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Transformations of Functions - MathBitsNotebook (A1 - CCSS Math)

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Transformations of Functions

MathBitsNotebook.com
Topical Outline | Algebra 1 Outline | MathBits' Teacher Resources

Terms of Use Contact Person: Donna Roberts

If you need to review your transformation skills, see Symmetry, Reflections,


Translations, Dilations and Rotations.

The transformations you have seen in the past can also be used to move and resize graphs of
functions. We will be examining the following changes to f (x):
- f (x), f (-x), f (x) + k, f (x + k), kf (x), f (kx)
reflections translations dilations

Reflections of Functions: -f (x) and f (-x)


Reflection over the x-axis.
-f (x) reflects f (x) over the x-axis
Vertical Reflection:
Reflections are mirror images. Think of "folding" the
graph over the x-axis.

On a grid, you used the formula


(x,y) → (x,-y) for a reflection in the
x-axis, where the y-values were negated.
Keeping in mind that y = f (x),
we can write this formula as
(x, f (x)) → (x, -f (x)).

Reflection over the y-axis.


f (-x) reflects f (x) over the y-axis
Horizontal Reflection:
Reflections are mirror images. Think of "folding" the
graph over the y-axis.

On a grid, you used the formula (x,y) → (-x,y) for a


reflection in the y-axis, where the x-values were
negated. Keeping in mind that
y = f (x), we can write this formula as
(x, f (x)) → (-x, f (-x)).
Translations of Functions: f (x) + k and f (x + k)
Translation vertically (upward or downward)
f (x) + k translates f (x) up or down
Vertical Shift:
This translation is a "slide" straight up or down.
• if k > 0, the graph translates upward k units.
• if k < 0, the graph translates downward k units.

On a grid, you used the formula (x,y) → (x,y + k) to


move a figure upward or downward. Keeping in

mind that y = f (x), we can write this


formula as (x, f (x)) → (x, f (x) + k).
Remember, you are adding the value
of k to the y-values of the function. Changes occur "outside" the function
(affecting the y-values).

Translation horizontally (left or right)


f (x + k) translates f (x) left or right

Horizontal Shift:
This translation is a "slide" left or right.
• if k > 0, the graph translates to the left k units.
• if k < 0, the graph translates to the right k units.

This one will not be obvious from the patterns you


previously used when translating points.
k positive moves graph left
k negative moves graph right
A horizontal shift means that every point (x,y) on the
graph of f (x) is transformed to (x - k, y) or (x + k, y) on
the graphs of y = f (x + k) or y = f (x - k) respectively.
Look carefully as this can be very confusing!

Changes occur "inside" the function


(affecting the x-axis).
Hint: To remember which way to move the graph, set (x + k) = 0. The
solution will tell you in which direction to move and by how much.
f (x - 2): x - 2 = 0 gives x = +2, move right 2 units.
f (x + 3): x + 3 = 0 gives x = -3, move left 3 units.
Up to this point, we have only changed the "position" of the graph of the function.
Now, we will start changing "distorting" the shape of the graphs.

Dilations of Functions: kf (x) and f (kx)


Vertical Stretch or Compression (Shrink)
k f (x) stretches/shrinks f (x) vertically
A vertical stretching is the stretching of the graph away
from the x-axis
A vertical compression (or shrinking) is the
squeezing of the graph toward the x-axis.
• if k > 1, the graph of y = k•f (x) is the graph of f (x)
vertically stretched by multiplying each of its y-
coordinates by k.
• if 0 < k < 1 (a fraction), the graph is f (x) vertically
shrunk (or compressed) by multiplying each of its y-
coordinates by k.
• if k should be negative, the vertical stretch
or shrink is followed by a reflection across
the x-axis. "Multiply y-coordinates"
Notice that the "roots" on the graph stay in
(x, y) becomes (x, ky)
their same positions on the x-axis. The graph
"vertical dilation"
gets "taffy pulled" up and down from the
locking root positions. The y-values change.

Horizontal Stretch or Compression (Shrink)


f (kx) stretches/shrinks f (x) horizontally
A horizontal stretching is the stretching of the graph
away from the y-axis
A horizontal compression (or shrinking) is the squeezing
of the graph toward the y-axis.
• if k > 1, the graph of y = f (k•x) is the graph of f (x)
horizontally shrunk (or compressed) by dividing each of
its x-coordinates by k.
• if 0 < k < 1 (a fraction), the graph is f (x) horizontally
stretched by dividing each of its x-coordinates by k.
• if k should be negative, the horizontal stretch or shrink is
followed by a reflection in the y-axis.
Notice that the "roots" on the graph have
now moved, but the y-intercept stays in its
same initial position for all graphs. The "Divide x-coordinates"
graph gets "taffy pulled" left and right from (x, y) becomes (x/k, y)
the locking y-intercept. The x-values "horizontal dilation"
change.

Transformations of Function Graphs


-f (x) reflect f (x) over the x-axis
f (-x) reflect f (x) over the y-axis
f (x) + k shift f (x) up k units
f (x) - k shift f (x) down k units
f (x + k) shift f (x) left k units
f (x - k) shift f (x) right k units
k•f (x) multiply y-values by k (k > 1 stretch, 0 < k < 1 shrink vertical)

f (kx) divide x-values by k (k > 1 shrink, 0 < k < 1 stretch horizontal)

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Topical Outline | Algebra 1 Outline | MathBitsNotebook.com | MathBits' Teacher Resources


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