evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 177

G M‡íi web¨vm
wk¶v_©xMY! m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i bq, cvV¨eBwbf©i
†gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© MíwUi wkLb dj, cvV
cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ, Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I
UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbv GKvš— Avek¨K|

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

 wkLb dj 4
 cvV cwiwPwZ 4
 †jLK cwiwPwZ 4
 Drm cwiwPwZ 5
 e¯‘ms‡¶c 5
 bvgKiY 5
 kãv_© I UxKv 6
 evbvb mZK©Zv 6

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

 Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi 7
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi 8
 †U·U eyK GbvjvBwmm 20
K. Ávbg~jK 20
L. Abyavebg~jK 22
 eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi 27
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi 31

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

 evwoi KvR 32
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv 32

cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)

 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK 33
178 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

m„Rbkxj c×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i we`¨v bq, cvV¨eB wbf©i †gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB
Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi Av‡M Mí/KweZvi wkLb dj, cvV cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ,
Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv
m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme welq¸‡jv †R‡b
wb‡j G Aa¨v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv m¤¢e
n‡e|
 wkLb dj
 AwaKvi Av`v‡q ag©NU m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 ivRew›`‡`i gyw³i `vwe‡Z Abkb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e|
 ZrKvjxb †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 Avgjv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb I ivRew›`‡`i civgk© m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
 Abk‡bi cÖK…wZ I djvdj m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 Abkb fvOv‡Z Avgjv‡`i †KŠkj Aej¤^b m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 †R¨ô ivRbxwZ‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ †Rj †_‡K †jLv wPwV m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 ¯^vgxi Rb¨ †iYyi e¨vKzjZv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 kvmK‡Mvôx mvaviY RbM‡Yi g½j Pvq bv G m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ n‡e|
 Rbg‡Zi wei“‡× †h‡Z kvmKivI fq cvq m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 fvlv i¶vq †kvMvb Ges miKvwi ¸wj‡Z kwn` nIqv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 Lei cÖKv‡ki gva¨gmg~n Rvb‡e|
 21†k †deª“qvwi HwZnvwmK NUbv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³ jvf m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 †kL nvwmbv I †kL Kvgv‡ji wkïmyjf AvPiY wek` aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 mš—vb‡`i cÖwZ ivR‰bwZK evevi AvPiY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 cvV-cwiwPwZ
RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ Zuvi
ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ (2012) MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| eÜzevÜe,
mnKgx© I mnawg©Yxi Aby‡iv‡a e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1967 mv‡ji
gvSvgvwS mg‡q XvKv †m›Uªvj †R‡j ivRew›` _vKv Ae¯’vq GB
AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv Avi¤¢ K‡ib| wKš‘ 1968 mv‡ji 17B Rvbyqvwi †_‡K
e½eÜz HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq XvKv †mbvwbev‡m AvUK _vKvq
Rxebx †jLv eÜ n‡q hvq| RxebxwU‡Z 1955 mvj ch©š— NUbvewj ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q| †hŠe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq Kviv cÖ‡Kv‡ôi wbR©‡b KvU‡jI RbMY-Aš
—cÖvY G gvbylwU wQ‡jb Avcmnxb, wbfx©K| Rxe‡bi wewPÎ AwfÁZv,
Mfxi Dcjwä I ivR‰bwZK ch©‡e¶Y wZwb G MÖ‡š’ mnR mij fvlvq cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb|
Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq 1952 mv‡j e½eÜzi †RjRxeb I †Rj †_‡K
gyw³jv‡fi ¯§„wZ wee„Z n‡q‡Q| ZrKvjxb cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi
Ackvmb I webvwePv‡i erm‡ii ci ermi ivRew›`‡`i KvivMv‡i AvUK ivLvi
cÖwZev‡` 1952 mv‡j †jLK Abkb ag©NU K‡ib| ¯§„wZPvi‡Y e¨³ n‡q‡Q
AbkbKv‡j †Rj KZ…©c‡¶i f~wgKv I AvPiY, †bZvKg©x‡`i mv‡_ mv¶vr I
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q evZ©v †cuŠQv‡bvi bvbv †KŠkj BZ¨vw`| ¯§„wZPvi‡Y
we‡klfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q XvKvq GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L QvÎRbZvi
wgwQ‡j ¸wji Lei| †mB m‡½ AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨ AZ¨vmbœ †R‡b
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 179
wcZvgvZv-¯¿x-mš—vb‡`i wb‡q fvebv Ges Ae‡k‡l gyw³ †c‡q ¯^Rb‡`i
Kv‡Q wd‡i Avmvi ¯§„wZi ü`q¯úk©x weeiYI cwiùzU n‡q‡Q msKwjZ As‡k|
 †jLK cwiwPwZ

bvg †kL gywReyi ingvb| WvK bvg : †LvKv|

e½eÜz, me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô evOvwj, evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi
Dcvwa
¯’cwZ, RvwZi RbK|
wcZ… I wcZv : †kL jyrdi ingvb
gvZ… cwiPq gvZv : mv‡qiv LvZzb|
Rb¥ZvwiL : 1920 mv‡ji 17 gvP©
Rb¥ cwiPq Rb¥¯’vb : e„nËi dwi`cyi, eZ©gv‡b †MvcvjMÄ
†Rjvi Uzw½cvovq|
KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K weG cvm K‡ib| GQvovI
wk¶vRxeb
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb wefv‡M Aa¨qb K‡ib|
1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1953 mv‡ji Qq `dv, 1969
mv‡ji MYAfy¨Ìvb, 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb, wbe©vPb
ivR‰bwZK
cieZ©x Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, 1971 mv‡ji 7 gv‡P©i
Rxeb
HwZnvwmK fvlY, 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYv, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZ|
mvwnZ¨ Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx|
mvabv
cyi¯‹vi 1973 mv‡j ÔRywjI KzwiÕ c`‡K f~wlZ nb|
1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ KwZcq wec_Mvgx †mbvm`‡m¨i
B‡š—Kvj
nv‡Z mcwiev‡i knx` nb|
 Drm cwiwPwZ
RvwZi RbK I evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi cÖwZôvZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ 2012 MÖš’ †_‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q| hv wZwb 1967 mv‡j XvKv †R‡j ivRew›` _vKv Ae¯’vq †j‡Lb Ges
hv‡Z 1955 mvj ch©š— NUbvewj ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
 e¯‘ms‡¶c : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb I gwnDÏxb‡K XvKv †K›`ªxq
†RjLvbv †_‡K dwi`cyi †RjLvbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡q hvIqv nq| Zuviv wVK K‡i
Abkb Ki‡eb Ges g„Zz¨ G‡jI Abkb fvO‡eb bv| AZtci bvivqYMÄ †_‡K j‡Â K‡i
†Mvqvj›` Nv‡U Av‡mb Ges GLvb †_‡K †Uª‡b Zv‡`i dwi`cyi †RjLvbvq
wb‡q hvIqv nq| GLv‡b Zuv‡`i Abkb fvOv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq Ges bvK w`‡q
bj XywK‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nq| 21†k †deª“qvwi XvKvq 144 aviv †f‡O
wgwQj †ei Ki‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z †ek K‡qKRb QvÎ kwn` nb| Lei Qwo‡q c‡o
mviv c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b| †RjLvbvq e‡m e½eÜzI †m Lei cvb| c‡i gyw³i
k‡Z© wZwb Abkb fv‡Ob| MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Lei †cuŠ‡Q †M‡j nvUevRv‡iI niZvj
ïi“ nq| mvaviY RbMY kvmK‡`i wei“‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| evsjv fvlvi
wei“‡× cÖKv‡k¨ †KD wKQy ejvi mvnm cvq bv| †`‡ki gvbyl eyS‡Z cv‡i
weRvZxq kvmKiv KL‡bv G‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi g½j Pvq bv|
 bvgKiY
K¨v‡fwÛm h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, " A beautiful name is better than a lot of wealth".
A_©vr GKwU my›`i bvg cÖPzi ab-m¤úwËi †P‡qI DËg| †h‡Kv‡bv
mvwn‡Z¨i bvgKi‡Y †ek K‡qKwU cš’v AbymiY Kiv hvq| Ôevqvbœi
w`b¸‡jvÕ welqe¯‘i Ici wbf©i K‡i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖwZôvZv ivóªcwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1952 mv‡ji fvlv
180 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
Av‡›`vj‡bi mgqKvi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| fxlY `vgvj †mB w`b¸‡jv‡Z GKRb
ivRew›`i ag©NU, Abkb, hyw³, Av‡›`vjb, miKvwi Avgjv‡`i Kg©KvÊ, fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡b kwn` Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nIqv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz GLv‡b 1952 mv‡ji w`b¸‡jvi K_vB e¨³ n‡q‡Q, myZivs GB
mvwnZ¨K‡g©i bvg Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ h_v_© I mv_©K n‡q‡Q|
 †cÖ¶vcU
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †jLv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ g~jZ 1952 mv‡ji
21†k †deª“qvwi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U †jLv|
ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi cÖwZôvi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb, Abkb, ag©NU
BZ¨vw` Pj‡Z _v‡K| kvmK‡Mvôx GZ`m‡Ë¡I evievi †NvlYv †`q, "Urdu and only
urdu shall be the state language of Pakistan." GB †NvlYvi cÖwZev‡` 21 †deª“qvwi
144 aviv f½ Ki‡j cywjk wgwQ‡j ¸wj K‡i †ek K‡qKRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i| ZvQvov
†kL gywRe, gwnDÏx‡bi g‡Zv ivRbxwZK‡`i †R‡j ew›` K‡i ivLv nq| A_P
mvaviY RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L Ae‡k‡l evsjv-B nq ivóªfvlv|
 kãv_© I UxKv
Abkb ag©NU  †Kv‡bv b¨vh¨ `vwe c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ GKUvbv Avnvi
eR©‡bi msKí|
mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U ZË¡veavqK (superintendent)|
†WcywU †Rjvi  Dc-Kviva¨¶|
gwnDwÏb  gwnDwÏb Avng` (1925-1997)| ivRbxwZwe`|
evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi c~‡e© I c‡i cÖvq mKj ivR
‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e hy³ wQ‡jb|
wZwb gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y
weªwUk, cvwK¯—vb I evsjv‡`k Avg‡j `xN©Kvj
Kviv‡fvM K‡ib wZwb| 1979-1981 Kvjc‡e© wZwb
RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax`jxq Dc‡bZv wQ‡jb|
†ejywP  cvwK¯—v‡bi †ejywP¯—vb cÖ‡`‡ki †jvK|
ÔB‡q †Kqv evZ... †gÕ  G †Kgb K_v, Avcwb †RjLvbvq|
wf‡±vwiqv cvK©  Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivwb wf‡±vwiqvi bv‡g XvKvi m`iNvU
GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ D`¨vb| eZ©gvb bvg evnv`yi
kvn& cvK©|
cywiwmm  e¶e¨vwa|
†iYy  e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx †kL dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe|
wZwb wQ‡jb e½eÜzi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb I `ytmg‡qi
AwePj mvw_|
b~i“j Avwgb  1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎRbZvi Ici ¸wjel©‡Yi
Rb¨ `vqx Z`vbxš—b gyL¨gš¿x| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×
I ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivwaZvKvix| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb
nIqvi ci b~iæj Avwgb cvwK¯—v‡bi
bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
AvgjvZš¿  ivóªxq cÖkvm‡b miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i KZ…©Z¡g~jK
e¨e¯’v|
Ave`yi iwk` ZK©evMxk  MYAvRv`x jxM †bZv| fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b
mwµq Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| cieZx©Kv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 181
LqivZ †nv‡mb ivRbxwZwe`| 1938-1947 ch©š— wbwLj fviZ

gymwjg jx‡Mi KvDwÝji| cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi ci
bvwRgyÏxb miKv‡ii MYwe‡ivax bxwZi cÖwZev‡`
1948-G gymwjg jx‡Mi m‡½ m¤úK© Z¨vM K‡ib|
cieZ©x‡Z AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv m`m¨
wQ‡jb|
Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb Avjx  bvivqYM‡Äi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZrKvjxb
wewkó †bZv| wZwb AvBb mfvi m`m¨ (GgGjG)
wQ‡jb|
†Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`  evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZrKvjxb
msMVK| 1975-G mcwiev‡i e½eÜzi lohš¿g~jK I
gg©vwš—K nZ¨vq †Mvcb mg_©b I mnvqZvi Rb¨
wbw›`Z|
†QvU fvB  e½eÜzi Kwbô åvZv †kL bv‡mi|
nvwmbv, nvmy  e½eÜzi †R¨ô mš—vb †kL nvwmbv|
Kvgvj  e½eÜzi †R¨ô cyÎ †kL Kvgvj|
†iwWIMÖvg  †eZvievZ©v (radiogram)|
cÖ‡Kvô  Ni ev KzVwi|
 evbvb mZK©Zv
cÖ¯‘Z, fvOe, mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U, wei“‡×, ermi, g‡bvgvwjb¨, AgvwqK,
kª×v, wKmgZ, wf‡±vwiqv, KZ©„c¶, e¨vivK, cywiwmm, cwi®‹vi,
n¨vÛKvd, c¨vjwcwUkb, AvgjvZš¿, ivRZ¡, gyn~Z©, †iwWIMÖvg,
g¨vwR‡÷ªU, e¨e¯’v, †÷ªPvi, †cÖmwµckb, mn¨, †Mvôx, evOvwj|

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
eY©ev`, ˆelg¨ Avi wbcxo‡bi Kvi‡Y kvmK‡Mvôxi wei“‡× GK mgq duz‡m I‡V
`w¶Y Avwd«Kvi Kv‡jv gvbyl¸‡jv| G‡`i cy‡ivav wQ‡jb †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv|
Av‡›`vjb bm¨vr Ki‡Z ïi“ nq wbh©vZb| Zuv‡K cy‡i †`qv nq †R‡j| mkÖg Kviv`‡Ê `wÊZ Kiv nq
Zuv‡K| cv_i fvOvi g‡Zv mxgvnxb cwikÖ‡gi KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q GKmgq Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob wZwb| wKš‘ G
mgq G cvlvY ü`‡qi gvbyl¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk wKQz fv‡jv g‡bi gvbylI wQ‡jb †mLv‡b hv‡`i fv‡jvevmv,
ggZ¡‡eva Avi †mevq wm³ n‡q‡Qb wZwb| Ae‡k‡l `xN© 27 eQi Kviv‡fv‡Mi ci Zuvi gyw³ †g‡j|
K. Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq ewY©Z gwnDwÏb mv‡ne †Kvb †iv‡M 1
fzMwQ‡jb? 2
L. Ôgvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡` fzj n‡Z _v‡KÕ †jLK G K_v 3
182 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
e‡jwQ‡jb †Kb? 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjvi mv‡_ Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq †jL‡Ki
mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU Zz‡j ai|
N. †cÖ¶vcU wfbœ n‡jI †PZbvMZ HK¨B †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv I e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingvb‡K GKm~‡Î †Mu‡_‡Q DÏxcK I Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvi
Av‡jv‡K gš—e¨wU we‡klY Ki|
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 cywiwmm †iv‡M fyMwQ‡jb|

 we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m †Kv‡bv kvmKB fvlvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i nZ¨v K‡iwb|

A_P cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôx G KvR K‡i AcwiYvg`wk©Zvi cÖgvY
w`‡q‡Q| GRb¨B †jLK e‡jwQ‡jb, Ògvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡` fyj
n‡Z _v‡K|Ó
 cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôx hLb evi evi †NvlYv KiwQj D`©yB n‡e cvwK¯—
v‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv ZLb evOvwjiv cÖwZev` K‡i| 21†k †deª“qvwi
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡j kvmK‡Mvôx 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i| evOvwjiv 144
aviv f½ K‡i wgwQj †ei Ki‡j cywjk wgwQ‡j ¸wj K‡i K‡qKRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i| d‡j
G Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i| mvaviY RbMY Av‡›`vj‡b mg_©b I
†hvM`vb K‡i| ivRew›`‡`i gyw³ †P‡q †¯vMvb †`qv nq| ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB,
†kvMvb †`qv nq| Ae‡k‡l kvmK‡Mvôx ivRew›`‡`i gyw³ I evsjv fvlv‡K
¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z eva¨ nq| A_©vr, †jLK cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb, gvbyl nZ¨v wQj
kvmK‡Mvôxi fyjÑ hvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i cZb nq|

 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi †jLK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb kvmK‡`i †kvl‡Yi

wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg Ki‡Z wM‡q ew›` nb Ges wKQy gvbweK gvby‡li
mn‡hvwMZv I fv‡jvevmv cvb| †hwU †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ‡Z †kL gywR‡ei †RjRxeb I gyw³ jv‡fi ¯§„wZ wee„Z
n‡q‡Q| ZrKvjxb kvmK‡Mvôx †jLKmn A‡bK‡K ivRew›` wn‡m‡e †R‡j ew›`
K‡i| GgZve¯’vq †jLK Abkb K‡ib| µgk wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| ZLb wmwfj
mvR©bmn †ekwKQy Avgjv Zv‡K Abkb fvO‡Z †evSvb Ges ggZ¡‡eva I
fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l `yB eQi wZbgvm ci Zuvi gyw³ †g‡j|
 DÏxc‡K `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi eY©ev`we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav †bjmb
g¨v‡Ûjvi KvivRxeb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb bm¨vr Ki‡Z
kvmK‡Mvôx g¨v‡Ûjv‡K †R‡j cvVvq Ges wbh©vZb K‡i| wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q
co‡j wKQy fv‡jv g‡bi gvby‡li fv‡jvevmv I †mev cvb| Gici 27 eQi
Kviv‡fv‡Mi Aemvb N‡U| kvm‡Ki wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb, Kviv‡fvM, ew›` Ae¯’vq
†mev cvIqv Ges `xN©w`b ci gyw³i welq¸‡jv DÏxc‡Ki g¨v‡Ûjv Ges
Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ Gi †jL‡Ki mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|

 †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv I e½eÜzi Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖ¶vcU h_vµ‡g eY©‰elg¨ I fvlvi

