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Underwater Image Transmission Using Spatial Modulation Unequal
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Error Protection for Internet of Underwater Things
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lensby (https://s
References
groups/p
Hamada Esmaiel (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/541569) 1,2  (mailto:please_login)
(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-8908),
  thumb_up
textsms
Zeyad A. H. Qasem (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/RmhPM0todnRBRDlwZ1l3SkFSQnp4em5KNX
3  (mailto:please_login),

Haixin Sun (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/421505) 3,*  (mailto:please_login) (https://orcid.org/0000-

0001-8249-1197),
Junfeng Wang (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/700602) 4  (mailto:please_login) and
Naveed Ur Rehman Junejo (https://sciprofiles.com/profile/689252) 3  (mailto:please_login)

1 Department of Information and Communication, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005,
China
2 Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
3 School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 316005, China
4 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300383, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2019, 19(23), 5271; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235271 (https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235271)

Received: 2 October 2019 / Revised: 20 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 November 2019 /

Published: 29 November 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Challenges of Internet of Underwater Things (
/journal/sensors/special_issues/IoUT ))

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Abstract
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lensA
first_page settings
spatial modulation (SM) scheme has been developed as a hopeful candidate for spectral and energy-efficient
Introduction
(/)
lenswireless communication systems, as it provides a great judgment for the system performance, data transmission
Encoded Image Classification
lensrate,
searchmenu
receiver complexity, and energy/spectrum efficiency. In SM, the data is conveyed by both habitual M-ary
UEP Using Spatial Modulation

lensside
Simulation Results
information bits transmitted, encapsulated in indices of the transmit antennas, improves the SM share
lenssignal constellations and the transmit antennas indices. Therefore, the system data rate improvement due to the

announcement
Conclusions
lenstransmission efficiency compared to the different MIMO players. The information bits transmitted over the
Author Contributions

question_answer
lensantenna index and data symbol constellation using M-ary signal performance have different levels of bit error
Funding
lensrate
(BER) performance. This paper proposes unequal error protection (UEP) scheme for image transmission
Conflicts of Interest
over the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) using SM. The Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (https://s
lens
(SPIHT)
References
coders encode the underwater image and classify the encoded bits in two categories: critical and uncritical bits.
groups/p
The critical bits are transmitted over the SM index bits and have a low BER while the uncritical bits are
transmitted
 over high order M-ary signal constellation to resolve the underwater acoustic channel bandwidth thumb_up

limitation problem. The proposed SM-UEP technique has been developed carefully with enough justification and
evaluation over the measured underwater acoustic channel and the simulated channel. The simulation results
textsms
show that the proposed SM-UEP can increase the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the
reconstructed received image considerably, and significantly.
Keywords: IoUTs (/search?q=IoUTs); spatial modulation (/search?q=spatial%20modulation); underwater
communication (/search?q=underwater%20communication); unequal error protection (/search?
q=unequal%20error%20protection); SPIHT coder (/search?q=SPIHT%20coder); image processing
(/search?q=image%20processing)

1. Introduction

Approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface is water-covered; this water is usually split between the oceans
and small-scale seas, but the oceans have ~96.5% of Earth’s water. Ocean warmth command environment and
wind originals that change life on earth. Freshwater in lakes and rivers comprises less than one percent of the
Earth’s surface water. Countless efforts have been made by the researchers and scientists to discover this
undiscovered massive amount of oceans water, but unfortunately the much of the ocean remains undiscovered.
The developments in the last several decades in hardware and communication techniques have guided current
advances in underwater activities, such as environmental monitoring, moneymaking or research exploration, and
harbor protection. The employment of the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) is an optimal system for these
tasks. The IoUTs are described as a global network of intelligent, interconnected underwater things that allow
controlling of large unexplored water areas [1]. The edge devices collected information is transferred to the sink
node, this gathered information can be analyzed and serviced by using ground support units.
Generally, underwater communication is still a big challenge due to the oceanic environment physical
characteristics. There are four communication technologies used as a physical layer for underwater
communication: optical, electromagnetic, magnetic induction, and acoustic waves. Until now, the acoustic waves
is the most used one in long distance underwater communication [2,3]. However, the acoustic bandwidth is
limited, and it consumes high power transmission and IoUTs nodes are battery-based with no capability for
recharging. Therefore, multimedia data transmitting, such as image and video, is a big challenge especially for
real-time IoUTs applications. The next generation of the underwater acoustic communication techniques should
be focused on improving transmission data rate to support real-time underwater multimedia applications.
However, a high-speed wireless transmission over underwater channel is more complicated compared to the
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Read more aboutmultimedia
Underwater our cookiesapplications
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can be improved via two research directions: First, by using high-
compression encoder techniques, and the second direction is by using effective communication schemes that
deal with underwater acoustic channel bandwidth limitations. In line with theAccept (/accept_cookies)
first research direction, set
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 first_page
lenspartitioning
settings
Introduction
in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) image coding has been proposed and introduced in [4]. The SPIHT
(/)
lensalgorithm is providing the best peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) condition of the obtained decoded image for
Encoded Image Classification
lensaddressing
compression ratio. The SPIHT coder based on wavelet algorithm is the most employed algorithm in
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
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lensimage compression as well as being an essential type of compression for all subsequent algorithms. Spatial
Simulation Results
lensmodulation technologies have been proposed to deal with the second research direction [3,5]. There are some share
announcement
Conclusions
lensother research articles, where researchers tried to tackle with improving the underwater multimedia application
Author Contributions

