Scribd
Upload
17 views

Lecture 9 ReKm Statistical Inference Hypothesis Testing Parametric Test

Uploaded by

rayta.rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Lecture 9 ReKm Statistical Inference Hypothesis Testing Parametric Test

Uploaded by

rayta.rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Statistics

STATISTICAL INFERENCE

Dr. Reatul Karim


Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Statistical inference
Confidence Interval
• The objective of inferential statistics is to use sample data
to increase knowledge about the corresponding entire
population.
• Results obtained from a survey can be reported as a
point estimate. For example, a single sample mean is
called a point estimate because this single number is
used as a plausible value of the population mean.
• Some error is associated with this estimate - the true
population mean may be larger or smaller than the
sample mean.
Confidence Interval
• An alternative to reporting a point estimate is identifying
a range of possible values.
• Controlling the probability that mean is not lower than
the lowest value in this range and not higher than the
largest value.
• This range of possible values is known as a confidence
interval.
• Associated with each confidence interval is a confidence
level. This level indicates the level of assurance you have
that the resulting confidence interval encloses the
unknown population mean.
Confidence Interval
• Common choices for the confidence level are 90, 95 and
99%.
• These levels correspond to percentages of the area of
the normal distribution curve.
• For example, a 95% confidence interval covers 95% of
the normal curve – the probability of observing a
value outside of this area is less than 5%.
• Because the normal curve is symmetric, half of the area
is in the left tail of the curve, and the other half of the
area is in the right tail of the curve. This means that 2.5%
of the area is in each tail.
Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval presents a range of values,
on the basis of sample data, in which the
population value may lie. These intervals are
constructed so that a certain percentage of the
time the interval will contain the specified
population parameter.

THE MOST USUAL DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE


PRESENTED IS 95%
Hypothesis testing: Parametric
tests
Significance of Difference in Two
Means
• When statistics are calculated under the
assumption that the data follows normal
distribution, we call these parametric statistics.
• It follows that statistical tests based on these
parametric statistics are called parametric
statistical tests.
• Parametric tests include: z test, t test, ANOVA,
etc.
Significance of Difference in Two
Means
• If the statistics observed in two sample means say x1 & x2 ,
the question refer to whether they differ significantly or the
difference found is due to chance or error of sampling.
• If on the basis of a test, we find that the difference is too
large to attribute to chance errors, we will conclude that
the sample means are unequal or the difference between
sample means are statistically significant.
• If the difference between the sample means is zero, the
resultant z or t value would be zero and the researcher would
conclude no significant difference.
• Hence, H0 : x1 − x2 = 0
• AND, H1 : x1 − x2 = 0
Significance of Difference in Two
Means
Depending on the size of sample, the test of
significance of difference in two means are
two types:
✓ z-test (for large samples, n>30)
✓ t-test (for small samples, n<30).
• Consider the following hypothetical situation: From previous
experience we know that the birth weights of babies in
England are normally distributed with a mean of 3000g.
• We think that the babies in Australia have a mean birth weight
greater than 3000g and we would like to test this hypothesis.
• How do we state the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis:
• H0 : x1 − x2 = 0
• H1 : x1 − x2 = 0

H0 : μ = 3000
• OR:
H1 : μ > 3000
z-test

To test the difference between two population means, the test statistic is:

( x1 − x2 )
z=
2 2
s1 s 2
+
n1 n2
2 2
Where s 1 and s 2 are variances of two samples.
z-test
Testing procedure:
a) State the null hypothesis
b) Find the “z” value, using the formula
c) Choose “p” value of p≤0.05
d) Refer the z value to find the “p” value
from table.

You might also like