Software Design & Analysis

Abdul-Rahman Mahmood
Assistant Professor, Computer Science, FAST-NU

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Downloads
 https://eclipse.dev/papyrus/

 https://ftp.yz.yamagata-
u.ac.jp/pub/eclipse//modeling/mdt/papyrus/rcp/2024
-06/6.7.0/papyrus-2024-06-6.7.0-win64.zip

 https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/release/
kepler/sr1/eclipse-ide-java-developers (OPTIONAL)
Abstraction
abstract class Animal {
// abstract methods
abstract void move();
abstract void eat();
// concrete method
void label() {
System.out.println("Animal's data:");
}
}

class Bird extends Animal {

void move() {
System.out.println("Moves by
flying.");
}
void eat() {
System.out.println("Eats
birdfood.");
}
}
public class TestBird {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal myBird = new Bird(); Output:
myBird.label(); Animal's data:
myBird.move(); Moves by flying.
myBird.eat(); Eats birdfood.
}
}
public class TestFish {
Output:
public static void main(String[]
Animal's data:
args) {
Moves by swimming.
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Eats seafood.
Animal myFish = new Fish();
myFish.label();
myFish.move();
myFish.eat();
}
}
public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal b = new Bird();
Animal f = new Fish(); Output:
b.label(); Animal's data:
b.move(); Moves by flying.
b.eat(); Eats birdfood.
f.label(); Animal's data:
f.move(); Moves by swimming.
f.eat(); Eats seafood.
}
}
Interfaces
interface Animal { interface Bird {
public void eat(); int numberOfLegs = 2;
public void sound(); String outerCovering = "feather";
} public void fly();
}
public interface Cattle {
int numberOfLegs = 4;
String outerCovering = "hairs";
public void produceMilk();
} class Eagle implements Animal,
Bird {
public class Cow implements public void eat() {
Animal, Cattle{ System.out.println("Eats reptiles
public void eat() { and amphibians.");
System.out.println("Eats grass."); }
} public void sound() {
public void sound() { System.out.println("Has a high-
System.out.println("Has a low- pitched whistling sound.");
pitched mooooo sound."); }
} public void fly() {
public void produceMilk() { System.out.println("Flies up to
System.out.println("Produces up to 10,000 feet.");
4 litres of milk per day."); }
} }
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Eagle myEagle = new Eagle();
myEagle.eat();
myEagle.sound();
myEagle.fly();
System.out.println("Number of legs: " + Output:
Bird.numberOfLegs); Eats reptiles and
System.out.println("Outer covering: " + amphibians.
Bird.outerCovering); Has a high-pitched
System.out.println(); whistling sound.
Cow myCow = new Cow(); Flies up to 10,000 feet.
myCow.eat(); Number of legs: 2
myCow.sound(); Outer covering: feather
myCow.produceMilk();
System.out.println("Number of legs: " + Eats grass.
Cow.numberOfLegs); Has a low-pitched mooooo
System.out.println("Outer covering: " + sound.
Cow.outerCovering); Produces up to 4 litres
} of milk per day.
} Number of legs: 4
Outer covering: hairs
Encapsulation
public class Animal { public double getAverageWeight() {
private String name; return averageWeight;
private double averageWeight; }
private int numberOfLegs; public int getNumberOfLegs() {
public String getName() { return numberOfLegs;
return name; }
} public void setName(String name) {
public void setAverageWeight(double averageWeight) { this.name = name;
this.averageWeight = averageWeight; }
}
public void setNumberOfLegs(int numberOfLegs) {
this.numberOfLegs = numberOfLegs;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myAnimal = new Animal();
myAnimal.setName("Eagle");
myAnimal.setAverageWeight(1.5);
myAnimal.setNumberOfLegs(2);
System.out.println("Name: " + myAnimal.getName());
System.out.println("Average weight: " + myAnimal.getAverageWeight()
+ "kg");
System.out.println("Number of legs: " +
myAnimal.getNumberOfLegs()); Output:
}
} Name: Eagle
Average weight: 1.5kg
Number of legs: 2
// Demonstrates more encapsulation as compared to previous example
public class Animal02 {
private String name;
private double averageWeight;
private int numberOfLegs;