`vwe-Gw`K †_‡K Zv‡`i Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖ¶vcU wfbœ| wKš‘ kvm‡Ki †kvlY I
wbcxo‡bi wei“‡× Av‡›`vj‡bi w`K †_‡K `yÕR‡bi g‡a¨B HK¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
 weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci c~e© cvwK¯—vb I cwðg cvwK¯—vb
†fŠ‡MvwjK I fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q c‡o| †h‡nZz kvmK‡Mvôx wQj
cwðg cvwK¯—vwb ZvB Zviv D`©y‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlvi †NvlYv †`q|
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 183
m‡½ m‡½ c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b †¶vf Qwo‡q c‡o Ges gvZ…fvlv i¶vi
Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g I‡V| G mgq kvmK †Mvôx A‡bK ivRbxwZwe`‡K Kvivew›`
K‡i| †kL gywReI wQ‡jb ivRew›`‡`i Ab¨Zg| Zuv‡K cÖvq mvZvk-AvUvk
gvm Kviv‡fvM Ki‡Z nq|
 DÏxc‡K †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjvi 27 eQi Kviv‡fv‡Mi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb
Kviv‡fvM K‡i‡Qb eY©ev`we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb K‡i| Kviv‡fvM Ae¯’vq Zuv‡K
cv_i fvOvi g‡Zv cwikªgx KvRI Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wZwb †mLv‡b A‡b‡Ki
†mev, fv‡jvevmv I ggZv †c‡q‡Qb| Gici wZwb gyw³I †c‡q‡Qb|
 DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖ¶vcU
wfbœ| welqwfwËK w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Kg©KvÊ I NUbvi w`K †_‡K
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ cwijw¶Z nq| `yÕRbB †kvl‡Ki wei“‡× Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×
Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ ew›` nb| Kviv Af¨š—‡i A‡b‡Ki †mev-mn‡hvwMZv cvb Ges
`xN©w`b ci gyw³ cvb|
AwZwi³ Abykxjb (m„Rbkxj) Ask
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
ivbv cvRv a‡mi ci ¶wZMÖ¯— wKQy kªwgK Zv‡`i ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb
K‡i AvmwQj| cywjk G‡`i jvwV‡cUv K‡i K‡qKRb‡K a‡i wb‡q hvq| Gi g‡a¨
kªwgK †bZv mvC`I wQj| mvC` †RjnvR‡ZB Abkb K‡i Ges evB‡i Av‡›`vjb µgk
cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| Ae‡k‡l cÖkvmb mvC`‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nq|
K. †R‡ji †fZi †kL gywR‡ei m‡½ †K wQ‡jb? 1
L. ÒAvcbv‡`i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i g‡bvgvwjb¨ nq bvB|ÓKv‡`i mv‡_, 2
†Kb g‡bvgvwjb¨ nqwb? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki mvC‡`i mv‡_ Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi †Kvb PwiÎwUi 4
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki|
N. Ô`vwe Av`v‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi weKí †bBÕÑ DÏxcK I Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi
Av‡jv‡K gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wbi~cY Ki|
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 †R‡ji †fZi †kL gywR‡ei mv‡_ gwnDwÏb Avng` wQ‡jb|

 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb I gwnDwÏb Avng‡`i mv‡_ †Rj KZ©„c‡¶i

†Kv‡bv g‡bvgvwjb¨ nqwb|
 fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K ivRew›` Kiv nq| †R‡ji †fZi
Zviv Abkb ag©NU Ki‡j mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U I †WcywU †Rjvi Zv‡`i Abkb
fvOv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib| ZLb Zviv mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U I †WcywU †Rjvi‡K e‡jb,
Avcbv‡`i wei“‡× †Zv Abkb KiwQ bv| miKvi webv Aciv‡a eQ‡ii ci eQi
AvU‡K ivL‡Q, ZviB cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨ Abkb KiwQ| miKv‡ii ûKz‡gB
Avcbv‡`i Pj‡Z nq| Avcbv‡`i mv‡_ ZvB Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv g‡bvgvwjb¨ †bB|

 DÏxc‡Ki mvC‡`i mv‡_ Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi †kL gywR‡ei PwiÎwUi mv`„k¨

i‡q‡Q|
 fvlv-Av‡›`vjb ïi“ n‡j †kL gywReyi ingvb ivRew›` wn‡m‡e AvUK nb| Gici
wZwb miKv‡ii Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev‡` Abkb ag©NU K‡ib, XvKvq 144 aviv f½
Kiv nq Ges K‡qKRb ¸wjwe× nb| Gw`‡K e½eÜzi Abkb Pj‡ZB _v‡K| Gici
184 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
gyw³i Av‡`k G‡j wZwb Abkb f½ K‡ib|
 DÏxc‡Ki mvC` AwaKvi Av`v‡q Av‡›`vjb K‡i Ges AvUK nq| †R‡ji †fZi †m
Abkb K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z gyw³ cvq| Gme NUbv evqvbœi w`b¸‡jvi †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©| myZivs DÏxc‡Ki mvC‡`i mv‡_
evqvbœi w`b¸‡jvi †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

 Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z wM‡q AvUK Ges cieZ©x‡Z Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡jB gyw³ I
`vwe Av`vq nq| DÏxcK I Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ †_‡K G K_v cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ†Z fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j kvmK‡Mvôxi wfZ b‡o I‡V| G
Av‡›`vjb‡K †VKv‡Z 144 aviv Rvwi Kiv nq| QvÎiv 144 aviv f½ K‡i wgwQj
†ei Ki‡j cywjk wgwQ‡j ¸wj Ki‡j kwn` nb †ekKÕRb| GQvov I †RjnvR‡Z †kL
gywReyi ingvb I gwnDwÏb Avng` Abkb K‡ib| me wgwj‡q Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi
nq|
 DÏxc‡Ki Mv‡g©›U d¨v±wi‡Z ¶wZMÖ¯—iv ¶wZc~i‡Yi b¨vh¨ `vwe K‡i|
`vwe bv gvbvq Av‡›`vjb Ki‡j cywjk jvwV‡cUv K‡i K‡qKRb‡K AvUK K‡i|
AvUKK…Ziv †R‡j Abkb K‡i| d‡j Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv †eMevb nq|
 DÏxcK I Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ‡Z cÖv_wgK Av‡›`vj‡b kvm‡Ki wbh©vZ‡bi
wkKvi nq mvaviY gvbyl I Av‡›`vjbKvixiv| Ae‡k‡l Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡jB
†Kej `vwe Av`vq n‡q‡Q| gyw³ †c‡q‡Q ew›`iv| AZGe, G K_v wbtm‡›`‡n
ejv hvq †h, `vwe Av`v‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi weKí †bB|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-QvÎx nj D×v‡i Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z †M‡j cywjwk evavi
m¤§yLxb nq| †Mvj‡hvM Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡j ZwiKzjmn K‡qKRb‡K cyw jk
AvUK K‡i| c‡ii w`b XvKv †_‡K ev‡MinvU †R‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡e †R‡b B‡”Q K‡i
Mwogwm ïi“ K‡i ZwiKzj| †m fv‡e iIbv w`‡Z †`wi n‡j hw` cwiwPZ Kv‡iv mv‡_
†`Lv nq Z‡e †Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡”Q Zv Rvbv‡bv hv‡e|
K. K‡e XvKv †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K dwi`cy‡ii 1
D‡Ï‡k wb‡q hvIqv nq? 2
L. e½eÜz †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K †Kb bvivqYMÄ _vbvq wb‡q 3
hvIqv nq? 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki ZwiKz‡ji mv‡_ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi mv`„k¨
wbY©q Ki|
N. †Rj †_‡K ¯’vbvš—‡ii Lei ï‡b e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei B‡”Q K‡i †`wi
KivUv ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPvqKÑ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K
we‡klY Ki|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 15 †deª“qvwi XvKv †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K dwi`cy‡ii D‡Ï‡k

wb‡q hvIqv nq|

 mKvj GMv‡ivUvq RvnvR ai‡Z bv cvivq e½eÜz †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K

bvivqYMÄ NvU †_‡K _vbvq wb‡q hvIqv nq|
 XvKv †_‡K dwi`cy‡i †RjLvbvq wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ bvivqYMÄ †_‡K Rvnv‡R
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 185
K‡i †Mvqvj›` Nv‡U †h‡Z nq| GKUv RvnvR wQj mKvj 11Uvq| Ab¨wU ivZ
1Uvq| mvgvb¨ †`wi nIqvq 11Uvi RvnvR ai‡Z bv cvivq ivZ 1Uv ch©š—
cywjk †ndvR‡Z ivLvi Rb¨ e½eÜz †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb‡K bvivqYMÄ _vbvq
wb‡q hvIqv nq|

 `vwe Av`v‡q cywj‡ki nv‡Z AvUKv cov Ges XvKv †Rj †_‡K †Rjv kn‡i
¯’vbvš—i nIqvi w`K †_‡K ZwiKz‡ji mv‡_ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
mv`„k¨ cvIqv hvq|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq XvKv †m›Uªvj †R‡j
wQ‡jb| Av‡›`vj‡bi gvÎv e„w× †c‡j gwnDwÏbmn Zv‡K XvKv †_‡K mwi‡q
†bqvi Av‡`k G‡j dwi`cy‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq| Zviv †Kv_vq hv‡”Q Zv Ab¨vb¨
†bZvKg©x †hb Rvb‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wZwb B‡”Q K‡iB †MvQMvQ n‡Z †ewk
mgq wbw”Q‡jb|
 DÏxc‡Ki ZwiKzj nj D×v‡ii Av‡›`vj‡b cywj‡ki nv‡Z AvUK nq Ges Zv‡K †kL
gywR‡ei g‡ZvB †Rjv kn‡ii †R‡j ¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq| ZwiKzj B‡”Q K‡iB †MvQMvQ
n‡Z †ewk mgq †bq hv‡Z K‡i Zvi cwiwPZ KvD‡K Zvi Mš—e¨¯’v‡bi K_v Rvbv‡Z
cv‡i| AZGe, welq `ywUi w`K †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi m‡_ ZwiKz‡ji
mv`„k¨ cvIqv hvq|

 AvKw¯§Kfv‡e †Rj †_‡K ¯’vbvš—‡ii Lei ï‡b Zvr¶wYKfv‡e e½eÜz †kL gywRe
wm×vš— †bb mgq †ewk †bqvi hv‡Z K‡i cwiwPZ KvD‡K Mš—e¨¯’‡ji K_v
Rvbv‡bv hvq| wm×vš—wU e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei Dcw¯’Z-eyw× I ivR
‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq enb K‡i|
 15 †deª“qvwi †kL gywReyi ingvb I gwnDwÏb‡K XvKv †Rj †_‡K dwi`cy‡i
wb‡q hvIqvi wm×vš— G‡j e½eÜz fv‡eb Zviv †Kv_vq hv‡”Q †mUv
†bZvKg©x‡`i Rvbv‡bv `iKvi| ZvB wZwb Zuvi Kvco‡Pvco, eB-LvZv,
UvKv-cqmv BZ¨vw` †MvQMvQ Ki‡Z †ewk mgq wb‡jb| Avevi wf‡±vwiqv
cv‡K©i Kv‡Q G‡mI LvwbKUv †`wi Ki‡jb †h cwiwPZ KvD‡K †`Lv hvq wK-
bv|
 DÏxc‡Ki ZwiKzj‡K hLb XvKv †_‡K ev‡Minv‡Ui †RjLvbvq wb‡q hvIqv nq
†mI cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z B‡”Q K‡i †`wi KiwQj †hb cwiwPwZ KvD‡K Rvbv‡bv hvq
†h, Zv‡`i †Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡”Q|
 Avgiv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ Ges DÏxc‡Ki Pwi‡Î GKB ai‡bi Dcw¯’Z-eyw×i
cwiPq cvB| hvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i Df‡qiB ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq †g‡j|
myZivs ejv hvq, †Rj †_‡K ¯’vbvš—‡ii Lei ï‡b e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei B‡”Q
K‡i †`wi KivUv Zvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi cwiPvqK|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z wM‡q ivRew›` nq bRi“j| †R‡ji g‡a¨ Abkb Ki‡j
Zuv‡K cÖ_‡g Abkb fvOv‡bvi Rb¨ †evSv‡bv nq| Gici bv‡Ki g‡a¨ bj XywK‡q
Zij Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e µgk bv‡Ki †fZi Nv n‡q hvq bRi“‡ji| ZeyI gyw³
bv †`qv ch©š— Abkb fv‡O bv| wZwb Av‡¯— Av‡¯— AwZkq `ye©j n‡q
c‡ob|
K. Abk‡bi Av‡M †kL gywRe Kx †L‡qwQ‡jb? 1
L. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †jeyi im w`‡q jeY cvwb †L‡jb †Kb? 2
M. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K bv‡Ki g‡a¨ bj w`‡q LvIqv‡bv DÏxc‡Ki 3
186 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
Av‡jv‡K eY©bv Ki| 4
N. Kvivew›` Ae¯’vq e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³
nviv‡bvi welqwU DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Abk‡bi Av‡M e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †cU cwi®‹vi Kivi Ilya
†L‡qwQ‡jb|

 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq †jeyi im w`‡q jeY cvwb
†L‡qwQ‡jb| KviY G‡Z †Kv‡bv dzWf¨vjy wQj bv|
 AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq gwnDwÏb I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvixwiK Ae¯’vi
µgk AebwZ n‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq Zuv‡`i‡K n¨vÛKvd cwi‡q bv‡Ki †fZi
w`‡q bj XywK‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nq| Zuv‡`i bv‡Ki †fZi Nv n‡q hvq| d‡j
Zuviv dzWf¨vjy †bB Ggb Lvevi wn‡m‡e KvMwR †jeyi im w`‡q jeY cvwb †L‡Zb|

 †R‡j AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq †Rj-KZ©„c¶ †Rvi K‡i bv‡Ki g‡a¨ bj w`‡q Zij Lvevi
LvIqvq| Avi Gi mv`„k¨ Avgiv DÏxc‡KI †`L‡Z cvB|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq Kviv-KZ©„c¶ bv‡Ki †fZi bj
w`‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqvq| †Kbbv, ivRew›`iv †hb gviv bv hvq| gi‡ZI †`‡e bv
Avevi gyw³I †`‡e bv| GgZve¯’vq bv‡Ki g‡a¨ Nv n‡q hvq| c‡i B‡”Q K‡i
wZwb †jeyi im w`‡q jeY cvwb Lvb|
 DÏxc‡Ki bRi“j‡K cÖ_‡g Kviv-KZ©„c¶ Abkb fvOv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib| AK…
ZKvh© nIqvq Zv‡K bv‡Ki g‡a¨ bj w`‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nq| A_©vr †h-
‡Kv‡bvfv‡e bv LvIqv‡j ew›` gviv hv‡e| ZvB †kl ch©š— bj w`‡q LvIqv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K cÖeÜ I DÏxc‡Ki g‡a¨ wgj Luy‡R cvIqv hvq|

 gyw³i Rb¨ Abkb Kivi Kvi‡Y e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvixwiK Ae¯’vi
w`b w`b AebwZ nw”Qj| †kl ch©š— Zuvi Ae¯’v Ggb n‡jv †h, wZwb Avi
weQvbv †_‡K DV‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
 e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb 1952 mv‡j Kvivew›` Ae¯’vq gyw³i Rb¨ Abkb ïi“
K‡ib| wZwb I gwnDwÏb AvgiY Abkb Ki‡eb e‡j cÖwZÁv K‡ib| K‡qK w`‡bi
g‡a¨B Zuv‡`i Ae¯’v bvKvj n‡q c‡o| Zuviv dzWf¨vjy †bB Ggb Lvevi †hgb-†jeyi
im w`‡q jeY †gkv‡bv cvwb †L‡Zb| Z‡e Kviv KZ©„c¶ Zuv‡`i bv‡Ki †fZi bj
w`‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqvq| G‡Z Zuv‡`i bv‡Ki †fZi Nv n‡q hvq Ges Zuviv Av‡iv
wb‡¯—R n‡q c‡ob|
 DÏxc‡Ki bRi“j Av‡›`vj‡b AvUK n‡j G Ab¨vq AvUK †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z Abkb
ag©NU ïi“ K‡ib| KvivKZ©„c¶ Zuv‡K bvK w`‡q bj XywK‡q Lvevi †c‡U f‡i
†`q| ZeyI Zvi kvixwiK Ae¯’v µgk `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Zuvi cÖwZÁv gyw³ bv
†`qv ch©š— Abkb fvO‡eb bv|
 DÏxcK I Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi Kvivew›`‡`i kvixwiK Ae¯’vi µgk AebwZi
welqwU GKm~‡Î Muv_v| †Kbbv, Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ‡Z ivRew›` wn‡m‡e
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †h-cš’v Aej¤^b K‡iwQ‡jb DÏxc‡Ki bRi“jI GKB
cš’v Aej¤^b K‡ib| myZivs DÏxc‡Ki bRi“‡ji bv‡Ki †fZ‡i e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei
g‡ZvB Nv nq Ges kixi µgk GZUvB `ye©j n‡q c‡o †h, weQvbv †_‡K IVvi
kw³I nvwi‡q †d‡jb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 187
wmivRMÄ †R‡ji †fZi †_‡KB nvwee Lei †c‡jb XvKvq MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi
Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z wM‡q K‡qKRb ¸wjwe× n‡q wbnZ n‡q‡Q| Gw`‡K †Rj‡M‡U
QvÎ-QvÎx wgwQj Ki‡Q| ÒMYZš¿ gyw³ cvKÓ Ges miKv‡ii cZb Gevi n‡eB †f‡e
nvwee g‡b g‡b e‡j, G fy‡ji Kvi‡YB kvmKPµ ¶gZvPz¨Z n‡e|
K. e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei nv‡U©i Ae¯’v Lviv‡ci Rb¨ Kx nq? 1
L. e½eÜz †kL gywRe †Mvc‡b K‡qw`‡K w`‡q KvMR Avbv‡jb †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ¸wj †L‡q givi NUbvwU Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi mv‡_ Kxfv‡e 3
mv`„k¨c~Y©?Ñe¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. Ògvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡` fyj n‡Z _v‡K|ÓK_vwU DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei nv‡U©i Ae¯’v Lviv‡ci Rb¨ wbtk¦vm †dj‡Z Kó nq Ges
c¨vjwcwUkb nq|