question_answer
lensusing combined ideas of two research directions: unequal error protection (UEP) techniques via hierarchical
Funding
lensquadrature
amplitude modulation (HQAM) [4,6]. In the UEP, the robustness of the transmitted image quality can
Conflicts of Interest
be significantly increased. The key of UEP approaches can be classified into three main types: (1) joint(https://s
lens
source-
References
channel coding, by providing the optimal source/channel coding rate; (2) rate allocation, by supplying and
groups/p
optimizing fixed channel rate over source packets; and (3) utilizing modulation systems given different protection
levels
 to different conveyed bits. In line with UEP utilizing modulation systems, this paper proposes a new UEP  thumb_up
scheme based on spatial modulation for image transmission over IoUTs to combine high compression SPIHT
encoder technique with highly efficient transmission spatial modulation (SM) scheme.
textsms
SM [7] is a recently developed transmission technique for wireless communication systems, which uses
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. The main idea of SM is conveying additional information in the
index of the transmitted antennas: increasing the number of transmit antennas increases the spectral efficiency,
and transmitting additional bits without activating all transmit antennas and consume transmitted power. As only
one antenna is activated in the SM transmission, SM is a highly energy-efficient modulation technique candidate
for the next 5G mobile network [8] and also for IoUTs [9]. There are two information carrying items in SM: (1)
constellation signal and (2) index of broadcast antennas with various fault amount. As the SM has two
information axes, and each axis has a different level of bit error rate (BER), broadcasting encoded image bits
with different level of protection can be applicable. This paper proposes a modified set partitioning in hierarchical
trees (M-SPIHT) image coder [6] to generate two different stream of bits based on their significance including
critical bits and uncritical bits. The critical bits will be transmitted over the low BER spatial modulation index bits
and the uncritical bits will be transmitted via spatial modulation data bits carried using high modulation order
scheme to solve the underwater acoustic limited channel bandwidth problem. In this paper, numerical analysis
has been used to show the differences in the level of BER between the SM carrying information units. Simulation
results have been used to show the error bit sensitivities of the SPIHT encoded bitstream and performance
improvement in the reconstructed received underwater image.
In particular, to improve the underwater multimedia transmission over the IoUTs, we have focused on the
following aspects in this paper.
1. Encoded image bits classification using M-SPIHT encoder to classify the encoded bits into two categories:
critical and uncritical bit streams.
2. Based on the M-SPIHT encoder classification, the UEP using the spatial modulation is proposed to improve
the quality of the reconstructed image transmitted over the underwater acoustic channel.
3. A mathematical framework for assessing the ABER performance of the SM information carrying units is laid
out thoroughly to prove the capability of UEP using SM scheme.
4. The proposed UEP-SM scheme carefully evaluated the reconstructed image improvement with the PSNR by
simulation experiment on the simulated channel and measured underwater acoustic channel.

The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 represents the SPIHT encoded image
classification. Section 3 explains the proposed UEP technique using spatial modulation. The performance
analysis and simulation results are discussed in Section 4, and finally the paper is concluded in Section 5.
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Notations: Column vectors (matrices) are denoted by boldface lower (upper) case letter; superscripts T, *,
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and H stand for transpose, conjugate, and conjugate transpose, respectively.