public String getName() {

return name;
}
public double getAverageWeight() {
return averageWeight;
}
public int getNumberOfLegs() {
return numberOfLegs; Output:
} Name: Cow
public Animal02() {
this.name = "Cow"; Average weight: 250.34kg
this.averageWeight= 250.34; Number of legs: 4
this.numberOfLegs= 4;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal02 myAnimal = new Animal02();
System.out.println("Name: " + myAnimal.getName());
System.out.println("Average weight: " + myAnimal.getAverageWeight()
+ "kg");
System.out.println("Number of legs: " +
myAnimal.getNumberOfLegs());
}
}
//Demonstrates more encapsulation as
compared to previous example
public class Animal03 {
private String name;
private double averageWeight;
private int numberOfLegs;

public void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Name: " + this.name);
System.out.println("Average weight: " +
this.averageWeight+ "kg");
System.out.println("Number of legs: " + Output:
this.numberOfLegs); Name: Dog
}
public Animal03() { Average weight: 25.34kg
this.name = "Dog"; Number of legs: 4
this.averageWeight= 25.34;
this.numberOfLegs= 4;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal03 myAnimal = new Animal03();
myAnimal.displayDetails();
}
}
//Demonstrates more encapsulation as
compared to previous example
public class Animal04 {
private String name;
private double averageWeight;
private int numberOfLegs;

private void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Name: " + this.name);
System.out.println("Average weight: " +
this.averageWeight+ "kg");
System.out.println("Number of legs: " +
this.numberOfLegs); Output:
} Name: Dog
public Animal04() { Average weight: 25.34kg
this.name = "Dog";
this.averageWeight= 25.34; Number of legs: 4
this.numberOfLegs= 4;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal04 myAnimal = new Animal04();
myAnimal.displayDetails();
}
}
public class ElectronicItem {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Animal04 myAnimal = new Animal04();
//can't access private member even from same package
//If you change the access specifier protected in Animal, then it can access it.
// see table here : https://www.scaler.com/topics/protected-in-java/
myAnimal.displayDetails();
}

Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation
problem:
The method displayDetails() from the type Animal04 is not visible

at w01ex03Encapsulation.ElectronicItem.main(ElectronicItem.java:11)
Inheritance
class Bird {
public String reproduction = "egg";
public String outerCovering = "feather";
public void flyUp() {
System.out.println("Flying up...");
}
public void flyDown() {
System.out.println("Flying down...");
}
}

class Eagle extends Bird {

public String name = "eagle";
public int lifespan = 15;
public void diveDownInWater() {
System.out.println("Dive down to
catch fish...");
}
public void diveUpInWater() {
System.out.println("Dive up to
pick target in air...");
}
}
public class TestEagleInheritance {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Eagle myEagle = new Eagle();
System.out.println("Name: " + myEagle.name);
System.out.println("Reproduction: " + myEagle.reproduction);
System.out.println("Outer covering: " + myEagle.outerCovering);
System.out.println("Lifespan: " + myEagle.lifespan);
myEagle.flyUp();
myEagle.flyDown();
myEagle.diveDownInWater();
myEagle.diveUpInWater();
System.out.println();
Bird myBird = new Bird();
System.out.println("Reproduction: " + myBird.reproduction);
System.out.println("Outer covering: " + myBird.outerCovering);
myBird.flyUp();
Output:
myBird.flyDown();
Name: eagle
}
Reproduction: egg
}
Outer covering: feather
Lifespan: 15
Flying up...
Flying down...
Dive down to catch fish...
Dive up to pick target in air...

Reproduction: egg
Outer covering: feather
Flying up...
Flying down...
Polymorphism - Static
(method overloading)
class Bird {
public void fly() {
System.out.println("The bird is flying.");
}
public void fly(int height) {
System.out.println("The bird is flying " + height + " feet high.");
}
public void fly(String name, int height) {
System.out.println("The " + name + " is flying " + height + " feet
high.");
} Output:
} The bird is flying.
The bird is flying 10000 feet high.
The eagle is flying 10000 feet high.
public class TestBirdStatic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//Static polymorphism (method overloading)
Bird myBird = new Bird();
myBird.fly();
myBird.fly(10000);
myBird.fly("eagle", 10000);
}
}
Polymorphism - Dynamic / Runtime
(method overloading)
public class Animal {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("This animal eats insects.");
}
}

class Bird extends Animal {

public void eat() {
System.out.println("This bird eats seeds.");
}
}
public class TestBirdDynamic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//Dynamic polymorphism (method overriding)
Animal myAnimal = new Animal();
myAnimal.eat();
Bird myBird = new Bird(); Output:
myBird.eat(); This animal eats insects.
This bird eats seeds.
}
}