AVT 3124: MAINTENANCE 14 CFR Part 21 - Certification Procedures for Products

CFR AND AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE and Parts

⁃ identifies the requirements of and the procedures for
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND obtaining type certificates (TCs), supplemental type
• 1903 - Wright Brothers first flight. certificates (STCs).
• 1926 - Air Commerce Act of 1926. ⁃ One of the most important sections of this regulation
• 1928 - Civil Aeronautics Act (creation of Civil is section 21.50. "Instructions for continued
Aeronautics Administration to Aeronautics Board. airworthiness and manufacturer's maintenance manuals
• 1958 - The Federal Aviation Act repealed the Civil having airworthiness limitations sections."
Aeronautics Act and created the Federal Aviation
• 14 CFR Part 23- Airworthiness Standards: Normal,
Agency.
Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes.
• 1967 - The agency was brought to DOT and renamed
⁃ represent the greatest portion of what the industry
the Federal Aviation Administration. (FAA)
refers to as general aviation.
⁃ maximum certificated takeoff weight of more than
• FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 12,500 pounds or less.
⁃ largest transportation agency of the US. ⁃ It has 7 subparts: A- Applicability; B- Flight; C-
⁃ the primary regulatory tools of FAA is FAR's (Federal Structures, D- Design and Construction; E-Powerplant;
Aviation Regulation) F- Equipment; G- Flight crew Interface and other
⁃ The FAR's are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal information
Regulation (CFR)
• 14 CFR Part 25- Airworthiness Standards: Transport
• CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATION Category Airplanes.
⁃ annual codification of the general and permanent ⁃ maximum certificated takeoff weight of more than
rules. 12,500 pounds.
⁃ divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas
• 14 CFR Part 27- Airworthiness Standards: Normal
subject to federal regulation.
Category Rotorcraft
⁃ regulation deals with the small rotor wing aircraft.
ABOUT THE ARROWAI
⁃ maximum certificated wing limited to 7,000 pounds.
These regulations can be separated into the following
three categories: • 14 CFR Part 29- Airworthiness Standards: Transport
1. Administrative Category Rotorcraft
2. Airworthiness Certification ⁃ maximum certified weight greater than 7,000 pounds.
3. Airworthiness Operation ⁃ includes additional parameters based upon seating
capacity and an additional weight limit.
Title 14 CFR Part 3-General Requirements
These are the three primary regulation that govern the • 14 CFR Part 33- Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft
airworthiness of an aircraft. Engines
14 CFR PART 21: Certification Procedures for Products ⁃ requires that the engine used in the aircraft must be
and Parts. type certificated, Title 14 CFR Part 33 details the
14 CFR PART 43: Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, requirements for both reciprocating and turbine
Rebuilding and Alterations. engines.
14 CFR PART 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
• 14 CFR Part 35- Airworthiness Standards: Propellers
14 CFR Part 1 - Definitions and Abbreviations ⁃ must also be type certificated.
- section is a very comprehensive, but certainly not all ⁃ CFR part 33 is, in that subpart B specifies design and
inclusive. construction while subpart C covers tests and
inspections.
 • Major alterations: alterations of the basic design not
• 14 CFR Part 39: Airworthiness Directives made in accordance with appliance recommendations
Actual AD notes are not included in 14 CFR part 39, but of the appliance manufacturer.
rather are printed in the Federal Register and are linked
to this part as amendments to 14 CFR part 39, section Section 43.10-Disposition of Life-Limited Aircraft Parts
39.13. AD notes are legally enforceable rules that apply This section presents two terms not previously defined
to aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances. in 14 CFR:
1. Life-limited part means any part that has specified a
• 14 CFR Part 43- Maintenance, Preventive mandatory replacement limit.
Maintenance, Rebuilding and Alteration 2. Life status means the accumulated cycles,
hours, or any other mandatory limit of a life limited
• Subpart E - Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, part.
and Alterations (Sections 91.401 through 91.421)
⁃ "No person may perform maintenance, preventive 7 possible methods the technician or repair facility may
maintenance, or alterations on an aircraft other than as choose from to comply with this requirement.
prescribed in this subpart and other applicable 1. Recordkeeping
regulations, including part 43 of this chapter 2. Tagging
3. Non-permanent marking
REPAIR AND ALTERATIONS 4. Permanent marking
• REPAIR 5. Segregation
⁃ operation that restores an item to a condition of 6. Mutilation
practical operation. 7. Any other method approved or accepted by
the FAA.
The FAA divides aircraft repairs and alterations into two
categories: major & minor. • Section 43.12-Maintenance Records: Falsification,
1. A major repair is one that, if improperly Reproduction or Alteration
done, might appreciably affect weight, ⁃ The maintenance log entries described in 14 CFR part
balance, structural strength, performance, 43, sections 43.9 and 43.11 provide the documentation
powerplant operation, flight characteristics, trail relied upon by aircraft owners, pilots, and
or other airworthiness factors. technicians regarding the aircraft's maintenance
history.
2. A major alteration is an alteration not listed ⁃ Falsification of these records is potentially dangerous
in the product's specifications that might to the personnel who rely on the accuracy of these
affect the product's performance in a similar records.
fashion to a major repair.
• Appendix B - Recording of Major Repairs and Major
Examples of Major Repairs, and Alterations to Alterations
Airframe, Engines, Propellers, and Appliances. ⁃ In most cases when a major repair or alteration is
• Airframe major alterations: alterations to wings, accomplished, FAA Form 337, Major Repair or
fuselage, engine mounts or control systems. Alteration, is completed at least in duplicate with the
• Powerplant major alterations: conversion of an original going to the aircraft owner and a copy sent to
aircraft engine from one approved model to another, the FAA Aircraft Registration.
replacing engine structural parts with parts not supplied
by the original manufacturer. • Appendix D-Scope and Detail of Items To Be Included
• Propeller major alterations: changes in blade, hub, or in Annual and 100-Hour Inspections
governor design. Installation of a propeller deicing • Some important items to consider in this appendix
system. are:
⁃ The list of items and areas to be inspected are the
same for an annual as a 100-hour inspection.
⁃ Refer to 14 CFR part 65, section 65.95(a)(2) that • Subpart C-Aircraft Dispatchers
states that an IA must perform an annual inspection. • Subpart D-Mechanics
⁃ The aircraft and engine must be cleaned prior to • Subpart E-Repairmen
conducting the inspection. • Subpart F-Parachute Riggers
⁃ Any miscellaneous item not covered in the detailed list
provided must also be inspected for improper • 14 CFR Part 91- General operating and Flight Rules
installation and operation. ⁃ final regulation of the three major regulations.
⁃ There are areas eight specific identified for detailed
inspection. They are the fuselage hull group, cabin/ Two examples of these maintenance related issues are:
flight deck group, engine/nacelle group, landing gear 1.Section 91.207-Emergency Locator Transmitters
group, wing/center section group, empennage 1. Paragraph (c) (2) -battery replacement
assembly, propeller group, and the radio. interval and requirement for a logbook entry indicating
the expiration date of the new battery.
• 14 CFR Part 45- Identification and Registration 2. Section 91.213-Inoperative Instruments and
Making Equipment
⁃ It includes the requirements for the identification of 2. Paragraph (a) (2)—a letter of authorization
aircraft, engines, propellers, certain replacement and from the FSDO authorizing the operation of the aircraft
modification parts, and the nationality and registration under a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) constitutes a
marking required on U.S.-registered aircraft. STC and must be carried in the aircraft during flight.

