Dog of God Animality and Wildness Among
Dog of God Animality and Wildness Among
Edited by
Shahrokh Raei
2017
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.
'RJRI*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
3DULV
7KLVDUWLFOHLVDQDWWHPSWWRSUHVHQWDQRYHUDOOSLFWXUHRIWKHGHUYLVKIURPDVLQJOHDQG
VLGHSHUVSHFWLYHWKDWLVKLVZLOGDWWLWXGHDQGPRUHSUHFLVHO\KLVF\QHJHWLFRU³GRJ
JLVK´EHKDYLRXU5HFHQWO\SHUKDSVLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHFUD]HIRUWKHDQLPDOTXHVWLRQLQ
KLVWRULFDODQGDQWKURSRORJLFDOVWXGLHVRYHUWKHSDVWGHFDGHVVFKRODUVKDYHWDNHQDQ
LQWHUHVWLQWKHILJXUHRIWKHGRJ NDOELQ$UDELFVDJLQ3HUVLDQN|SHNLWLQ7XUNLVK LQ
WHUPVRILWVUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK,VODPDQG,VODPLFP\VWLFLVP7KH\XVHGKDJLRJUDSKLHV
LFRQRJUDSK\QDUUDWLYHSRHWU\DQG6XILOHJHQGV<HWQXPHURXVVRXUFHVUHPDLQQH
JOHFWHG DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ RQH FDQ KDUGO\ ILQG D FRQVLVWHQW GLVFXVVLRQ ZKLFK
ZRXOGRIIHUDJHQHUDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHLQWLPDWHOLQNEHWZHHQWKHPDUJLQDOGHUYLVK
DQGWKHGRJ6XFKDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVEDVHGRQWZRPDLQUHVXOWVWKDWZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
LQGHWDLOLQWKLVHVVD\)LUVWO\WKHGRJDSSHDUVDVKLJKO\DPELJXRXVDFFXVHGRILPSX
ULW\DQGVDYDJHU\RQWKHRQHKDQGEXWLVDOVRGHVFULEHGDVH[HPSODU\HYHQKRO\6HF
RQGO\WKHDQLPDOEULQJVYLUWXHVDVGLYHUVHDQGSDUDGR[LFDODVOR\DOW\YLJLODQFHDQG
KXPLOLW\EXWDOVRVXEPLVVLYHQHVVDEDVHPHQWDQGEODPHZRUWKLQHVVZKLFKHFKRWKH
WUDGLWLRQDOO\FRQWUDVWHGLPDJHRIWKHGHUYLVK
:KLFKOHVVRQVFDQZHGHULYHIURPWKHVHUHVXOWV"%H\RQGWKHFODVVLF\HWXQIUXLWIXO
RQHLQWKHFDVHRIWKHGRJ ±DOWHUQDWLYHEHWZHHQWKHTXHVWIRUSUH,VODPLFKHULWDJHV
WKHGRJDVD=RURDVWULDQRUWRWHPLFVXEVWUDWH DQGWKHVWULFWO\,VODPLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
WKHGRJDVDV\PERORIOR\DOW\DQGPHPEHUVKLSWRD6XILFRPPXQLW\ ±,VKDOOSXW
IRUZDUGDQRWKHUK\SRWKHVLV,WVHHPVWKDWWDNHQWRJHWKHUDQGZLWKRXWVSHFXODWLQJRQ
WKHKLVWRULFDOSHULRGRUVRFLDOFRQWH[W±ZKLFKERWKUHPDLQDEVHQWIURPPRVWRIWKH
WH[WVGHDOLQJZLWKGRJV±WKHYDULRXVVRXUFHVGHSLFWDQHWKRORJ\RIWKHGRJRI*RG
UHIOHFWLQJDVSHFLILFGHYRWLRQDQGDSDUWLFXODUUHOLJLRXVDWWLWXGH7KHFDQLQHHWKRVDS
SHDUVDVDOLWHUDOGHILQLWLRQRIWKHDQWLQRPLDQGHUYLVKZKRVHHNVWREHFRPHDGRJRI
*RGSURZOLQJRQSLOJULPDJHO\LQJGRZQLQGHYRWLRQVWDUYLQJDVDEHJJDUEDUNLQJ
LQSUD\HU
7KH$PELYDOHQFHRIWKH'RJLQ,VODPDQG6XILVP
1HJDWLYLW\
$WILUVWJODQFHWKHGRJKDVDQH[WUHPHO\QHJDWLYHLPDJHLQ,VODP$PRQJWKHYDULRXV
ODQJXDJHVRIWKH0XVOLPZRUOGLWKDVLQVSLUHGQXPHURXVLQVXOWV$UDELFH[SUHVVLRQV
GHVFULEHDOOVRUWVRIEDGFRQGXFWUHODWHGWRGRJVDQGSURYHUEVUHFDOOWKDWGRJVEULQJ
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
WKHHYLOH\H,Q3HUVLDQLQFOXGLQJ,QGR3HUVLDQLQVXOWVDVVRFLDWHWKHGRJZLWKPDOLJ
QDQWFUXHODQGGHSUDYHGSHRSOH,Q2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK DQGODQJXDJHVLQFRQWDFWZLWK
LWOLNH*UHHN WKHGRJGHVLJQDWHVWKHXQEHOLHYHUWKHHQHP\WKHLPSXUHZRPDQDQG
VRIRUWK,Q&HQWUDO$VLD8\JKXUVXVHWRVD\DERXWWKHEHQHILWVRIHDUO\SUD\HUV³HYHQ
D GRJ ZKR JHWV XS HDUO\ FDQ HDW ZHOO´ DOOXGLQJ WR WKH PLVHUDEOH FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH
DQLPDO2QHDOVRILQGVSRSXODUVD\LQJVDVVRFLDWLQJGRJVZLWKW\UDQWVWKHIRUPHUVHUY
LQJWKHODWWHULQIHURFLW\7KHVHH[DPSOHVFRQVWDQWO\HVWDEOLVKDOLQNEHWZHHQWKHGRJ
DQGDOOVRUWVRIRXWFDVWVDQGRXWVLGHUVDOOWKRVHZKRLQRWKHUZRUGVDUHUHMHFWHGE\
VRFLHW\
6XFK D GUHDGIXO LPDJH ZRXOG FRPH IURP WKH FRPPRQ EHOLHI WKDW WKH GRJ LV RI
GHYLOLVKELUWKPDQLIHVWHGRQLWVYHU\ERG\E\OLJKWSDWFKHVRQHDFKH\HEURZDQXQ
GLVSXWDEOHPDUNRIWKHGHYLOIRUPHGLHYDO$UDEV 3UHVHQWDVZHOODPRQJWKHDQFLHQW
DQGPHGLHYDO&KULVWLDQEHOLHIV HVSHFLDOO\DERXWWKHEODFNGRJZKRLVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHG
WREHDGHPRQ WKH0XVOLPP\WKRIFDQLQHRULJLQLVH[SODLQHGE\WKH6KƯޏƯHQF\FOR
SDHGLVW0XতDPPDG%ƗTLUDO0DMOLVƯ G± DVIROORZV*RGFUHDWHGWKHGRJ
IURPWKHGHYLO¶VVDOLYD$IWHU*RGVHQW$GDPDQG(YHWRHDUWKWKHGHYLO±ZKRFRQ
WLQXRXVO\SXUVXHGKLVYHQJHDQFHDJDLQVWWKHP±ZHQWWRVHHWKHZLOGFDWVWKDWKDGEHHQ
RQHDUWKEHIRUHPHQDQGKDUDQJXHGWKHP³WZRHQRUPRXVELUGVDVQRRQHKDVHYHU
VHHQKDYHGHVFHQGHGIURPKHDYHQSXUVXHWKHPDQGHDWWKHP´)LOOHGZLWKKDWUHGWKH
GHYLOHQFRXUDJHGWKHPE\VKRXWLQJDQGUDQWLQJ)URPKLVPRXWKGURROGULSSHGIURP
LW*RGFUHDWHGDFRXSOHRIGRJVZKRPRXQWHGJXDUGQH[WWR$GDPDQG(YHDQGNHSW
WKH ZLOGFDWV DW ED\ 6LQFH WKLV GD\ GRJV DQG ZLOGFDWV KDYH DOZD\V EHHQ HQHPLHV
/DVWO\RQHILQGVDPRUHVXEWOHUHIHUHQFHWRGRJVLQUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHGHYLOLQ4XUDQ
±ZKLFKFRPSDUHVGRJVZLWKSHRSOHZKRLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHGHYLO IROORZ
WKHLU SDVVLRQV DQG GHQ\ WKH GLYLQH VLJQV ³$QG UHFLWH WR WKHP WKH WLGLQJ RI KLP WR
ZKRP:HJDYH2XUVLJQVEXWKHFDVWWKHPRIIDQG6DWDQIROORZHGDIWHUKLPDQGKH
EHFDPH RQH RI WKH SHUYHUWV $QG KDG :H ZLOOHG :H ZRXOG KDYH UDLVHG KLP XS
WKHUHE\EXWKHLQFOLQHGWRZDUGVWKHHDUWKDQGIROORZHGKLVOXVW6RWKHOLNHQHVVRIKLP
LVDVWKHOLNHQHVVRIDGRJLIWKRXDWWDFNHVWLWLWOROOVLWVWRQJXHRXWRULIWKRXOHDYHVW
LWLWOROOVLWVWRQJXHRXW7KDWLVWKDWSHRSOH¶VOLNHQHVVZKRFULHGOLHVWR2XUVLJQV´
/DQH':$UDELF(QJOLVK/H[LFRQ/RQGRQ:LOODPV 1RUJDWHVY³NDOE´%HQNKHLUD
0+0D\HXU-DRXHQ&6XEOHW-/¶$QLPDOHQLVODP3DULV/HV,QGHV6DYDQWHVS
6WHLQJDVV)$&RPSUHKHQVLYH3HUVLDQ(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH .HJDQ3DXO
SS±
5HGKRXVH - 7UNoH2VPDQOÕFDøQJOL]FHV|]ON ,VWDQEXO 5HGKRXVH <D\ÕQHYL SS
&RXURXFOL0'XF\QpJpWLTXHjO¶DERPLQDEOH¬SURSRVGXFKLHQFRPPHWHUPHG¶LQMXUHHW
G¶H[FOXVLRQHQJUHFPRGHUQH/¶+RPPHSS
:DQJ-8\JKXU(GXFDWLRQDQG6RFLDO2UGHUWKH5ROHRI,VODPLF/HDGHUVKLSLQWKH7XUSDQ
%DVLQ7RN\R5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRU/DQJXDJHVDQG&XOWXUHVRI$VLDDQG$IULFD7RN\R8QLYHU
VLW\RI)RUHLJQ6WXGLHVS
9LUp)³.DOE´(QF\FORSDHGLDRI,VODPQGHGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROS
&RXURXFOLS%HQNKHLUDHWDOS