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lens

lens first_page
Introduction
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settings
Hierarchical SPIHT algorithm is working based on splitting the wavelet coefficients and dependent on a
Encoded Image Classification
significance-based classification function. These SPIHT wavelet coefficients can be categorized based on the
lens
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share
sensitivity of encoded bitstream for error and how is it affect the decoded image. This categorization, based on
lens
Simulation Results
bit significance, can be written as a classification function as in [10]:

announcement
lens
Conclusions
lens
Author Contributions ⎧ 1, if
n
max {|Y (i, j)| ≥ 2 }

question_answer
⎪ 
lens ⎪
⎪
Funding ⎪
(i,j)∈Γ

lens (1)
Conflicts of InterestSn (Γ) = ⎨ ,
⎪
lens ⎪
⎪ 0, otherwise
(https://s
References ⎩
⎪
groups/p

where Y (i, j) represents the wavelet coefficient at the pixel (i, j) for n bit plane. There are two loops in SPIHT
  thumb_up
algorithm: the sorting loop and the refinement loop. These two sorting loops have three groups of bits [11]: initial
textsms
indicator of least insignificant pixels, the indicator of least significant pixels, and the indicator of least insignificant
sets. Quantization procedure ranks the wavelet coefficients throughout these various groups, utilizing a specific
quantization level as in the conventional SPIHT coder. The sorting order will be delivered on split four lists
instead of three: roll of the least insignificant sets (LIS), the role of the least insignificant pixels (LIP), the role of
the least significant pixels (LSP), and the role of the refinement path. The LSP and LIP consist of the joints and
show the individual pixels while the LIS describes the descendant joints. The bits number can express the most
significant coefficients as follows,

N = log 2 (max{i,j} {|Y (i, j)|}) (2)

The registered LIP of pixels can be done dependent on the importance level by applying Equation (1). The
resultant Sn (Γ) is then promoted to the coded bits. All those important pixels will be transferred to the LSP
organization with their sign bit forwarded to the product stream. Therefore, organizations in LIS will be examined
and forwarded to LSP in the state of doing extraordinary, or more into LIP. For refinement loops, the n -th
observation significant bit of the coefficients in the LSP is utilized. By iteratively acting for each n that is
decreased by one, the required rate can be reached till every LSP node is considered. A various kind of bits for
a varied rate of vulnerability to the errors can be achieved using the SPIHT sorting algorithm. Any tiny mistake of
significant coded bits is more severe, and on the other hand, errors of other bits have low sensitivity. The bits of
the coded SPIHT algorithm is divided into four separate classes; significance bit, sign bits, set bits to determine if
setting significantly, and refinement bits. These four classes can be divided based on bits sensitivity into two
groups: critical bits (the significance and sign bits) and uncritical bits (set and refinement bits). The critical bits
are bits make the synchronization failure within the decoder and encoder, and the reconstructed method can be
a mess in case of an error in these critical bits. On the other hand, the uncritical bits make smaller error level,
and the result of this error is a coefficient. These critical bits performed and produced through the inspection of
the position bits and the refinement bits.

3. UEP Using Spatial Modulation

In this section, the specifics of transmitted underwater data image using UEP SM scheme will be presented
starting with a brief introduction about SM scheme. Then, the general numerical framing for the average bit error
rate (ABER) of signal waveforms for each SM information carrying unit is calculated. At the end of this section,
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the detailed UEP-SM scheme is explained.
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3.1. Spatial Modulation
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 first_page settings
lens The SM has been introduced based on the constellation set of data symbols sent via the active antenna out
Introduction
(/)
lensof sending antennas [12]. The index of the antenna in a transmission is used to send extra data bits. Therefore,
Encoded Image Classification
lenshigh data rate can be attained in SM compared to space shift keying modulation (SSK) or the conventional
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
searchmenu
lensmultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In SM, the upcoming bitstream sent at a time immediate is divided within

lenstwo
Simulation Results
different groups of bits. One of these groups is applied to modulate a signal constellation symbol from a share
announcement
Conclusions
lenssignal constellation diagram of an optional M -ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M -QAM), or any further
Author Contributions

question_answer
lenssignal constellation design. These modulated-based bits embed log 2 (M ) bits, which are called data bits. The
Funding
lensother
set of bits embeds, log 2 (N t) bits, are characterized as spatial bits, and N t is the number of broadcasting
Conflicts of Interest
antennas used at the transmitter side. The spatial bits are applied to choose the antenna subset, which(https://s
lens
will be
References
used to transmit the constellation symbol. The possible data rate achieved using SM, RSM , can be represented
groups/p
as [12]
  thumb_up
R SM = log 2 (M ) + log 2 (N t)

textsms (3)

