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Dog of God Animality and Wildness Among

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views21 pages

Dog of God Animality and Wildness Among

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Islamic Alternatives

Non-Mainstream Religion in Persianate Societies

Edited by
Shahrokh Raei

2017
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek


The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet
at http://dnb.dnb.de.

For further information about our publishing program consult our


website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de
© Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2017
This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright.
Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission
of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies
particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage
and processing in electronic systems.
Printed on permanent/durable paper.
Printing and binding: A Hubert & Co., Göttingen
Printed in Germany
ISSN 0340-6334
ISBN 978-3-447-10779-2


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