4XRWHGDQGVXPPDULVHGLQ%HQNKHLUDHWDOS
,XVHWKH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQE\$UWKXU-$UEHUU\
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
%HQNKHLUDHWDOSS±±±
,XVHWKHRQOLQHHGLWLRQDWKWWSZZZXVFHGXRUJFPMH
6HH3LQJXHW&/HV&KLHQVG¶,VWDQEXO'HVUDSSRUWVHQWUHO¶KRPPHHWO¶DQLPDOGHO¶DQWLTXLWpj
QRVMRXUV6DLQW3RXUoDLQVXU6LRXOH%OHXDXWRXU
3DSDV$'HUYLVK(QF\FORSDHGLDRI,VODPUGHGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS±
3DSDV$$QWLQRPLDQLVP LEƗۊDLEƗۊL\\D (QF\FORSDHGLDRI,VODPUGHGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOO
YROSS±
4XRWHGLQ&KLWWLFN:&7KH6XIL3DWKRI/RYH7KH6SLULWXDO7HDFKLQJVRI5XPL$OEDQ\6WDWH
8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVVS2WKHUTXRWDWLRQVLQ5LWWHU+7KH2FHDQRIWKH6RXO
0HQWKH:RUOGDQG*RGLQWKH6WRULHVRI)DUƯGDO'ƯQҵ$ܒܒƗU/HLGHQ%ULOOSS±
ޏ$৬৬ƗU)DUƯGDO'ƯQ7DGKNLUDWDODZOL\ƗHGLWHGE\5H\QROG$1LFKROVRQ/RQGRQ /HLGHQ
/X]DF%ULOO±YROSS±
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
5HKDELOLWDWLRQ
,QVSLWHRIWKLVJHQHUDOGHSUHFLDWLRQRIWKH GRJLQ,VODPDQG6XILVP ZH ILQG PDQ\
HOHPHQWVRIFOHDULQJ:RUWKPHQWLRQLQJLVDWILUVWWKHDEURJDWLRQRIWKH3URSKHW¶VRZQ
FRQGHPQDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIGRJV7KLVFRQGHPQDWLRQ±DSSDUHQWO\
PRWLYDWHGE\WKH QHFHVVLW\WRVROYHWKHSUREOHPRIDVWUD\GRJSODJXHLQ0HGLQD ±
HYHQWXDOO\H[FOXGHGZDWFKGRJVVKHHSGRJVDQGJXQGRJV+DGLWKVDOVRHYRNHGWKH
3URSKHW¶V\RXQJFRXVLQVDQGVRPHRIWKHFRPSDQLRQVZKRRZQHGSXSSLHVHYHQWKH
3URSKHWZKRSUD\HGRQFHZKLOHDGRJZDVSOD\LQJLQWKHYLFLQLW\ $ULFKOLWHUDWXUH
JRHVWKURXJKWKHEHKDYLRXU DNKOƗT DWWULEXWHGWRPDQ¶VEHVWIULHQG)RULQVWDQFHLQ
KLVFODVVLILFDWLRQRIDQLPDOVWKHWKHRORJLDQ)DNKUDO'ƯQDO5Ɨ]Ư G GHVFULEHG
WKHGRJDVLUULWDEOHLUDVFLEOHFRZDUGO\DQGVWXSLGEXWDOVRDVHQGHDULQJDQGDIIHF
WLRQDWH PXWDZDGGLG (DUOLHUDVZHOODVODWHUDXWKRUVJUDQWHGSRVLWLYHTXDOLWLHVWR
WKHGRJ YLJLODQFHDQGIDLWKIXOQHVVLQSDUWLFXODU VXFKDVWKHSRO\PDWKVDO-ƗতL G
DQGDO'DPƯUƯ G 7KHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJWH[WLQWKLVUHVSHFWUHPDLQV,EQDO
0DU]XEƗQ¶V.LWƗEIDڲODONLOƗEҵDOƗNDWKƯUPLPPDQODELVDDOWKL\ƗE&RPSRVHGLQWKH
WKFHQWXU\7KH%RRNRIWKH6XSHULRULW\RI'RJVWR6RPHRI7KRVH:KR:HDU&ORWKHV
GHVFULEHVSURYRFDWLYHO\WKHPHULWVRIGRJV HVSHFLDOO\OR\DOW\DQGILGHOLW\ LQFRQWUDVW
WRWKHGHIDXOWVRIPHQ
7KHVFULSWXUDOEDVLVRIWKH,VODPLFUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKHGRJLVQROHVVWKDQ4XUDQ
LWVHOILQDGGLWLRQWRDVSHFLILFKDGLWKDQGLWVODWHUXVHV,QIDFWH[FHSWIRU4XUDQ±
RWKHURFFXUUHQFHVGRQRWDWWDFNWKHFDQLQHUDFHDQG4XUDQ±HYHQJORULILHV
LWWKURXJKWKHIDPRXVVWRU\RIWKH3HRSOHRIWKH&DYH Dۊ܈ƗEDONDKI $VLVZHOO
NQRZQDGRJDFFRPSDQLHGDQGSURWHFWHGWKH6HYHQ&RPSDQLRQVZKRWRRNUHIXJHLQ
9LUpS%HQNKHLUDHWDOSS±
$ERX(O)DGO.K³'RJVLQWKH,VODPLF7UDGLWLRQDQG1DWXUH´(QF\FORSHGLDRI5HOLJLRQDQG
1DWXUH1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP,QWHUQDWLRQDORQOLQHHGLWLRQ
%HQNKHLUDHWDOS
6HHDO0DU]XEƗQ$Enj%DNU7KH6XSHULRULW\RI'RJVRYHU0DQ\RI7KRVH:KR:HDU&ORWKHV
)DڲODONLOƗEҵDOƗNDWKƯUPLPPDQODELVDDOWKL\ƗEWUDQVODWHGE\*56PLWKDQG0$6$EGHO
+DOHHP:DUPLQVWHU$ULV 3KLOOLSV/WG2QSS[Y[YLLLRQHILQGVFRQFUHWHUHIHUHQFHV
WRGRJVLQDO-ƗতL¶V.LWƗEDOۊD\DZƗQDQGDO'DPƯUƯ¶VۉD\ƗWDOۊD\DZƗQDONXEUƗ7KHDXWKRUV
DUJXHWKDWDO0DU]XEƗQUHOLHGKHDYLO\RQDO-ƗতLZLWKRXWPHQWLRQLQJKLP
)XGJH%³'RJ´(QF\FORSDHGLDRIWKH4XUҴƗQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS±
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
DFDYHLQRUGHUWRDYRLGWKHUHSUHVVLRQRIWKHLUEHOLHI$PRQJWKHYDVWOLWHUDWXUHGH
YRWHGWRWKHVWRU\OHWXVPHQWLRQMXVWDIHZVDOLHQWIHDWXUHV 7KHGRJ±WUDGLWLRQDOO\
FDOOHG4L৬PƯUEXWDOVR5DTƯPণDPUƗ4DQ৬njUƯ\DHWF±LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHRQHRIWKH
6HYHQ&RPSDQLRQVDQGUHSUHVHQWVDPRGHORIOR\DOW\VLQFHLWIROORZHGDQGQHYHUEH
WUD\HGWKHP4XUDQFRPPHQWDWRUVVXFKDV,EQ.DWKƯU G VDZ4L৬PƯUDVDPL
UDFXORXVFUHDWXUHRI*RGZKRFRXOGHYHQVSHDNWKH TL܈Ɨ܈DODQEL\ƗҴJHQUHWXUQHG
KLPLQWRDQH[DPSOHRISLHW\DQGRQWKHEDVLVRI,VPƗޏƯOƯFRPPHQWDULHV/RXLV0DV
VLJQRQLGHQWLILHGKLPZLWK6DOPƗQ3ƗNDFRPSDQLRQRIWKH3URSKHWDQGWKH³WUDLQHU´
RIWKH6HYHQ,PDPV7KHKDJLRJUDSKLFDOWUDGLWLRQPHQWLRQVWKH6XILPDVWHU1ƗৢLK
DO'ƯQZKRQDPHGKLVSHWGRJ4L৬PƯUDWWULEXWLQJWRLWVSLULWXDOYLUWXHV$QDQHFGRWH
UHSRUWVWKDWVRPHRQHFKDOOHQJHGWKHVKDLNKDERXWKLVSHWGRJDVNLQJZK\KHZDVVR
DWWDFKHG WR LW 7KH VKDLNK DQVZHUHG WKDW KH ORYHG WKH GRJ EHFDXVH RI LWV DELOLW\ RI
IULHQGVKLSZLWK*RGEHFDXVHLWNQHZIULHQGIURPIRHDQGEHFDXVHLWFRXOGGLVWLQJXLVK
EHWZHHQDORYHUDQGDUHSXGLDWRURI*RG±DOORIZKLFKZHUHTXDOLWLHVWKHGRJRIWKH
6HYHQ&RPSDQLRQVKDGSRVVHVVHG/DVWO\±DJDLQLQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHKDGLWKRQWKH
DQJHOVQRWHQWHULQJDKRXVHZLWKDGRJLQVLGH±0XVOLPVFKRODUVGLVFXVVHGWKHTXHV
WLRQDVWRZKHWKHU4L৬PƯUKDGHQWHUHGWKHFDYHRUVWD\HGDWWKHWKUHVKROG ±DGHEDWH
WKDWEHWUD\VWKHFRQWURYHUVLDOQDWXUHRIWKHGRJDVDV\PEROLFILJXUHDQGRILWVPDUJLQDO
VWDWXVDVZHZLOOVHHODWHU
7KHVHFRQGVFULSWXUDOVRXUFHLVDKDGLWKUHSRUWHGE\$Enj+XUD\UDDQGTXRWHGLQ
PDQ\FROOHFWLRQV HJৡDতƯত%XNKƗUƯYRO%RRNQR%RRNQR ,W
WHOOVWKHVWRU\RIDSURVWLWXWHZKRP*RGIRUJDYHIRUVKHKDGVDYHGWKHOLIHRIDWKLUVW\
GRJLQWKHGHVHUW$WWKHHQGRIKLV,OƗKƯQƗPDޏ$৬৬ƗUWDNHVXSWKHVWRU\DJDLQZKLFK
FDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZVWKH3URSKHWWROGWKHVWRU\RIDGHSUDYHGZRPDQ RU
DVLQQLQJPDQ ZKRVDZDZHOOLQWKHGHVHUW$GRJZDVVWDQGLQJWKHUHG\LQJIURP
WKLUVWZLWKLWVWRQJXHKDQJLQJRXW6KHWRRNSLW\RQWKHGRJXVHGKHUVKRHDVDEXFNHW
DQGVFDUIDVDURSHDQGGUHZZDWHUIRUWKHGRJ7KH3URSKHWZKRZDVRQPLҵUƗMKDG
DYLVLRQRIKHULQSDUDGLVH7KHOHVVRQKHUHLVQRWRQO\WKDWDOWUXLVPLVDFDUGLQDOYLUWXH
FRQWUDU\WRHJRLVP EXWDOVRWKDWDIIHFWLRQJLYHQWRGRJVLVDPHULWRULRXVDFW$QRWKHU
6HH.DQGOHU+'LH%HGHXWXQJGHU6LHEHQVFKOlIHU $ۊ܈ƗEDONDKI LP,VODP%RFKXP%URFN
PH\HU)XGJH%³'RJ´ (QF\FORSDHGLDRIWKH4XUҴƗQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS
±
8OXGD÷67DVDYYXINOWUQGHN|SHN>7KHGRJLQWKHFXOWXUHRI6XILVP@'HUJDKS