The SM has a wireless link with Nt antenna transmission and Nr antenna receiver and SM map
T
constellation vector are x = [x1 x2 … … xN t ] assuming unity constraint power (i.e., E X [X
H
X] = 1 ).
SM activate only one antenna, in this case just one of xa of constellation vector x is nonzero to evade power
transmission loss. The received signal of SM can be expressed as

−
r = √ρ H X + v (4)

where ρ is the average signal to noise ratio (SNR), H is the uncorrelated underwater acoustic channel impulse
response, and v is the additive white Gaussian noise with independent and identically distributed (iid) entries
according to C N (0, 1) . During SM time slot, the active constellation vector can be express as

T
xb,q ≜ [0 0 … xb,q … 0 0] (5)

where b is the active antenna index and xb,q is the q -th constellation symbol transmitted over the b antenna.
The received signal r in the case of xq is transmitted from the b -th antenna and can be written as
−
r = √ρ h b xq + v
(6)

where h b is the b -th column of the underwater acoustic channel H . With constant modulation signaling
assumption, the received signal detection can be obtained as

H
∣ h r ∣
ˆ b
b = argb max ∣ ∣ (7)
∣ |hb |F ∣

H
∣ ∣
ˆ = arg max Re {∣(h ˆ xq )
q q
∣r} (8)
∣ b ∣

ˆ
where b and ˆ
q is the estimated antenna and constellation symbol, respectively, and |hb |
F
represents the
Frobenius norm. The error in the estimated antenna is based on the underwater acoustic channel and the
number of the antennas transmission, whereas the error of data symbols is based on the underwater acoustic
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channel and the constellation modulation order.
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3.2. ABER of SM Information Carrying Units
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 first_page settings
lens In this subsection, the ABER performance of SM has been analyzed to show the deference in BER between
Introduction
(/)
lensthe two carrying information units: (1) the symbols that were carried via the antenna index and (2) the symbols
Encoded Image Classification
lensthat were carried via the signal modulation scheme. This difference in ABER is that the two terms make UEP
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
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lensapplicable using SM.
Simulation Results
share
announcement
lens
Conclusions
3.2.1. ABER of the Bits Carried by the Antenna Index
lens
Author Contributions

question_answer
lens The occurred error probability on the estimated bits transmitted via the antenna index is derived as follows
Funding
[13],
lens
Conflicts of Interest
lens (https://s
References R R

⎡ ⎤
2 2
Ne (b groups/p

thumb_up
1
˜
BER AI ≤ E b ⎢ ∑ N (b → b) P EP (xb → x˜ )⎥ = ∑∑
b R (9)
⎣ ⎦ 2
 

textsms
ˇ v=1 k=1
b

where Eb is the expected transmit antennas, data transmitted rate in case of b antenna index activated is R in
˜
Equation (9). The number of bit errors between antenna index b and estimated antenna index b is indicates by
˜
N e (b → b) . P EP (xb → x˜ )
b
is the pairwise error probability (P EP ) which can be written as

P EP (xb → x˜ ) = E H {P EP (xb → x˜ /H )} (10)

b b

where E H {. } is the second-order statistic of pairwise error probability over the underwater acoustic channel,
and P EP (xb → x˜ ∣
∣H ) is the conditional P EP , and can be written as
b

− − (11)
∣H ) = P EP (∥ r − √ρ hbx
P EP (xb → x˜ ∣ ∥F >∥ r − √ρ h ˜ x∥ )
F
b b

Using r as in (4), the conditional P EP can be written as

− −
P EP (xb → x˜ ∣
∣H ) = P EP (∥ v ∥F >∥ v + √ρ h b x − √ρ h ˜ x ∥F ) = Q
b b (12)

where,

2
z
1
(13)
Q (z) = ∫ e sin 2θ dθ
π

and (11) can be rewritten as

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Nr
2
⎛ ρ ⎞
P EP (xb → x˜ ∣ √ ∥ ∥ ∑ c2 (14)
∣H ) = Q hbx − h˜ x
∥
= Q (√g) = n
b b
⎝ 2 F ⎠
t=1