 Kvivew›` Ae¯’v Ges Zuv‡`i Ae¯’vb Rvbv‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywRe †Mvc‡b
K‡qw`‡K w`‡q KvMR Avbv‡jb|
 Abk‡bi Kvi‡Y †kL gywRe I gwnDwχbi Ae¯’v µgk Lvivc nw”Qj; weQvbv
†_‡K D‡V `uvov‡bvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v †bB| Avi `yÕGK w`b ci †eva nq gviv hv‡eb| G
†f‡e †kL gywRe GK K‡qw`‡K w`‡q †Mvc‡b K‡qK UzKiv KvMR Avbv‡jb Zvi Ae¯’v
Zvi evev, Zvi ¯¿x, kwn` †mvnivIqv`©x I fvmvbx mv‡ne‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨|

 1952 mv‡j fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b 144 aviv f½ K‡i QvÎQvÎx wgwQj †ei Ki‡j cywjk
wgwQ‡j ¸wj K‡i K‡qKRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i| d‡j Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv Pig AvKvi aviY
K‡i|
 cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôx hLb †NvlYv K‡i, ÔD`©yB n‡e mgMÖ cvwK¯—
v‡bi gvZ…fvlvÕ ZLb c~e© cvwK¯—vwb evOvwjiv evsjv‡K ivóªfvlvi
`vwe K‡i| G wb‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q kvmK‡Mvôxi wb‡`©‡k wgwQ‡j
¸wj K‡i K‡qKRb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|
 DÏxc‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g
DV‡j mvaviY gvbyl‡K `gv‡Z kvmK‡Mvôx Zv‡`i ¸wj K‡i| G‡Z †ek K‡qKRb
QvÎ kwn` nb| NUbvwU e½eÜzi †jLv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ‡ZI †`Lv hvq|
GLv‡b wZwb eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, 144 aviv †f‡O wgwQj †ei Ki‡j cywjk
K‡qKRb‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| myZivs Dfq NUbv cÖvq GKB iKg GK_v
h_v_©B ejv hvq|

 K_vwU Øviv kvm‡Ki A`~i`wk©Zvi K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| fvlvi Rb¨

Av‡›`vjbiZ gvby‡li Ici ¸wj, 144 aviv Rvwi, wmsnfvM gvby‡li fvlv‡K AeÁv
Kiv-Gme wm×vš— wQj fyj| hvi d‡j miKv‡ii civRq N‡U|
 fvlvi Rb¨ gvbyl nZ¨v Kiv mwZ¨B AgvbweK| A_P ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—
v‡b gvZ…fvlv hLb D‡cw¶Z n‡Z hvw”Qj ZLb Av‡›`vjb K‡i evOvwjiv| †m
Av‡›`vjb‡K bm¨vr Ki‡Z cwðgv kvmK‡Mvôx 144 aviv Rvwi, wbwe©Pv‡i MYnZ¨v,
MY‡MÖdZvi BZ¨vw` Kg©KvÊ Pvjvw”Qj| d‡j mKj †kªwY-†ckvi gvbyl miKv‡ii
wei“‡× †mv”Pvi n‡e I‡V|
 DÏxc‡Ki nvwee Av‡›`vjbiZ Ae¯’vq ¸wj K‡i kvmK KZ©„K mvaviY RbMY‡K
nZ¨vi K_v ï‡b `~i`„wó‡Z fve‡jb miKv‡ii civRq Gevi wbwðZ| †Kbbv, `dvq
188 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
`dvq miKvi fyj Ki‡Q| myZivs mvaviY RbMY miKv‡ii GZ eo Ab¨vq †g‡b
†b‡e bv|
 AZGe †`Lv hvq †h, cÖe‡Üi Ògvby‡li hLb cZb n‡Z _v‡K ZLb c‡` c‡` fyj
K‡iÓ K_vwU m‡Z¨ cwiYZ n‡qwQj, †hgbwU DÏxc‡KI aviYv Kiv nq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

As mvs m~wP A‡bKw`b Kviv‡fvM I Abk‡bi GK ch©v‡q g„ZcÖvq n‡q †M‡jb| †Rj-
KZ©„c¶ Zuv‡K gyw³ †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡j Zuvi mnew›` Zv‡K Rym LvB‡q Abkb
fvOvb| Ab¨w`‡K Zuvi `‡ji †ekKÕRb †R¨ô †bZv‡K ew›` I wbh©vZb Kiv n‡”Q|
wbi“cvq As mvs m~wP †Rj‡M‡Ui evB‡i †ewi‡q †`L‡jb Zvi evev Zvi A‡c¶vq
`uvwo‡q Av‡Qb|
K. e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei nvZ-cv VvÊv n‡q †h‡Z _vK‡j GKRb K‡qw` 1
Kx Kij? 2
L. ÒA‡bK †jvK Av‡Q, KvR c‡o _vK‡e bvÓ| K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki As mvs m~wPi mnew›` Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi †Kvb Pwi·K 4
cÖwZdwjZ K‡i? eY©bv `vI|
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki †R¨ô †bZv‡`i ew›` I wbh©vZ‡bi g‡Zv NUbv cÖe‡ÜI N‡U‡QÑ
we‡klY Ki|
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei nvZ cv VvÛv n‡q †h‡Z _vK‡j GKRb K‡qw` Zv‡K
mwilvi †Zj gvwjk K‡i w`w”Q‡jb|

 †R‡j AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq e½eÜz †kL gywRe g„ZcÖvq n‡q co‡j KZ©e¨iZ
Wv³v‡ii GK cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gywRe G K_vwU e‡jb|
 †Rjew›` Ae¯’vq e½eÜz †kL gywRey‡ii kvixwiK Ae¯’v hLb wb‡¯—R cÖvq
ZLb Wv³vi ej‡jb, ÔGfv‡e g„Zz¨eiY K‡i wK †Kv‡bv jvf n‡e? evsjv‡`k †h
Avcbvi Kv‡Q A‡bK wKQy Avkv K‡i|Ó Wv³v‡ii G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingvb cÖ‡kœv³ K_vwU e‡jb|

 DÏxc‡Ki As mvs m~wPi mnew›` Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi gwnDwÏb‡K

cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ cÖe‡Ü †Rjew›` n‡q e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges
gwnDwÏb mnew›` wn‡m‡e _v‡Kb| Zuviv `yRbB Abkb K‡ib Ges gyw³i
k‡Z©B †Kej Abkb fvO‡eb e‡j `„pcÖwZÁ nb| Zuv‡`i kvixwiK Ae¯’vi AebwZ
n‡j Zuv‡`i gyw³i Av‡`k Av‡m| ZLb gwnDwÏb e½eÜz‡K Wv‡ei cvwb LvB‡q Abkb
fvOvb|
 DÏxc‡K As mvs m~wP Abkb K‡i gyg~l©ycÖvq| GgZve¯’vq Zuv‡K gyw³i
Av‡`k G‡j wZwb Abkb fvO‡Z ivwR nb Ges Zuvi mnew›` Zuv‡K Rym
LvB‡q Abkb fvOvb| As mvs m~wPi mnew›`i G NUbvwU cÖe‡Üi
gwnDwÏb Pwi·K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|

 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ cÖe‡Ü gyw³i cÖv°v‡j †kL gywRe Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Zuvi
`‡ji †R¨ô †bZvKg©x‡`i AvUK K‡i wbh©vZb Kiv nq|
 †Rjew›` Ae¯’vq e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Le‡ii KvM‡R †`L‡Z cvb
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 189
ZK©evMxk, Lvb mv‡ne, Aveyj †nv‡mbmn †ek KÕRb †bZv kvmK‡Mvôxi
nv‡Z AvUK n‡q‡Qb| gyw³i cÖvq cÖv°v‡j G‡m Rvb‡Z cv‡ib AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
†R¨ô †bZvÑ †hgb gIjvbv fvmvbx, kvgmyj nKmn Av‡iv A‡bK‡KB †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q
cywjk|
 DÏxc‡K As mvs m~wPi Kvivew›`i †kl Ae¯’vq Zuv‡K hLb gyw³ †`qv n‡e
ZLb Zuvi `‡ji †R¨ô †bZv‡`i AvUK Kiv nq| ZvQvovI Zuv‡`i Ici wbh©vZ‡bi
gvÎvI e„w× Kiv nq|
 cÖeÜ I DÏxc‡K Avgiv cÖvq Abyi~c NUbv †`L‡Z cvB| A_©vr, Kwbô
†bZv‡K †Rj †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q †R¨ô †bZv‡`i AvUK I wbh©vZb Kivi welqwU
j¶Yxq| myZivs ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki ew›` I ivRew›`‡`i wbh©vZ‡bi welqwU
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †jLv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ cÖe‡ÜI j¶ Kiv hvq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

webv wePv‡i A‡bKw`b †Rjew›`‡Z¡i ci gyw³ †c‡jb ivRbxwZwe` ˆmq` kvgmyi
ingvb| wd‡i G‡jb evwo‡Z| A‡bK w`b bv †`‡L wb‡Ri †Q‡jI fy‡j †M‡Q Zv‡K|
ˆmq` mv‡ne gyw³ †c‡jI mviv‡`‡k Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv Pi‡g I‡V| MÖv‡gi
nvUevRv‡i ch©š— niZvj ag©NU cvwjZ nq|
K. Rbg‡Zi wei“‡× †h‡Z Kviv fq cvq? 1
L. ÒAveŸv ivRew›`‡`i gyw³ PvB, ivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÓnvmy evevi Mjv 2
Rwo‡q †Kb G K_v e‡jwQj? 3
M. ÔA‡bK w`b bv †`L‡j wb‡Ri †Q‡jI fy‡j hvqÕDÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ 4
mv`„k¨ eY©bv Ki|
N. †QvU †QvU nvUevRv‡i ch©š— niZvj n‡q‡QÑ K_vwU Øviv
Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Rbg‡Zi wei“‡× †h‡Z kvm‡Kiv fq cvq|

 GKz‡k †deª“qvwi nvmy I †kL cwievi XvKvq wQj e‡j GB †¯vMvb ïb‡Z ïb‡Z
gyL¯’ n‡q wM‡qwQj| ZvB evev‡K †c‡qB nvmy †¯vMvbwU ïwb‡qwQj|
 †Rj †_‡K Qvov †c‡q e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evwo‡Z G‡j eo mš—vb
†kL nvwmbv evevi Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i e‡jwQj, ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB, ivRew›`‡`i
gyw³ PvB| †Kbbv, GKz‡k †deª“qvwi Gme †¯vMvb XvKvi Awj‡Z-Mwj‡Z
cÖwZaŸwbZ nw”Qj| Avi nvmyiv XvKvq _vKvi d‡j G †¯vMv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq
n‡q wM‡qwQj| d‡j ivRew›`Z¡ †_‡K gy³ n‡q evwo‡Z G‡jB nvmy evev‡K
†¯vMvbwU ïwb‡qwQj|

 K_vwUi Øviv GKRb ivRbxwZwe` wcZvi Ki“Y Avd‡mv‡mi K_v ewY©Z

n‡q‡QÑ hvi Abyi~c K_v DÏxc‡KI DׄZ n‡q‡Q|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ cÖe‡Ü GKRb ivRbxwZwe` evevi Amnvq wbg©g I
ev¯—e Avd‡mv‡mi AvwZ© dz‡U D‡V‡Q| gRjyg RbM‡Yi AwaKvi Av`v‡q
ivRew›` _vK‡Z nq e½eÜz †kL gywRe‡K| Avi ZvB mvZvk-AvUvk gvm
cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ _v‡Kb wZwb| †Q‡j Kvgv‡ji eqm gvÎ K‡qK gvm|
evev‡K A‡bKw`b bv †`‡L †Q‡jI fy‡j †M‡Q Dwb Zvi Kx nb| Ônvmy Avcv
†Zvgvi AveŸv‡K Avwg GKUz AveŸv e‡j WvwKÕK_vwU Øviv Zv
cÖgvvwYZ|
190 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 DÏxc‡K ˆmq` kvgmyi ingvb GKRb ivRbxwZwe`| wZwb †Rjew›`Z¡ †_‡K
gyw³ cvIqvi ci evwo‡Z G‡m eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Zvi †QvU †Q‡jwU Zv‡K wPb‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| ZvB cÖ‡kœv³ mgvb K_vwU DÏxc‡KI G‡m‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq,
K_vwU DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|

 evqvbœi fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZv GZUvB wQj †h, MÖvgM‡Äi †QvU †QvU

nvUevRv‡iI niZvj cvwjZ nw”QjÑ hvi mgi~c `„k¨ Avgiv DÏxc‡KI †`L‡Z
cvB|
 1952 mv‡j XvKvq wgwQ‡j ¸wj K‡i mvaviY gvbyl nZ¨vi ci fvlv-Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g I‡V|
RbmvaviY eyS‡Z cv‡i hviv kvmb Ki‡Q Zviv RbM‡Yi AvcbRb bq| kvmK‡Mvôx
gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K gvby‡li gyL †_‡K †K‡o wb‡Z Pvq| Lei evZv‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_
MÖv‡gM‡Ä Qwo‡q c‡o| †QvU †QvU nvUevRv‡iI niZvj ag©NU cvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K|
 DÏxc‡Ki ˆmq` mv‡ne †Rj †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi ci evwo‡Z †d‡ib| A_P ZLb
Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g I‡V| GgbwK MÖv‡gi nvUevRvi ch©š— niZvj ag©NU cvwjZ
nq| mvaviY gvbyl eyS‡Z cv‡i kvmKPµ Zv‡`i g½j Pvq bv; eis †kvlY Ki‡Z
Pvq|
 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †jLv 1952 mv‡ji †cÖ¶vcUwfwËK
AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z †`Lv hvq, fvlv wb‡q weZ‡K©i GK ch©v‡q Zv Av‡›`vj‡b
i~c †bq| kvmK‡Mvôx wgwQ‡j ¸wj Pvjvq Ges G Lei me©Î Qwo‡q co‡j
gvbyl MÖv‡gI niZvj cvjb K‡i| Abyi~c NUbv Avgiv DÏxc‡KI j¶ Kwi| myZivs
cÖ‡kœv³ K_vwU Øviv evqvbœi I DÏxc‡Ki Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZviB cÖgvY nq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

fvi‡Zi `yb©xwZwe‡ivax gvbevwaKvi Kg©x Avbœv nvRv‡i| wZwb me©`v
Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× †mv”Pvi| wZwb I Zvi `‡ji Kg©xiv `vwe Av`v‡q GKUz
e¨wZµgag©x Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| Zv n‡jv Abkb ag©NU| Zviv Zv‡`i `vwe Av`vq
bv nIqv ch©š— AvgiY Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡ib|
K. e½eÜzi m‡½ †K Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb? 1
L. e½eÜz Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi †Kvb welqwU `„k¨gvb? 3
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. `vwe Av`v‡q e¨wZµgag©x cš’v Aej¤^‡b DÏxc‡Ki Avbœv
nvRv‡i †hb Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi e½eÜzi Av`k© aviY
K‡i‡Qb|Ñ e³e¨wUi mZ¨Zv wbi~cY Ki|
8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 e½eÜzi m‡½ gwnDwÏb mv‡ne Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|

 e½eÜz Kvivgyw³i Rb¨B Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|

 cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wói ci ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwnsmvq kvmK‡Mvôx
e½eÜz‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi Kvivew›` K‡i †i‡LwQj, hv e½eÜz †g‡b wb‡Z
cv‡ibwb| ZvB eva¨ n‡qB e½eÜz AvgiY Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z
cvK-miKvi eva¨ n‡qB Zuv‡K gyw³ w`‡qwQj| g~jZ Ackvm‡bi nvZ †_‡K
gyw³i Rb¨B e½eÜz Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 191
 DÏxc‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi `vwe Av`v‡q Abkb ag©NU cvj‡bi
welqwU `„k¨gvb|
 mgv‡R bvbv cÖKvi Ab¨vq-AwePvi, AZ¨vPvi we`¨gvb _v‡K| Gi wei“‡×
m‡PZb gvbyliv wewfbœfv‡e cÖwZev` Rvbvq| †m cÖwZev` e¨wZµgag©x
n‡q I‡V, hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Zvi ¯^v_©‡K ewj w`‡q Rbgvb‡ei cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y KvR
K‡i|
 DÏxc‡K `vwe Av`v‡q Abkb ag©NU cvj‡bi welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| fvi‡Zi
`yb©xwZwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv Avbœv nvRv‡i Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×
me©`v †mv”Pvi| wZwb mKj Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev`¯^i~c Abkb
ag©NU cvjb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq cvwK¯—vwb‡`i
ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwnsmvi wkKvi nb e½eÜz| ZvB‡Zv Zuv‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi
wbwe©Pv‡i Kvivew›` K‡i †i‡LwQj Kv‡qwg ¯^v_©ev`x †Mvôx| wKš‘
e½eÜz Zv bxi‡e †g‡b †bbwb| wZwb †R‡j e‡mB Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡i Gi
wei“‡× `„p cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q †`b| ZvB ejv hvq, Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ
iPbvq Abkb ag©NU cvj‡bi welqwU DÏxc‡KI `„k¨gvb|

