(1) A transistor, with three terminals are open is called as unbiased transistor. (2) Under this condition, diffusion of free electrons across the junction produce two depletion layers which shown in Fig. 6.3.1. Emitter-base depletion layer Collector | (c) Ie Te nD i (cieectetieea in only (B) depletion layer nation d base 6.3.1 : Unbiased transistor lector lector nt. depletion layer width is also di (5) Emitter - base depletion layer wid th collector-base depletion layer.Voltage gain (Ay) and current gain (Aj) (b) Input resistance Ri (c) Output resistance Ro Power gain Ap > (a) Voltage and current gain @) The gain of an amplifier is the ratio of output quantity to the input quantity. (ii) The voltage gain of an amplifier is the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage. Vo Voltage gain (Ay) = Vv, i Gii) Similarly, the current gain of an amplifier is the ratio of output current to the input current. . I, Current gain(Ap = J i (iv) The voltage and current gain of an amplifier is large. > (b) Input resistance (Rj) i) Input resistance is a resistance which is connected at input side of an amplifier. impedance Z; of an amplifier is replaced by input >» (c) Output: resistan (i) The resistance connected a is known as output resistance (Ro). of an amplifieraacic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (Mu - Se ; m 4 (i) When input voltage V, is short cwiiies ) ‘ . then terminal are open circuited, output “ii) Practically Ry should b a ; © as small as Possible and ideally it should be equal to zero, > (@) Power gain (A,) (i) The power gain is the ratio of output power P oO to i power Pj. mmput aa “Ap =D (ii) Practically power gain should be as high as possible and practically it should be infinite.a Ww AC input signat Fig. 6.7.1 : Single stage RC coupled CE amplifier The capacitors C, and C, are called as the coupling capacitors. As the load resistor R; is coupled to the amplifier through the coupling capacitor, this amplifier is called as RC coupled amplifier. The transistor is connected in the common emitter (CE) configuration therefore this amplifier is called CE amplifier. (1) Circuit components and their functions Let us now know about the function of each component in the RC coupled amplifier. (i) Resistors R,, R, and R, are used for biasing the transistor in the active region, because for operating the transistor as an amplifier it is necessary in bias it in the active region. The type of biasing circuit used here is voltage divider bias or self bias.zoce iii) (diy) @) @) “ohector resi collector current, Input ‘istor used for controlling the signal. This capacitor also ensures that the biasing conditions of the transistor ° remain unchanged even after application of the input signal, Bypass capacitor Cy ? The capacitor connected in Parallel with the emit ter resistor Rp is called as the emitter bypass capacitor. This capacitor offers a low Weactance to the amplified as signal. Therefore the emitter resistor Ry gets bypassed through Cy, the ac signals. This will increase the voltage g amplifier. Moreover as Cy, acts as an open ci voltages, it does not bypass Ry for only ain of the cuit for de for de conditions. Thus Presence of Cy does not alter the de biasing conditions. Output coupling capacitor C, couples the amplifier + This capacitor T Output to the load resistance or to the next stage of the amplifier. It is used for blocking the de port and passing only the ac port of the amplified signal to the load. Operation Due to application of ac signal V, the base current flucturates above and below the Q point value of Ip. Therefore the collector current will very about its Q point value. As I, = B Ip the change in I, is large. AS Vox is given by, Ve = Veo-TeRe The collector voltage will change above and below Veeq: The change in V¢ will be very large due to presence of collector current T, in the above expression. Thus we get an amplified version of V, at the output. The amplified output voltage is 180° out of phase with the input voltage as shown in the above Fig. 6.7.1 at the output terminals. (3) Features of CE amplifier (1) Moderately high input resistance. (2) Moderately low output resistance. (3) High voltage gain. (4) High current gain.10) FETs have higher switching speeds. pi 6.19 COMPARISON OF E Tes | (©) Used as a chopper. [ See |_No. a : 1, _| FET isa unipolar device. BIT is a bipolar device. 2. _| FET isa Voltage controlled device. BJT is a Current controlled device. 3. _| FETs have high input impedance due to reverse bias. __| BJTs have low input impedance due to forward bias, 4,__| FETs are less noisy. BJTs are more noisy. | 5, | FETs are easy to fabricate and occupy less space. BITs are not easy to fabricate and occupy more space. 6. | FET amplifiers have low gain bandwidth product due to | BJT amplifiers have high gain bandwidth product. junction capacitive effect. not consist of any thermal runaway effect. BIT consists of thermal runaway effect. suffer from minority carrier storage BIT suffers from minority carrier storage effect. ef speeds and cut off BITS have lower switching speeds and cut off 9. | FETs have fi frequency. frequency. 10. | FET works as an amplifier in saturation region of its | BJT works as an amplifier in active region of its characteristics, ? | characteristics.