2
ρ 2 ρ
where cn ~ N (0, σc ) with σc =
We use
2 2
|x|
cookies on our website to ensure andget
you g = ∥ hexperience.
the best b x − h ˜ x∥ defined in ([14]; Equation (15)) and it
2 2 b F

isRead
assumed as a our
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cookies here variable (RV) with
(/about/privacy). 2N r degree of freedom (DOF), and its probability
density function (PDF) can be given as in [13]:
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 first_page settings
−ψ
lens
Introduction
(/) ψ
Nr −1
e 2

Fg (ψ) =
lens
Encoded Image Classification Nr

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2 Γ (Nr )
lens
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
lens
is gamma
Simulation
Γ (. ) function. Representing the pairwise error probability in terms of chi-squared RV,
Results g
share
can be

announcement
lenswritten as [15]
Conclusions
lens
Author Contributions

question_answer
∞ ∞
lens
Funding Nr −1
−ψ (π/2)
N
−
− ψ e 2 1 −− ψ
lens
Conflicts of Interest
P EP (xb → x˜ ) = ∫ Q (√ψ ) dψ = ∫ ∫ Q (√ ψ )
b Nr π N (16)
(https://s
lens 2 Γ (Nr ) 2
References 0
0 0
groups/p

 thumb_up 

textsms
Then the closed form of Equation (8) can be written as follows [16,17],

Nr −1
Nr w
1 − μa Nr − 1 + w 1 − μa
P EP (xb → x˜ ) = [ ] ∑( )( ) (17)
b
2 w 2
w=0

−−−−
2
σa
and μ a = (1 − √ 2
) . Based on [5] the PEP at high SNR can be simplified as
1+σa

Nr
1 2Nr − 1
P EP (xb → x˜ ) ≅ ( ) ( ) (18)
b
4μ a Nr

Finally, based on (9)–(18), the bit error rate (BER) of bits carried by the antenna index can be expressed as

Nr
1
2Nr − 1
R R ˜
2 2 Ne (b → b) ( ) ( )
4μ
1 a
Nr (19)
BER AI ≤ ∑∑
R R
2
v=1 k=1

3.2.2. ABER of the Bits Carried by Constellation Diagram

In conventional SM, the ML decoder is used to detect the information bits carried by the constellation
modulation diagram. The estimated transmitted symbol using ML decoder xqˆ represented in Equation (8) can,
alternatively, expressed as follows [18],

2
−
xˆ = arg min [
√ρ
∥ u b,q ∥F − 2Re {r
H
u b,q }],
q
 ˜
b (20)
xq

where xˆ is referred to the q th symbol of the constellation diagram, r is the vector of received signal,
q

u b,q = h b xq , q ∈ [1 : M ] , and M is the modulation order. The error probability constellation diagram over
underwater acoustic channel by using the maximum-receive ratio combining (MRRC) can be expressed as [19]

ℵ−1
⎧
⎪ Nr Nr
ℓ 1 2 ℓ 1 Bw
SER = ⎨ ( ) − ( ) + (1 − ℓ) ∑ (
ℵ 2 2 (21)
⎩
⎪
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ρ + 2 ϰρ + 1
website to ensure ϰρ +
you get the best experience.
w=1
Bw

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 first_page settings
lensℵ
Introduction is the number of Monte Carlo,
(/)
lensℓ = (1 − 1 3 2
and the bit error rate of bits
Encoded Image),
Classification
ϰ = , m = log 2 (M ), Bw = 2sin θw , θw = wπ/4n