 `vwe Av`v‡q e¨wZµgx cš’v Aej¤^‡b DÏxc‡Ki Avbœv nvRv‡i †hb

Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi e½eÜzi Av`k© aviY K‡i‡Qb|Ñ e³e¨wU mZ¨|
 m‡PZb gvbyliv kvmb-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× bvbvfv‡e cÖwZev` M‡o †Zv‡jb| Zvi
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv Abkb ag©NU| G ai‡bi cÖwZev‡` e¨w³ Zvi wbR
¯^v_©‡K ewj w`‡q gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR K‡i| Zvi G cÖwZev‡` kvmb-†kvl‡Yi
wfZ ch©š— †Ku‡c I‡V|
 DÏxc‡Ki Avbœv nvRv‡i GKRb gvbevwaKviKg©x| wZwb me©`v Ab¨vq
kvm‡bi wei“‡× †mv”Pvi| Ab¨vq kvmb cÖwZ‡iv‡a wZwb Abkb ag©NU
cvjb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq evOvwji Awemsevw`Z
†bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi msMÖvgx †PZbv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| 1947
mv‡j cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wói ci †_‡KB evOvwj †bZvKg©x ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZwnsmvi wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb| G‡Z e½eÜzi g‡Zv †bZvKg©xI `xN©w`b
webvwePv‡i KvivMv‡i AvUK wQ‡jb| wKš‘ e½eÜz G Ab¨vq kvmb †g‡b
†bbwb| ZvB‡Zv wZwb Rxe‡bi gvqv Zz”Q K‡i †R‡ji g‡a¨B cÖwZev`¯^i~c
Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi kvm‡bi wfZ
ch©š— †Ku‡c D‡VwQj|
 kvmK‡`i †kvl‡Yi RuvZvKj ¸uwo‡q w`‡Z hy‡M hy‡M Rb¥ †bb eximš—v‡biv|
huviv Zuv‡`i ¯^xq ¯^v_© ewj w`‡q wbt¯^v_©fv‡e c‡ii Rb¨ AvZ¥wb‡e`b K‡ib|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbI †Zgwb GKRb gvbyl| Avi e½eÜzi `vwe Av`v‡qi
Av`k© DÏxc‡Ki Avbœv nvRv‡ii g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœv³ e³e¨wU
h_v_©|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

†PŠ-Gb-jvB Px‡bi Rbbw›`Z wecex ivRbxwZwe` I be¨ Px‡bi Rb¥`vZv|
my`xN©Kvj wZwb kvmb-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× jovB K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡B Dwbk
kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Ges wek kZ‡Ki †Mvovq Px‡bi g mgªvU‡`i kvmb-†kvl‡Yi
wei“‡× †ek wKQy wecex Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj| mvg¨ev` I wec‡e myMfxi Av¯’v,
Px‡bi RvZxq Kg©m~wP cÖYqb I ivRZ‡š¿i we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨ wZwb wPi¯§iYxq
n‡q Av‡Qb|
192 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †RjLvbvq Kxfv‡e cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii 1
wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ‡jb? 2
L. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K cvwK¯—vb miKvi gyw³ w`‡qwQj 3
†Kb? 4
M. DÏxc‡K †PŠ-Gb-jvB Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi
cÖZxK? wbY©q Ki|
N. ÒcÖ`Ë DÏxcKwU Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi m¤ú~Y© fvev‡_©i
`c©Y bq|ÓÑ G wel‡q †Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki|
9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †RjLvbvq ag©N‡Ui gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vb

miKv‡ii wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ‡jb|

 Abkb ag©N‡Ui Kvi‡Y eva¨ n‡q cvwK¯—vb miKvi †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
gyw³ w`‡qwQj|
 cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi Ackvm‡bi wei“‡× e½eÜz †RjLvbvq AvgiY Abkb
ag©NU cvjb K‡ib| G‡Z Zuvi kvixwiK Ae¯’v AZ¨š— `ye©j n‡q c‡o| g„Zz¨i
gy‡LvgywL nIqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb Zuvi Av`k© †_‡K m‡i Av‡mbwb| Gfv‡e Zuvi gyw³i
Av‡›`vjb cÖej AvKvi aviY K‡i| ZLb cvwK¯—vb miKvi eva¨ n‡qB e½eÜz‡K gyw³
w`‡qwQj|

 DÏxc‡Ki †PŠ-Gb-jvB Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

Pwi‡Îi cÖZxK|
 Ab¨vq kvmb-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× i“‡L `uvov‡Z hy‡M hy‡M Rb¥ †bb RvwZi
eximš—vbiv| huviv Zuv‡`i ¯^xq †gav, eyw×, †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q RvwZ‡K
†`Lvb gyw³i c_| Ab¨vq kvm‡bi wei“‡× me©`v †mv”Pvi _v‡K Zv‡`i
cÖwZev‡`i A¯¿| hvi Ke‡j c‡o kvmK-†kvl‡Kiv aŸsm¯—~‡c cwiYZ nq|
 DÏxc‡K †PŠ-Gb-jvB Px‡bi wecex ivRbxwZwe`| whwb mvivRxeb msMÖvg
K‡i‡Qb Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×| mvaviY gvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡q wbt¯^v_©fv‡e
AvZ¥wb‡e`b K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq evOvwji
Awemsevw`Z †bZv, nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô evOvwj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi msMÖvgx †PZbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| 1947-G cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wói
d‡j kvmb-†kvl‡Yi RuvZvK‡j wcó n‡Z _v‡K evOvwjiv| ZLb w`‡knviv
RvwZ‡K gyw³i c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z †bZv| myZivs
ejv hvq, Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq e½eÜz Pwi‡Îi cÖZxK n‡jv DÏxc‡Ki
†PŠ-Gb-jvB|

 ÒcÖ`Ë DÏxcKwU Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi m¤ú~Y© fvev‡_©i `c©Y bq|

ÓÑ G wel‡q Avwg GKgZ|
 kvmb-†kvl‡Yi RuvZvKj †_‡K gvbyl‡K euvPv‡Z hy‡M hy‡M Rb¥ †bb wec-
exiv| huviv Zuv‡`i wbR †gav, eyw×, †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q RvwZ‡K gyw³i c_
†`Lvb| Avi †mme wecex †h‡nZz i³-gvs‡m Mov gvbyl ZvB Zuv‡`iI _v‡K
wcÖqR‡bi cÖwZ wcQyUvb| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I Zuviv ¯^xq †gav e‡j ¯’vb K‡i
†bb BwZnv‡mi cvZvq|
 DÏxc‡Ki †PŠ-Gb-jvB Px‡bi wecex ivRbxwZwe`| wZwb my`xN©Kvj
msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb kvmb-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡×| K_v e‡j‡Qb Px‡bi †kvwlZ gvby‡li
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 193
c‡¶| Ab¨w`‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbv‡ZI e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
msMÖvgx ivR‰bwZK Rxebx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, whwb cvwK¯—vwb‡`i nvZ
†_‡K evOvwj‡K gyw³i c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb| GQvov G iPbvq e½eÜzi
e¨w³Rxe‡bi K_vI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| e½eÜzi cÖwZ Zvi wcZvi wQj Mfxi
†mœn-ggZv| ZvB‡Zv wZwb †Rj †M‡U g„Zz¨c_hvÎx mš—vb‡K †`‡L †Pv‡Li
Rj mvgvj w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| GQvov e½eÜzi cÖwZ Zuvi mnawg©Yxi AK…
wÎg fv‡jvevmvi welqwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Avi e½eÜzi `yB Av`‡ii mš—vb
nvmy I Kvgv‡ji wcZ…fw³i welqwUI Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q G iPbvq|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq e½eÜzi msMÖvgx Rxeb, cvKmiKv‡ii AZ¨vPvi
I evOvwji cÖwZev` Ges e½eÜzi e¨w³Rxe‡bi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘
DÏxc‡K ïay kvmb-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× cÖwZev‡`i welqwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
myZivs cÖ‡kœv³ gš—e¨wUi mv‡_ Avwg GKgZ †cvlY Kwi|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

`w¶Y Avwd«Kvi eY©ev`we‡ivax Awemsevw`Z †bZv †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv| `w¶Y
Avwd«Kvq hLb eY©ev`-ˆelg¨ Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i †k¦Zv½‡`i Øviv, †`kwUi
Kv‡jv gvbyl¸‡jvi AwaKvi hLb ¶zYœ n‡Z _v‡K ZLb wZwb Gi wei“‡× cÖwZev`
K‡ib| G‡Z †kvlK‡`i Øviv Zuv‡K bvbviKg wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘
ZviciI wZwb wcQ-cv nbwb; msMÖvg K‡i cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb Kv‡jv gvbyl‡`i
AwaKvi|
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †Kvb KvivMv‡i ew›` wQ‡jb? 1
L. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K webvwePv‡i KviveiY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj 2
†Kb? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi m‡½ 4
mv`„k¨c~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒDÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU †hb Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi g~j
myi|ÓÑ we‡klY Ki|
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb dwi`cyi †Rjv KvivMv‡i ew›` wQ‡jb|

 cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwnsmvi Kvi‡Y †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K

webv wePv‡i KviveiY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
 cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi mKj cÖKvi Ab¨vq kvm‡bi wei“‡× e½eÜz
me©`vB †mv”Pvi wQ‡jb, hv cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi †Pv‡L Zv‡K
wewl‡q Zz‡jwQj| ZvB †Zv kvmK‡Mvôxi †ivlvb‡j c‡o evOvwj‡K Ges
evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z †bZv‡K Kvivew›` _vK‡Z n‡qwQj|

 DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi

ingvb Pwi‡Îi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©|
 mgvRRxe‡b kvmb-†kvlY we`¨gvb _v‡K| Avi Gi wei“‡× hviv msMÖvg
K‡ib ZvivB cÖwZev`x| RvwZi GB exi mš—v‡biv wb‡Ri ¯^v_©‡K
wemR©b w`‡q RvwZi ¯^v‡_© wb‡R‡K wb‡e`b K‡ib RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y|
†kvlY-wbh©vZ‡bi RuvZvKj †_‡K gvbyl‡K i¶vi Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡mb `„p
g‡bvej wb‡q|
194 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi eY©ev`we‡ivax gnvb †bZv|
wZwb mvivRxeb msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb †kvwlZ I wbcxwoZ gvby‡li c‡¶| `w¶Y
Avwd«Kvi Kv‡jv gvby‡li c‡¶ msMÖvg Ki‡Z wM‡q KviveiY K‡i‡Qb, mn¨
K‡i‡Qb, AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb; wKš‘ ZviciI wcQy n‡Ubwb| Ab¨w`‡K
Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜzi K_v
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb mvivRxeb †kvwlZ gvby‡li c‡¶ msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb|
cvwK¯—vwb‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i w`kvnviv evOvwj‡K gyw³i c_ †`wL‡q‡Qb| AZGe
ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi e½eÜzi m‡½
mv`„k¨c~Y©|

 ÒDÏxc‡K †kvlYkvmb I ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× †h cÖwZev` dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv †hb Ôevqvbœi

w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbviB g~j myi|Ó
 mgvRRxe‡b Ab¨vq kvmb-†kvlY I ˆelg¨ we`¨gvb| hvi RuvZvK‡j †Kej wcó
nq mvaviY gvbyl| wKš‘ memgq mvaviY gvbyl Zv mn¨ K‡i bv| ZvB hy‡M hy‡M
†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× cÖwZev`x msMÖvgx gvbyl Rb¥ †bq|
 DÏxc‡K †kvlY-ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× `„p cÖwZev` D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q †bjmb
g¨v‡Ûjvi K‡É| `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq hLb K…òv½ gvbyl †k¦Zv½‡`i Øviv
wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q ZLb wZwb Zv gyL ey‡R mn¨ K‡ibwb| mvaviY gvbyl‡K
HK¨e× K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb cÖwZ‡iva, mevB‡K DØy× K‡i‡Qb ¯^vwaKvi
†PZbvq| Ab¨w`‡K Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbv‡ZI evOvwji cÖwZev`x
gvbwmKZv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxi ˆ¯^ibxwZi wei“‡×
evOvwjiv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q cÖwZ‡iva, hye‡Kiv ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ w`‡q cÖwZôv
K‡i‡Q gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v, kvmK‡Mvôxi nxb AnwgKv `„p cÖwZev‡`i gva¨‡g
`wg‡q w`‡q‡Q | G mewKQyi †cQ‡b wQj e½eÜzi AmvaviY †bZ…Z¡¸Y|
 DÏxc‡K g~jZ AZ¨vPvi-wbcxob ˆelg¨bxwZi wei“‡× `„p cÖwZev` aŸwbZ
n‡q‡Q, hv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi g‡a¨I we`¨gvb| ZvB m½Z Kvi‡YB ejv
hvq, DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi g~j myi|

Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi weªwUk kvm‡bi wei“‡× Dcgnv‡`‡ki

1. fvlv ˆmwbK‡`i kwn` nIqvi Lei gvbyl GK mgq duy‡m I‡Vb| Kvjµ‡g
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Zv e„nËi Av‡›`vj‡b i~c †bq| GK mgq
Kxfv‡e †c‡qwQ‡jb? G †`‡ki wmcvwnivI Av‡›`vj‡b
Suvwc‡q c‡ob| kvmK‡Mvôx G
P wmcvwn‡`i gva¨‡g L
Av‡›`vjb K‡Vvi nv‡Z `gb K‡i|
cÖnix‡`i mnvqZvq
Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i Rbmg‡¶ duvwm‡Z
M †iwWI ï‡b N ew›`‡`i KvQ Szwj‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq|
†_‡K
3. DÏxc‡K kvmK‡Mvôxi †h g‡bvfve
2. ÔAvgjvZš¿ Zuv‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q dz‡U D‡V‡Q †mwU‡K Ôevqvbœi
†MjÕ b~i“j Avwg‡bi †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i w`b¸‡jvÕ kxl©K ¯§„wZK_vi
Kvi‡Y e½eÜz Gi~c gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb? Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq
K GK¸u‡qwg L wbe©yw×Zv i. Ackvmb ii. wbg©gZv iii.
M wePvieyw×nxbZv S AZ¨vPvi
A`~i`wk©Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 195
4. kvmK‡Mvôxi DwjwLZ g‡bvfv‡ei 1972
†LmviZ Kv‡K w`‡Z n‡qwQj? M 26 gvP© 1971 N 16 wW‡m¤^i
K Ave`yi iwk` ZK©evMxk‡K L e½eÜz 1976
†kL gywReyi ingvb‡K 13. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
R b~i“j Avwgb‡K N Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb eûevi KviveiY K‡i‡Qb †Kb?
Avjx‡K K `yb©xwZwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM
†`Iqvq
gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K
L ZrKvjxb miKv‡ii †ivlvb‡j c‡o
hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb R wewfbœ MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b
cÖ‡kœvËi †hvM †`Iqvq
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb N miKviwe‡ivax e³e¨ †`Iqvq
cÖ‡kœvËi 14. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
ivRbxwZ‡Z nv‡ZLwo N‡U KLb?
K †jLK cwiwPwZ : (†evW©
PQvÎRxe‡b L †kl
eB †_‡K) eq‡m
5. †kL gywReyi ingvb †K? M wK‡kvi eq‡m N ga¨eq‡m
K GKRb ˆmwbK L GKRb wk¶K 15. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
M GKRb fvlv-kwn` †KvbwUi gva¨‡g mgMÖ
S ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi RvwZ‡K Awfbœ j‡¶¨ GKÎ
¯’cwZ I RvwZi RbK K‡ib?
6. †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K †h P Qq`dv L GKzk `dv M c‡b‡iv
Awfavq mevB †P‡bÑ `dv N PweŸk `dv
P e½eÜz L evOvwj M †`keÜz N 16. 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© †Kvb
RbeÜz gq`v‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
7. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ingvb GK HwZnvwmK fvlY
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib †Kvb Zvwi‡L? †`b?
P17 gvP©, 1920 L 17 †g, 1920 K XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq K¨v¤úv‡m Q
M 17 Ryb, 1920 N 17 AvM÷, †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b
1920 M wf‡±vwiqv cv‡K© N
8. evOvwji gyw³i mb` ejv nq evnv`yi kvn
†KvbwU‡K? 17. cvwK¯—vbmiKv‡ii wei“‡×
K cuvP `dv‡K L AvU Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b
`dv‡K †K?
R Qq `dv‡K N K AvZvDi MwY Imgvbx L G. †K.
GMv‡iv `dv‡K dRjyj nK
9. AvIqvgx jxM KZ mv‡j wbi¼zk R e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbN
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i? ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`
K 1954 mv‡j L 1969 mv‡j 18. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b †Kvb `j
M 1962 mv‡j S 1970 mv‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK
10. 1973 mv‡j †kL gywReyi ingvb wbe©vP‡b wbi¼zk
†Kvb c`‡K f~wlZ nb? msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i?
K g¨vM mvBmvB L bvBU M m¨vi K hy³d«›U L K…lK-
S RywjI Kzwi cÖRv cvwU©
11. RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` M mgvRZvwš¿K QvÎd«›U S
e½eÜz †Kvb fvlvq fvlY †`b? AvIqvgx jxM
K Bs‡iwR‡Z L dviwm‡Z 19. cÖ_g evOvwj wn‡m‡e †K
R evsjvq N wnw›`‡Z RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`
12. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL evsjvq fvlY †`b?
gywReyi ingvb wbnZ nbÑ P e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb L gIjvbv

P 15 AvM÷ 1975 L 21 †deª“qvwi fvmvbx

196 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
M G. †K. dRjyj nK N †kL nvwmbv Awdmvi
20. KZ mv‡j RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL 27. †gvL‡jmyi ingvb mv‡n‡ei
gywReyi ingvb mvgwiK evwnbxi c`we Kx wQj?
KwZcq m`‡m¨i nv‡Z mcwiev‡i K†Rjvi L AvBwe Awdmvi
wbnZ nb? Mmycvwib‡Ub‡W›U S
P 1975 L 1972 M 1977 N 1971 †WcywU †Rjvi
21. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ 28. miKv‡ii ûKz‡gB Kv‡`i‡K Pj‡Z
Zvwi‡L cvwK¯—vb †_‡K †`‡k nq?
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib? P Avgjv‡`i L ivRew›`‡`i
K 1972 mv‡ji 10 RyjvB L 1971 M mvaviY RbM‡Yi N Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i
mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi 29. ag©N‡Ui e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv
R 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi N 1972 Av‡Q e‡j Kq Zvwi‡L †kL
mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i
gywRe‡K †Rj‡M‡U wb‡q hvIqv
22. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
nq?
KLb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
K 10 Zvwi‡L Q 15 Zvwi‡L
†NvlYv K‡ib?
M 20 Zvwi‡L N 21 Zvwi‡L
K 25 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i Q 26
30. gvjcÎ, Kvco-†Pvco I weQvbv
gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i
M 25 gvP© †kl cÖn‡i N 27 wb‡q †K nvwRi n‡jv?
gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i PRgv`vi L `dv`vi M Rwg`vi N

