Text for number 1-2 extremely sharp edges.

Afterwards the surgeons may have employed a

A complete skeleton of a 19- or 20-year-old Homo sapiens was found tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither would leave clear evidence on
during 2020 excavations at a site called Liang Tebo, in remote the skeleton and so remain unknown possibilities.
Sangkulirang Mangkalihat region of eastern Kalimantan. Early human
remains are scarce in the region, and the researchers involved in this What seems certain, however, is that the patient enjoyed a considerable
study suggest this may be the oldest known burial of a modern human level of post-op care. "It is highly unlikely that this individual could have
that has ever been found in the region's islands. During the dig, the find survived the procedure without intensive nursing care, including blood
took on a whole new level of intrigue as the team discovered that the loss and shock management, and regular wound cleaning," Maloney
skeleton's lower leg was entirely missing. The limb had been not broken notes. He believes the successful operation implies that the community
or smashed, but cleanly removed, and the archaeologists found unusual also had some understanding of antiseptic and antimicrobial
bony overgrowth on the remaining fragments of the tibia and fibula. That management to prevent fatal infection. In this, their foraging lifestyle and
overgrowth matched overgrowth seen in modern clinical cases of forest environment might have proved to be advantages.
amputations.
1. Which information indicates the assertion that the early
Further investigations showed that the bone developed atrophy, human survived the suggested amputation?
indicating the part of the limb that remained was a stump with limited A. The skeleton does not include a lower leg part.
use. Investigations into this remodeling of bone structure showed some B. The bone of the amputated leg shrunk in size.
six to nine years of such changes. "This confirms that the surgery was C. The amputated part was cleanly removed.
not fatal, not infected and likely occurred during late childhood," says D. The remaining part of the leg shows no signs of infection.
Tim Maloney, who specializes in the archaeology of Borneo at Griffith E. There could have been post-op care.
University, in Australia, and co-authored the study.
2. What is the significance of the expression "the find took on a whole
To perform a successful operation, prehistoric surgeons must have had new level of intrigue?"
knowledge of anatomy. They sliced through not only bone but muscles, A. To emphasize the importance of the information that follows
veins and nerves in such a way that the patient didn't bleed to death or B. To provide an example for the findings of the early human remains in
go into a fatal state of shock. Their scalpels were likely the flaked lithic Liang Tebo
edges common to the era: a stone called chert, which can produce C. To elaborate the finding of the oldest modern human burial site
D. To introduce the information about the finding of an advanced
surgery method For many people who are sleep-deprived, a short shut-eye session is
E. To introduce the comparison between early and modern methods of the ticket, Mednick says. "Your mood gets better, your creativity, your
amputation perceptual processing, your memory processing."
Text for number 3-6
There are many habits I've gained while working from home: snacking Mednick has found that nappers perform as well on a pattern-
when desired, taking the dog for a midmorning walk, talking to myself recognition task as people who have slept overnight. She has found that
and settling in for a daily nap. That last one will be especially painful to naps enhance creative problem-solving. Naps can boost and restore
give up if or when I return to an office; my naps have become essential brain power. Toddlers who nap express more joy. Adults nappers can
downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-ups. Why do my naps feel so tolerate frustration longer and feel less impulsive. Naps may help protect
needed and so revitalising? And will I have to live without? older people from cognitive decline and dementia. Runners can use
naps to improve endurance. People who nap once or twice a week have
There are two biological processes that contribute to daily drowsiness, a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Memory is better after a nap. And
says Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive science at the University of on it goes.
California at Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change Your Life.

3. What can we conclude from the effects of taking a nap discussed in

The first system is the circadian: It prompts you to stay awake when it's paragraph 5?
light out and asleep when it's dark. In the middle of the day, it causes A. The effects of napping include both psychological and
the hormone cortisol to start decreasing from its morning high and your physiological advantages.
core body temperature to slightly dip; losing heat helps you fall and stay B. If done correctly, napping can have a huge range of health
asleep. The second is the homeostatic: It makes you sleepier the longer benefits.
you've been awake. As the day progresses, it continually increases your C. Taking a nap does not only help with metabolism, but also
"sleep pressure," causing you to have a growing need for sleep. with mood regulation.
Together, at midday, these create "kind of a perfect storm that makes D. Children are more affected by naps than adults are.
people tired," Mednick says. E. The advantages of napping for the human brain are its most
significant effects.
4. The author uses the word 'daily' in the second paragraph mainly to... It is very important to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with
A. demonstrate the intensity of drowsiness significant cultural sites on many of its islands. The reef is very
B. put forward an idea about drowsiness important in other ways. The World Heritage Area is worth some $5.4
C. emphasize the importance of the word drowsiness billion to the Australian economy. As many as $3.5 billion of that amount
D. show that the drowsiness must occur everyday goes into the local towns and communities bordering the reef.
E. indicate which specific drowsiness
Recent research published by the Australian Institute of Marine Science
5. What do processes in paragraph 3 tell us about our body? has found two primary factors that have caused a very significant
A. The sleep pressure is one of our body's weaknesses. decline in coral cover over the last 30 years or so. They are extreme
B. Sleep is a relaxing mechanism of the brain. weather and the crown-of-thorns starfish. The same research is telling
C. The body regulates sleep through biological processes. us that coral cover north of Cook town is generally stable, but the
D. There are two ways for our body to take a nap. southern area is experiencing major losses. The reef's complexities are
E. We can control the body's need for sleep in two ways. well described in the 2013 Scientific Consensus Statement. This
science contributed to the updated Reef Water Quality Protection Plan

