INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

NOTES

QUANTUM NUMBERS

RahulMalou
9001019434
 Quantum numbers
Nature of electron (wave mechanical model)

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

de Broglie Equation
E no

1
For matter waves E = mc2 and for light waves E = hc/ λ. Therefore, λ = h/mc

me
if
h h
Il= =
mv p
where h is Planck’s constant, m is the particle’s mass, v is its velocity and p is the momentum.
m

When kinetic energy is given,

1 p2 m
K.E. = mv =
2
.
KE qxV 2 2m

go.TV If the charged particle (electron) is accelerated with a potential of V,

then kinetic energy is given by:
1
mv2 = eV ⇒ m2 v2 = 2eVm ⇒ mv = 2eVm
2 c
Then from de Broglie’s relation, we have
h h 1.22 nm
λ= = = where V is in Volts.
mv 2eVm V
For any charged particle of charge q,
1
K.E. = mv2 = qV
2
h
l=
2qVm

Solve
Calculate the wavelength of a particle of mass 3.1 × 10−31 kg that is moving with a speed of 2.21 × 107 m s−1.
(Use h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s)
Solution

L I
in 1010m
 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle :
h h
In ee
x.p 
4
I or

where, x = uncertainty in position,

x.(mv) 
4
p = uncertainty in momentum
h = Plank’s constant, m = mass of the particle
v = uncertainty in velocity

Example A golf ball has aemass of 40 g, and a e

s
speed of 45 m/s. If the speed can be measured within
accuracy of 2%, calculate the uncertainty in the position.
2
Solution. The uncertainty in the speed is 2%, i.e., 45 × = 0.9 m s–1.
100

It
h 6.626  10–34
Using the equation, x = = = 1.46 × 10–33 m
4 m v 4  3.14  40  10 –3
(0.9 ms )–1
18
This is nearly ~10 times smaller than the diameter of a typical atomic nucleus. As mentioned earlier
for large particles, the uncertainty principle sets no meaningful limit to the precision of measurements.

ox xz.at
1510mn

Schrodinger Wave Mechanical model

An orbital may be defined as the region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an
electron is maximum (90% to 95%)
Orbitals do not define a definite path for the electron, rather they define only the probability of the
electron being in various regions of space around the nucleus.

Schrodinger applied the equation to the hydrogen atom and predicted many of its properties with
remarkable accuracy. The differential wave equation is as follows :
2 2 2 82m
+ + + (E – V)  = 0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2
where m is mass of electron,  is wave function, E is total energy of electron, V is potential energy and
h is Planck's constant.

Ci
  Wave function has no actual physical meaning but the value of 2 describes the probability distribution
of an electron.
 When we solve the Schrodinger equation, it is observed that for some region of space, the value of is
positive and for other, it is negative. But the probability must be positive, so it is proper to use 2 in
place of .

Orbital : The locations in space at which the probability of finding the electron is maximum.
Node and Nodal Plane : Node represents the region where probability of finding an electron is zero
(i.e.,  and 2 = 0). Similarly nodal plane represents the plane having zero probability of finding
electron.

QUANTUM NUMBERS :
The set of four numbers required to define an electron completely in an atom are called quantum
numbers.

0
(i) Principal quantum number (n) : (Proposed by Bohr)
It describes the size of the electron wave and the total energy of the electron. It has integral
values 1, 2, 3, 4 ...., etc., and is denoted by K, L, M, N. ..., etc.
Number of subshell present in nth shell = n

n subshell I orbital
1 s

E III iE
2 s, p
3 s, p, d
4 s, p, d, f

th 2
Number of orbitals present in n shell = n .

The maximum number of electrons which can be present in a principal energy shell is equal to 2n 2.
No energy shell in the atoms of known elements possesses more than 32 electrons. 0
angularmomentum

Mr 1 17 I
It f an
V2
LIFE ma r
212s 0.529 A
 α
k 0.529 A Ladies
E 13.6 2 eu atom

angular momentum of revolving eo is

mur
The It

p
s P d
S P d f
S P d f

8
8
30
32
 (ii) Azimuthal quantum number () : (Proposed by Sommerfield)
It describes the shape of electron cloud and the number of subshells in a shell.
* It can have values from 0 to (n – 1)
* value of  subshell
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 × (2 + 1)