DO7KDޏƗOLEƯ $Enj ,VতƗT ҵ$UƗҴƯV DOPDMƗOLV IƯ TL܈Ɨ ܈DODQEL\ƗҴ RU ³/LYHV RI WKH 3URSKHW´
WUDQVODWHGDQGDQQRWDWHGE\:0%ULQQHU/HLGHQ%ULOOSS±
1XUEDNKVK - 'RJVIURPD6XIL 3RLQWRI 9LHZ /RQGRQ .KDQLTDKL1LPDWXOODKL3XEOLFDWLRQV
S,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHKHUHWKDWLQ0DJKUHEWKHQDPHVRIWKH6OHHSHUVDQGWKHLUGRJ
ZHUHZULWWHQRQWRSHEEOHVLQRUGHUWRZDUGRIIWKHZLOGGRJVVHH'RXWWp(0DJLHHWUHOLJLRQ
GDQVO¶$IULTXHGXQRUG$OJHU$GROSKH-RXUGDQSS±
ޏ$৬৬ƗU)DUƯGDO'ƯQ/H/LYUHGLYLQWUDQVODWHGE\)5RXKDQL3DULV$OELQ0LFKHOSS±
5LWWHUSJLYHVDQ$UDELFYDULDQW6HHDOVRDFRPSDUDEOHVWRU\DERXW$Enj6KXޏD\E
DO0XTDQQDޏLQ-ƗPƯ¶V1DIDۊƗWDOXQVHGLWHGE\0ދƖELGƯ7HKUDQ,৬৬LOƗދƗWS
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
VWRU\IURPWKHVDPHQDUUDWLYHSURYLGHVDQRQWRORJLFDOEDVLVWRWKHHPRWLRQDOUHODWLRQ
VKLSEHWZHHQ6XILVDQGGRJVRQDYHU\KRWGD\WKHGHUYLVK0DޏVKnjT৫njVƯWKUHZD
VWRQHDWDGRJWKDWFURVVHGKLVSDWK6XGGHQO\DKRUVHPDQDSSHDUHGGUHVVHGLQJUHHQ
DQGZLWKDQLOOXPLQDWHGIDFH7KHPDQZKRZDVDFWXDOO\WKH3URSKHW.KLঌUZKLSSHG
0DޏVKnjTDQGWROGKLP³'RQ¶W\RXNQRZZKR\RX¶YHWKURZQDVWRQHDW"'RHVQ¶WKH
KDYHWKHVDPHRULJLQDV\RX":K\GR\RXWDNHKLPWREHOHVVHUWKDQ\RXUVHOI"´,QDQ
HDUOLHUDQHFGRWHRIWKH ,OƗKƯQƗPD-XQGƯ SHUKDSV%ƗEƗ .DPƗO-DQGƯ D GLVFLSOHRI
1DMPDO'ƯQ.XEUƗRQZKRPZHZLOOIRFXVODWHU ZDVDVNHGE\DPRFNHU³$UH\RX
EHWWHUWKDQDGRJ"´7KH6XILUHSOLHG³7KHGRJLVFHUWDLQO\GHVWLQHGWROLYHLQWKHGXVW
RIURDGVEXWLWVRULJLQVDUHWKHVDPHDV\RXUV´
0DUJLQDOLW\
,I6XILDXWKRULWLHVZHUHHQWKXVLDVWGHIHQGHUVRIGRJVGHUYLVKHV±LQWKHVHQVHRIPDU
JLQDOP\VWLFV±ZHUHWKHLUPRVWSDVVLRQDWHORYHUVDQGFORVHVWIULHQGV%HVLGHVWKHODUJH
DPRXQWRIPLQLDWXUHVIHDWXULQJDQDQWLQRPLDQGHUYLVKIROORZHGDE\GRJ RIWHQZLWK
DVRUWRIPLPHVLVLQWKHLUDWWLWXGHV VRXUFHVGHVFULEHVHYHUDOFDVHVRISUR[LPLW\LIQRW
LQWLPDF\EHWZHHQDVFHWLFVDQGGRJVIURPWKH0LGGOH$JHVRQZDUGV
$QHDUO\FDVH LVWKH6DPDUNDQGERUQGHUYLVK)XঌD\OLEQޏ,\ƗG G ZKRLV
VXSSRVHGWRKDYHVDLG³,I,FRXOGFKRRVHEHWZHHQOLYLQJDVDGRJDQGG\LQJDVDGRJ
DQGQRWH[SHULHQFLQJWKHGD\RIUHVXUUHFWLRQ,ZRXOGFKRRVHWROLYHDVDGRJDQGGLH
DVDGRJDQGQRWH[SHULHQFHWKHGD\RIUHVXUUHFWLRQ´ $VHFRQGHDUO\QDPHLV6D\\LG
6ƗOƗU0L\ƗQ*KƗ]ƯDQWKFHQWXU\UHQRXQFLQJDVFHWLFRI&HQWUDO$VLDQRULJLQZKR
GLHGLQEDWWOHLQQRUWKHUQ,QGLD/HJHQGUHSRUWVWKDWKLVKRUVHDQGKLVGRJZDWFKHGRYHU
KLVERG\XQWLOKHZDVEXULHGXQGHUDWUHHEHQHDWKZKLFKWKHVDLQWXVHGWRSUHDFK/R
FDWHGLQ%DKUDLFKLQSUHVHQWGD\8WWDU3UDGHVKWKHVKULQHLQFOXGHVWKHWRPERIKLVGRJ
6DJL6DQJDO0XFKODWHULQWKFHQWXU\0DJKUHEZHILQGWKHFDVHRI ޏ$EGDOOƗK
$Enj.DOEZKROHGDQXQEULGOHGOLIHVXUURXQGHGE\GRJV 0RUHUHFHQWO\RUDOVRXUFHV
DQGDVKULQHORFDWHGLQWKH(GLUQHNDSÕFHPHWHU\LQ,VWDQEXOFRQILUPWKHH[LVWHQFHRID
IRROLQ*RG PDMGKnjE VXUQDPHG.|SHNoƯণDVDQ%ƗEƗ G RU$EnjDO.DOE+H
UHFHLYHGILYHRUVL[VWUD\GRJVLQWRKLVSODFHDQGXVHGWRURDPWKHVWUHHWVZLWKWKHP
7KHDQLPDOVREH\HGKLPVFUXSXORXVO\MXVWOLNHKLVWZHOYHPDMGKnjEGLVFLSOHVDPRQJ
WKHPùHNHUFƯ$KPHG%ƗEƗ6DND%ƗEƗDQG(VNƯFƯ6OH\PƗQ%ƗEƗ
7KHSUR[LPLW\EHWZHHQGHUYLVKHVDQGGRJVZHQWDVIDUDVLGHQWLW\$FFRUGLQJWR
WKH(J\SWLDQKDJLRJUDSKHUDO6KDޏUƗQƯ G WKH6XILPDVWHU$তPDGDO5LIƗޏƯ G
JUHHWHGDOOWKHGRJVKHPHWLQWKHVWUHHWVDWWKHRULJLQRIWKHKHWHURGR[5LIƗޏL\\D
ޏ$৬৬ƗUS5LWWHUS
ޏ$৬৬ƗUSS±5LWWHUS
)UHPEJHQ-:-RXUQH\WR*RG6XILVDQG'HUYLVKHVLQ,VODP2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
STXRWLQJ5*UDPOLFK
0DKPRRG7³7KH'DUJDKRI6D\\LG 6DODU0DVޏXGLQ%DKUDLFKLQWKH/LJKWRIWKH6WDQGDUG
+LVWRULFDO6RXUFHV´LQ7UROO&K: HG 0XVOLP6KULQHVLQ,QGLD1HZ'HOKL2[IRUG8QLYHU
VLW\3UHVVSS
%HQNKHLUDHWDOS
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
RUGHUZKHQKHZDVDVNHGZK\KHGLGVRKHH[SODLQHGWKDWKHKDGWREHFRXUWHRXVZLWK
KLPVHOI6LPLODUWRGHUYLVKHVZKREUXWDOO\JRLQWRHFVWDVLHVGRJVDOVRHQMR\UDGLFDO
P\VWLFDOH[SHULHQFHV0XPVKƗG'LQDZDUƯ G QDUUDWHGWKDWRQHGD\DGRJZDV
EDUNLQJZKHQKHOHIWKLVKRXVHZKHQWKHVDLQWVDLGOƗLOƗKDLODOOƗKWKHGRJLPPHGL
DWHO\EUHDWKHGLWVODVW)RU$NEDULDQ6XILVZKRZHUHDFFXVHGRIVHHLQJGLYLQHVLJQV
HYHU\ZKHUHHYHQPLVHUDEOHFUHDWXUHVOLNHGRJVDUHHYLGHQFHVRI*RG¶VSUHVHQFH7R
DWKHRORJLDQZKRRSSRVHGWKLVYLHZDQGWROGKLP³,WXUQDZD\IURPD*RGZKRDS
SHDUVLQDFDWRUDGRJ´6D\\LG6KDUƯI-XUMƗQƯ G DOOHJHGO\UHSOLHG³,WXUQDZD\
IURPD*RGZKRGRHVQRWHYHQDSSHDULQDFDWRUDGRJ´
$ODVWH[DPSOHZKLFKGHVHUYHVPRUHDWWHQWLRQLVWKH IDPRXVGRJRIWKH&HQWUDO
$VLDQ6XIL PDVWHU1DMPDO'ƯQ.XEUƗ G 7KH OHJHQGJRHVDVIROORZVWKH
VKDLNKHQMR\HGDPDJLFDOJD]H QDܲDU ZKLFKFRXOGWUDQVIRUPDQ\FUHDWXUHLQWRDP\V
WLFDOHYHQKRO\EHLQJ2QHGD\KHVHWH\HVRQDGRJZKLFKLPPHGLDWHO\ZHQWLQWR
HFVWDVLHVDQGEHFDPHDVDLQW7KHDQLPDOZDVDIWHUZDUGVDOZD\VVXUURXQGHGE\DFLUFOH
RIWRGRJGLVFLSOHV:KHQWKHKRO\GRJGLHG1DMPDO'ƯQ.XEUƗHUHFWHGDPDX
VROHXPRYHULWVJUDYH7KHVKULQHZDVORFDWHGLQ.KRUH]PLQSUHVHQWGD\8]EHNLVWDQ
&RQWH[WXDOLVLQJWKLVVWRU\ZKLFKLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGRJVKULQHVLQWKHUHJLRQDQGYDU
LRXVULWXDOVZLWKFDQLQHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV6RYLHWHWKQRORJLVWVH[SODLQHGWKDWWKHVDFUDOL
VDWLRQRIWKHDQLPDOZDVDUHPQDQWRIWRWHPLFFXOWVPRUHSUHFLVHO\RI=RURDVWULDQLVP
ZKLFKDWWULEXWHGPDJLFDOSRZHUVWRWKHGRJDVLVDWWHVWHGLQ$YHVWDLWVHOI $JDLQVW
WKLVWKHVLVLWKDVEHHQDUJXHGWKDWWKLVPRWLIVKRXOGEHLQWHUSUHWHGLQ,VODPLFDQG6XIL
WHUPVWKURXJKLWVKDJLRJUDSKLFDOFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWKHPHGLHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQSHUL
RGV7KHFRQWURYHUVLDOLPDJH RIDGRJZKREHFRPHVD VDLQWHYHQZLWKD VKULQHDW
WDFKHGZRXOGUHIOHFWWKHYDULHW\RI6XILJURXSVLQWKDQGWKFHQWXU\&HQWUDO$VLD
WKHQXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\WKHLUULYDOULHVZHUHH[SUHVVHGLQWKHDGPLUDWLRQRUDYHUVLRQ
IRUWKHPHQWLRQHGFRQWURYHUVLDOLPDJH
)DUIURPDQ\KLVWRULFLVWUHDGLQJ,WKLQNWKDWWKLVPRWLILVEHWWHUXQGHUVWRRGLIVLWX
DWHGLQWKHODUJHUIUDPHRI6XILVWUHDWLQJWKHILJXUHRIWKHGRJDQGPRUHSUHFLVHO\LQ
WKHPDUJLQDOIRUPVRIP\VWLFLVPLQYROYLQJGRJV,WVHHPVWKDWWKLVHPHUJHQFHRIWKH
GRJDVDVDLQWH[SUHVVHGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRU UH LQWURGXFWLRQRIPDUJLQDODQGDQWLQR
PLDQSUDFWLFHVZLWKLQERWK6XILRUGHUVDQGVDLQWYHQHUDWLRQ7KHGRJZRXOGGHVLJQDWH