All type-certificated products must have the following • Annual Inspection

information on a fireproof dataplate or similar approved ⁃ FAR 43.15 lists the performance criteria for
fireproof method. performing inspections and specifically states that a
1. Builder's name checklist which meets the minimum requirements listed
2. Model designation in FAR 43Appendix D must be used for all annual and
3. Builder's serial number 100-hour inspections
4. TC number (if any) ⁃ FAR Part 91 states that all general aviation aircraft
5. Production certificate number (if any) must go through an annual inspection to remain
6. For aircraft engines, the established rating airworthy
7. Reference to compliance or exemption to 14 ⁃ must be performed regardless of the number of hours
CFR Part 34, Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission flown in the previous year.
Requirements for Turbine Engine Powered Airplanes ⁃ They may only be performed by air-frame and
8. Any other information that the FAA powerplant mechanics holding an inspection
determines to be appropriate authorization (IA)

• 14 CFR Part 46- Aircraft Registration • 100-hour Inspection

⁃ provides the requirements for registering aircraft. 1. All general aviation aircraft that are operated for hire
⁃ includes procedures for both owner and dealer must be inspected every 100 flight hours.
registration. 2. This inspection is in addition to the annual inspection
requirement and covers the same items as the annual
• 14 CFR Part 65- Certification: Airmen Other than inspection. The major difference is that an A&P
Flight Crew members technician may perform a 100-hour inspection
⁃ Pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors are
certificated under 14 CFR part 61. Flight crew other than • Progressive Inspection
pilots are certificated under 14 CFR part 63. ⁃ The progressive inspection is designed for aircraft
operators who do not wish to have their aircraft
Title 14 CFR part 65 addresses many of those other grounded for several days while an annual or 100-hour
people: inspection is being accomplished.
• Subpart B-Air Traffic Control Tower Operators
⁃ Instead, the inspection may be performed in segments 1. Is the service provided for Private Carriage or
each 90 days, or at each 25 hours interval Common Carriage?
2. Is the aircraft For Hire or is it Not for Hire?
• Continuous Inspection Programs 3. Is it a large or small aircraft?
⁃ These inspection programs are very comprehensive
and require complex maintenance facilities with large • 14 CFR Part 121- Operating Requirements: Domestic,
numbers of technical personnel. Flag, and Supplemental operations

• Subpart A - General • 14 CFR Part 125- Certification and Operations:

