CHECK Your Understanding

1. Rewrite each expression as a single trigonometric ratio.

a) sin a cos 2a 1 cos a sin 2a
b) cos 4x cos 3x 2 sin 4x sin 3x

2. Rewrite each expression as a single trigonometric ratio, and then

evaluate the ratio.
tan 170° 2 tan 110°
a)
1 1 tan 170° tan 110°
5p p 5p p
b) cos cos 1 sin sin
12 12 12 12
3. Express each angle as a compound angle, using a pair of angles
from the special triangles.
p
a) 75° c) 2 e) 105°
6
p 5p
b) 215° d) f)
12 6
4. Determine the exact value of each trigonometric ratio.
5p
a) sin 75° c) tan e) cos 105°
12

d) sin a2 b
p 23p
b) cos 15° f ) tan
12 12

PRACTISING
5. Use the appropriate compound angle formula to determine the exact
K
value of each expression.

a) sin ap 1 b c) tan a e) tan a 2 b

p p p p
1 pb
6 4 3 6

b) cos ap 2 b d) sin a2 1 b f ) cos a 1 b

p p p p p
4 2 3 2 3
6. Use the appropriate compound angle formula to create an equivalent
expression.
c) cos ax 1 b
p
a) sin (p 1 x) e) sin (x 2 p)
2
b) cos ax 1 b
3p
d) tan (x 1 p) f ) tan (2p 2 x)
2
7. Use transformations to explain why each expression you created
in question 6 is equivalent to the given expression.

400 7.2 Compound Angle Formulas NEL

 7.2
8. Determine the exact value of each trigonometric ratio.
11p 7p
a) cos 75° c) cos e) tan
12 12
13p 25p
b) tan (215°) d) sin f ) tan
12 12
4 12 p 3p
9. If sin x 5 and sin y 5 2 13, 0 , x , 2 , 2 , y , 2p, evaluate
5
a) cos (x 1 y) c) cos (x 2 y) e) tan (x 1 y)
b) sin (x 1 y) d) sin (x 2 y) f ) tan (x 2 y)
7
10. a and b are acute angles in quadrant I, with sin a 5 and
A
25
5
cos b 5 13. Without using a calculator, determine the values of
sin (a 1 b) and tan (a 1 b).
11. Use compound angle formulas to verify each of the following
cofunction identities.

a) sin x 5 cos a 2 xb b) cos x 5 sin a

p p
2 xb
2 2
12. Simplify each expression.

a) sin (p 1 x) 1 sin (p 2 x) b) cos ax 1 b 2 sin ax 1 b

p p
3 6
sin ( f 1 g) 1 sin ( f 2 g)
13. Simplify .
T
cos ( f 1 g) 1 cos ( f 2 g)

14. Create a flow chart to show how you would evaluate cos (a 1 b),
C
given the values of sin a and sin b, if both a and bP S 0, 2 T .
p

15. List the compound angle formulas you used in this lesson, and look
for similarities and differences. Explain how you can use these
similarities and differences to help you remember the formulas.

Extending
16. Prove sin C 1 sin D 5 2 sin a b cos a b.
C1D C2D
2 2
17. Determine cot (x 1 y) in terms of cot x and cot y.

18. Prove cos C 1 cos D 5 2 cos a b cos a b.

C1D C2D
2 2

19. Prove cos C 2 cos D 5 22 sin a b sin a b.

C1D C2D
2 2

NEL Chapter 7 401

 4. a) y Lesson 7.1, pp. 392–393 6. a) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let
the coordinates of Q be (x, y). Since P
4 1. a) Answers may vary. For example: and Q are reflections of each other in
2 y 5 cos (u 1 2p), y 5 cos (u 1 4p), the line y 5 x, the coordinates of P are
P(–2, 2) u x y 5 cos (u 2 2p) ( y, x). Draw a line from P to the positive
–4 –2 0
b) y 5 sin au 1 b, y 5 sin au 2 b,
2 4 p 3p x-axis. The hypotenuse of the new right
triangle makes an angle of Q 2 2 uR with
–2 2 2 p