$O6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ ޏ$EG DO:DKKDࡃE DO7̙DEDTDթW DONXEUƗ &DLUR $O0DWEDޏDW ҕ DOޏ$PLUDW DO
6KDUDIL\\DYROS
$O,VIDKƗQƯ $Enj 1XޏD\P +̙LO\DW DODZOL\DթҲ ZD WDEDTD
̙ թ W DODV ̙IL\DթҲ %HLUXW 'DࡃU DO.XWXE DO
ދ,OPL\\DYROSS±/ƗPƯҵƯ&KHOHEƯ1HIDۊƗWOQV(YOL\Ɨ0HQۘLEHOHUƯHGLWHG
E\68OXGD÷DQG0.DUD,VWDQEXO0DULIHW<D\ÕQODUÕS
/ƗPƯҵƯ&KHOHEƯS
-ƗPƯS±
6QHVDUHY*35HPQDQWVRI3UH,VODPLF%HOLHIVDQG5LWXDOVDPRQJWKH.KRUH]P8]EHNV%HUOLQ
5HLQKROG6FKOHW]HU9HUODJSS±'HPLGRY606XIL]PY7XUNPHQLL>6XILVPLQ
7XUNPHQLVWDQ@$VKNKDEDG,OLPS
'H:HHVH'³'RJ6DLQWVDQG'RJ6KULQHVLQ.XEUDYƯ7UDGLWLRQ1RWHVRQD+DJLRJUDSKLFDO
0RWLIRI.KYƗUD]P´LQ$LJOH' HG 0LUDFOHHW.DUƗPD+DJLRJUDSKLHVPpGLpYDOHVFRPSD
UpHV7XUQKRXW%UHSROVSS±
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
DUHFXUULQJUHOLJLRXVWHQGHQF\WRZDUGDFHUWDLQEHKDYLRXURIWKH6XILVDLQWPRGHOOHG
RQWKHEHKDYLRXURIWKHGRJZLWKDOOLWVDPELYDOHQFHDQGZLOGQHVV,QERWKSUDFWLFHV
DQG QDUUDWLYHV UHIHUULQJ WR WKH .XEUDZƯ GRJVDLQW ZH FRPH DFURVV VHYHUDO IHDWXUHV
W\SLFDO RI,VODPLFDQWLQRPLDQLVP&RPSDUDEOHWR1DMPDO'ƯQ.XEUƗWKH ,UDQLDQ
VDLQW<njVXIDOޏ$MDPƯ G± ZKRVHWWOHGLQ(J\SWDQGZDVIDPRXVIRUKDY
LQJWKHYLVXDOSRZHUWRWUDQVIRUPGRJVLQWRVDLQWVZDVDZDQGHULQJKHUPLW$ WK
FHQWXU\,QGLDQVRXUFHPHQWLRQVDQLQWULJXLQJ6XILJURXSZLWKLQWKH)LUGDZVL\\DRU
GHU GHULYHG IURP 1DMP DO'ƯQ .XEUƗ DQG FDOOHG .DOƗEL\\D LH ³7KH &DQLQHV´
ZKLFKPD\KDYHEHHQFRPSRVHGRIKHWHURGR[GHUYLVKHV7KH.XEUDZƯPDVWHUণXVD\Q
DO.KZƗUD]PƯ G QDPHGKLVVRQ¶VGRJ³$I\njQƯ´ ³RSLXPHDWHU´ LQRUGHUWR
GLVJXVWWKH \RXQJPDQZKRZDVDQRSLXPDGGLFWOLNHRWKHUGLVFLSOHV7KLVFXULRXV
VWDWHPHQWPLJKWVXJJHVWWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQWLQRPLDQVDPRQJZKRPGUXJVZHUHSRS
XODU)LQDOO\LQWKHVWRVQHDUWKHVKULQHRI1DMPDO'ƯQ.XEUƗLQ.RQ\D
8UJHQFKH[LVWHGIRUDORQJWLPHDORGJHRI4DODQGDUGHUYLFKHV TDODQGDUNKƗQD ZKR
XVHGWRUDLVHGRJV
7KLVORQJVHULHVRIH[DPSOHVFOHDUO\VKRZVWKHFORVHDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHGRJVZLWK
WKHPDUJLQDOGHUYLVKHVDQDVVRFLDWLRQVRFORVHWKDWDVIXUWKHUKDJLRJUDSKLHVDQG6XIL
ZULWLQJVZLOOVXJJHVWFRQIXVLRQDURVHEHWZHHQWKHLPDJHRIWKHGHUYLVK¶VGRJDQGWKDW
RI WKH GRJ¶V GHUYLVK LH EHWZHHQ WKH GRPHVWLF DQG WKH ZLOG VLGHV RI P\VWLFDO OLIH
0RUHRYHUWKHDQLPDOLW\DVVDQFWLW\DVHPERGLHGE\WKHGRJVDLQWVWHQGVWRSXWDVD
FRQGLWLRQRIKROLQHVVWKHGHKXPDQLVDWLRQRIWKHGHUYLVKUDWKHUWKDQDSUHGLFWDEOHDQ
WKURSRPRUSKLVPRIWKHGRJ
'HUYLVK¶V'RJRU'RJ¶V'HUYLVK"
+XPLOLW\KXPLOLDWLRQ
7KHYLUWXHRIKXPLOLW\LVFODVVLFDOO\DWWULEXWHGWRVWUD\GRJVDQGPLVHUDEOHSXSSLHV
2IWHQGHUYLVKHVFODLPHGWKDWGRJVKDGWDXJKWWKHPQRWRQO\WREHKXPEOHEXWDOVRWR
EHKXPLOLDWHGUDWKHUWKDQWRKXPLOLDWH,QWKH܇LIDWDO܈DIZDWKHণDQEDOƯSRO\PDWK,EQ
DO-DZ]Ư G WROGWKLVDQHFGRWH$Enj,VতDT6KƯUƗ]ƯZDVZDONLQJZLWKKLVGLVFL
SOHVZKHQKHHQFRXQWHUHGDPDQZLWKDGRJDWKLVVLGH$VWKHPDQSXVKHGWKHGRJRII
WKHURDG ܒDUƯT WKHVKDLNKWROGKLP³:K\GR\RXFKDVHWKHGRJDZD\"'RQ¶W\RX
NQRZWKDWKHMRLQHGXVRQWKHURDG"´7KHUHLVDYDULDQWUHSRUWHGE\ ޏ$৬৬ƗUD6XIL
ZDVWDNLQJDZDONDQGZKHQKHVDZDGRJRQWKHURDGKHKLWLWVOHJZLWKDVWLFN7KH
%HQNKHLUDHWDOSS±'H:HHVHSS±6QHVDUHYS
,WPD\QRWEHDFRLQFLGHQFHWKDWWKHIRXQGHURIWKH)LUGDZVL\\DLQ%LKDU6KDUDIDO'ƯQ0DQHUƯ
G TXLWHRIWHQUHVRUWVWRWKHILJXUHRIWKHGRJLQKLVOHWWHUV6HH0DQHUL6KDUDIXGGLQ7KH
+XQGUHG/HWWHUVWUDQVODWHGE\3-DFNVRQ1HZ<RUN3DXOLVW3UHVVSS
±±
,EQDO-DZ]Ư܇LIDWDOVDIZDHGLWHGE\0DK ҕPXࡃG)DࡃNKXࡃUÕࡃ %HLUXW'DࡃUDOPDޏULIDYROS
ޏ$৬৬ƗUSS±5LWWHUS
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
GRJJURDQHGDQGEHJDQWROLPS+HUDQWR6KDLNK$Enj6DޏƯGWRWHOOKLPDERXWLWVPLV
DGYHQWXUH7KHVKDLNKFDPHWRVHHWKH6XILDQGDVNHGKLPZK\KHKDGGRQHWKDWDQG
WKH6XILVDLG³7KHGRJLWVHOILVJXLOW\ZK\GLGLWVRLOP\FORDN"´$Enj6DޏƯGDVNHGWKH
GRJLIWKH6XILVKRXOGEHSXQLVKHGDQGWKHGRJVDLG³:KHQ,VDZWKH6XILUREHWKDW
PDQ ZDV ZHDULQJ , WKRXJKW KH VXUHO\ ZRXOGQ¶W GR DQ\WKLQJ WR PH ,I KH KDG EHHQ
ZHDULQJWKHFORWKLQJRIDVROGLHU,ZRXOGKDYHNHSWDZD\IURPKLP,I\RXZLVKWR
SXQLVK KLP UHPRYH KLV 6XIL FORDN VR SHRSOH ZLOO EH LQ JXDUG DJDLQVW KLP´ ޏ$৬৬ƗU
JLYHVWKHPRUDORIWKHVWRU\GRQRWWKLQN\RXDUHVXSHULRUWRWKHGRJRQWKHVSLULWXDO
SDWKLI\RXWKLQN\RXDUHWKLVWKRXJKWFRPHVIURP\RXURZQFDQLQHQDWXUH
(FKRLQJWKHVHWDOHVWKH1DTVKEDQGƯPDVWHUޏ8ED\G$OOƗK$তUƗU G SUHVHQWV
WKHKXPLOLDWLRQRIWKHGRJDVDGLYLQHWHVWIRUWKHP\VWLFV ,QDILUVWDGYLFHKHH[
SODLQVOHWXVVXSSRVHD6XILH[SHULHQFLQJDVSLULWXDOVWDWH ZDMGZDۊƗO +HLVZDONLQJ
DQGVHHVRQWKHURDGDVOHHSLQJGRJ+HFKDVHVDZD\WKHGRJLQRUGHUWRFRQWLQXHKLV
ZDON,IKHVWLOOH[SHULHQFHVDVSLULWXDOVWDWHZKLOHKHNHHSVJRLQJLWPHDQVWKDWWKLV
VWDWHLVZURQJDQGLQDXWKHQWLF7KLVLVLQIDFWRQHRIWKHGLYLQHUXVHV PDNUKƗ\LLOƗۊƯ
VLQFHRQHFDQQRWGRVXFKDEDGGHHGLQDVSLULWXDOVWDWH$VHFRQGDGYLFHJRHVVLPSO\
SXWOLNHWKLVRXUVSLULWXDOOLQHDJHLVJHQWOH ODܒƗIDW WKHUHIRUHLIVRPHRQHVKRXWVDW
DQGPDXOVDGRJZLWKRXWDQ\UHDVRQKHLVQRWRQHRIXV%RWKDGYLFHVFDQEHXQGHU
VWRRGOLWHUDOO\DVZHOODVILJXUDWLYHO\6XILVPXVWQRWKXPLOLDWHWKRVHPLVHUDEOHFUHD
WXUHVLHGRJVWKHGRJUHSUHVHQWVWKHTXDOLW\RIKXPEOHQHVVWKDWDQ\6XILVKRXOGKDYH
$ODVWH[DPSOHRIWHVWLQJKXPLOLDWLRQLVKDJLRJUDSKLFDO.KZƗMDޏ$OƯ6ƯUJƗQƯXVHGWR
GLVWULEXWHEUHDGLQWKHVKULQHRI6KƗK6KXMƗޏDO'ƯQ.LUPƗQƯ G± 2QHGD\
KHDVNHG*RGIRUDJXHVWWRIXOILOKLVSLRXVGXW\DOORIDVXGGHQDGRJDUULYHGEXWZDV
GULYHQDZD\E\.KZƗMDޏ$OƯ$GPRQLVKHGE\DGLYLQHYRLFHKHXQGHUVWRRGWKDWWKH
GRJKDGEHHQVHQWE\*RG7KH6XILUDQDIWHUWKHGRJDQGDSRORJLVHG,WZDVKLVWXUQ
WRDVNIRUOHQLHQF\
7RVXPWKLVXSWKHGHUYLVK¶VGRJLVERWKWKHVXEMHFWRIKXPLOLDWLRQIRUWKHLPSLRXV
DQGWKHPRGHORIKXPLOLW\IRUWKHSLRXV
7KH3XUHDQGWKH,PSXUH
,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWDPRQJWKHILUVWDVFHWLFVRI,VODPVRPHFKRVHWROLYHZLWKGRJVLQ
UXLQV VOXPV GHVHUWV FHPHWHULHV DQG JDUEDJH GXPSV LQ D VRUW RI FRPSDQLRQVKLS
:KDWHYHUWKHKLVWRULFDOUHDOLW\WKHLGHDZDVQRWVLPSO\WRHPEUDFHUDGLFDOSRYHUW\
EXWPRUHVSHFLILFDOO\WRORRNIRUSXULW\LQLPSXULW\
7KHKDJLRJUDSKHUޏ$EGDO5DތXࡃIDO0XQDࡃZÕࡃ G DGLVFLSOHRIDO6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ
PHQWLRQV DQ HDUO\ \HW YHU\ OHJHQGDU\ FDVH WKH VHPLOHJHQGDU\ <HPHQL P\VWLF
8ZD\VDO4DUDQƯ G LVVDLGWRKDYHSLFNHGXSROGFORWKHVIURPWKHODQGILOOVHZHG
.ƗVKLIƯ:ƗޏL]ޏ$5DVKDۊƗWҵD\QDOۊD\ƗWHGLWHGE\ޏ$$0XޏƯQƯ\ƗQ7HKUDQ,QWLVKƗUƗWL%XQ
\ƗGL1ƯNnjNƗUƯ\L1njU\ƗQƯYROSS±
ޏ$৬৬ƗU±YROS5LWWHUS
$O0XQDࡃZÕࡃ ޏ$EG DO5DތXࡃI DO.DZDթNLE DOGXUUL\\D IÕթ WDUDթMLP DOVDթGDW DO6 ̙XթIL\\D HGLWHG E\
0$-DࡃGLU%HLUXW'DࡃU6 ҕDࡃGLUYROS
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
DQGZRUHWKHP7KHUHKHDOVRIRXQGFUXPEVWRHDW2QHGD\DPLGVWWKHWUDVKKHVDLG
WRDEDUNLQJGRJ³(DWZKDW\RXKDYHLQIURQWRI\RXDV,GRP\VHOI,I,JRWRSDUDGLVH
LWPHDQVWKDW,¶PEHWWHUWKDQ\RXLI,JRWRKHOOLWPHDQVWKDW\RX¶UHEHWWHUWKDQPH´
,QOLQH ZLWKWKLVH[HPSODU\FRQGXFW ± ZKLFKSXWVWKH KXPDQDQGWKHDQLPDODWWKH
VDPHOHYHORIEDVHQHVVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHLUFRQGLWLRQ±DO6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ UHSRUWVWKDW$Enj
DO0XতƗMLUEޏ$PU4D\VƯ G DQDVFHWLFIURP%DVUDWDXJKWWKDWLQRUGHUWRUHDFK
KLJKVSLULWXDOLW\LWZDVQHFHVVDU\WROHDYHEHKLQGRQH¶VFKLOGUHQDVRUSKDQVDQGRQH¶V
ZLIHDVDZLGRZDQGWROLYHZLWKVWUD\GRJVLQWKHJDUEDJH 7KXVWKHUHZDVDTXHVW
IRUVSLULWXDOSXULW\LQSK\VLFDOLPSXULW\DPLGWKHUHIXVHWKHZDVWHDQGZLWKWKHLUILUVW
FRQVXPHUVWKHGRJV±VRPXFKVRWKDWWKHGHUYLVKIURP%DVUD0ƗOLNLEQ'ƯQƗU G
± ZKRWRRNFDUHRIDGRJH[SODLQHGWKDWKHGLGVREHFDXVHWKHGRJZDVVWLOO
EHWWHUWKDQDEDGFRPSDQLRQ
7KHFXOWXUHRIGLVJXVWILQGVDQLQWHUHVWLQJH[SUHVVLRQLQWKHVXSSRVHGHW\PRORJ\
RIWKH7XUNRPDQVDLQW¶VVXUQDPH%DUƗল%ƗEƗ G± +HZDVDGLVFLSOHRI
WKHFHOHEUDWHGৡƗUƯৡƗOWXল G DKHWHURGR[SROLWLFRUHOLJLRXVOHDGHURI$QDWROLD
ZKRKDGQDPHGKLP%DUƗলZKLFKPHDQV³GRJ´LQ.LSFKDN7XUNLVK6HYHUDOOHJHQGV
DVVHUWWKDWWKHGLVFLSOHJRWWKLVQDPHEHFDXVHOLNHDGRJKHKDGHDWHQWKHYRPLWRIKLV
PDVWHUৡƗUƯৡƗOWXল,QUHIHUHQFHWRWKHMXULGLFDOGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHLPSXULW\RIGRJV
DQGWKHLUFRQWDPLQDWLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHVWKUHHRUVHYHQZDVKLQJVZHILQGWKHIROORZ
LQJVFHQHRQHGD\WKHPDOƗPDWƯ6XIL%Ɨ\D]ƯG%LV৬ƗPƯ GRU± ZHQWWR
ZDONKLVGRJ7KHGRJVDYDJHG%Ɨ\D]ƯGZKRLPPHGLDWHO\SXOOHGWKHVNLUWVRIKLVFORDN
IURPLW7KHGRJH[FODLPHG³,I,DPGU\WKHUH¶VQRKDUPZKDWVRHYHU,I,DPZHW
VHYHQWLPHVZDWHUDQGRQHWLPHHDUWKZLOOPDNHFRQFRUGEHWZHHQXV%XWLI\RXGUDZ
\RXUVNLUWVLQXSRQ\RXUVHOIHYHQLI\RXZDVKWKHPZLWKVHYHQVHDV\RXZRQ¶WPDNH
\RXUVHOISXUH SƗN ´%Ɨ\D]ƯGVDLG³<RXDUHLPSXUHH[WHUQDOO\ ܲƗKLU EXW,DPLP
SXUHLQWHUQDOO\ EƗܒLQ &RPHZHZLOOSXWWKHWZRWRJHWKHUVRWKDWWKHDVVRFLDWLRQZLOO
EULQJSXULW\EHWZHHQXV « ´7RSXWLWDQRWKHUZD\WKHGRJ¶VLPSXULW\VWLOOLVSXULW\
FRPSDUHGWRWKHGHUYLVK¶VLPSXULW\DQGLWLVWKHLPSXUHDQLPDOZKRWHDFKHVWKHSXUH
,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKH7ƗUƯNKL5DVKƯGƯD&HQWUDO$VLDQFKURQLFOHRIWKHWKFHQWXU\QRWHVDERXWWKH
FRQYHUVLRQRIDNKDQWR,VODP³2QHGD\ZKHQ7XJKOXN7LPXU.KDQZDVIHHGLQJKLVGRJVZLWK
VZLQH¶VIOHVK6KDLNK-DPDOXG'LQZDVEURXJKWLQWRKLVSUHVHQFH7KH.KDQVDLGWRWKH6KDLNK
µ$UH\RXEHWWHUWKDQWKLVGRJRULVWKHGRJEHWWHUWKDQ\RX"¶7KH6KDLNKUHSOLHGµ,I,KDYHIDLWK
,DPEHWWHUWKDQWKHWZREXWLI,KDYHQRIDLWKWKLVGRJLVEHWWHUWKDQ,DP¶7KH.KDQZDVPXFK
LPSUHVVHGE\WKHVHZRUGVDQGDJUHDWORYHIRU,VODPWRRNSRVVHVVLRQRIKLVKHDUW´ ণD\GDU0ƯU]Ɨ
0XতDPPDG7DULNKL5DVKLGL$+LVWRU\RIWKH0RJKXOVRI&HQWUDO$VLDWUDQVODWHGE\('5RVV
/RQGRQ&XU]RQS
$O6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ YROS
$O6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ YROS
2FDN$</D5pYROWHGHEƗEƗ5HVXORXODIRUPDWLRQGHO¶KpWpURGR[LHPXVXOPDQHHQ$QDWROLH
DX;,,,HVLqFOH,VWDQEXO7UN7DULK.XUXPXSS±
ޏ$৬৬ƗU±YROS5LWWHUS
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
7KH&RPSDQLRQVKLSRI'HUYLVKHVDQG'RJV
0RYLQJDPRQJGLIIHUHQWVRXUFHVZHQRWHWKDWWKHFRPSDQLRQVKLSRIGHUYLVKHVDQG
GRJVWHQGVWREHFRPHDUHFLSURFDOUHODWLRQVKLSLQZKLFKWKHGRJLVPDQ¶VIULHQGEXW
PDQLVDOVRWKHGRJ¶VIULHQG7KHPRWLIRIUHFLSURFLW\EULQJVWKHWZREHLQJVFORVHUWR
HDFKRWKHUXQWLOWKHLULGHQWLILFDWLRQ
2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHGHUYLVKSURWHFWVWKHGRJ7KHUHDUHH[DPSOHVRIDXVWHUH6XILV
SUDLVHG IRU JLYLQJ IRRG WR VWDUYLQJ DQG EDWWHUHG GRJV DERXQG LQ PHGLHYDO KDJLR
JUDSKLHV,QUHIHUHQFHWRWKHPHULWVRIতDMMDQGDOOXGLQJWRWKHKDGLWKTXRWHGDERYHRQ
WKHUHZDUGHGSURVWLWXWHRUWKHVLQQHUWKH.KRUƗVƗQƯ$EnjDO4ƗVLP1DৢUƗEƗGƯ G±
UHFRXQWVWKLVVWRU\,Q0HFFDGXULQJWKHODVWRIKLVIRUW\তDMMVKHVDZDKXQJU\
WKLUVW\DQGZHDNGRJ+DYLQJQRWKLQJWRJLYHWKHVKDLNKVROGWKHPHULWVRIKLVIRUW\
SLOJULPDJHVIRUDSLHFHRIEUHDGZKLFKKHJDYHWRWKHGRJ$ZLVHFRPSDQLRQ ܈ƗۊLE
VDZWKDWDQGH[SODLQHGWKDWWKLVZDVQRWHQRXJK7KHSRHW$ZতDGDO'ƯQ.LUPDQƯ G
ZURWHDYDULDQWLQYROYLQJ%Ɨ\D]ƯG%LV৬ƗPƯ WKH6XILZDVVDLGWRKDYHPDGH
VHYHQW\SLOJULPDJHVE\ IRRW 'XULQJRQH RIWKHP KH FDPHXSRQD JURXSRIWKLUVW\
WUDYHOOHUVJDWKHUHGQHDUDZHOO$GRJZDVDOVRO\LQJWKHUHDQGWKHSLOJULPVUHIXVHGWR
JLYHLWZDWHU%Ɨ\D]ƯGRIIHUHGWKHPWKHPHULWVRIVHYHQW\তDMMVIRUDVLSRIZDWHU:KHQ
KHUHFHLYHGWKHZDWHUKHJDYHLWWRWKHGRJ-ƗPƯ¶V G 1DIDۊƗWDOXQVIHDWXUHV
WKLVVFHQHWKH (J\SWLDQ $Enj 6KXޏD\EDO0XTDQQD ޏG± ZDV IDPRXV IRU
KDYLQJSHUIRUPHGVHYHQW\তDMMVRQIRRW2QKLVODVWSLOJULPDJHKHVDZDGRJLQWKH
GHVHUWWKDWZDVG\LQJRIWKLUVW7KHDQLPDOVKRXWHG³:KRZDQWVWRHDUQWKHSURILWRI
KLVVHYHQW\তDMMVIRUDVLSRIZDWHU"´+HJDYHWKHZDWHUWRWKHWKLUVW\GRJDQGGHFODUHG
³7KLVLVEHWWHUWKDQDOOP\তDMMVWRJHWKHU « ´/HVVDOOHJRULFDODQGVRPHZKDWUHDOLVWLF
LVZKDWDO'D\ODPƯ GFLUFD WHOOVDERXWKLVPDVWHU,EQ.KDIƯI G XVXDOO\
DJHQWOHPDQWKHVKDLNKIXOPLQDWHGZKHQWKHNLQJRUGHUHGWRNLOODOOWKHGRJVLQWKH
FLW\,QRUGHUWRHVFDSHSHRSOH¶VDWWDFNVDGRJUDQLQWR,EQ.KDIƯI¶VPRVTXH$VROGLHU
HQWHUHGVRDVWRVOD\LW7KHVKDLNKEHFDPHDQJU\DQGWKUHDWHQHGWRSXQLVKDOOPHQLI
KHFRQWLQXHGWRDQQR\WKHGRJ´
,IWKHGHUYLVKRIWHQSURWHFWVWKHGRJWKHGRJSURWHFWVWKHGHUYLVKLQWXUQ%HVLGHV
WKHZHOOVWXGLHGDQGLPSRUWDQWFDVHRIWKHGRJRIWKH6HYHQ6OHHSHUVFHOHEUDWHGE\
QXPHURXVDXWKRUVDFURVVWKH0XVOLPZRUOGZHUHDGLQWKH1DIDۊƗWDOXQVDJDLQWKH
VWRU\RI$Enjޏ8WKPƗQ0DJKUHEƯ G± DVWROGE\KLPVHOI,ZHQWRXWKXQWLQJ
ZLWKDKRUVHDQGDGRJ:KHQ,ZDQWHGWRGULQNPLONIURPWKHJRDWVNLQP\GRJVXG