23. †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ 1971 mv‡ji 25†k Zid`vi

gvP© ga¨iv‡Zi ci cvwK¯—vwb 31. †kL gywRe‡K XvKv †_‡K †Kvb
evwnbx e½eÜz †kL gywReyi †R‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv?
ingvb‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i? K †MvcvjM‡Ä L

K evOvwj‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v Kiv wmivRM‡Ä

L evOvwj‡K AatcwZZ Kiv M gv`vwicy‡i S
R evOvwji gyw³msMÖvg‡K bm¨vr dwi`cy‡i
Kiv 32. cybivq ivqMÄ †_‡K KqUvq
N evsjv‡`k‡K cvwK¯—v‡b i~cvš—i RvnvR Qv‡o?
Kiv K 8Uvq L 9Uvq M 10Uvq S
24. ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡`i 11Uvq
gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii 33. B‡q †Kqv evZ nvq, Avc
msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi †RjLvbv †gÕÑ cÖ‡kœi Dˇi
msMÖvg|Ó †kL gywReyi e½eÜz Kx e‡jwQ‡jb?
ingv‡bi G e³‡e¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb P wKmgZ L ZvKw`i M fvM¨ N
welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? †dBU
K weR‡qi ¯^v` L gvbeZvi RqMvb 34. cvwK¯—vb nIqvi mgq †ejyP
R ¯^vaxbZvi AvnŸvb N mZ¨ my‡e`vi †Kv_vq wQ‡jb?
cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb K wK‡kviM‡Ä L bvivqYM‡Ä
L g~j cvV : (†evW© eB †_‡K) M wmivRM‡Ä S
25. †kL gywRe I gwnDwÏb †R‡ji †MvcvjM‡Ä
†fZi Kx‡mi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z 35. wf‡±vwiqv cv‡K©i eZ©gvb
nw”Q‡jb? bvg Kx?
K AvZ¥nZ¨vi Q Abk‡bi K Rwg`vi cvK© L beve cvK©

M Av‡jvPbvi N R evnv`yi kvn cvK© N mgªvU

wgwQ‡ji kvn cvK©

26. Avgxi †nv‡mb mv‡n‡ei c`we 36. RvnvR ai‡Z bv †c‡i †kL gywRe‡`i
Kx wQj? †Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv?
K †Rjvi L †WcywU †Rjvi P _vbvq L †R‡j M Av`vj‡Z N

R mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U N AvBwe †Uª‡b

 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 197
37. Abkb ïi“ Kivi Kqw`‡bi gv_vq cuvPRb N QqRb
e½eÜz‡K nvmcvZv‡j †bqv 49. e½eÜz †kL gywRe hLb †R‡j hvb
n‡jv? ZLb Kvgv‡ji eqm KZ?
K GK w`b Q `yw`b M wZb w`b K K‡qK w`b Q K‡qK gvm
N Pvi w`b M GKeQi N `yB eQi
38. Kw`b ci e½eÜz‡K †Rvi K‡i 50. kvmKiv †kvlK n‡j RbM‡Yi Kx
bvK w`‡q LvIqv‡bv n‡jv? nq?
K GK w`b L `yw`b M wZb w`b Kg½j L Kj¨vY R Ag½j N ¯^v_©
S Pvi w`b wmw×
39. G‡`i K_v n‡jv Ôgi‡Z †`e bvÕÑ 51. †RjLvbvq †Rj-KZ©„c¶ e½eÜz
Kv‡`i K_v? †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Kx
K Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i L wgwQjKvix‡`i †evSv‡Z †Póv Ki‡jb?
R kvmK‡kªwYi N ivRbxwZwe`‡`i P Abkb fvOvi K_v L ag©NU Pvwj‡q
40. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Kx‡mi hvIqvi K_v
im w`‡q jeY cvwb †L‡qwQ‡jb? M k„•Ljv i¶v Kivi K_v N g‡bvgvwjb¨ bv
K Kgjvi L Av‡c‡ji R †jeyi N Av‡gi Kivi K_v
41. e½eÜz KqwU wPwV 52. fvlv-Av‡›`vjb nq KZ mv‡j?
wj‡LwQ‡jb? K 1948 wLª÷v‡ã Q 1952 wLª÷v‡ã
K GKwU L `ywU M wZbwU M 1954 wLª÷v‡ã N 1971 wLª÷v‡ã
S PviwU 53. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi g‡Z,
42. †Kv_vq wgwQ‡ji Ici GKzk Zvwi‡L †Kb †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK Kg©x
¸wj n‡qwQj? bvivqYMÄ Kg©x‡`i fyj‡Z cvi‡eb bv?
P XvKvq L †MvcvjM‡Ä PZ¨vM I wZwZ¶vi Rb¨ L

M bvivqYM‡Ä N dwi`M‡Ä Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨

M mvnvh¨ I Aby`v‡bi Rb¨ N
43. KZ aviv f½ Ki‡j cywjk wgwQ‡j
cÖZviYv Kivi Rb¨
¸wj K‡i?
K 154 aviv Q aviv 54. 21†k †deª“qvwi bvivqYMÄevmx
144
M 134 aviv N 164 †Kb c~Y© niZvj K‡i?
P ivóªfvlv evsjvi Rb¨ L †`k‡K
aviv
¯^vaxb Kivi Rb¨
44. gvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡`
M wbR `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ N
Kx n‡Z _v‡K? KjKviLvbv Pvjyi Rb¨
K MYnZ¨v L Av‡›`vjb R fyj N
55. RvnvR Nv‡U e½eÜz mnKg©x‡`i
wgwQj
Kv‡Q Kx PvB‡jb?
45. gvIjvbv Ave`yi iwk`
K fv‡jvevmv L we`vq R ¶gv
ZK©evwMk Kx wQ‡jb? N gyw³
P GgGjG L Ggwc M gš¿x N
56. †Kvb Kv‡R gi‡YI myL jvf Kiv
cÖavbgš¿x
hvq?
46. Kq PvgP Wv‡ei cvwb w`‡q
K kvwš— I k„•Ljv i¶v‡_© g„Zz¨
e½eÜz‡K Abkb fvOv‡bv n‡jv? Q Ab¨vq I AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZev‡`
K GK PvgP Q `y PvgP M wZb
g„Zz¨
PvgP N Pvi PvgP
M Ryjyg I N„Yv mB‡Z bv cvivi g„Zz¨
47. KÕw`b ci evwo‡Z †cuŠQ‡jb e½eÜz N m¤§vb i¶v‡_© g„Zz¨
†kL gywReyi ingvb? 57. KvivMv‡i `yw`b Abk‡bi ci
K wZb w`b L Pvi w`b R cuvP
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
w`b N Qq w`b
†Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv?
48. eo †bŠKvq KÕRb gvjv wb‡q XvKv K †Rj‡M‡Ui evB‡i L Av`vj‡Z
iIqvbv n‡jb †iYy? R nvmcvZv‡j N Ab¨
P wZbRb L PviRb M KvivMv‡i
198 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
58. gwnDwÏb I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi K ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡b L
ingvb †Kb Ilya †L‡jb? gyw³hy× Av‡›`vj‡b
K †ivM wbivg‡qi Rb¨ Q †cU R gvZ…fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b N
cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ MYAv‡›`vjb
M ¯^v¯’¨evb nevi Rb¨ N †Rj †_‡K 68. dwi`cy‡ii KvivMv‡i †kvfvhvÎxiv †Kb
†ei nevi Rb¨ nb© w`‡q †¯vMvb w`‡qwQj?
59. gwnDwÏb †Kvb †iv‡M Pew›`‡`i †kvbv‡bvi Rb¨ L ew›`‡`i
fyMwQ‡jb? mnvbyf~wZi Rb¨
KWvqwiqv L R¡i M gv_v M ew›`‡`i‡K AbycÖvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ N ew›`‡`i
e¨_v S cywiwmm RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨
60. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi 69. †Kvb Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨ ¸wj K‡i
bv‡K Nv n‡jv †Kb? gvbyl nZ¨v Kiv nq n‡qwQj?
K bvmviÜ« eÜ _vKvq Q bvK K Qq`dv Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨ L
w`‡q LvIqv‡bvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Kivi Rb¨
M bv‡K AvNvZ cvIqvq N bv‡K R fvlv-Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨ N
†jvgK‚c †ewk _vKvq gyw³hy× Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨
61. †K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi 70. e½eÜz I gwnDwÏb †RjLvbvq
ingvb‡K Abkb Ki‡Z wb‡la B‡”Q K‡i Kx †L‡Zb¨?
K‡iwQ‡jb? K Kgjvi im Avi jeY L gywo Avi wPwb
K Wv³vi L Kviv-KZ©„c¶ M †Rjvi S RKvMwR †jeyi im Avi jeY N gay
wmwfj-mvR©b Avi `ya
62. KZ Zvwi‡L †RjLvbvq †kL 71. gvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡`
gywReyi ingvb I gwnDÏxb c‡` Kx nq?
P fyj nq L evavcÖvß nq
D‡ØM DrKÉvq w`b KvUvb?
M ¯^vfvweK nq N j¾v nq
K 21†k gvP© Q 21†k
†deª“qvwi 72. bvivqYM‡Ä Kvi evwo‡Z cvwK¯—
M 21†k wW‡m¤^i N 7B gvP© vwbiv Xy‡K fxlY gviwcU K‡i?
63. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †RjLvbv PImgvb Avjxi evwo‡Z L

†_‡K KqLvbv wPwV wj‡LwQ‡jb? AvÕBwfi evwo‡Z

M Rvjv‡ji evwo‡Z N †gv¯—v‡Ki
KcuvPLvbv L QqLvbv M
evwo‡Z
mvZLvbv S PviLvbv
64. †KvbwU 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi 21†k 73. mg¯— XvKv I bvivqYM‡Ä
cvwK¯—vwbiv Kx m„wó K‡i?
†deª“qvwii †¯vMvb wQj?
PÎv‡mi ivRZ¡ L wek„•Ljv
P ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB L †`‡ki
M fqfxwZ N 144
kΓ wbcvZ hvK
aviv
M ivRvKviiv evsjv Qvo N exi
evOvwj A¯¿ ai 74. cvwK¯—vwbiv †Kb evOvwj‡`i
65. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ cÖe‡Ü Ici Ryjyg wbh©vZb ïi“ K‡i?
K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K cÖwZôvi
†Mvjgvj †ewk nIqvi KviY Kx?
Rb¨
P 144 aviv Rvwi Ki‡j L
Q wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K
wgwQ‡j evav w`‡j
cÖwZôvi Rb¨
M ivRe›`xi gyw³ bv w`‡j N ew›`
M Dcfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K cÖwZôvi
K‡i ivL‡j
Rb¨
66. 1952 mv‡ji 22 †deª“qvwi †Kv_vq
N ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR‡K
mvivw`b †kvfvhvÎv P‡j?
cÖwZôvi Rb¨
K gv`vwicy‡i L XvKvq M
PÆMÖv‡g S dwi`cy‡i
75. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
67. †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ c„w_ex‡Z Kv‡`i Rb¨ Rxeb w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z?
K ¯¿x I Kb¨vi Rb¨ L evev I gv‡qi
cÖ_g evOvwjivB i³ †`q?
Rb¨
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 199
M fvB I †ev‡bi Rb¨ S †`k I †`‡ki gvby‡li 85. †kL gywRe‡K gyw³i ci Kxfv‡e
Rb¨ †Rj‡M‡U Avbv n‡jv?
76. K‡qw` †kL gywRey‡ii nv‡Z cv‡q K nuvwU‡q Q
Kx gvwjk Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡iwQj? †÷ªPv‡i K‡i
K Revi †Zj Q mwilvi †Zj M †Kv‡j K‡i N Mvwo‡Z
M bvwi‡Kj †Zj N mqvweb †Zj ewm‡q
77. gwnDwχbi evwo †Kv_vq? 86. †kL gywRe †Rj †_‡K gyw³i
K Lyjbv L ev‡MinvU M h‡kvi Kqw`b c‡i evwo †cuŠ‡QwQ‡jb?
S ewikvj K GKw`b ci L `yw`b ci
78. Kx †L‡q e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb M Pviw`b ci S cuvPw`b ci
Abkb f½ K‡ib? 87. evwo †cuŠQv‡bvi ci †kL
K fvZ Q Wv‡ei cvwb M wPov gywRey‡ii eo †g‡q nvwmbv
N kieZ Kx e‡jwQ‡jb evevi Mjv a‡i?
79. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi K †Zvgvq †h‡Z †`e bv
gyw³i Rb¨ KqUv AW©vi Av‡m? L bvwRg Dwχbi †hb gv_v hvq
K GKwU Q `yBwU M R ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB, ivRew›`‡`i
wZbwU N PviwU gyw³ PvB
80. 1952 wLª÷v‡ã fvlv‡K i¶vi Rb¨ N cvwK¯—vwb †`vmiiv wbcvZ hvK
evOvwjiv Suvwc‡q covi KviY 88. †`‡ki Rb¨ †`‡ki fvlvi Rb¨ huviv
Kx? Rxeb †`b Zuv‡`i Kx ejv nq?
P †`k‡cÖg L åvZ…Z¡‡cÖg Pkwn` L MvRx M Kvcyi“l N
M ag©xq †cÖg N gxiRvdi
¯^M©xq †cÖg 89. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi eo
81. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi fvB‡qi bvg Kx?
Av`k©‡K ey‡K aviY Ki‡j GKRb K wKewiqv L Kvgvj M Rvgvj

gvbyl Kx n‡e e‡j Zzwg g‡b S bv‡mi

K‡iv? 90. gvbyl Kx‡mi Rb¨ AÜ n‡q hvq?
K mwZ¨Kv‡ii ivRv L mwZ¨Kv‡ii K fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ Q ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨
†`k‡`ªvnx M Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ N †fv‡Mi Rb¨
M mwZ¨Kv‡ii Avje`i S 91. 1952 mv‡j XvKvq ¸wj nIqvi ci
mwZ¨Kv‡ii †`k‡cÖwgK MÖv‡gi gvbylI Kx eyS‡Z
82. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †Rj †c‡i‡Q?
†_‡K gyw³ †c‡jI Zuvi †ei“‡Z K cvwK¯—vwbiv AvcbRb L cvwK¯
Lvivc †j‡MwQj †Kb? —vwbiv eÜz
PgwnDwχbi AW©vi bv Avmvq L ¯¿x- M cvwK¯—vwbiv wgÎ S cvwK¯
cyÎiv bv Avmvq —vwbiv kΓ
M XvKv †h‡Z bv cvivq N 92. 1952 mv‡j Avgv‡`i i³ w`‡Z nq
AvgjvZš¿ bv †evSvq †Kb?
83. cvwK¯—vb Rb¥ †bevi ci K MYZ‡š¿i `vwe‡Z L mv¤cÖ`vwqK
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb `v½vi Rb¨
R evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z N
gymwjg jx‡Mi Kx n‡q
¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡Z
c‡owQ‡jb?
KeÜz Q `ykgb M
93. †kL gywReyi ingvb †Kvb ai‡bi
mn‡hv×v N I¯—v` niZvj cvj‡bi AvnŸvb
84. †Rj †_‡K gyw³i ci †kL gywRe‡K Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb?
†K wb‡Z G‡mwQj? K R¡vjvI-†cvovI mn‡hv‡M Q kvwš—
PwcZv L gvZv M mš— c~Y©fv‡e
M bvkKZvi ga¨ w`‡q N Zxeª
vb N ¯¿x
cÖwZev` cÖKvk K‡i
200 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
94. e½eÜz†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi 104. Ômycvwib‡Ub‡W›UÕ kãwUi
msMÖvgkxj mËvq Kx j¶Yxq? A_© Kx?
K ¶gZvi cÖwZ †jvf Q `„p‡PZv me ¶gZvi AwaKvix
K Q
g‡bvfve ZË¡veavqK
M †Mvcb-Avcm-KvwgZv N fxZ n‡q M `j‡bZv N wnmvei¶K
KvivMv‡i Ae¯’vb 105. cvwK¯—v‡bi †ejywP¯—vb
95. KZ Zvwi‡L e½eÜz Rb¥MÖnY cÖ‡`‡ki †jvK‡K Kx e‡j?
K‡ib? gvivwV Q †ejywP M cvÄvwe N
K