Orbital angular momentum L =

h
2
(  1) =  (  1)
ie Ph 



h 
2 
h
i.e. Orbital angular momentum of s orbital = 0, Orbital angular momentum of p orbital = 2 ,
2
6h
Orbital angular momentum of d orbital =
2
l to e
(iii) Magnetic quantum number (m) : (Proposed by Linde)
It describes the orientations of orbitals with respect to standard set of coordinate axes. It can have
values from – to +  including zero, i.e., total (2 + 1) values. Each value corresponds to an orbital. s-
subshell has one orbital, p-subshell three orbitals (px, py and pz), d-subshell five orbitals
(dxy ,dyz , dzx , dx2  y2 , dz2 ) and f-subshell has seven orbitals.

The total number of orbitals present in a main energy level is ‘n2’.

Note : In the absence of an externally applied magnetic field, the orbitals possessing a given l value
would have identical energies. Orbitals of identical energy are described as being degenerate.
In the presence of a magnetic field the degeneracy of the orbitals breaks down; they have different
energies. The breakdown of orbital degeneracy (for a given l value) in a magnetic field explains the
Zeeman effect.

CHEE
Is

3Pa

a it ifeng.IN
454
me 1 ft
(iv) Spin quantum number (s) : (Proposed by Goldsmith & Uhlenbeck)
It describes the spin of the electron. It has values +1/2 and –1/2. Signifies clockwise spinning and
anticlockwise spinning.
eh

JL
Spin magnetic moment s = s(s  1) or  = n(n  2) B.M. (n = no. of unpaired electrons)
2mc
h
It represents the value of spin angular momentum which is equal to s(s  1) .
2
Maximum spin of atom =
1
2
× No. of unpaired electron.
he's inparffel
fway
clockwise spin
If
s
2s
anticlock
IF
s
we p
ze's in an

orbital always H ID or Dx
have opp spin

MY sufficient
3

adf.iem O S
 Orbital Angular momentum of electron in a subshell
h
lz  l (l  1)
2

Orbital Angular momentum of electron in a shell

nh
2

Spin Angular momentum of electron in a shell

h
 s( s  1)
2

Magnetic Moment due to spin only

 n(n  2) BM

questions

Give the notations of the subshell denoted by the following set of quantum numbers

5d ib c 3p d 4s
(a) n = 5, l = 2
(a) n = 7, l = 4
a 7g
(a) n = 3, l = 1
(a) n = 4, l = 0
35 3p
3d
n 3
Which of the following subshell doesn’t exist ? ad at
y us up
(a) 3d (b) 4s (c) 2d (d) 6s (e) 3f n

(f) 3g (g) 4g (h) 5g (i) 7g

If an orbital could accomodate 3 electrons, how many electrons will be in the following subshell
(a) 3d (b) 2s (c) 2p (d) 4f

2121 1 1
24 I
Which of the following set of quantum numbers is invalid ?
(a) n = 3, l = unknown, m = 0

(b) n = 4, l = 1, m = + 1

(c) n = 2, l = -1, m = 0

(d) n = 2, l = 2, m = -1
ans c d e
(e) n = 4, l = 1, m = -2

How many electrons in a given atom can have the following Quantum Numbers ?
(a) n = 4, l = 1
Up Ge

In
(b) n = 2, l = 1 , m = -1, s = +1/2

(c) n = 4, l = 2 , m = 0
2P once

(d) n = 3 a
1850

3d
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

NOTES

ORBITALS
 Shape of the orbitals :
Shape of the orbitals are related to the solutions of Schrodinger wave equation, and gives the space in
which the probability of finding an electron is maximum.

