careful pruning will control the size of a tree and hold the tree within
bounds. Tree size is maintained through crown reduction pruning, the removal of larger
branches at the top of the tree to reduce its height. When done properly, crown
reduction only removes branches immediately above the joint with other branches,
leaving no stubs.
Pruning invigorates trees and keeps them healthy. In general, a tree will be more
vigorous with a few healthy branches than with many weak ones. Crowded branches
never develop to full size. Large branches compete with small branches, and the small
ones become targets for disease and breakage. Pruning encourages trees to develop a
strong structure, which reduces the likelihood of damage during severe weather.
Pruning should always be done sparingly; removing too many branches in one season
can damage the tree’s capability of photosynthesis.
The aim of pruning is to enhance the natural shape and beauty of a tree. Most
hardwood trees have rounded crowns that lack a strong leader and may have several
lateral, or side, branches. Branches grow from stems at nodes, and cuts are always
made just above the stem-branch node so that the wound heals effectively. Cuts should
not be made in the middle of a branch or near the end of a branch. After a mature tree
reaches the desirable shape, pruning should be done only to remove broken or
diseased branches and to thin occasionally to avoid overcrowding.