K 20 Rvbyqvwi L 20 †deª“qvwi Dw`©

R 20 gvP© N 20 106. wf‡±vwiqv cv‡K©i eZ©gvb
GwcÖj bvg Kx?
96. e½eÜz†Kvb wek¦we`¨vjq RvZxq D`¨vb L igbv cvK©
†_‡K K
M avbgwÊ cvK© S evnv`yi kvn&
weG wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib?
K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq L XvKv cvK©
wek¦we`¨vjq 107. ÔcÖ‡KvôÕ kãwUi A_© Kx?
K `iRv Q KzVwi
R KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq N
M cy¯—K we‡kl N †ivM we‡kl
AvwjMo wek¦we`¨vjq
97. XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q e½eÜz †Kvb 108. †iwWI MÖv‡gi evsjv A_©
wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib? Kx?
K†eZvi Q †eZvi evZ©v M
K evsjv L BwZnvm M `k©b
MYevZ©v N Zvi evZ©v
S AvBb
109. †kL nvwmbvi WvK bvg Kx
98. bvbv MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b
wQj?
†hvM †`qvi Kvi‡Y e½eÜz‡K Kx P nvmy L nvwm M †iYy N LyKx
Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q? 110. e½eÜzi †R¨ô mš—vb †K?
PKviveiY L g„Zz¨eiY M
†kL †invbv K L †kL
msMÖvg N †`k ågY Kvgvj
99. 6 `dvi cÖeZ©K †K? M †kL Rvgvj S †kL
K G. †K. dRjyj nK L gvIjvbv fvlvbx nvwmbv
M b~i“j Avwgb S †kL gywReyi 111. e½eÜzi Kwbô åvZvi bvg
ingvb
Kx?
100. AvIqvgx jxM †Kvb mv‡ji P †kL bv‡mi L †kL
wbe©vP‡b wbi¼zk Rvgvj
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i? M †kL Kvgvj N †kL nvmvb
K 1969 mv‡j Q 1970 mv‡j 112. LqivZ †nv‡mb †K wQ‡jb?
M 1971 mv‡j N 1972 mv‡j K A_©bxwZwe` L wk¶vwe`
101. 1971 mv‡ji KZ Zvwi‡L M eyw×Rxex S
e½eÜz evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv ivRbxwZwe`
AvnŸvb K‡ib? N cvV cwiwPwZ : (†evW© eB
P 7 gvP© L 7 GwcÖj M 7 †g N
†_‡K)
7 Ryb
113. ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ
M kãv_© I UxKv : (†evW© eB MÖ‡š’i fvlv †Kgb?
†_‡K) K e¨½vZ¥K L †Z‡Rv`xß
102. ÔcywiwmmÕ Kx? R mnR mij N RwUj
P e¶e¨vwa L †Pv‡Li 114. ÔAmgvß AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z KZ
†ivM mvj ch©š— NUbvewj ¯’vb
M A‡š¿i †ivM N Kv‡bi †ivM
†c‡q‡Q?
103. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi P 1955 L 1971 M 1957 N 1975
ingv‡bi ¯¿xi WvK bvg Kx?
K †eYy L AYy R †iYy N wgby
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 201
115. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi Rb¨
ingvb‡K XvKv †mbvwbev‡m O eûc`x mgvwßm~PK
AvU‡K ivLvi KviY Kx?
Kfvlv-Av‡›`vjb L Qq `dv `vwe
cÖ‡kœvËi :
RAvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv N
124. Abkb fvOvi Rb¨ †evSv‡bvi
`yb©xwZ gvgjv †Póv Ki‡jbÑ
116. e½eÜzi AvZ¥Rxebx †jLvq i. mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U ii. †WcywU
†Rjvi iii. †Rjvi
†K †cÖiYv w`‡q‡Qb?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P †kL dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe L †kL
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
bv‡mi
125. †gvL‡jmyi ingvb mv‡ne wQ‡jb
M †kL Rvgvj N †kL Kvgvj
i. AgvwqK ii. f`ª iii.
117. e½eÜzi ÔAmgvß wkw¶Z
AvZ¥RxebxÕ KZ mv‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖKvwkZ nq? Ki L ii M iii S i, ii I iii
K 2009 L 2010 M 2011 S 2012 126. Rgv`vi mv‡ne nvwRi n‡jbÑ
118. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ e½eÜzi i. gvjcÎ wb‡q ii. Kvco‡Pvco wb‡q
†Kvb MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ iii. UvKv-cqmv
n‡q‡Q? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi K_v L Ki L ii R i I ii N ii I iii
¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ 127. †Rj †_‡K ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z
R Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx N fvlv- n‡q Av‡QÑ
Av‡›`vj‡bi w`b¸‡jv i. Avg©W cywjk ii. i¨ve iii.
119. e½eÜz †Kvb †R‡j e‡m AvBwe Awdmvi
AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv ïi“ K‡ib? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K h‡kvi †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡i Q XvKv Ki L ii M i I ii S i I iii
†m›Uªvj †R‡j 128. †ejywP my‡e`vi f`ª‡jvK
M KivwP †R‡j N cvÄve †R‡j e½eÜz‡K LyeBÑ
120. e½eÜz‡K †Kvb gvgjvq i. fq †c‡Zb ii. fv‡jvevm‡Zb iii.
XvKv †mbvwbev‡m AvUK kª×v Ki‡Zb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ivLv nq?
Ki L ii R iii N i, ii I iii
K ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Q AvMiZjv
129. Kx‡mi wei“‡× cÖwZev` K‡i
M Qq`dv N ivR‰bwZK
gi‡YI kvwš— Av‡Q?
121. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq i. Ab¨vq ii. AZ¨vPvi iii.
†kL gywReyi ingvb †ewki fvM kvm‡Ki
mgq †Kv_vq KvwU‡q‡Qb? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K k¦ïi evwo‡Z L we‡`‡k R Ki L ii R i I ii N i, ii I iii
KvivMv‡i N XvKvq 130. bvK w`‡q †Rvi K‡i LvIqv‡bvi
122. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ e½eÜz d‡j e½eÜzi bv‡KÑ
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Kx ai‡bi i. Nv n‡qwQj ii. i³ AvmwQj iii.
iPbv? cyuR AvmwQj
P AvZ¥‰RewbK Kvwnwb L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ågYmvwnZ¨ Ki L ii M ii I ii S i I ii
M mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm N 131. e½eÜzi †`L‡Z wKQymsL¨K
HwZnvwmK bvUK mnKg©x AvmjÑ
123. e½eÜzi †Kb fxlY i. †MvcvjMÄ ii. ewikvj iii.
c¨vjwcwUkb nq? Lyjbv
P nv‡U©i `ye©jZvi Rb¨ L fqfxwZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ Ki L ii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
M ew›` Kivi Rb¨ N ¯¿x Kb¨v †Q‡ji
202 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
132. fv‡M¨i wbg©g cwinv‡m eQ‡ii ci M Imgvb Lvb N fvmvbx
eQi †Rj LvU‡Z n‡”QÑ 135. Ab¨ _vbvq ¯’vbvš—i cÖe‡Ü
i. e½eÜz‡K ii. Zvi mnKg©x‡`i iii. †Kv_vq ¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq?
mvaviY RbM‡Yi K †MvcvjMÄ L wmivRMÄ R
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? dwi`cyi N gv`vixcyi
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii  Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 136 I 137
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
P Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK MYAfy¨Ìvb Av‡›`vj‡b AvUKK…Ziv
eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi : gyw³i `vwe‡Z Abkb Ki‡j Kviv-
 Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 133 cÖ‡kœi KZ©„c¶ Zv‡`i‡K bv‡Ki †fZi bj
DËi `vI : XywK‡q Lvevi LvIqvq|
¯§vU© Mv‡g©‡›Ui kªwgKiv †eZb 136. DÏxc‡Ki AbkbKvixiv
fvZvi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb Ki‡j cywjk Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi Kv‡`i
Zv‡`i jvwV‡cUv K‡i| G‡Z kªwgK cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i?
†bZviv Abkb ag©NU cvjb K‡ib| i. e½eÜz ii. ZK©evMxk iii.
¯§vU© Mv‡g©‡›Ui †eZbfvZvi `vwei gwnDwÏb
mv‡_ Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi †Kvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
Av‡›`vj‡bi wgj i‡q‡Q?
K ivóªfvlv Q `vwe 137. DÏxc‡Ki bv‡Ki †fZi w`‡q Lvevi
Av`vq LvIqv‡bvi welqwU Øviv cÖe‡Ü
M MYZš¿ i¶v N ZË¡veavqK Kvi bv‡Ki †fZi Nv n‡q hvq?
K gwnDwχbi Q e½eÜzi
miKvi
M ZK©evMx‡ki N Lvb mv‡n‡ei
133. kªwgK †bZvi Abk‡bi mv‡_
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡QÑ  Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 138 I 139 cÖ‡kœi
i. †kL gywR‡ei ii. gwnDwχbi iii. DËi `vI :
Lvb mv‡n‡ei `vwe Av`vq Ki‡Z wM‡q b¨vkbvj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †dweª‡·i kªwgKiv wgwQj †ei K‡i| cywjk
Ki L iii R i I ii N i, ii I iii
wgwQ‡j ¸wj †Quvo| kwn` nq †ek
 Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 134 I 135 K‡qKRb| d‡j Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv Pi‡g I‡V|
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 138. DÏxc‡Ki wgwQ‡ji mv‡_ †Kvb
†Rg d¨vk‡bi †eZb e„w×i `vwe‡Z wgwQ‡ji mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q?
P 21 †deª“qvwii L 14 AvM÷ 2004
AbkbKvix‡`i cywjk AvUK K‡i _vbvq
M 6 b‡f¤^i 1969 N 25 gvP© 1971
wb‡q hvq| Gici we‡kl kªwgK †bZv‡`i
Ab¨ _vbvq ¯’vbvš—i K‡i| 139. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb Kvi‡Y Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv
134. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl kªwg‡Ki mv‡_ Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i?
K `vwe Av`vq Q wgwQ‡j ¸wj
cÖe‡Üi wgj i‡q‡Q-
M b¨vkbvj †dweª· N cywjk
P e½eÜzi L
ZK©evMxk
wiwfkb Ask (Revision)
Av‡jvP¨ As‡k ÁvbfvÊvi‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ evwoi KvR, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv,
Ávbg~jK Ges Abyavebg~jK AviI wKQy cÖ‡kœvËi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AskwU
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cix¶vi P~ovš— cÖ¯‘wZ I Revision m¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e|
 evwoi KvR
 kvmKiv c‡` c‡` fyj Ki‡Z _vK‡j Z‡`i civRq wbwðZ nq- Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
 ivRew›` Ae¯’vq e½eÜzi Abkb ag©NU Kivi †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j ai|
 ivRew›`‡`i ¯’vbvš—‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|
 Ôgi‡Z †`ebvÕ-K_vwU we‡klY Ki|
 Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕi Av‡jv‡K e½eÜzi †mœnkxj wcZ…‡Z¡i eY©bv `vI|
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 203
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv
 1920 mv‡ji 17 gvP© e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
 1970 mv‡j cvwK¯—v‡b RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wbe©vPb nq|
 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© e½eÜz †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b|
 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© ga¨iv‡Z e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq|
 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi †kL gywRe †`‡k †d‡ib|
 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ mcwiev‡i RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb kvnv`Z
eiY K‡ib|
 21†k †deª“qvwi 1952 fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi wgwQ‡j cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq|
†U·U eyK A¨vbvjvBwmm
K Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi 10. evsjv fvlvi wei“‡× Kviv
1. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb d‡Zvqv w`‡Zb?
Ges gwnDwÏb mv‡ne wK‡mi DËi : gIjvbv mv‡neiv evsjv
Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Q‡jb? fvlvi wei“‡× d‡Zvqv w`‡Zb|
DËi : †R‡ji †fZi Abkb ag©NU 11. †R‡ji wfZi `yRb Kx Rb¨
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Q‡jb| cÖ¯‘Z nw”Q‡jb?
2. †R‡ji mycvwib‡Ub‡W‡›Ui bvg DËi : Abkb ag©NU cvjb Kivi
Kx? Rb¨|
DËi : Avgxi †nv‡mb| 12. `yRb Av‡jvPbv K‡i Kx wVK
3. †gvL‡jmyi ingvb †Kvb c‡` PvKwi K‡iwQ‡jb?
Ki‡Zb? DËi : hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Zviv
DËi : †WcywU †Rjvi c‡`| Abkb fvO‡eb bv|
4. †Kvb Avgjv LyeB †jLvcov 13. †gvL‡jmyi ingvb mv‡ne
Ki‡Zb? †Kvb `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb?
DËi : †WcywU †Rjvi DËi : ivRew›`‡`i †WcywU
†gvL‡jmyi ingvb| †Rjvi|
5. XvKv †_‡K †kL gywRe I 14. miKvi eQ‡ii ci eQi ivRew›`‡`i
gwnDwÏb‡K †Kvb †R‡j cvVv‡bv Kxfv‡e AvUK ivL‡Q?
nq? DËi : webv wePv‡i AvUK
DËi : dwi`cyi †R‡j| ivL‡Q|
6. my‡e`vi †Kv_vKvi wQj? 15. †gvL‡jmyi ingvb mv‡ne †Kgb
DËi : my‡e`vi wQ‡jb GKRb †jvK wQ‡jb?
†ejywP f`ª‡jvK| DËi : LyeB AgvwqK, f`ª I
7. ÔB‡q †KqvevZ n¨vq, Avc wkw¶Z †jvK wQ‡jb|
†RjLvbv †gÕ-Gi Dˇi †kL 16. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq
gywRe Kx e‡jwQ‡jb? D‡jLK…Z †K Lye †jLvcov Ki‡Zb?
DËi : wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb DËi : †gvL‡jmyi ingvb
ÔwKmgZÕ| mv‡ne|
8. cÖe‡Ü †Kvb cv‡K©i K_v D‡jL 17. KZ ZvwiL mKvj‡ejv e½eÜz †kL
Av‡Q? gywReyi ingvb‡K XvKv †K›`ªxq
DËi : wf‡±vwiqv cvK©| KvivMv‡ii †Rj †M‡U wb‡q hvIqv
9. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb n‡jv?
KqwU wPwV wj‡LwQ‡jb? DËi : 15 †deª“qvwi
DËi : PviwU wPwV mKvj‡ejv|
wj‡LwQ‡jb| 18. e½eÜzi gvjcÎ, Kvco-†Pvco I
weQvbv wb‡q †K nvwRi n‡qwQj?
204 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
DËi : Rgv`vi mv‡ne| fyj‡Z cv‡i bv?
19. Kx Pvcv _v‡K bv? DËi : bvivqYM‡Äi Kg©x‡`i|
DËi : Lei Pvcv _v‡K bv| 33. †Kvb Zvwi‡L bvivqYM‡Ä
20. XvKv †Rj †_‡K e½eÜz‡K †Kvb c~Y© niZvj nq?
†R‡j cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj? DËi : 21 †k †deª“qvwi|
DËi : dwi`cyi †R‡j cvVv‡bv 34. Kv‡K wek¦v‡mi e¨vcv‡i
n‡qwQj| †bZviv e½eÜz‡K cÖkœ Ki‡jb?
21. w`‡bi †ejvq KqUvq DËi : gwnDwÏb mv‡ne‡K|
bvivqYMÄ †_‡K RvnvR Qv‡o? 35. gvbyl‡K Kx w`‡q Rq Kiv
DËi : †ejv GMv‡ivUvq| hvq?
22. †K iIbv w`‡Z †`wi KiwQ‡jb? DËi : e¨envi, fv‡jvevmv I
DËi : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi cÖxwZ w`‡q|
ingvb| 36. gvbyl‡K Kx w`‡q Rq Kiv
23. †`wi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z e½eÜz KqUv hvq bv?
evwR‡q w`‡jb? DËi : AZ¨vPvi, Ryjyg I N„Yv
DËi : `kUv evwR‡q w`‡jb| w`‡q|
24. Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi 37. bvivqYM‡Äi mnKg©xiv
cvwK¯—vb nIqvi mgq †Kv_vq KZ¶Y A‡c¶v Kij?
wQ‡jb? DËi : RvnvR bv Qvov ch©š
DËi : †MvcvjM‡Ä wQ‡jb| —|
25. †K e½eÜz‡K LyeB 38. bvivqYMÄ †_‡K †Q‡o G‡m