GHQO\MXPSHGXSDQGVWRSSHGPH+HGLGWKLVWZLFH)LQDOO\WKHDQLPDOGXJLWVKHDG
LQWRWKHVNLQDQGGUDQNWKHPLON6KRUWO\DIWHULWVZHOOHGDQGGLHG$SRLVRQRXVVQDNH
KDGWRXFKHGWKHPLON0\GRJKDGVDFULILFHGLWVHOIIRUPH7KHGRJ¶VSURWHFWLRQRIWKH
ޏ$৬৬ƗU±YROS
1XUEDNKVKS
-ƗPƯS
$O'D\ODPÕࡃ $EXࡃDO+ҕDVDQ6Õթ UDWÕլ $EXթҵ$EGXOODթKHGLWHGE\$6FKLPPHO,VWDQEXO7UN7DULK
.XUXPXS
-ƗPƯS
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
GHUYLVKWRXFKHVPRUDOLW\WRRDVLVQDUUDWHGE\WKH&HOYHWƯVKDLNK,VPƗޏƯOণDললƯ%XU
VDYƯ G WKHUHZDVDGRJZKRORYHGKLVPDVWHUণƗULWKEৡDৢޏDޏD G 2QH
GD\WKHGRJDWWDFNHGKLVPDVWHU¶VZLIHVRDVWRSXQLVKKHUIRUKDYLQJGHFHLYHGKLP
DQG WR FOHDQ KLV KRQRXU *LYHQ WKH ORZ FRQGLWLRQ RI GRJV QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ LWV IXOO
UHKDELOLWDWLRQLQWKLVVWRU\LWLVDOOWKHPRUHVXUSULVLQJWKDWDQJHOVDQGMLQQVDUHVDLGWR
WDNH FDQLQH IRUPVLQRUGHUWRKHOS PHQ+HUH DJDLQ-ƗPƯ SURYLGHVDQLQWHUHVWLQJO\
FRQWUDVWHGFDVH$Enj6DޏƯG.KDUUƗ] G± ZDVPHGLWDWLQJLQWKHVWHSSHZKHQ
WHQVKHHSGRJVDWWDFNHGKLP6XGGHQO\DZKLWHGRJVKRZHGXSDQGPRYHGWKHPDZD\
$FFRUGLQJWRDO6KDޏUƗQƯ$EnjDO.KD\UDO.XOD\EƗWƯ G WRRNDSDFNRIGRJVWR
&DLUR+HZDVXQIDLUO\FULWLFLVHGIRUVWD\LQJDWWKHPRVTXHZLWKKLVGRJV$FWXDOO\
WKHDQLPDOVZHUHMLQQVZKRFDWHUHGWRSHRSOH¶VQHHGV
$Q(WKRORJ\RIWKH'RJRI*RG
$FWLQJOLNHD'RJ
,QDVWLPXODWLQJDUWLFOH6OH\PDQ8OXGD÷DGYRFDWHVWKDWWKHGHUYLVKHVHQGHDYRXUHG
WRLPLWDWHWKHOLIHVW\OH RIGRJV,ZRXOGWDNHWKLVD VWHSIXUWKHUE\DUJXLQJWKDWLQ
RUGHUWRUHDFKWKHLUP\VWLFDOLGHDOWKHPRVWUDGLFDO6XILVKDGWKHLQWHQWLRQWREHFRPH
GRJVWKHPVHOYHVWREHKDYHH[DFWO\OLNHFUHDWXUHVERWKWKHYLOHVWDQGPRVWIDLWKIXODW
RQFHWKHZLOGHVWDQGPRVWGRPHVWLFFRQWLQXRXVO\DWWKHWKUHVKROGEHWZHHQPDQDQG
DQLPDO
$ SLHFH RI HYLGHQFH IRU WKLV K\SRWKHVLV LV JLYHQ E\ ণDVDQ DO%DৢUƯ G DV
SUHVHQWHG E\ DO<ƗILޏƯ DO<DPDQƯ G 7KH DVFHWLF HQXPHUDWHV WHQ TXDOLWLHV
NKL܈ƗO RIWKHGRJZKLFKVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVWHQSUDFWLFHVRIWKHGHUYLVKWRVWD\
KXQJU\ZKLFKLVWKHUXOHRIWKHSLRXV ƗGƗEDO܈ƗOLۊƯQ WRKDYHQRDVVLJQHGSODFH
ZKLFKLVWKHPDUNRIWKHUHQRXQFLQJ ҵDOƗPƗWDOPXWDZDNNLOƯQ WRVWD\DZDNHDWQLJKW
ZKLFKLVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHEHQHIDFWRUV ܈LIDWDOPXۊVLQƯQ WRQRWOHDYHEHKLQGDKHULW
DJHDIWHUGHDWKZKLFKLVWKHYLUWXHRIWKHDVFHWLFV DNKOƗTDO]ƗۊLGƯQ WRVWD\ERXQG
WR\RXUPDVWHUGHVSLWHWKHDEXVHDQGUHMHFWLRQZKLFKLVWKHGLVSRVLWLRQRIWKHGLVFLSOHV
VKL\DPDOPXUƯGƯQ WREHFRQWHQWZLWKWKHORZSODFHZKLFKLVWKHVLJQRIWKHKXPEOH
LVKƗUƗWDOPXWDZƗܲLҵƯQ WRFRQVWDQWO\OHDYHDSODFHDQGJRVRPHZKHUHHOVHZKLFKLV
WKH PDUNRIWKHVDWLVILHG ҵDOƗPƗWDOUƗܲƯ WRUHWXUQWRWKHRQH ZKRKDVEHDWHQDQG
FKDVHG\RXZKLFKLVWKHYLUWXHRIWKHVXEPLVVLYH DNKOƗTDONKƗVKLҵƯQ WRVWD\DZD\
IURPIRRGRIIHUHGWR\RXZKLFKLVWKHYLUWXHRIWKHSRRU DNKOƗTDOPDVƗNƯQ WRQRW
VHHNWRUHWXUQWRDSODFH\RXKDYHOHIWZKLFKLVWKHPDUNRIWKHRXWFDVWV ҵDOƗPƗWDO
PXMDUUDGƯQ
4XRWHGLQ8OXGD÷S
-ƗPƯS
$O6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ YROS
8OXGD÷S
$O<ƗILޏƯޏ$EGDOOƗK5DZG̙DOUD\DթK̙ÕթQIÕթ K̙LNDթ\DթWDO6 ̙DթOLK̙ÕթQ&DLUR$O0DTWDEDWDO7DZIƯTL\\D
QGQR
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
6WDUYLQJDQG(DWLQJ
,QVHYHUDOVFHQHVWKHVWDUYLQJGRJDOUHDG\GHDGRUDJRQLVLQJLVGHVFULEHGDVDQHPD
FLDWHGUHSXOVLYHERG\ZKRVHWHHWKVWDQGRXWKRUULEO\$IDPRXVVWRU\LQ6XILOLWHUDWXUH
WHOOVDERXWWKHHQFRXQWHUEHWZHHQ-HVXVDQGDGHDGGRJWKHSURSKHWZDONVSDVWDGHDG
GRJIURPZKRVHRSHQPRXWKWKHVWHQFKRIWKHFDUFDVVHPHUJHV+HVD\VWRKLVFRP
SDQLRQ³+HLV*RG¶VRZQORRNDWWKHZKLWHQHVVRIKLVWHHWK´-HVXVVHQVHGQHLWKHU
XJOLQHVVQRURGRXUKHRQO\VDZWKHGRJ¶VEHDXW\ 7KHSURSKHWPDGHWKHGHDGDQLPDO
DQREMHFWRIDGPLUDWLRQDQGFRQYH\HGWKDWWKHJUHDWHVWEHDXW\ZDVWKHJUHDWHVWXJOLQHVV
±DSDUDGR[WKDWPD\KDYHVRXQGHGOLNHDOHJLWLPDWLRQRIPRUWLILFDWLRQVIRU6XILV6XFK
LVFOHDUO\WKHSRLQWLQWKHZLGHVSUHDGQDUUDWLYHRI0DMQnjQORRNLQJIRU/D\OƯDQGPHHW
LQJ D GRJ 7KH SRO\PDWK -ƗPƯ DQG KLV 7XUNLF ³FRXQWHUSDUW´ ޏ$OƯ 6KƯU 1DZƗގƯ G
ZURWHWKHPRVWGHWDLOHGYHUVLRQVRIWKLVHQFRXQWHU %RWKDXWKRUVGHVFULEHGDW
OHQJWKWKHERG\RIWKHPLVHUDEOHGRJLWVFRDWZDVUDYDJHGE\PDQJHLWVIDFHIXOORI
ZRXQGVLWVOHJVZHUHGLVPDQWOHGDIWHUVWDUYDWLRQLWZDVVRVFUDJJ\WKDWLWORRNHGOLNH
D EDJ RI ERQHV HWF 7KHQ 0DMQnjQ SURQRXQFHG D ORQJ PRQRORJXH HQXPHUDWLQJ WKH
TXDOLWLHV RI WKH GRJ /DWHU LQ WKH FKDSWHU ERWK SRHWV PDGH 0DMQnjQ GHFODUH WKDW KH
KLPVHOIZDVWKHGRJRI/D\OƯLQWKHVDPHSDWKHWLFFRQGLWLRQDVWKHDQLPDO$VLVZHOO
NQRZQWKHJHQHUDOPHDQLQJRIWKHURPDQFHLVP\VWLFDOHVSHFLDOO\LQ-ƗPƯDQG1DZƗގƯ
YHUVLRQV,QWKLVFKDSWHUWKHERG\RIWKHVWDUYLQJGRJPRUHSUHFLVHO\LQFDUQDWHVWKH
ERG\RIWKHPRUWLILHGGHUYLVKSUDFWLVLQJKXQJHU Mnjҵ LQLWVTXHVWIRUWKHGLYLQH
$QRWKHUIDYRXULWHVXEMHFWRI6XILWH[WVUHJDUGVGRJ¶VIHHGLQJ,IZHFORVHO\ORRNDW
WKHVRXUFHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQVOLQJHURQWKHZLOGFRPPHQVDOLW\WKHYLOHQHVVRIHDWLQJ
SUDFWLFHV,QRUGHUWRLOOXVWUDWHWKLV,ZRXOGPHQWLRQIRXUH[DPSOHV$VDVRUWRIWUDQ
VLWLRQEHWZHHQWKH WRSLFVRIVWDUYLQJDQGHDWLQJ6DޏGƯ¶V G± %njVWƗQLQ
FOXGHVWKHQDUUDWLYHRIDQHQFRXQWHUEHWZHHQ-XQD\G G DQGDGRJWKH6XILVDZ
DGRJRQWKHSODLQ7KHDQLPDOZDVLQDWHUULEOHVWDWHLWVWHHWKKDGIDOOHQRXWLWVFODZV
ZHUHGDPDJHGLWVZKROHERG\ZDVEUXLVHG6HHLQJWKDW-XQD\GVKDUHGZLWKLWKDOIRI
KLVSURYLVLRQVޏ$৬৬ƗUUHODWHVWKDW0DޏUnjI.DUNKƯ G± KDGDQXQFOHZKRZDV
QROHVVWKDQWKHJRYHUQRURIDFLW\2QHGD\WKHXQFOHSDVVHGE\VRPHUXLQVDQGVDZ
0DޏUnjIVLWWLQJWKHUHHDWLQJDQGVKDULQJKLVPHDOZLWKDGRJ7KHGHUYLVKZDVWDNLQJ
1XUEDNKVKS5LWWHUS
-ƗPƯޏ$EGDO5DতPƗQ0DWKQDZÕթ \LKDIWDZUDQJHGLWHGE\00*ƯOƗQƯ7HKUDQ.LWƗEIXUnjVKƯ
\L6DޏGƯSS±1HYƗ\Ư$OƯúƯU/H\OƯY0HFQnjQHGLWHGE\hdHOLN,VWDQEXO7UN
'LO.XUXPX<D\ÕQODUÕSS±
2QWKHWHFKQLTXHRIKXQJHUVHHWKHORQJVHFWLRQLQDO4XVKD\UƯ$O4XVKD\UL¶V(SLVWOHRQ6XILVP
$O5LVDODDOTXVKD\UL\\DILҵLOPDOWDVDZZXIWUDQVODWHGE\$'.Q\VK 0(LVVD5HDGLQJ
*DUQHW3XEOLVKLQJSS±
6DޏGƯ.XOOL\ƗWL6DҵGƯHGLWHGE\.,-DQGDTƯ7HKUDQ,QWLVKƗUƗWL6XNKDQSS±
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
RQH ELWH KLPVHOI DQG JDYH WKH QH[W WR WKH GRJ7KH XQFOH H[FODLPHG ³$UH \RX QRW