y 5 sin au 1 b
–4 5p the positive x-axis. Since the x-coordinate
of P is y, cos Q 2 2 uR 5 y. Also, since
2 p
p 3p 2. a) y 5 csc u is odd, csc (2u) 5 2csc u;
b) radians c) radians the y-coordinate of Q is y, sin u 5 y.
4 4 y 5 sec u is even, sec (2u) 5 sec u;
!2 !2 !2 "2 Therefore, cos Q 2 2 uR 5 sin u.
p
5. a) A: a b ; F: a2 b;
y 5 cot u is odd, cot (2u) 5 2cot u
, ,2
2 2 2 2 b) y 5 cot (2u) is the graph of y 5 cot u b) Assume the circle is a unit circle. Let
1 !3 1 !3 reflected across the y-axis; y 5 2cot u
B: a , b; G: a2 ,2 b;
the coordinates of the vertex on the
2 2 2 2 is the graph of y 5 cot u reflected circle of the right triangle in the first
1 !3 1 !3 across the x-axis. Both of these quadrant be (x, y). Then sin u 5 y, so
C: a2 , b ; H: a ,2 b; transformations result in the same graph. 2sin u 5 2y. The point on the circle
2 2 2 2
!3 1 !2 !2 y 5 csc (2u) is the graph of y 5 csc u that results from rotating the vertex by
D: a2 , b ; I: a ,2 b; reflected across the y-axis; y 5 2csc u is
p
counterclockwise about the origin
2 2 2 2 2
!3 1 !3 1
the graph of y 5 csc u reflected across has coordinates (2y, x), so
E: a2 ,2 b ; J: a ,2 b the x-axis. Both of these transformations p
2 2 2 2 cosQ 2 1 uR 5 2y. Therefore,
result in the same graph. y 5 sec (2u)
!2 1 is the graph of y 5 sec u reflected across p
b) i) 2 ii) 2 iii) 21 iv) 2 cosQ 2 1 uR 5 2sin u.
2 2 the y-axis. This results in the same graph 7. a) true
6. a) If the angle x is in the second quadrant: as y 5 sec u.
b) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3 4 p p 3p p p
sin x 5 ; cos x 5 2 ; 3. a) cos c) cot e) cos Let u 5 2 . Then the left side is sin 2 ,
5 5 3 8 8 p
p 3p p or 1. The right side is 2sin 2 , or 21.
5 5 4 b) sin d) sin f ) cot
csc x 5 ; sec x 5 2 ; cot x 5 2 . 12 16 3 c) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3 4 3
a) csc u 5 sec a 2 ub;
p Let u 5 p. Then the left side is cos p,
If the angle x is in the fourth quadrant: 4.
2 or 21. The right side is 2cos 5p, or 1.
3 4 5
sec u 5 csc a 2 ub;
p d) false; Answers may vary. For example:
sin x 5 2 ; cos x 5 ; csc x 5 2 ; p 3p
5 5 3 2 Let u 5 4 . Then the left side is tan 4 ,
cot u 5 tan a 2 ub "2 "2
5 4 p p
sec x 5 ; cot x 5 2 2 or 2 2 . The right side is tan 4 , or 2 .
4 3
b) y 5 tan Q 2 2 uR 5 tan Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
b) If x is in the second quadrant, x 5 2.5. p p e) false; Answers may vary. For example:
3p
If x is in the fourth quadrant, x 5 5.6. Let u 5 p. Then the left side is cot 4 ,
This is the graph of y 5 tan u reflected p
7. a) true d) false p or 21. The right side is tan 4 , or 1.
b) true e) true across the y-axis and translated 2 to the
f ) false; Answers may vary. For example:
c) false f ) true right, which is identical to the graph of p

Answers
y 5 cot u. Let u 5 2 . Then the left side is
8.
sin 2 , or 1. The right side is sin Q2 2 R,
Perform a vertical stretch/compression
y 5 csc Q 2 2 uR 5 csc Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
5p p
by a factor of 0 a 0 .
p p

This is the graph of y 5 csc u reflected or 21.

p
1 across the y-axis and translated 2 to the
Use ` k ` to determine the horizontal right, which is identical to the graph of Lesson 7.2, pp. 400–401
stretch/compression. y 5 sec u.
1. a) sin 3a b) cos 7x
y 5 sec Q 2 2 uR 5 sec Q2 Qu 2 2 RR;
p p
a) tan 60° ; !3
p 1
2. b) cos ;
Use a and k to determine whether This is the graph of y 5 sec u reflected 3 2
the function is reflected in the y-axis p p p
across the y-axis and translated 2 to the 3. a) 30° 1 45° d) 2
or the x-axis. 4 6
right, which is identical to the graph of
b) 30° 2 45° e) 60° 1 45°
y 5 csc u. p p p p
p p c) 2 f) 1
Perform a vertical translation of c units 5. a) sin d) cos 6 3 2 3
up or down. 8 6 !2 1 !6 !2 2 !6
p 3p 4. a) d)
b) 2cos e) 2sin 4 4
!2 1 !6 !2 2 !6
12 8
Perform a horizontal translation of p p b) e)
c) tan f ) 2tan 4 4
c) 2 1 !3 f ) 22 1 !3
d units to the right or the left. 4 3