fv‡jvevm‡Zb Ges kª×v Ki‡Zb? RvnvR †Kvb Nv‡U wfoj?
DËi : Avg©W cywj‡ki DËi : †Mvqvj›` Nv‡U wfoj|
my‡e`vi mv‡ne| 39. e½eÜz I Zuvi mnhvÎxiv KLb
26. Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi dwi`cyi †cuŠQ‡jb?
mv‡ne e½eÜz‡K Kvi wec‡¶ DËi : ivZ PviUvq dwi`cyi
KvR Ki‡Z †`‡L‡Qb? †cuŠQ‡jb|
DËi : cvwK¯—v‡bi wec‡¶| 40. e½eÜz Kv‡K Zuvi bvg
27. e½eÜz‡`i bvivqYM‡Äi ej‡jb?
†Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv? DËi : Pv‡qi †`vKv‡bi
DËi : bvivqYM‡Äi _vbvq| gvwjK‡K|
28. bvivqYM‡Ä e½eÜz Kv‡K Lei 41. dwi`cy‡ii AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
w`‡Z ej‡jb? Kg©xi bvg Kx wQj?
DËi : kvgmy‡¾vnv mv‡ne‡K DËi : gwnDwÏb|
Lei w`‡Z ej‡jb| 42. 1946 mv‡ji B‡jKk‡b e½eÜz
29. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq dwi`cy‡i Kx wQ‡jb?
D‡jLK…Z Kvi evwo mK‡jB †P‡b? DËi : IqvK©vi BbPvR©
DËi : Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb Avjx wQ‡jb|
mv‡n‡ei evwo| 43. dwi`cy‡i AvIqvgx jxM Kg©x
30. XvKv-bvivqYMÄ †iv‡Wi Dc‡i gwni mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡Z †K
bZzb Kx n‡q‡Q? wb‡la K‡iwQj?
DËi : GKUv †nv‡Uj n‡q‡Q| DËi : AvBweÕi †jvK wb‡la
31. KZRb Kg©x wb‡q †Rvnv K‡iwQj|
mv‡ne e‡mwQ‡jb? 44. e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`
DËi : AvU-`kRb Kg©x wb‡q| ZvovZvwo Ilya †L‡jb †Kb?
DËi : †cU cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨|
32. Kv‡`i Z¨vM I wZwZ¶vi K_v
45. Abkb ïi“ Kivi KZw`b ci e½eÜz
†Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK Kg©x I Zuvi mnew›`‡K nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 205
hvIqv n‡jv? 59. Kvi evwoi wfZ‡i Xy‡K fxlY
DËi : `yÕw`b ci| gviwcU Kiv n‡q‡Q?
46. gwnDwÏb mv‡ne †h-†iv‡M DËi : Imgvb Avjx mv‡n‡ei|
fyMwQ‡jb †mUv Kx? 60. †Kv_vq Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ m„wó
DËi : cywiwmm| n‡q‡Q?
47. KZ w`b c‡i bvK w`‡q †Rvi DËi : mg¯— XvKv I
K‡i LvIqv‡Z ïi“ Kij? bvivqYM‡Ä|
DËi : Pviw`b c‡i| 61. e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`‡K
48. e½eÜzi bv‡K Kx wQj? wmwfj mvR©b mv‡ne w`‡bi g‡a¨
DËi : GKUv e¨vivg wQj| KZevi †`L‡Z Avm‡Zb?
49. Abkb ïi“ Kivi KZ w`b c‡i DËi : cuvP-mvZevi †`L‡Z
e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` weQvbv Avm‡Zb|
†_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q 62. e½eÜz Zuvi †jLv wPwV
†d‡jwQ‡jb? PviLvbv dwi`cy‡i Kvi Kv‡Q
DËi : cuvP-Qq w`b c‡i| †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb?
50. 21†k †deª“qvwi e½eÜz I DËi : GK AvZ¥x‡qi Kv‡Q|
Zuvi mnew›` Kxfv‡e w`b 63. e½eÜzi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Kv‡`i
KvUv‡jb? †Pnviv fvmwQj?
DËi : D‡ØM, DrKÉv wb‡q| DËi : Zuvi evev-gv I fvB-
51. QvÎQvÎxiv †kvfvhvÎv K‡i †Rj †evb‡`i †Pnviv fvmwQj|
†M‡U G‡m Kx w`w”Qj? 64. Kvi `ywbqvq †KD †bB?
DËi : wewfbœ †¯vMvb DËi : e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx
w`w”Qj| †iYyi|
52. 144 aviv w`‡jB Kx nq? 65. Kvi dwi`cy‡i †KD †bB?
DËi : †Mvjgvj nq| DËi : e½eÜzi mnew›`
53. QvÎQvÎx GK RvqMvq n‡q Kx gwnDwÏb mv‡n‡ei|
K‡i? 66. gwnDwÏb mv‡n‡ei evwo
DËi : †¯vMvb †`q| †Kv_vq?
54. gvZ…fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b †Kvb DËi : ewikv‡j|
RvwZ i³ w`‡q‡Q? 67. Kx gvidZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
DËi : evOvwj RvwZ i³ ingv‡bi gyw³i AW©vi G‡mwQj?
w`‡q‡Q| DËi : †iwWIMÖvg gvidZ|
55. 21†k †deª“qvwi †Kv_vq ¸wj 68. †R‡j †K e½eÜzi gv_vq nvZ
n‡qwQj? eywj‡q w`‡Z jvM‡jb?
DËi : XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR DËi : gwnDwÏb mv‡ne|
†nv‡÷‡ji Gwiqvi wfZ‡i| 69. e½eÜz‡K †K Wv‡ei cvwb
56. gvby‡li cZb hLb Av‡m ZLb LvB‡q Abkb f½ Kivb?
Kx nq? DËi : e½eÜzi mnew›`
DËi : c‡` c‡` fyj n‡Z _v‡K| gwnDwÏb mv‡ne|
57. D`©y‡K GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv Kivi 70. †K †R‡j Avmvi c~e©w`b ch©š
K_v e‡j Kvi g‡Zv †bZvI evav — gymwjg jx‡Mi wewkó m`m¨
bv †c‡q wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb? wQ‡jb?
DËi : Kv‡q‡` AvRg †gvnv¤§` DËi : e½eÜzi mnew›`
Avjx wRbœvni g‡Zv †bZv| gwnDwÏb mv‡ne|
58. Kvi Rbmg_©b †Kv‡bvw`b 71. ivRbxwZ‡Z Kx †`Lv †M‡Q?
evsjv‡`‡k wQj bv? DËi : ivRbxwZ‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q
DËi : LvRv bvwRgDwχbi| GKB `‡ji †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva n‡j
206 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
`ykgwb †ewk nq| e‡j Wv‡K?
72. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbv DËi : e½eÜzi †R¨ô Kb¨v
Abymv‡i Kvi mn¨kw³ Lye †ewk? nvmy ev nvwmbv|
DËi : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi 86. e½eÜz hLb †R‡j hvb ZLb
ingv‡bi wcZvi| Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ Kvgv‡ji eqm KZ
73. e½eÜz‡K Kxfv‡e dwi`cyi wQj?
†Rj †M‡U wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv? DËi : gvÎ K‡qK gvm|
DËi : †÷ªPv‡i K‡i| 87. †K e½eÜzi Mjv a‡i c‡o iBj?
74. †Rj †_‡K gyw³ †c‡q e½eÜz DËi : e½eÜzi †R¨ô cyÎ Kvgvj|
Kvi evwo‡Z DV‡jb? 88. e½eÜzi g‡Z KqkÕ eQi c‡i
DËi : AvjvDwÏb Lvb mv‡n‡ei Avgiv ¯^vaxb n‡qwQjvg?
evwo‡Z| DËi : `yBkÕ eQi c‡i|
75. e½eÜz‡K †`L‡Z †K iv¯—vq P‡j 89. K‡e †_‡K MÖv‡gi †jvKRb
G‡mwQ‡jb? eyS‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h, hviv
DËi : e½eÜzi GK dzdz| kvmb Ki‡Q Zviv RbM‡Yi
76. e½eÜzi dzdzevwo †Kvb AvcbRb bq?
MÖv‡g? DËi : 1952 mvj †_‡K|
DËi : b~icyi MÖv‡g| L Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
77. e½eÜzi eo †ev‡bi evwo 1. †kL gywReyi ingvb Abkb
†Kv_vq? ag©NU Kivi wm×vš— wb‡jb
DËi : gv`vixcy‡ii `Ëcvovq| †Kb?
78. e½eÜzi gyw³i Lei †c‡q †Kvb DËi : webvwePv‡i
Nv‡U Kg©xiv e‡mwQj? ivRbxwZwe`‡`i †R‡j AvU‡K ivLvi
DËi : wmwÜqvNv‡U| cÖwZev`¯^i~c †kL gywReyi
79. e½eÜzi fvB Lei †c‡q ingvb Abkb ag©NU Kivi wm×vš—
†Kv‡Ì‡K iIbv n‡jb? wb‡jb|
DËi : Lyjbv †_‡K| fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b eû †bZv-Kg©x
80. e½eÜz gyw³ cvIqvi KZ w`b AvUK n‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb
ci evwo †cuŠ‡QwQ‡jb? e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| cÖvq
DËi : cuvPw`b ci| mvZvk-AvUvk gvm Zuv‡K
81. e½eÜzi Mjv a‡i Zvi †R¨ô webvwePv‡i †Rjew›` K‡i ivLv nq|
Kb¨v nvmy ev nvwmbv cÖwZev`¯^i~c wZwb I gwnDwÏb
cÖ_‡gB Kx ejj? mv‡ne Abkb ïi“ K‡ib| nq gyw³ bv
DËi : ÒAveŸv, ivóªfvlv evsjv nq g„Zz¨| G wQj Zuv‡`i wPš—v|
PvB, ivRew›`‡`i gyw³ PvB|Ó
Ae‡k‡l Zuviv Abkb ïi“ Ki‡jb|
82. e½eÜzi cwievi 21†k
2. ÒB‡q K¨vqv ev_ n¨vq, Avc
†deª“qvwi‡Z †Kv_vq wQj?
†RjLvbv †gÕ †K, †Kb e‡jwQ‡jb?
DËi : XvKvq|
DËi : my‡e`vi †ejywP f`ª‡jvK
83. †K e½eÜz‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨¯—
e½eÜz‡K Av‡M †_‡K wPb‡Zb e‡j
n‡q c‡owQ‡jb?
GK_v e‡jwQ‡jb|
DËi : e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
84. e½eÜz‡K †`L‡Z mnKg©xiv †Kvb
XvKv †_‡K dwi`cyi †R‡j †bqvi mgq
†Kvb RvqMv †_‡K G‡mwQj?
Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi Zv‡K
DËi : †MvcvjMÄ, Lyjbv I
wP‡b †d‡jb| †Kbbv, cvwK¯—vb
ewikvj †_‡K|
nIqvi mgq my‡e`vi †MvcvjM‡Ä
85. †K gv‡S gv‡S †Ljv †d‡j G‡m
wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb †ejywP
e½eÜz‡K ÔAveŸvÕ ÔAveŸvÕ
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 207
f`ª‡jvK| †kL gywRe‡K †ek Ó
fv‡jvevm‡Zb I kª×v Ki‡Zb| c~e© 5. e½eÜz‡K bv‡Ki †fZi bj w`‡q
cwiwPZ nIqvq wZwb Zuv‡K Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nw”Qj †Kb?
cÖkœwU K‡ib Ges e½eÜz †kL DËi : AbkbiZ gywRe †hb gviv bv
gywReyi ingvb DËi †`b hvq †mRb¨ Zuv‡K bv‡Ki †fZi bj
ÒwKmgZÓ| Gici Zuv‡`i †Nvovi w`‡q Zij Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nw”Qj|
Mvwo‡Z Zz‡j bvivqYMÄ jÂNv‡U Abkb Kivi c~‡e© †kL gywRe I
dwi`cy‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡q hvIqv nq| gwnDwÏb mv‡ne Ilya †L‡q †cU
3. XvKv †_‡K bvivqYMÄ †bqvi c‡_ cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡jb| Gici Abkb ïi“i
†kL gywRe Mvwo‡Z DV‡Z- `yw`‡bi gv_vq Zv‡`i‡K
bvg‡Z †`wi KiwQ‡jb †Kb? nvmcvZv‡j wb‡Z nq| Pviw`b P‡j
DËi : †kL gywReyi ingvb GRb¨ †M‡j Ae¯’v Av‡iv bvRyK nq Ges
†`wi KiwQ‡jb †h, hw` †Kv‡bv `yRbB gyg~l©y n‡qc‡ob| d‡j
cwiwPZ †jvK‡K †`Lv hvq Z‡e †Kv‡bv Dcvqvš—i bv †`‡L
Zv‡`i †Kv_vq wb‡q hvIqv n‡”Q Zv wPwKrmKiv bv‡Ki g‡a¨ bj XywK‡q
Rvbv‡eb| Zij Lvevi LvB‡qwQ‡jb| GRb¨
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges e½eÜzi bv‡Ki †fZi Nv n‡q
gwnDwÏb mv‡ne‡K XvKv †RjLvbv wM‡qwQj|
†_‡K dwi`cyi wb‡q hvIqv nw”Qj| 6. e½eÜz I Zvi mnew›` gwnDwÏb
mKvj GMv‡ivUvq bvivqYMÄ †_‡K mv‡ne Abkb ag©N‡Ui wm×vš
j‡Â DV‡Z n‡e| ZvB Avgjviv — wb‡jb †Kb?
ZvovZvwo KiwQj| A_P e½eÜz †kL DËi : ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii Ab¨vq I
gywReyi ingvb Zuvi eB, LvZv, wbh©vZbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Êi
e¨vM BZ¨vw` †MvQv‡Z Ges cÖwZev‡` e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`
†Nvovi Mvwo †_‡K bvg‡Z I gwnDwÏb mv‡ne Abkb ag©N‡Ui
U¨vw·‡Z DV‡Z †`wi KiwQ‡jb| wm×vš— wb‡jb|
wZwb †f‡ewQ‡jb hw` cwiwPZ e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` gwnDwÏb
†Kv‡bv †jvK cvIqv hvq Z‡e Zvi mv‡ne wQ‡jb ivRew›`| miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q me LeivLei cvVv‡bv hv‡e| ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmb, Ryjyg I Ab¨vq
4. Ò`ytL Avgvi †bBÓ-†kL gywRe Kv‡Ri cÖwZev‡` Zuv‡`i ew›` n‡Z
†Kb GK_v ej‡jb? n‡q‡Q| A_P miKvi Zuv‡`i eQ‡ii ci
DËi : Ab¨vq I AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× eQi webvwePv‡i AvUK ivL‡Q|
msMÖvg K‡i gi‡Z e½eÜzi †Kv‡bv miKv‡ii Ggb Ab¨vq I wbh©vZbg~jK
`ytL †bB e‡j wZwb cÖ‡kœv³ Kv‡Ri cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨B Zuviv Abkb
DׄwZwU K‡i‡Qb| ag©N‡Ui wm×vš— wb‡jb|
XvKv †_‡K dwi`cyi †bqvi mgq 7. †R‡ji KZ©v-e¨w³‡`i wei“‡×
bvivqYMÄ jÂNv‡U hLb Rvnv‡R e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`i ejvi
DV‡jb ZLb AvIqvgx †bZvKg©x wKQy †bB †Kb?
†kL gywR‡ei Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ‡jb| DËi : †R‡ji KZ©v-e¨w³iv AgvwqK,
RvnvR †Q‡o hvIqvi c~‡e© wZwb f`ª, wkw¶Z Ges KZ©e¨K‡g©
mnKg©x‡`i D‡Ïk K‡i ej‡jb, wbôvevb wQ‡jb|
ÒRxe‡b Avi bvI †`Lv n‡Z cv‡i|Ó e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` miKv‡ii
Gici mK‡ji KvQ †_‡K ¶gv †P‡q Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× Abkb
e‡jb, Ògi‡Z †Zv GKw`b n‡eB hw` ag©N‡Ui wm×vš— wb‡j †Rjv
Ab¨vq I AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Ges ivRew›`‡`i
Av‡›`vjb K‡i gi‡Z cvwi Z‡e †m †WcywU †Rjvi Zuv‡`i‡K G wm×vš
g„Zz¨ n‡Z Avgvi †Kv‡bv `ytL †bB| — †_‡K wd‡i Avmvi Aby‡iva K‡ib|
208 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
Rev‡e e½eÜz e‡jb, †Rj KZ©„c‡¶i AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZvKg©xi Kv‡Q
wei“‡× Zuv‡`i ejvi wKQy †bB| Zuvi XvKv †_‡K dwi`cyi e`wj nIqvi
†R‡ji KZ©v-e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i LeiwU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
KL‡bv g‡bvgvwjb¨ nqwb| e½eÜz 10. Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi
Ges Zuvi eÜz Df‡q Rv‡bb, miKv‡ii e½eÜz‡K LyeB fv‡jvevmZ Ges
ûKz‡gB †R‡ji KZ©v-e¨w³‡`i Pj‡Z kª×v KiZ †Kb?
nq| ZvQvov Zv‡`i AgvwqK, f`ª I DËi : cvwK¯—vb Av‡›`vjb I
wkw¶Z AvPiYI e½eÜz I Zuvi cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvq e½eÜzi
mnew›`‡K| †MŠi‡ev¾¡j f~wgKvi Rb¨ Avg©W
8. e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`‡K Ab¨ cywj‡ki my‡e`vi e½eÜz‡K LyeB
†R‡j cvVv‡bvi KviY Kx? fv‡jvevmZ Ges kª×v KiZ|
DËi : ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb wQ‡jb
miKvi weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ Gov‡Z cvwK¯—v‡bi wei“‡× Av‡›`vj‡bi
e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›`‡K Ab¨ †R‡j GKRb cÖ_g mvwii Kg©x| Avg©W
cvVvq| cywj‡ki my‡e`vi GKRb †ejywP
¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM miKvi f`ª‡jvK| cvwK¯—vb ivlUª
e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` gwnDwÏb cÖwZôvKvjxb wZwb †MvcvjM‡Ä
mv‡ne‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi webvwePv‡i wQ‡jb| †MvcvjMćK cvwK¯—vbfy³
AvUK †i‡L‡Q| miKv‡ii G AZ¨vPvi I Ki‡Z gymwjg jx‡Mi GKRb cÖ_g
Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× e½eÜz I Zvi mvwii Kg©x I Zi“Y †bZv wn‡m‡e
mnew›` Abkb ag©N‡Ui wm×vš— e½eÜzi †MŠi‡ev¾¡j f~wgKvi Rb¨
†bb| ivRavbx kni XvKvi †K›`ªxq Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi
†R‡ji Ggb GKwU e¨vcvi gyn~‡Z© e½eÜz‡K LyeB fv‡jvevmZ Ges
mviv kn‡i Qwo‡q co‡j Rb-Am‡š— kª×v KiZ|
vl e„w× †cZ| Rb-Am‡š—vl I 11. e½eÜz U¨vw·Iqvjv‡K †ewk
weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ Gov‡Z miKvi †Rv‡i Pvjv‡Z wb‡la Kivi g~j
ZvB XvKvi evB‡ii GK cÖZ¨š— KviY Kx?
A‡ji †R‡j e½eÜz I Zuvi DËi : g~jZ cw_g‡a¨ †PbvRvbv
mnew›`‡K cvVvq| †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki mv‡_ mv¶vr nIqvi
9. XvKv †Rj †_‡K dwi`cyi †R‡j iIbv cÖZ¨vkvq e½eÜz U¨vw·Iqvjv‡K
n‡Z e½eÜz †`wi Ki‡jb †Kb? †Rv‡i Pvjv‡Z wb‡la Ki‡jb|
DËi : bvivqYM‡Äi mKvj †ejvi e½eÜz PvBwQ‡jb †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡i
Rvnv‡R IVv evwZj K‡i Zuv‡`i AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZvKg©x‡`i Kv‡Q
XvKv †Rj †_‡K dwi`cyi †R‡j Mg‡bi Zuvi XvKv †Rj †_‡K dwi`cyi †R‡j