DVKDPHGWRHDWZLWKDGRJ"´7KHVDLQWDQVZHUHG³,DPVRDVKDPHGLQIURQWRIWKHGRJ
WKDW,KDYHWRIHHGLW´%HVLGHVWKHXVXDOUHYHUVDORIUROHVDQGYDOXHVZHKDYHDOUHDG\
FURVVHGWKHVDLQW¶VRZQFDQLQHDWWLWXGHZKLOHHDWLQJDQGVKDULQJIRRGLVQRWHZRUWK\
7KHWKLUGH[DPSOHLVDSDVVLQJQRWHE\$EnjDO.KD\UDO7ƯQƗWƯ G± ³,ZDV
VWD\LQJLQDKXWLQWKHED\RI'DPLHWWD$WWKLVWLPHPDQ\WUDYHOOHUVXVHGWRPDNHD
KDOWLQ'DPLHWWD:KLOHHDWLQJWKHUHLQWKHHYHQLQJWKH\PDGHSLFQLFVRXWVLGH,PLQ
JOHG ZLWK WKH GRJV WR HDW WKH OHIWRYHUV´ (TXDOO\ HYRFDWLYH LV ZKDW /ƗPƯҵƯ &KHOHEƯ
UHFRXQWVLQKLVELRJUDSKLFDOFRPSHQGLXP $লùDPVDO'ƯQEণDP]D G DQG
DQRWKHUPDQZHQWWRণƗFƯ%D\UƗP G LQRUGHUWREHFRPHKLVGLVFLSOHV+RZ
HYHUWKHPDVWHUZDVQRWZHOFRPLQJ7KHQFDPHWKHWLPHIRUOXQFK7KHWZR\RXQJ
PHQ EURXJKW SODWHV ZLWK \RJXUW DQG ZKHDW DQG GLVWULEXWHG WKHP HYHU\ZKHUH 7KH\
HYHQJDYHVRPHWRWKHGRJVRIWKHYLOODJHUVণƗFƯ%D\UƗPZDVVWLOOYHU\UXGHZLWK$ল
ùDPVDO'ƯQDQGGLGQRWLQYLWHKLPWRVKDUHOXQFK7KHQWKHGLVFLSOHVWRRSHGGRZQWR
HDWIURPWKHERZORIWKHGRJV6HHLQJWKDWWKHPDVWHUWROGKLPWRFRPHDQGMRLQKLP
IRUOXQFK%HVLGHVWKHW\SLFDOOHVVRQRIKXPLOLW\KHUHZHILQGDJDLQWKHLPLWDWLRQRI
GRJV¶HSXODU\VW\OH
&UDZOLQJ%DUNLQJDQG6QLIILQJ
7KUHHRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFDQLQHHWKRVHPHUJHIURPWKHVRXUFHV7KHILUVWRQH
LVWKHZD\GRJVFUDZODQGOLHGRZQ)RUH[DPSOHWKH%DJKGDGLP\VWLF6KLEOƯ G
VDLG³,OHDUQHG6XILVPIURPDGRJWKDWZDVVOHHSLQJE\WKHGRRURIWKHKRXVH7KH
PDVWHU RI WKH KRXVH FDPH RXW DQG GURYH LW DZD\ EXW WKH GRJ FDPH EDFN , VDLG WR
P\VHOIµ+RZZUHWFKHGWKLVGRJLV:KHQGULYHQDZD\LWVWLOOFRPHVEDFN¶ « ´
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHGHUYLVKUHSURGXFHVWKHGRJ¶VSRVWXUHDIRROZKRLVDORYHURI*RG
VLWVVPLOLQJFRQWHQWHGO\RQDKHDSRIDVKHVDQGJQDZVRQDERQH+HVD\V³,¶YHOLYHG
IRUVHYHQW\\HDUVµLQEORRG¶1RZ+HKDVILQDOO\VHDWHGPHRQDKHDSRIDVKHVDQGOHW
PHVLWEHIRUH+LVGRRUOLNHDGRJZLWKDERQH(YHQLIOLNHDGRJ,KDYHQRDFFHVVWR
+LP,DPKDSS\WREHDGRJRI+LVVWUHHW´ 7KHGHUYLVKOLYHVLQWKHGXVWDQGFORVHU
WRWKHVRLOWKHFORVHUWRWKHJURXQGKHVWDQGVWKHSXUHUKHIHHOVPL[LQJZLWKWKHGXVW
KH SXULILHV KLV ERG\ DQG VRXO $QRWKHU H[DPSOH LV WKH &HQWUDO $VLDQ 4DODQGDU
%ƗEƗUDতƯP0DVKUDE G ZKRZLWKKLVGRJDQGOLNHLWFUDZOHGWRWKHGRRURI
6XILPDVWHUV0RUHRULJLQDOO\LQDNLQGRILQYHUVLRQWKHZDQGHUHUKDGKLVKDQGVWLHG
EHKLQGKLVEDFNDQG ZDVGUDJJHGE\WKH OHDVKRI KLVGRJ 6LPLODUWRWKH GRJWKH
SURVWUDWHRUERXQGHGERG\RIWKHGHUYLVKFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHEHJJDU¶VDWWLWXGHEXWDOVR
ޏ$৬৬ƗU±YROS
-ƗPƯS
/ƗPƯҵƯ&KHOHEƯS
1XUEDNKVKS
5LWWHUS
3DSDV $ 0\VWLTXHV HW YDJDERQGV HQ LVODP 3RUWUDLWV GH WURLV VRXILV TDODQGDUV 3DULV &HUI
SS±
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
&RQFOXVLRQ&\QLFVLQ,VODP
7KURXJKRXWWKLVHVVD\,KDYHWULHGWRGUDZIURPVRXUFHVQRWRQO\WKHPHWDSKRUVDQG
DOOHJRULHVWKDW6XILDXWKRUVDFFXPXODWHGWKURXJKWKHILJXUH RIWKHGRJEXWDOVRWKH
EHKDYLRXUDODQGFRUSRUDOGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHLUWH[WV:KHWKHUWUHDWLVHVSRHWU\RUKDJL
RJUDSKLHVP\VWLFDOZULWLQJVZHUHUHDGFRPPHQWHGDQGGLVFXVVHGDVPXFKDVWKH\
ޏ$৬৬ƗU±YROS
$O4XVKD\UƯS
6DޏGƯS
9U\RQLV60DQૃV,PPHGLDWH$PELDQFHLQWKH0\VWLFDO:RUOGRI(IODNLWKH0DZODZL'HUYLVK
4RQ\D ±G %\]DQWLQD6\PPHLNWDSS±
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
ZHUHDSSOLHGIDUIURPVLPSOHUKHWRULFDOH[HUFLVHV<HWWKLVPHDQVWKDWDOOWKHVHQDU
UDWLYHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQQRWVRPXFKDVHYLGHQFHVRIDFWXDOWHFKQLTXHVWKDQDVSDWWHUQV
IRUVSHFLILFSUDFWLFHV%\UHDGLQJDYDVW±DOWKRXJKQHYHUVXIILFLHQW±DUUD\RIWUHDWLVHV
SRHWU\DQGKDJLRJUDSKLHV,KDYHHQGHDYRXUHGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHUHIHUHQFHVWRGRJVDV
UDGLFDOUHOLJLRXVDWWLWXGHV PDUNHGE\DQLPDOLW\DQG ZLOGQHVVLQRSSRVLWLRQWRZKDW
PDUJLQDOP\VWLFVFRQVLGHUHGDVFRQIRUPLVWRUDVRQHPD\VD\³KXPDQDOOWRRKXPDQ´
IRUPVRIVSLULWXDOLW\
,QRUGHUWRPDNHWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIDQHWKRORJ\RIWKHGRJRI*RGPRUHFRQYLQFLQJ
, ZRXOG SLFN XS D FRPSDUDWLYH FDVH WKDW KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG E\ -UJHQ :DVLP
)UHPEJHQ$JDLQVWWKHLGHDOLVWLFSKLORVRSKHUVRIDQWLTXLW\WKH&\QLFVLQWURGXFHGD
KHWHURGR[VFKRRORIWKLQNLQJZKLFKLQPDQ\UHVSHFWVUHPLQGVXVRIWKHXQUXO\ EƯ
VKDUҵ ZD\RIGHUYLVKHV%RWKJURXSVGLVGDLQHGZHDOWKFRQYHQWLRQVDQGODZVERWK
XVHG KXPRXU SDURGLHV DQG SURYRFDWLRQ &\QLFV DQG GHUYLVKHV ZHUH RIWHQ EHJJDUV
ZKROLYHGLQFHPHWHULHVDWWKHPDUJLQVRIVRFLHW\,WLVDOVRVWULNLQJWKDWERWKJURXSV
XVHGWKHV\PERORIWKHGRJDVLVSODLQO\H[SUHVVHGE\WKHWHUP³&\QLFV´ LQ*UHHN
țȣȞȚțȩȢ³GRJOLNH´ DQGWKHIROORZLQJTXRWDWLRQRI'LRJHQHV/DHUWLXV G %&
³,ZDYHP\WDLODURXQGWKRVHZKRJLYHPHDOPVEDUNDWWKRVHZKRGRQ¶WDQGELWHWKH
VFRXQGUHOV´(TXDOO\VWULNLQJDUHWKHF\QLFDOWHDFKLQJVZHILQGLQWKHSVHXGRHSLJUD
SKLFOHWWHUVZKLFKZHUHZULWWHQLQDVLPSOHVW\OHDQGDGGUHVVHGWRWKHFRPPRQKHUG
RI$OH[DQGULDRU&RQVWDQWLQRSOH7KHVHWHDFKLQJVFOHDUO\DGYRFDWHGWDNLQJWKHGRJ¶V
ZD\RIOLIH DVD PRGHOWRDSSO\LQRUGHU³QRWWRORRNOLNH D GRJEXWWR UHDOO\EH D
GRJ´:LWKRXWSRVLWLQJDQKLVWRULFDOFRQWLQXLW\IURPWKH&\QLFVWRWKHGHUYLVKHV ±
QRWHYHQDGRFWULQDOVLPLODULW\±LWUHPDLQVWRVD\WKDWWKHF\QHJHWLFSUDFWLFHVRI6XIL
DQWLQRPLDQLVPUHYHDOWKHH[LVWHQFHRI&\QLFVLQ,VODP
,WDOVRUHPDLQVWRVD\WKDWDVHDUO\DVWKHWKFHQWXU\'LRJHQHVDQGWKH*UHHN&\
QLFV ZHUH ZHOONQRZQ WR $UDELF VFKRODUV ZKR FROOHFWHG D ODUJH QXPEHU RI DSRSK
WKHJPVLQWKHLUJQRPRORJLD0HGLHYDODXWKRUVUHVSHFWIXOO\FDOOHGWKHP'\njMƗQLVDO
.DOEƯ 'LRJHQHVWKH&DQLQH DQGWKH.DOƗEL\\D WKH&DQLQHV /DWHULQWKH WKFHQ
WXU\WKH(J\SWLDQELRJUDSKHU,EQDO4LI৬ƯHYHQFRPSDUHG&\QLFLVPZLWKUDGLFDO6X
ILVPPRUHSUHFLVHO\WKHPDOƗPDWL\\DRUSDWKRIWKHEODPHEXWFULWLFLVHGERWKJURXSV
KDUVKO\,QFRQWUDVWWKHWKFHQWXU\,UDQLDQSKLORVRSKHU4X৬EDO'ƯQ$VKNHYDUƯZKR
ZDVFORVH WR6XILVPGHVSLWHWKH 6DIDYLGFRQWH[W QRWRQO\ UHFDOOHGDQGGHWDLOHGWKH
FRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQNDOEƯVDQGPDOƗPDWƯVEXWGHIHQGHGWKHLUDQWLQRPLDQSRVLWLRQV
)UHPEJHQSS±,DPJUDWHIXOWRP\FROOHDJXHV-UJHQ)UHPEJHQDQG0RKDPPDG