⁃ This part is addressing the operation of the aircraft. Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more
⁃ For example, 14 CFR part 91, section 91.7 (a) states passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6000
"no person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an pounds or more; and Rules governing persons on
airworthy condition." board such aircraft
⁃ applies to private and noncommon carriage when
• Section 91.403-General such operations are conducted in airplanes having 20 or
⁃ The owner/operator holds the primary responsibility more seats.
for maintaining the aircraft in airworthy condition.
⁃ This includes compliance with all applicable ADs and is • 14 CFR Part 135 - Operating Requirements: commuter
the reason that the FAA sends new AD notes to the and on-demand Operations and Rules governing
registered owners of the affected aircraft. persons on board such aircraft
⁃ applicable to short distance commercial aircraft
• Section 91.405-Maintenance Required operations or "commuters" and nonscheduled carriers
⁃ The owner/operator is required to have the that operate "on-demand."
appropriate inspections made, and to have
discrepancies repaired in accordance with part 43. • 14 CFR Part 145 - Repair Stations
⁃ may also employ both repairmen (under 14 CFR part
• Section 91.407-Operation after maintenance, 65, subpart E) and non FAA-certificated personnel.
preventive maintenance, or alteration
⁃ Whenever the aircraft has undergone maintenance, • 14 CFR Part 147- Aviation Maintenance Technician
preventive maintenance, rebuilding or alteration, it School ⁃ requirements for obtaining a maintenance
must have been approved for rts and a proper entry training certificate.
made in the maintenance records.
⁃ If the maintenance that was done could have 400 hours can be subtracted from the implied total of
appreciably changed the flight characteristics, an 2,300 hours (1,150 x 2) to obtain the reduced figure of
appropriately rated pilot must perform an operational 1,900 hours.
flight check of the aircraft and must make an entry of Requirements are detailed as follows:
the flight in the maintenance records. • Appendix A-Curriculum Requirements
⁃ If ground testing and inspection can show conclusively • Appendix B-General Curriculum Subjects
that the maintenance has not adversely affected the • Appendix C-Airframe Curricular Subjects
flight characteristics, no flight test is required. • Appendix D-Powerplant Curriculum Subjects

• Section 91.417- Maintenance Records • 14 CFR Part 183 - Representatives of the

Administration
• 14 CFR Part 119: Certification: Air Carriers and
Commercial Operators MODULE 2
⁃ There are basically three different criteria that must be 14 CFR PART 47: AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION
analyzed in order to properly determine the regulation Radio Station License
that applies. These are: FAA Form 337—Major Repair and
Alteration
 Requirements
14 CFR Part 47: Aircraft Registration • Domestic Flights: No individual radio station license is
• Legal Operation: Ensures aircraft are legally required for aircraft operating solely within U.S.
recognized and operable within U.S. airspace. airspace.
• Safety and Accountability: Maintains accurate aircraft • International Flights: Aircraft flying internationally or
ownership records for safety and regulatory compliance. communicating with foreign ground stations must have
• Ownership Proof: Provides legal proof of ownership a Radio Station License.
for transactions, financing, and insurance.
Application Process
General Provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 47 • Form: Use FCC Form 605.
• Subpart A of Title CFR Part 47 outlines the general • Term: License is valid for 10 years and must be
provision for aircraft registration. renewed before expiration.
• 47.1 Applicability: Specifies Part 47's requirements for • Electronic Filing: Applications are filed electronically
registering aircraft under 49 U.S.C. 44101-44104. through the FCC's Universal Licensing System (ULS).
• Subpart B: Applies to applicants and holders of the
Certificate of Aircraft Registration (AC Form 8050-3). Special Considerations
• Subpart C: Applies to applicants and holders of a • Pilot Requirements: Pilots flying internationally must
Dealer's Aircraft Registration Certificate (AC Form have a Restricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit.
8050-6). • Fleet Licensing: Allows multiple aircraft to be covered
under one license for certain operations.
General Provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 47
Subpart A of Title 14 CFR Part 47 outlines the general FAA Form 337: Major Repair and Alteration
provision for Aircraft Registration: Purpose:
• Documentation: Records major repairs and alterations
47.2 Definitions: to ensure compliance with FAA regulations.
• Citizen of the United States: Includes individuals, • Compliance: Ensures the aircraft remains airworthy by
partnerships, and corporations meeting specific criteria. documenting and approving all significant modifications.
• Registry: Refers to the FAA, Civil Aviation Registry,
Aircraft Registration Branch. Who Prepares the Form?
• Resident Alien: A foreign citizen lawfully admitted for • The person performing or supervising the major
permanent residence in the U.S. repair or alteration is responsible for completing FAA
Form 337.
Ownership Requirements:
1. Owned by a U.S. citizen. Form Details
2. Owned by a resident alien. • Executed in Duplicate: At least two copies of the form
3. Owned by a non-citizen corporation, must be made.
organized under U.S. laws, with the aircraft based and • Information Required: Includes aircraft details, type of
used in the U.S. repair/alteration, and a statement certifying compliance
with FAA regulations.
Radio Station License
• Issued by the FCC for operating radio transmitting Submission
equipment aboard an aircraft in the U.S. • Local FSDO: The form is submitted to the local Flight
Standards District Office (FSDO).
Purpose • Record Keeping: One copy is kept with the aircraft's
• Safety: Regulates the use of radio equipment like two- maintenance records, and another is sent to the FA
way radiotelephones, radar, radionavigation, and
emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) for safe aircraft
operation.