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√M M −1
lens
UEP Using Spatial Modulation

share
carried by constellation diagram BERC can be expressed as follows,
lens
Simulation Results

announcement
lens
Conclusions SER
BER C ≈ (22)
lens
Author Contributions m

question_answer
lens
Funding
lens The total ABER of the SM can be calculated as
Conflicts of Interest
lens (https://s
References
((log 2 (N t)) × BER AI ) + ((log 2 (M )) × BER C ) groups/p

thumb_up
ABER SM = (23)
R SM

 
3.3. UEP Using Spatial Modulation
The source coder used for underwater image transmission should be a low computational complexity
textsms
encoder to manage the low power feeding of IoUTs nodes, and it must also attain a sufficient compression ratio
performance to deal with underwater acoustic limited channel bandwidth. Therefore, many researchers provide a
SPIHT coder as a best candidate for underwater image transmission [20,21]. This subsection discusses the UEP
technique using a SPIHT coder and SM scheme. The SPIHT coder outputs contain bitstream with unequal
importance rank and significance as depicted in Figure 1 [20]. Each encoded bit is more significant than the next
one. In UEP using rate allocation, the bits with higher importance level are encoded with high redundancy
channel coder [4,6]. These significant bits are shown in Figure 2, to show the effect and contribution of each
encoded bit of SPIHT encoder bitstream on PSNR of the reconstructed image. The bit error sensitivity (BES) of
SPIHT encoder bitstream is achieved by primary encoding the original transmitted image using the SPIHT
encoder and only one bit in the encoded image is corrupted, starting from the first bit to the last one. Each time a
bit is corrupted, the encoded image is decoded and the resultant mean square error (MSE) is attained to
evaluate its effect on the PSNR of reconstructed image. The corrupted bit is fixed before scheduled on to the
next bit.

Figure 1. SPIHT progressive source encoder.

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Figure 2 shows the order of significance from the most significant types of bits to the least significant one of
gray (256 × 256) Lena image encoded using SPIHT encoder to generate the source bitstream
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P SN R = 10log 10 (
MG
) settings (24)

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M SE
lens
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lens
Simulation Results
1
share
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2
lens ∑ ∑
Conclusions
M SE = 𝒶, 𝒷) − Rx (𝒶, 𝒷)]
[T x (
(25)
A × B
lens
Author Contributions 𝒶,𝒷) Rx(𝒶,𝒷)
T x(

question_answer
lens
Funding
lenswhere T x (𝒶 , 𝒷) and Rx (𝒶 , 𝒷) are the gray values of pixels in the transmitted and received images,
Conflicts of Interest
lensrespectively. A and B (https://s
are image width and height, respectively, and MG is the maximal gray value of the
References
encoded image. groups/p


As shown in Figure 2, the encoded SPIHT bitstream has unequal BES, therefore we can divide the output
 thumb_up
textsms
bitstream to two groups of bits based on its effect on the quality of reconstructed image. This group of bits can
be critical and noncritical bits as shown in Figure 3. The N SPIHT encoded bits required to spread over the
underwater channel will be divided into two groups, G1 and G2 , and each group has different length of bits. As
shown in Figure 4, the high significant critical group of bits G1 will be transmitted over the low ABER antennas
indices carrying information unit and its length should not exceed the length of bits carried via the transmit
antennas indices, and it can be written as

log2 (N t)
G1 = {b1 , b2 , b3 , … … … … , bd }, and d = [ ] * N (26)
R SM

Figure 3. M- SPIHT progressive source encoder.

Figure 4. System model.

The low significant encoded group of bits G2 , which will be transmitted over SM signal constellations
carrying information units can be given by

G2 = {bd+1 , bd+2 , … … … … , bN } (27)

As shown in UEP-SM scheme, Figure 4, the two groups of M-SPIHT bits, critical bits G1 , and uncritical bits
G2 are transmitted as follows; the critical group of bits G1 are carried via the antenna index information, and the
uncritical group of bits G2 are carried via the constellation diagram information carrying units. G1 bits are used
to choose the index of the activated transmit antennas and G2 bits are carried via the constellation diagram of
M-QAM modulation then transmitted over the active antenna. At the receiver side, the G1 received bits are
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recovered based on the SM antenna detection mapping table and the modulated uncritical received bits G2 are
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recovered by using ML decoder and M-QAM demodulation. Then the two groups (critical and uncritical) bits are
used to decode the M-SPIHT decoder to recover the transmitted image at the receiver side. M-SPIHT decoder
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will set the received bits as G̃ = [G̃1 , G̃2 ] to reconstruct the received image as shown in FigureBack
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Figure 5. M- SPIHT progressive source decoder. share
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UEP-SM is dividing the encoded SPIHT bitstream into two group of bits and transmitting each group of bits