S orbital I 0 m O
1. Spherical in shape
2. Can accommodate maximum of 2 electrons

non directional
in nature
Xp 0,61

iii
ii.it
radial
P orbitals
1 1 m 1,0 I
1. Dumbell in shape
2. Directional in nature
3. Can accommodate maximum of 6 electrons 2 a i
4. Three degenerate orbitals

n t
Edfegenerated orbitals

1
1

MP 2 Y2 NP 2 NP 1 seyplane
game
Nodes or Nodal plane
A region of space around nucleus in which probability of finding electrons is zero. Node is a
point whereas nodal plane is an imaginary plane

Types of nodes
1. Radial node (along radius) = ( n - l - 1)

2. Angular node (along a particular angle w.r.t an axis) = l

Total nodes = n - l - 1 + l
tensity
=n-1 a
(i) Radial wave function (R) [Fig. (A)] :
In all cases R approaches zero as r approaches infinity. We finds that there is a node in the 2s radial
function. At the node the value of the radial function changes from positive to negative. In general, it
has been found that ns-orbitals have (n–1) radial nodes and np-orbitals have (n–2) radial nodes etc.
o
1 o t 1
m e t
me_ 2 0 1
me
2
It
IS 25
2P

D orbital
1
1. Double Dumbell in shape
2. Directional in nature
D 1 2 2
Sydal
3. Can accommodate maximum of 10 electrons
4. Five degenerate orbitals
subd toe's

n
i us e

I i

dye
are
lobes

bets S

ff
iidmi.tl
d day
t Éxye d
 dy due
0

in
1 42
did

NP 21
I 3 ua

Tameness
O
NP

E II es

i.it
Ia

tag eg
Gerade (g)
Ocn e t A n t
These orbitals have even number of nodal planes
dxy dye dmz 4 242
Ungerade (Ug)
These orbitals have odd number of nodal planes
Px Px Pz
 2 0 2 1
2 is filled before 2p

of 4s is filled before 3d
3 2

40 3 1

e e 54

5 0 3 2

15T Efts
sd
ad

7p
41 5165
on He

www.iiii Xe

Me Kr 5524910 sp
 26
25

lift
J Ichange
or
natom atom
n like

msn.it a
TI
D
 Memory map

so

dat

jeades
Q. Not considering the electronic spin the degeneracy of the second excited state (n = 3) of
H-atom is 9, what will be the degeneracy of the second excited state of H– is

3 3 3 4
natom
C
2 lans.SI
a
1 homiast
f
2
sd cis
is 228
Indexcitedstate
Explaination of penetration effect

n t
E
t o n
m e

01.7
na

; ;

25 ITEathann
n 3

131 77
1
I Mffacted
to hudens
Ex: He IF 1st
I

maximmetff.ie nemins

se MI
ne Fft
BiH
 sno.ofmpainde.si
1 421

4 4 1

0
f I 1 12
Ez

the

W rite th e e le ctro n ic co n fig u ratio n

1. H
11. Na
2. He
12. M g
3. Li
13. Al
4. Be

5. B 14. Si

6. C 15. P
7. N
16. S
8. O
17. Cl
9. F
18. Ar
10. Ne
19. K

20. Ca

21. Sc

22. Ti

23. V

24. Cr

25. M n

26. F e

27. Co

28. N i

29. Cu

30. Zn

Extra
R filledfullilled
yfetabieitofduf less
coneyfereptsion
cal
exffgery
More

released
1 It absorb

subshell
b More symmetrial distribution of ef in
half filled full filled are more
symmetrical

FH ITH
wrong
correct
251 2 To t 35
 Some Exceptional Electronic configuration
G 2 24 AS 45 395

Cee 2 29 a 45 3910

5s 444
Nb 12 411 Ks

Mo 2 42 Kr 55 495

Ru 2 44 Ky 5s 417

Rn 12 451 ke 55 418

Kh 5504910 or Kh 4910
Pd 12 46

Ag 2 477 Ks 55 4010

652 sd d block element

La 12 57 Xe
50 652 f block element
Ce 2 58 Exe af
Xe 477500652
EU 2 63
5d 652
Gd 2 64 Ye 4ft

781 Xe 65 44145dg
Pt 2

2 79 Xe Gs 4 fly 5d
Au

Ac 2 891 Rn 75269

Th 2 901 Rn 752602
Q. Write all the quantum numbers for the last electron of Na

Q. How many maximum and minimum number of e- are possible in Cr having s = +1/2

Q. Fe (Z = 26)
(a) Identify Quantum numbers for the last electron
(b) Number of electrons possible having l = 0
(c) Number of electrons possible having m = 0
(d) Electronic configuration of Fe+2

Q. Relate the magnetic behaviour of Fe+2 , Fe+3 , Co+3 , Cr+3

Q. Maximum number of unpaired electron

Mn+2 , Fe+2 , Co+2 , Ni+2