NEL Answers 659

 1 1
5 (2) aasin b acos b acos2 b
14. y C C D
5. a) 2 d) 2 Write sin a in terms of r .
2 2 2 2 2
!2 !3
1 asin b acos b acos2 b
b) 2 e) D D C
2 3 2 2 2
!3
Solve for x using the Pythagorean
1 asin b acos b asin b
c) 1 f) 2 theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. D D 2 C
2 2 2 2
6. a) 2sin x d) tan x
1 asin b acos b asin b)
C C 2 D
b) sin x e) 2sin x
Since aP S 0, 2 T , choose the positive
p 2 2 2
c) 2sin x f ) 2tan x
5 (2)asin bacos b acos2 1 sin2 b
C C D D
7. a) sin (p 1 x) is equivalent to sin x value of x and determine cos a. 2 2 2 2
translated p to the left, which is
1 2asin b acos b acos2 1 sin2 b
equivalent to 2sin x. D D C C

b) cos Qx 1 2 R is equivalent to cos x

3p y 2 2 2 2
Write sin b in terms of r .
5 (2) asin b acos b
3p C C
translated 2 to the left, which is 2 2
equivalent to sin x.
b acos b
Solve for x using the Pythagorean
c) cos Qx 1 2 R is equivalent to cos x
p D D
theorem, x 2 1 y 2 5 r 2. 1 2asin
2 2
p
translated 2 to the left, which is
5 sin a2a bb 1 sin a2a bb
C D
equivalent to 2sin x.
2 2
Since bP S 0, 2 T , choose the
d) tan (x 1 p) is equivalent to tan x p
5 sin C 1 sin D
translated p to the left, which is
positive value of x and determine cos b. cot x cot y 2 1
equivalent to tan x. 17. cot (x 1 y) 5
e) sin (x 2 p) is equivalent to sin x cot x 1 cot y
translated p to the right, which is 18. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y.
equivalent to 2sin x. Use the formula cos C 1 cos D
f ) tan (2p 2 x) is equivalent to cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b 5 cos (x 1 y) 1 cos (x 2 y)
tan (2x), which is equivalent to tan x to evaluate cos (a 1 b). 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
reflected in the y-axis, which is 1 cos x cos y 1 sin x sin y
equivalent to 2tan x. 15. See compound angle formulas listed on 5 2 cos x cos y
!6 2 !2 !2 2 !6
p. 399. C1D x1y1x2y
The two sine formulas are the same, 5 5x
8. a) d) 2 2
4 4
b) 22 1 !3 e) 22 2 !3
except for the operators. Remembering that C2D x1y2x1y
the same operator is used on both the left 5 5y
2 !2 2 !6
2 2
c) f ) 22 2 !3 and right sides in both equations will help So cos C 1 cos D
4
5 2 cos a b cos a b
you remember the formulas. C1D C2D
63 56 Similarly, the two cosine formulas are the
9. a) d) 2 2
65 65 same, except for the operators. 19. Let C 5 x 1 y and let D 5 x 2 y.
16 16 Remembering that the operator on the left
b) 2 e) 2 cos C 2 cos D
65 63 side is the opposite of the operator on the 5 cos (x 1 y) 2 cos (x 2 y)
33 56 right side in both equations will help you
c) 2 f) 2 5 cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y
65 33 remember the formulas. 2 (cos x cos y 2 sin x sin y)
323 323 The two tangent formulas are the same,
10. ; 5 22 sin x sin y
325 36 except for the operators in the numerator C1D x1y1x2y
a) cos a 2 xb
p and the denominator on the right side. 5 5x
11. 2 2
2 Remembering that the operators in the C2D x1y2x1y
p p 5 5y
5 cos cos x 1 sin sin x numerator and the denominator are 2 2
2 2
5 (0) (cos x) 1 (1) (sin x) opposite in both equations, and that the So cos C 2 cos D
5 22 sin a b sin a b
5 0 1 sin x operator in the numerator is the same as C1D C2D
5 sin x the operator on the left side, will help you 2 2
remember the formulas.
b) sin a 2 xb
p
16. 2 sin a b cos a b
C1D C2D Lesson 7.3, pp. 407–408
2
p p 2 2
5 sin 2 cos x 2 cos 2 sin x 1. a) sin 10x d) tan 8x
5 (2) aasin b acos b
5 (1) (cos x) 2 (0) (sin x) C D b) cos 2u e) 2 sin 2u
5 cos x 2 0 2 2 c) cos 6x f ) cos u
5 cos x p !3
1 acos b asin bb aacos b
C D C
b) 2 !3 sin x
2. a) sin 90°; 1 d) cos ;
12. a) 0 2 2 2 6 2
13. tan f , cos f 2 0, cos g 2 0 1 3p !2
b) cos 60°; e) cos ;2
3 acos b 1 asin basin bb
D C D
2 4 2
2 2 2 p 1 !3
c) sin ; f ) sin 120°;
6 2 2

660 Answers NEL