welqwU AvIqvgx jx‡Mi AvKw¯§K e`wj Ges Zuv‡`i Abkb
†bZvKg©x‡`i Rvbv‡bvi ag©N‡Ui LeiwU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z|
cÖ‡qvR‡b| XvKv †Rj †_‡K wf‡±vwiqv cvK©
KZ©„c¶ weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ ch©š— G‡mI †m KvRwU wZwb
Gov‡Z e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avkv wQj iv¯—vq
gwnDwÏb mv‡ne‡K AvKw¯§K I †Kv‡bv †PbvRvbv †jvK‡K †c‡j
AZ¨š— †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ XvKv wZwb LeiwU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z mg_©
†Rj †_‡K dwi`cyi †R‡j cvVv‡bvi n‡eb| G Kvi‡Y iv¯—vq wZwb
e¨e¯’v K‡ib| e½eÜz †Rj †_‡K iIbv Gw`K-Iw`K ZvKvw”Q‡jb| wKš‘
Ki‡Z †`wi Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| †Kbbv U¨vw·Iqvjv eo †ewk †Rv‡i
bvivqYMÄ †_‡K †ejv 11Uvi Pvjvw”Qj| †m Kvi‡Y e½eÜz †KŠkj
Rvnv‡R IVv Gov‡Z cvi‡j ivZ 1Uvq K‡i U¨vw·Iqvjv‡K ej‡jb, Ò †ewk
cieZ©x RvnvR| Gi g‡a¨ e½eÜz
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 209
†Rv‡i Pvjv‡eb bv, KviY evevi Kv‡ji mKv‡j bvkZv Ki‡Z evB‡ii GK Pv‡qi
RxebUv †hb iv¯—vq bv hvq|Ó †`vKv‡b wM‡qI e½eÜz dwi`cy‡ii
12. e½eÜz iv‡Z †nv‡U‡j †L‡Z cwiwPZ KvD‡K †`L‡Z †c‡jb bv|
†M‡jb †Kb? †R‡ji w`‡K †divi mgq dwi`cy‡ii
DËi : bvivqYM‡Äi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi 1946 mv‡ji B‡jKk‡bi mgq e½eÜz
†bZvKg©x‡`i mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK gymwjg jx‡Mi IqvK©vi BbPvR©
Avjv‡ci cÖ‡qvR‡b e½eÜz iv‡Z wQ‡jb, †m mgqKvi gwnDwÏb Ii‡d
†nv‡U‡j †L‡Z †M‡jb| gwn bv‡gi GK Kg©x‡K
e½eÜzi Lei †c‡q bvivqYM‡Äi mvB‡Kj‡hv‡M †Kv_vI †h‡Z †`L‡jb|
kvgmy‡¾vnv mv‡ne, eRjyi ingvb, e½eÜz Zv‡K bvg a‡i WvK‡jb|
Avjgvm Avjxmn A‡b‡KB _vbvq AvBweÕi wb‡la AMÖvn¨ K‡i
G‡mwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zv‡`i _vbvq e½eÜz eZ©gvb AvIqvgx jxM
†ewk¶Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z †`qv nqwb| Kg©x gwni gvidZ Zvi dwi`cyi †R‡j
GgZve¯’vq e½eÜz Avï-ivR AvMgb Ges Abk‡bi K_v dwi`cy‡ii
‰bwZK Avjvc I Kg©‡KŠkj wVK mnKg©x‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡jb|
Ki‡Z bvivqYM‡Äi †bZ…e„›`‡K iv‡Z 15. e½eÜz Avi Zuvi mnew›`‡K
†Kv‡bv †nv‡U‡j †`Lv Ki‡Z ej‡jb| †Rj KZ©„c¶ Kxfv‡e LvIqvw”Qj?
cwiKíbv Abymv‡i e½eÜz iv‡Z DËi : e½eÜz Avi Zuvi mnew›`‡K †Rj
†nv‡U‡j †L‡Z †M‡jb| KZ©„c¶ bv‡Ki wfZi bj w`‡q †Rvi K‡i
13. bvbv wbh©vZb, wbcxob LvB‡qwQj|
GgbwK gi‡YI †Kb e½eÜzi `ytL e½eÜz Avi Zuvi mnew›` gwnDwÏb
mv‡ne `yR‡bi kixi Lvivc nIqvq †Rj-
†bB?
KZ©„c¶ Abkb ïi“i Pviw`b ci bvK
DËi : Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡×
w`‡q †Rvi K‡i LvIqv‡Z ïi“ Kij| bv‡Ki
cÖwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q bvbv
wfZi bj XywK‡q Zv †c‡Ui g‡a¨ ch©š
wbh©vZb, wbcxob GgbwK gi‡YI
— †cuŠ‡Q †`q| Zvici b‡ji gy‡L GKUv
e½eÜzi `ytL †bB e‡j wZwb
Kv‡ci g‡Zv jvwM‡q †`q| Zv‡Z GKUv
bvivqYM‡Äi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
wQ`ª _v‡K| †mB Kv‡ci g‡a¨ `y‡ai
†bZvKg©x‡`i Rvbvb| ivZ 1Uvi mgq
g‡Zv cvZjv K‡i Lvevi †X‡j †`q|
e½eÜz bvivqYM‡Äi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
†bZvKg©x mK‡ji KvQ †_‡K we`vq 16. †Rj KZ©„c¶ n¨vÛKvd
†bb| G mgq wZwb e‡jb, Rxe‡b Avi civ‡bvi †jvKRb wb‡q Av‡m
†`Lv bv n‡ZI cv‡i| ZvB mK‡j †hb †Kb?
Zv‡K ¶gv K‡i †`q| Gici wZwb AviI DËi : †Rj KZ©„c‡¶i bv‡Ki wfZi bj
e‡jb, GKw`b gi‡ZB n‡e, ZvB Zvi w`‡q †Rvi K‡i LvIqv‡bv‡Z AvcwË
†Kv‡bv `ytL †bB| †Kbbv, Ab¨vq I Rvbv‡j Zviv n¨vÛKvd civ‡bvi
AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× cÖwZev` K‡i givi g‡a¨ †jvKRb wb‡q Av‡m|
kvwš— Av‡Q| ZvB Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii Av‡M †_‡KB gwnDwÏb mv‡ne c-
wei“‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q bvbv ywiwmm †iv‡M fyMwQ‡jb|
wbh©vZb, wbcxob, GgbwK gi‡YI e½eÜzi
e½eÜzi bv‡KI GKUv e¨vivg wQj|
`ytL †bB|
`yÕwZbevi bj jvMv‡bvi c‡iB bv‡K
14. e½eÜz Zuvi dwi`cyi †R‡j
Nv n‡q wM‡qwQj| i³ AvmZ Avi
Avmvi K_v Kxfv‡e dwi`cy‡ii
hš¿Yv n‡Zv| GgZve¯’vq Zuviv
mnKg©x‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡jb?
`yRb bj w`‡q Lvevi MÖn‡Y AvcwË
DËi : gwnDwÏb Ii‡d gwn bv‡gi GK
Rvbv‡j †Rj KZ©„c¶ n¨vÛKvd
AvIqvgx jxM Kg©xi gvidZ e½eÜz
civ‡bvi †jvKRb wb‡q Av‡m, evav
Zuvi dwi`cyi †R‡j Avmvi K_v
w`‡j n¨vÛKvd cwi‡q †Rvi K‡i
dwi`cy‡ii mnKg©x‡`i Kv‡Q
LvIqv‡e e‡j|
†cuŠQv‡jb|
210 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
17. e½eÜz GKRb K‡qw`‡K w`‡q cvwK¯—vwb kvmKe‡M©i cÖwZ
†Mvc‡b †Kb K‡qK UzKiv KvMR G‡`kevmx we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o|
Avb‡jb? †`kevmxi wbqgZvwš¿K cÖwZev`‡K
DËi : wPwV †jLvi Rb¨ e½eÜz GKRb A‡¯¿i gy‡L `vwe‡q ivLvi †Póv †h
K‡qw`‡K w`‡q †Mvc‡b K‡qK UzKiv weivU g~L©Zv I AvZ¥NvZxg~jK
KvMR Avb‡jb| KvR, †m wel‡q Bw½Z K‡i e½eÜz
AwZkq `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y e½eÜz ej‡jb, gymwjg jxM miKvi KZ eo
weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q AcwiYvg`wk©Zvi KvR Kij| †Kbbv,
†djwQ‡jb| nv‡U© fxlY c¨vjwcwUkb †Rvi K‡i †Kv‡bv RvwZi Abyf~wZ,
nw”Qj| wbtk¦vm †dj‡Z Kó nw”Qj, †PZbv I RvMiY‡K `vwe‡q ivLv hvq
`ynvZ KuvcwQj, wZwb fve‡jb Avi bv|
†ewkw`b Avqy †bB| GgZve¯’vq GKvš 20. 1952 mv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
— wcÖqRb wcZv-gvZv, ¯¿x Ges ivR †bZvKg©x‡`i Dci ¶gZvmxb
‰bwZK ¸i“ †nv‡mb knx` gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii `gb-
†mvnivIqv`©x I gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` cxo‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j ai|
Lvb fvmvbx‡K wPwV gvidZ wKQy DËi : 1952 mv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
†jLvi Rb¨ GKRb K‡qw` gvidZ †Mvc‡b †bZvKg©x‡`i Dci ¶gZvmxb
K‡qK UzKiv KvMR Avbv‡jb| gymwjg jxM miKvi `gb-cxob
18. 21†k †deª“qvwi e½eÜz I Pvjv‡Z wM‡q mg¯— XvKvq I
Zuvi mnew›`‡`i D‡ØM, DrKÉv bvivqYM‡Ä GK Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ m„wó
wb‡q KvUv‡bvi KviY Kx? K‡iwQj|
DËi : b~i“j Avgxb miKv‡ii 144 ¶gZvmxb miKvi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
aviv Rvwii Kvi‡Y 21†k †deª“qvwi kxl© †bZv gIjvbv Ave`yyi iwk`
e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` D‡ØM, ZK©evMxk GgGjG, LqivZ †nv‡mb
DrKÉv wb‡q w`b KvUvw”Q‡jb| GgGjG, Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb Avjx
e½eÜz Zuvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi GgGjG Ges †gvnv¤§` Aveyj
AwfÁZvq †`‡L‡Qb †h, 144 aviv †nv‡mb I L›`Kvi †gvkZvK
Rvwi Ki‡jB †Mvjgvj nq, Rvwi bv Avng`mn kZ kZ QvÎ I Kg©x‡K
Ki‡j †Mvjgvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg †MÖdZvi K‡iwQj| `y-GKw`b c‡i
_v‡K| †RjLvbvi ew›` Rxe‡b e½eÜz †ek K‡qKRb cÖ‡dmi, gIjvbv
ev Zuvi mnew›` evB‡ii †Kv‡bv fvmvbx, kvgmyj nK mv‡ne I eû
LeiB cvw”Q‡jb bv| XvKv †_‡K AvIqvgx jxM †bZv I Kg©x‡K
A‡bK `~‡ii kni dwi`cy‡iI niZvj Ges †MÖdZvi K‡i| bvivqYM‡Ä Lvb
bvbv †¯vMvb mnKv‡i QvÎQvÎx‡`i mv‡ne Imgvb Avjxi evwoi wfZ‡i
†kvfvhvÎv †Rj †M‡U AvmwQj| G‡Z Xy‡K †jvKRb‡K fxlY gviwcU K‡i| e„ ×
K‡i XvKvi cwiw¯’wZ wPš—v K‡i Lvb mv‡ne I Zuvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Ici
e½eÜz I Zuvi mnew›` 21†k AK_¨ AZ¨vPvi Pvjvq|
†deª“qvwi DrKÉvq KvUv‡jb| 21. Abk‡b g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K©
19. e½eÜz 21†k †deª“qvwi‡Z wmwfj mvR©‡bi wRÁvmvi
QvÎRbZvi wgwQ‡j ¸wj Kiv‡K Rev‡e e½eÜzi cÖwZwµqv
gymwjg jxM miKv‡i eo e¨vL¨v Ki|
AcwiYvg`wk©Zvi KvR ej‡jb †Kb? DËi : e½eÜz †`k I RvwZi Rb¨ Zuvi
DËi : e½eÜz QvÎ-RbZvi wgwQ‡j ¸wj g„Zz¨‡ZI `ytL †bB e‡j Rvbvb|
Kiv‡K gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii eo Abk‡b e½eÜz g„Zz¨i KvQvKvwQ
AcwiYvg`wk©Zvi KvR ej‡jb| cvwK¯— †cuŠ‡Q hvb| GgZve¯’vq wmwfj
v‡bi msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv mvR©b e½eÜz‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb,
n‡jv evsjv| †m evsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Gfv‡e g„Zz¨eiY K‡i wK †Kv‡bv jvf
Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Kivq n‡e? evsjv‡`k †h Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K
 evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 211
A‡bK wKQy Avkv K‡i| wmwfj `xN© mvZvk-AvUvk gvm
mvR©‡bi cÖ‡kœi cÖwZwµqvq KvivRxeb †k‡l e½eÜz evwo wdi‡j
e½eÜz e‡jb, ÒA‡bK †jvK Av‡Q| KvR Kb¨v nvmy Zuv‡K wPb‡jI cyÎ
c‡o _vK‡e bv| †`k‡K I †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Kvgv‡ji Kv‡Q wZwb AcwiwPZRb|
fv‡jvevwm, Zv‡`i Rb¨| Rxeb w`‡Z
GKw`b `yB fvB-†evb †Ljvi mgq
cvijvg, GB kvwš—|Ó
nvmy wKQy¶Y cici †Ljv †i‡L
22. e¨vL¨v KiÑ Ònvmy Avcv,
e½eÜzi Kv‡Q G‡m ÔAveŸvÕ e‡j
nvmy Avcv, †Zvgvi AveŸv‡K
WvKwQj| Kvgvj Z…òvZ© bq‡b
Avwg GKUz AveŸv ewj?Ó
†P‡q †`LwQj| GKch©v‡q Kvgvj Zvi
DËi : e½eÜzi †R¨ô cyÎ Kvgvj Zvi
eo †evb‡K D‡Ïk K‡i ejj, Ònvmy
eo †evb nvmy ev nvwmbv‡K
Avcv, nvmy Avcv, †Zvgvi AveŸv‡K
D‡Ïk¨ K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb|G K_vq
Avwg GKUz AveŸv ewj?Ó G
`xN©w`b bv †`Lv Rb¥v`vZv
cÖm‡½ e½eÜz cieZ©x‡Z
wcZvi A‡Pbv n‡q hvIqvi welqwU
`ytLfvivµvš— ü`‡q e‡jwQ‡jb,
D‡V G‡m‡Q|
wb‡Ri †Q‡jI A‡bKw`b bv †`L‡j fy‡j
e½eÜz hLb Kvivew›` wn‡m‡e †R‡j
hvq|
hvb ZLb Kvgvj K‡qK gv‡mi wkïgvÎ|
cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)
 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK
cÖkœ : 1| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
1962 mv‡ji 30†k Rvbyqvwi †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x‡K †`kwe‡ivax loh‡š¿i
Awf‡hv‡M †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| G Lei c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡j QvÎiv
miKviwe‡ivax cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i| Gi d‡j Qv·`i Ici cywj‡ki e¨vcK aicvKo I
wbh©vZb †b‡g Av‡m|
K. e½eÜz‡K KZ Zvwi‡L gyw³ †`qv n‡q‡Q? 1
L. AbkbKvixiv weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ‡jb †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi wgj¸‡jv Zz‡j ai| 3
N. DÏxc‡K miKvi we‡ivax †h cÖwZwµqv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi Av‡jv‡K
we‡klY Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. e½eÜz‡K 27 Zvwi‡L gyw³ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
L. AbkbKvix‡`i kixi AwZkq `ye©j n‡q covq Zuviv weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q
†d‡jwQ‡jb|
Abkb ïi“ Kivi `yB w`b ci †_‡K AbkbKvix‡`i kvixwiK Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K| Avi Pvi
w`b ci Zuv‡`i Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc nIqvq Zuv‡`i †Rvi K‡i bv‡Ki wfZi bj XywK‡q `y‡ai
g‡Zv cvZjv Lvevi LvIqv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e w`‡bi ci w`b Abkb Kivq Zuv‡`i kvixwiK
Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jb|
 wUcm :
M. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq e½eÜz‡K AvU‡K ivLvi Kvi‡Y mvaviY gvbyl-†h
cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q Zvi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ i‡q‡QÑ e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K ZrKvjxb cwðg cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii wei“×vPviY cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Ges G
miKv‡ii we‡ivwaZv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi g‡a¨ e½eÜzi Pwi‡ÎI cvIqv hvqÑ
we‡klY Ki|
cÖkœ : 2| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
†Zvgvi ivB‡dj †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Q Rxeb Zzwg `vI _‡iv_‡iv `xß cÖvY †eq‡bU wbnZ jvk‡K
†Zvgvi cv‡qi k‡ã evsjv‡`‡k Nbvq dvêyb Avi 56 nvRvi eM©gvB‡ji G-weaŸ¯— evMv‡b GK
my‡i Mvb †M‡q I‡V mvZ †KvwU wecbœ †KvwKj|
K. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq miKvi KZ aviv Rvwi K‡iwQj? 1
212 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
L. 21†k †deª“qvwi‡Z XvKvq fxlY †Mvjgvj n‡qwQj †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K GK‡Z¡i †h myi †e‡R I‡V‡Q Zv Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. DÏxcKwU Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvi mgMÖfve‡K aviY K‡i‡QÓ†Zvgvi Dˇii c‡¶
hyw³ `vI| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq miKvi 144 aviv Rvwi K‡iwQj|
L. gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K cÖwZôvi `vwe‡Z 21†k †deª“qvwi XvKvq fxlY †Mvjgvj nq|
cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi Rbmvavi‡Yi Dci bvbv Ab¨vq `vwe
Pvcv‡Z _v‡K| Gi †fZi D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡jv D`©y fvlv‡K evsjv fvlvfvlxi Dci Pvwc‡q
†`qv| wKš‘ evOvwjiv G Ab¨vq `vwe †g‡b †bq wb| ZvB Zviv Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡i| Avi
G Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡iB 21†k †deª“qvwi‡Z XvKvq fxlY †Mvjgvj n‡qwQj|
 wUcm& :
M. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b HK¨e× cÖwZev‡`i wPÎ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| hv
DÏxc‡K mvZ‡KvwU gvby‡li H‡K¨i Abyi~c|
N. Ôevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÕ iPbvq wbR †`‡ki AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cÖwZ evOvwji
mvnwmKZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, DÏxc‡K †m mvnwmKZvi myiB dz‡U D‡V‡QÑ G
welqwU Av‡jvPbv Ki|