$OL$PLU0RH]]LIRUWKHLUVWLPXODWLQJUHPDUNVRQWKLVSRLQW
3DTXHW/ *RXOHW&D]p02/HV&\QLTXHVJUHFV)UDJPHQWVHWWpPRLJQDJHV3DULV/LEUDL
ULH*pQpUDOH)UDQoDLVHSS
*XWDV'³6D\LQJVE\'LRJqQHSUHVHUYHGLQ$UDELF´LQ02*RXOHW&D]p 5*RXOHW HGV
/HF\QLVPHDQFLHQHWVHVSURORQJHPHQWV3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFHSS±
7HUULHU0+LVWRLUHGHODVDJHVVHHWSKLORVRSKLHVKƯҵLWH3UpVHQWDWLRQWUDGXFWLRQHWFRPPHQ
WDLUHGXOLYUH,GX0DতEnjEDOTXOnjEGH4XܒEDO'ƯQ$VKNHYDUƯ3K''LVVHUWDWLRQ3DULVeFROH
3UDWLTXHGHV+DXWHVeWXGHVSS±
'RJRU*RG$QLPDOLW\DQG:LOGQHVVDPRQJ'HUYLVKHV
%LEOLRJUDSK\
$ERX(O)DGO.K³'RJVLQWKH,VODPLF7UDGLWLRQDQG1DWXUH´(QF\FORSDHGLDRI5HOLJLRQDQG
1DWXUH1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP,QWHUQDWLRQDORQOLQHHGLWLRQ
$O'D\ODPÕࡃ $EXࡃDO+ҕDVDQ6Õթ UDWÕլ $EXթҵ$EGXOODթKHGE\$6FKLPPHO,VWDQEXO7UN7DULK
.XUXPX
$O,VIDKƗQƯ $Enj 1XޏD\P +̙LO\DW DODZOL\DթҲ ZD W ̙DEDTDթW DODV ̙IL\DթҲ %HLUXW 'DࡃU DO.XWXE DO
ދ,OPL\\DYROV
$O0DU]XEƗQ$Enj%DNU7KH6XSHULRULW\RI'RJVRYHU0DQ\RI7KRVH:KR:HDU&ORWKHV)DڲO
DONLOƗEҵDOƗNDWKƯUPLPPDQODELVDDOWKL\ƗEWUDQVODWHGE\*56PLWKDQG0$6$EGHO
+DOHHP:DUPLQVWHU$ULV 3KLOOLSV/WG
$O0XQDࡃZÕࡃ ޏ$EGDO5DތXࡃIDO.DZDթNLEDOGXUUL\\DIÕթ WDUDթMLPDOVDթGDWDO6X̙ թ IL\\DHGE\0$
-DࡃGLU%HLUXW'DࡃU6 ҕDࡃGLUYROV
$O4XVKD\UƯ $O4XVKD\UL¶V(SLVWOH RQ6XILVP $O5LVDODDOTXVKD\UL\\D IL ҵLOP DOWDVDZZXI
WUDQVODWHGE\$'.Q\VK 0(LVVD5HDGLQJ*DUQHW3XEOLVKLQJ
$O6KDޏUDࡃQÕࡃ ޏ$EGDO:DKKDࡃEDO7̙DEDTDթWDONXEUƗ&DLUR$O0DWEDޏDWDOޏ$PLUDWDO6KDUD
ҕ
IL\\DYROV
$O7KDޏODEƯ$Enj,VতƗTҵ$UƗҴƯVDOPDMƗOLVIƯTL܈Ɨ܈DODQEL\ƗҴRU³/LYHVRIWKH3URSKHW´WUDQV
ODWHGDQGDQQRWDWHGE\:0%ULQQHU/HLGHQ%ULOO
$O<ƗILޏƯޏ$EGDOOƗK5DZG̙DOUD\DթK̙ÕթQIÕթ K̙LNDթ\DթWDO6D̙ թ OLK̙ÕթQ&DLUR$O0DTWDEDWDO7DZIƯTL\\D
QG
ޏ$৬৬ƗU)DUƯGDO'ƯQ7DGKNLUDWDODZOL\ƗHGE\5$1LFKROVRQ/RQGRQ/HLGHQ/X]DF%ULOO
YROV±
± /H/LYUHGLYLQWUDQVODWHGE\)5RXKDQL3DULV$OELQ0LFKHO
%HQNKHLUD0+0D\HXU-DRXHQ&6XEOHW-/¶$QLPDOHQLVODP3DULV/HV,QGHV6DYDQWHV
&KLWWLFN:&7KH6XIL3DWKRI/RYH7KH6SLULWXDO7HDFKLQJVRI5XPL$OEDQ\6WDWH8QLYHU
VLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV
'HPLGRY606XIL]PY7XUNPHQLL>6XILVPLQ7XUNPHQLVWDQ@$VKNKDEDG,OLP
'H:HHVH'³'RJ6DLQWVDQG'RJ6KULQHVLQ.XEUDYƯ7UDGLWLRQ1RWHVRQD+DJLRJUDSKLFDO
0RWLI RI .KYƗUD]P´ LQ $LJOH ' HG 0LUDFOH HW .DUƗPD +DJLRJUDSKLHV PpGLpYDOHV
FRPSDUpHV7XUQKRXW%UHSROVSS±
'RXWWp(0DJLHHWUHOLJLRQGDQVO¶$IULTXHGXQRUG$OJLHUV$GROSKH-RXUGDQ
)UHPEJHQ -: -RXUQH\ WR *RG 6XILV DQG 'HUYLVKHV LQ ,VODP 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV
)XGJH%³'RJ´LQ(QF\FORSDHGLDRIWKH4XUҴƗQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS±
*XWDV'³6D\LQJVE\'LRJqQHSUHVHUYHGLQ$UDELF´LQ02*RXOHW&D]p 5*RXOHW HGV
/HF\QLVPHDQFLHQHWVHVSURORQJHPHQWV3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFHSS
±
ণD\GDU0ƯU]Ɨ0XতDPPDG7DULNKL5DVKLGL$+LVWRU\RIWKH0RJKXOVRI&HQWUDO$VLDWUDQV
ODWHGE\('5RVV/RQGRQ&XU]RQ
,EQDO-DZ]Ư܇LIDWDOVDIZDHGLWHGE\0DK ҕPXࡃG)DࡃNKXࡃUÕࡃ %HLUXW'DࡃUDO0DޏULIDYROV
-ƗPƯޏ$EGDO5DতPƗQ0DWKQDZÕթ \LKDIWDZUDQJHGE\00*ƯOƗQƯ7HKUDQ.LWƗEIXUnjVKƯ\L
6DޏGƯ
± 1DIDۊƗWDOXQVPLQۊDڲDUƗWDOTXGVHGE\0ދƖELGƯ7HKUDQ,৬৬LOƗދƗW
.DQGOHU+'LH%HGHXWXQJGHU6LHEHQVFKOlIHU $ۊ܈ƗEDONDKI LP,VODP%RFKXP%URFNPH
\HU
.ƗVKLIƯ :ƗޏL] ޏ$OƯ 5DVKDۊƗW ҵD\Q DOۊD\ƗW HG E\ ޏ$$ 0XޏƯQƯ\ƗQ 7HKUDQ ,QWLVKƗUƗWL
%XQ\ƗGL1ƯNnjNƗUƯ\L1njU\ƗQƯYROV
$OH[DQGUH3DSDV
/ƗPƯޏƯ&KHOHEƯ1HIDۊƗWOQV(YOL\Ɨ0HQۘLEHOHUƯ HGE\68OXGD÷DQG0.DUD,VWDQEXO
0DULIHW<D\ÕQODUÕ
/DQH': $UDELF(QJOLVK/H[LFRQ/RQGRQ:LOODPV 1RUJDWH
0DKPRRG7³7KH'DUJDKRI6D\\LG6DODU0DVޏXGLQ%DKUDLFKLQWKH/LJKWRIWKH6WDQGDUG
+LVWRULFDO6RXUFHV´LQ7UROO&: HG 0XVOLP6KULQHVLQ,QGLD1HZ'HOKL2[IRUG 8QL
YHUVLW\3UHVVSS±
0DQHUL6KDUDIXGGLQ7KH+XQGUHG/HWWHUVWUDQVODWHGE\3-DFNVRQ1HZ<RUN3DXOLVW3UHVV
1HYƗ\Ư$OƯúƯU/H\OƯY0HFQnjQ HG E\hdHOLN,VWDQEXO7UN'LO.XUXPX<D\ÕQODUÕ
1njUEDNKVK-'RJVIURPD6XIL3RLQWRI9LHZ/RQGRQ.KDQLTDKL1LPDWXOODKL3XEOLFDWLRQV
2FDN$</D5pYROWHGHEƗEƗ5HVXORXODIRUPDWLRQGHO¶KpWpURGR[LHPXVXOPDQHHQ$QDWROLH
DX;,,,HVLqFOH,VWDQEXO7UN7DULK.XUXPX
3DSDV$0\VWLTXHV HW YDJDERQGV HQLVODP 3RUWUDLWVGHWURLV VRXILV TDODQGDUV3DULV&HUI
± ³'HUYLVK´ LQ (QF\FORSDHGLDRI ,VODP UG HGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS±
± ³$QWLQRPLDQLVP LEƗতDLEƗKL\\D ´LQ(QF\FORSDHGLDRI,VODP UG HGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOO
YROSS±
3DTXHW/ *RXOHW&D]p02/HV &\QLTXHV JUHFV )UDJPHQWV HW WpPRLJQDJHV3DULV/LE
UDLULH*pQpUDOH)UDQoDLVH
3LQJXHW&/HV &KLHQVG¶,VWDQEXO'HVUDSSRUWVHQWUHO¶KRPPHHWO¶DQLPDOGHO¶DQWLTXLWpjQRV
MRXUV6DLQW3RXUoDLQVXU6LRXOH%OHXDXWRXU
5HGKRXVH-7UNoH2VPDQOÕFDøQJOL]FHV|]ON,VWDQEXO5HGKRXVH<D\ÕQHYL
5LWWHU + 7KH2FHDQRIWKH6RXO0HQWKH:RUOGDQG*RGLQWKH6WRULHVRI)DUƯGDO'ƯQҵ$ܒܒƗU
/HLGHQ%ULOO
6DޏGƯ.XOOL\ƗWL 6DҵGƯ HG E\.,-DQGDTƯ7HKUDQ,QWLVKƗUƗWL 6XNKDQ
6QHVDUHY*35HPQDQWV RI 3UH,VODPLF%HOLHIVDQG5LWXDOVDPRQJWKH.KRUH]P8]EHNV%HU
OLQ5HLQKROG6FKOHW]HU 9HUODJ
6WHLQJDVV)$ &RPSUHKHQVLYH3HUVLDQ(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH .HJDQ3DXO
6XEDVL 9 'RJVLQ,VODP 0DJ3KLO'LVVHUWDWLRQ9LHQQD8QLYHUVLWlW :LHQ
7HUULHU 0+LVWRLUHGHODVDJHVVHHW SKLORVRSKLH VKƯҵLWH3UpVHQWDWLRQWUDGXFWLRQHWFRPPHQ
WDLUH GX OLYUH , GX 0DۊEnjE DOTXOnjE GH 4XܒE DO'ƯQ $VKNHYDUƯ3K' 'LVVHUWDWLRQ3DULV
eFROH 3UDWLTXHGHV+DXWHVeWXGHV
8OXGD÷67DVDYYXINOWUQGHN|SHN>7KHGRJLQWKHFXOWXUHRI6XILVP@'HUJDK
SS±
9LUp)³.DOE´ (QF\FORSDHGLDRI,VODP QGHGLWLRQ/HLGHQ%ULOOYROSS±
9U\RQLV6³0DQૃV,PPHGLDWH$PELDQFHLQWKH0\VWLFDO:RUOGRI(IODNLWKH0DZODZL'HU
YLVK4RQ\D ±G ´ LQ %\]DQWLQD6\PPHLNWD SS±
:DQJ-8\JKXU(GXFDWLRQDQG6RFLDO2UGHUWKH5ROHRI,VODPLF/HDGHUVKLSLQWKH7XUSDQ
%DVLQ5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHIRU/DQJXDJHVDQG&XOWXUHVRI$VLDDQG$IULFD7RN\R8QLYHU
VLW\RI)RUHLJQ6WXGLHV7RN\R
Plate 9
Alexandre Papas
1 3
$GHUYLVKLQDWKFHQWXU\,QGLDQ $GHUYLVKOHDGLQJDGRJLQD
PLQLDWXUHE\%DVƗZDQ WKFHQWXU\,QGLDQPLQLDWXUH
,EUƗKƯPE$GKDPLQDQWK
FHQWXU\,QGLDQPLQLDWXUH UHI
QXPEHU0%$&RXUWHV\RI
0XVHXPRI$QJHUV
2