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over one of SM transmitting antenna carrying information unit. The MSE of reconstructed image in the UEP-SM
lens
willConflicts of Interest
be reduced, as the high significant bits with high MSE contribution in the reconstructed image is transmitted
lens (https://s
over a low BER SM transmitting carrying information unit and transmitting the low significant bits with low MSE
References
groups/p

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contribution in reconstructed image transmitting over the high BER SM carrying information unit. In other words,
despite the ABER of the SM and UEP-SM being equal, the effect of this error is unequal on the MSE of the
 
reconstructed image. The MSE of the reconstructed transmitted image using conventional SM and proposed
UEP-SM can be written as textsms
N

M SE (SM ) = ABER SM * ∑ M SE (n) (28)

n=1

d N

M SE (U EP − SM ) = BER AI ∑ M SE (n) + BER C ∑ M SE (n) (29)

n=1 n=d+1

The proposed UEP-SM can be applied for any of space modulation techniques (SMTs) not only SM. SM-
UEP can also be used in the concept of control/user (C/U) plane splitting in the underwater wireless
communication sensor network [22,23] or next 5G mobile network [24], by transmitting the control signal over the
low ABER index symbols and transmitting the user data plane over high ABER data symbols.

4. Simulation Results

The ABER performance between the received bits of index antennas and the constellated symbols and the
ABER performance of index/data SM received bits have been evaluated numerically using Monte Carlo
simulations as shown in Figure 6. The ABER performance has been evaluated by using Equations (19), (22),
and (23) to get the upper bound of the antennas index, the constellation symbol, and total SM ABER. Then,
these asymptotic ABER analytical formulations are confirmed by using Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation
results are gotten for 106 symbols conveyed at each SNR for 106 iterations over the simulated channel and the
measured underwater acoustic channel collected from sea experiment, ASCOT01 conducted off the coast of
New England in June 2001 as reported in [25] and used in [26]. The ABER performance for SM (index/data) and
the unseparated SM are shown in Figure 6, using SM technique with 9-bit per channel use (9-bpcu) using SM
with N t = 4 and 128-QAM modulation. As shown in Figure 6, the analytical outcomes display a high constancy
with the simulation results gotten for SM scheme for the realistic SNR values. However, at the low SNR values,
the analytical results disclose a small discrepancy to the simulation results gotten for the ABER of the
constellation and index antennas mathematically. In other words, the upper bound is slack to the simulation
results at low SNR values, but it stiffens to the simulation results at the realistic SNR values. This agrees with
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[5,27,28,29,30]. As shown in Figure 6, the difference between the
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ABER of transmitted symbols and antennas index in the SM is about 8.5 times. Although the unseparated SM
ABER has similar performance using SM (data). Therefore, the separation of transmission of critical and
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noncritical image bitstream over antennas index and data symbols are highly motivated for a different level of
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lensdataprotection in SM, respectively. To evaluate the proposed UEP-SM, the SPIHT coder is applied for (256 ×
Introduction
(/)
lens256) “Lena” and dolphin swimming underwater image [6], using wavelet coefficients to generate the source
Encoded Image Classification
lensbitstream with a 0.5 bpp and the SPIHT encoder provide N = 32, 754 bits. In conventional SM, these bits are
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
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lenstransmitted directly via SM based on the SM lock-up table; however, in the proposed UEP-SM, the SPIHT
Simulation Results
lensencoded bits are divided based on their significance into two groups: G1 = [1 : 7278] bits and share
announcement
Conclusions
lensG2 = [7279 : 32, 754] bits. The incoming M-SPIHT G1 bits are transferred via index antenna selector, and G2
Author Contributions

question_answer
lensis transferred via the modulation constellation sector. Using the progressive transmission image ability of the
Funding
lensSPIHT coder, the sets of distortion in the received image are obtained from the same received bit stream. The
Conflicts of Interest
lensM-SPIHT (https://s
decoder reads the first bytes of the received bit stream G̃ = [G1 , G2 ] and calculates the inverse sub-
References
band. By calculating the inverse sub-band transformation and then comparing the recovered image with the groups/p
original, the distortion can be measured by using PSNR as follows,
 thumb_up 

P SN R = 10 log 10 (
255
2

M SE
) dB textsms (30)

where MSE is the square of mean error between the original and reconstructed image and calculated in
Equation (25). The SM-UEP has been compared in terms of the PSNR for the received image with the
conventional SM under assumption of using the same N t and M-QAM at same SNR of underwater channel.
Reconstructed “Lena” and dolphin swimming underwater image transmitted via UEP-SM over underwater
acoustic channel are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Figure 6. ABER performance comparison between the constellation transmitted symbol, antennas index,
and total ABER of SM at 9 bpcu spectral efficiency.