6. Which question is answered by paragraph 5? (Reef Plan). The plan is a state and federal initiative designed to stop

A. Why do many people take naps? and reverse the decline in reef water quality. The consensus statement

B. What are the benefits of naps? confirms that the major cause of coral cover loss is extreme weather

C. What are the drawbacks of taking naps? events, such as cyclones. Clearly, we are not able to influence such

D. What makes naps better than sleeping overnight? events.

E. Why does our body need naps?

The second Great Barrier Reef Report Card confirms that management

Read the text below and answer the questions based on it. (7 – 9) change and water quality improvements are tracking positively, but

Stretching more than 2.300 kilometers along Queensland's coastline more needs to be done. The report was released in July 2013 and

and covering 35 million hectares, the Great Barrier is the world's largest based on 2011 Paddock to Reef Monitoring Program data. The

coral reef, and probably the richest. More than 1.500 species of fish, Queensland and Australian governments, together with industry,

4.000 species of mollusks, 400 species of sponge and 300 species of regional bodies, and conservation groups, will continue working hard to

hard corals live here. The reef is Queensland's first world heritage area. maintain progress towards Reef Plan targets. We want to be sure that
the reef has the best possible opportunity to recover from cyclone Text for number 10
damage and crown-of-thorns starfish attacks. In the US, consumers spend around $700 million a year keeping their
fabrics soft. In the UK people spend £200 million a year on fabric
7. What can be inferred from the passage? softener. A giant manufacturer even claims a massive 50 percent share
A. The Great Barrier Reef is under the threat of nature. of the market. Despite the popularity, fabric softeners can be harmful to
B. Australian economy is attracted by cyclones and starfish. both the people who use them and the marine life that ends up
C. The other main resource influencing the reef is seawater swimming in them.
quality.
Fabric softening surfactants can be derived from animals, plants or
D. Scientists expect the reef has the power to recover naturally.
minerals, as in the case of newer, silicone-based formulations. There is
E. The decline of the Great Barrier Reef initiates research on
little difference between the chemicals used in fabric softeners and
climate.
those used in hair conditioners. Whatever they are based on, all fabric
softeners work in pretty much the same way, by depositing these
8. Based on the passage, what does the author's bias deal with?
surfactants onto the fabric to make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and
A. Collaboration between scientists and the Australian
impart a fresh fragrance.
government.
Special fixatives in the mix of both standard and luxury conditioners
B. Australian geographical heritage in a form of coral reef.
mean that the fragrance can last for days, permeating wardrobes and
C. National economic value of the Great Barrier Reef
drawers. The regular off-gassing of perfume chemicals from fabric
D. Efforts to save the reef from natural destruction
softeners can be a significant trigger for asthma and other breathing
E. Benefits of the local people in relation to the reef
problems. In the US, chemically sensitive individuals complain that,
even after several washes, they cannot get the smell of fabric softeners
9. In presenting the ideas, the author starts by...
out of their washing machines and dryers.
A. Describing the landscape of the Great Barrier Reef
B. Explaining the status of the Great Barrier Reef
If you are a fabric softener addict, there are now a number of companies
C. Stating the current problem faced by the reef
that provide alternative and ‘green’ fabric softeners. However,
D. Detailing demography and value of the reef
essentially, these are unnecessary products that can trigger health
E. Reporting the findings of study on the reef
problems and can interfere with the functional aspect of some textiles.
For instance, when used on towels and nappies, some fabric softeners
can reduce absorbency, which is why it’s generally recommended that
reusable nappies aren’t washed with them. Once they are washed down
the drain they can become highly toxic to aquatic life. Given this, maybe
it’s worth asking yourself whether the time has come to break the fabric
softener habit completely.

10. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. The downside of fabric softener usage
B. The popularity of fabric softener in the US
C. Harmful compounds found in fabric softener
D. Controlling the habit of using fabric softener
E. Environmental issues caused by fabric softener