Table 1. Decoded “Lena” image over an underwater acoustic channel with conventional SM and
proposed SM-UEP (© 2013 IEEE).

Table 2. Decoded dolphin swimming underwater image [6] over an underwater acoustic channel with
conventional SM and proposed SM-UEP (© 2013 IEEE).

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 first_page settings
lens As shown in Table 1, the SM-UEP is improving the PSNR of received “Lena” image by 4.92 dB and 7.1 dB
Introduction
(/)
lensat channel SNR = 10 dB and SNR = 20 dB, respectively. For dolphin swimming underwater image [6], the
Encoded Image Classification
lensproposed SM-UEP also improves the PSNR of received dolphin swimming underwater image by 3 dB and 4.1
UEP Using Spatial Modulation
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lensdB gain at underwater channel has SNR = 10 dB and SNR = 20 dB, respectively.
Simulation Results
In Table 1 and Table 2, the performance has been evaluated over the measured underwater acoustic share
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lens
Conclusions
lenschannel, whereas the performance of Table 3 has been evaluated over the simulated channel where the
Author Contributions

question_answer
lenschannel tabs are generated based on multipath fading channel. Table 3 shows the proposed SM-UEP in
Funding
lenscomparison
with the conventional SM scheme. The proposed SM-UEP in comparison with the conventional SM
Conflicts of Interest
improves the PSNR of received “Lena” image by 4.63 dB at low SNR (SNR = 10 dB) and the performances
lens
are
(https://s
References
nearly same at high SNR (SNR = 20 dB). The simulation results clearly show that the proposed SM-UEP is
groups/p
suitable for the underwater image transmission, where it highly overcome the conventional SM especially in
highly
 noisily channel.  thumb_up
Table 3. Decoded “Lena” image over the simulated channel with conventional SM and proposed SM-UEP. textsms

5. Conclusions

In this paper, UEP is proposed using SM technique for effective image transmission over the underwater
acoustic channel. The proposed UEP scheme is settled for SPIHT coded images. The SPIHT critical bits of the
compressed underwater image are transmitted over transmit antennas indices with low ABER, while the
uncritical bits of the compressed image are transmitted over the habitual M-ary signal constellation of the SM.
The proposed UEP scheme has been evaluated over a measured underwater acoustic channel in a sea
experimentation state in the past as well as the simulated channel. For measured underwater acoustic channel,
the simulation results show that the whole distortion can be efficiently decreased in the reconstructed image and
the PSNR can be enhanced by 3.96 dB and 5.6 dB gain at channel SNR = 10 dB and SNR = 20 dB,
respectively. In the simulated channel, the PSNR of reconstructed image has been improved by 4.63 dB gain
with SNR = 10 dB and provides the same performance as the conventional SM scheme at SNR = 20 dB. The
proposed SM-UEP can also be utilized to any other scalable source coder or the concept of C/U plane splitting
used in the modern wireless mobile network for different level of data protection.

Author Contributions

H.E.; Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing—Original Draft Preparation and Visualization.

Z.A.H.Q.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal Analysis, Writing—Review & Editing and
Visualization. H.S.: Validation, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition.
J.W., Validation, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition. N.U.R.J., Writing—Review & Editing and
Formal Analysis.

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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 61671394).
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lens The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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References
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12. Renzo,
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Simulation Results
share
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lens &author=Renzo,+M.D.&author=Haas,+H.&author=Ghrayeb,+A.&author=Sugiura,+S.&author=Hanzo
Conclusions
lens ,+L.&publication_year=2014&journal=Proc.+IEEE&volume=102&pages=56%E2%80%93103&doi=10
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lens .1109/JPROC.2013.2287851)] [CrossRef (https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2013.2287851)]
Funding
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30. Hussein, H.S.; Elsayed, M.; Mohamed, U.S.; Esmaiel, H.; Mohamed, E.M. Spectral efficient spatial
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