SUBJECT PHYSICAL SCIENCE

QUARTER 1
MODULE 5&6
LESSON Biological Macromolecules

VISION The Furigay Colleges Foundation Inc. aims to be locally or nationally recognized as a
leading school in the application of emerging technologies that facilitate learning to the next
generation.

MISSION To realize the vision, the Furigay Colleges targets to:

1. Provides quality education that meets student diversity by utilizing E-

learning as alternative solution to traditional schooling.
2. Build an instruction capacity which is to integrate and implement
technologies into teaching and learning practices, generate economies of
scale, and increase their development across the institution
3. A dynamic value-driven education that is accessible and suitable for
everyone.

PREPARED BY:

MS. MORISETH DEGAMO

INSTRUCTOR
 HOW TO USE
THIS MODULE?

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasksthat will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read
the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning that is important to
develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.

Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE
MODULES

Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in the
module.

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.

Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and skills did you
understand from the previous lesson.

Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of thelessons.

Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

Unit 1: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Module 5&6: Biological Maacromolecules

MELCS 1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces
(S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17)
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the
properties of substances (S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
3. Explain how the structures of biological
macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties
and function. (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)
REFERENCES K-12 Learning Module/ADM
Lesson
TIME ALLOTMENT 4hours
4 Biological Macromolecules
 B. Lactose D. Sucrose
6. Which of the following is the building block of proteins?
A. Amino Acid C. Nucleic acid
B. Enzymes D. Phosphate
7. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?
Image Retrieved: June 19, 2020 at
https://rb.gy/f7d1ig

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic
Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins
8. Proteins found in connective tissues like tendons and ligament is
A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin
9. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin
10. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is
A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax

11. The following are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA EXCEPT
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil
12. Proteins are polypeptide that contains repeating units of
A. Amino acids C. Glucose
B. Fatty acids D. Phosphate
13. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________
A. Glycosidic bond C. metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond
14. Enzymes are substances that catalyze a reaction. Which of the following is NOT
an enzyme?
A. Glycopase C. Pepsin
B. Lipase D. Sucrase
15. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA
molecule contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

What’s In
Every living organism is made up of cells, the very tiny units of life. Within the cells are
organic molecules which joined to form larger molecule.

There are four classes of macromolecules as you have learned in your Grade 10
Chemistry. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid forming a chainlike
structure called polymers. Recall that these macromolecules composed mainly the elements
like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other macromolecules have nitrogen and phosphate in
their structure.

In this module, the structure of these macromolecules will be given emphasis. The
students will then explain how the structure affects the properties and functions of
macromolecules.

What’s New

Activity 1. Carbohydrates

Study the structure and answer the question below.

Fig. 1. Structure of simple monosaccharides.

Image: Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://rb.gy/cigwad

1. What are the elements you notice in the structures? ___________________

2. What do you notice with the carbon: hydrogen: oxygen (C: H: O) ratio in each
structure? (Note: To answer these count the number of C, H, and O in the structure.
3. Now, look at the structure below.
a. Did you see any similarities with the three structures? _____________
b. Do they have same kind of elements? _________________________
c. What differences did you noticed with their structures? ____________

A. B.
 C.

Figure 2. Different Structures of Carbohydrates

Images retrieved: June 16, 2020 from (a)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg (b) https://rb.gy/qglpvk,
(C) https://rb.gy/enzuad
 1. Carbohydrates

In the activity above, you noticed that all the structures contain the same elements C,
H, and O. These structures are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one of the
macromolecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only with a ratio 1:2:1.This can
be written as CnH2nOn, where n corresponds to the number of carbon atoms. The term
carbohydrate comes from the Latin word saccharum which means sugar.

The carbohydrate that we eat which is our main source of energy is converted into
glucose which is readily used in the body. It is classified as simple sugars (monosaccharides
and disaccharides) and complex sugars (polysaccharides).

Monosaccharides are sugar with one saccharide units. Glucose (used as dextrose and
sugar found in blood), galactose (found in milk and other milk products), and fructose (sugar
found in fruits and honey) are monosaccharides. They are isomers which mean, they have
the same molecular formula but different structural formula. The difference in their structures
(Figure 2) is the one that made also difference in their properties like boiling point galactose
has higher boiling point than glucose. Glucose is sweeter than galactose.

Disaccharides are sugar with two saccharide unit joined by a glycosidic bond.
Maltose is a disaccharide formed from 2 Glucose units and is found in malt. Sucrose found
in regular table sugar contains glucose and fructose units. Lactose found in milk and milk
products is a disaccharide containing Glucose and Galactose units.

Polysaccharides are sugar contains many saccharide units. Starch and Cellulose
are polysaccharides. Starch, a storage form of glucose in plants and cellulose, the structural
material in plant cell wall composed of 250 - 400 glucose molecules connected via α-1-4-
glycosidic bond.

Fig. 3. Starch

. Retrieved June 19, 2020 from

http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/
PH709_BasicCellBIology_print.html

Activity 2. Pair Me
 Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer in the
space provided.

Column A Column B

______ 1. Collagen A. carries oxygen from the lungs to the

Bloodstream

______ 2. Keratin B. Substance used to speed up a reaction

______ 3. Hemoglobin C. major insoluble fibrous protein found in

connective tissues

______ 4. Enzymes D. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails

______ 5. Fibroin E. strongest natural fibers found in silk

2. Protein

Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It comes from the Greek word
proteios which means first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the elements that
make up a protein. Sulfur and other metals can also be found in some proteins. Proteins as
one of the macromolecules that are made from multiple units of simple molecules called
amino acids (shown in figure below). Combination of 20 amino acid joined by a peptide bond
makes a protein. Thus, proteins are called polypeptides. The structure of amino acid is
shown in the figure 4.

Fig 4. Structure of Amino Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-structure-of-
amino-acids_fig1_322686460

Each type of protein is made up of different combination of amino acid arranged in

specific way. The order to which the amino acids are arranged determines the configuration
and function of protein. Examples of proteins as mentioned in the activity are the following:

Collagen - found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the
cornea of the eye.

Fibroin/Silk protein – one of the strongest natural fibers found in silk

Keratin - a fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails.

Myoglobin - contains a heme group contains an iron (II) ion at its center where oxygen is
being stored.

Hemoglobin - is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream
Enzymes on the other hand, are substances that catalyze a reaction. The following are
examples of enzymes and their specific function.

1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats

2. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
3. Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and starches

Activity 3.

Study the structure below and answer the following question.

Fig 5. Structure of Triglyceride

Image Retrieved June 19, 2020 from
https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/lipids_story.htm

1. What have you notice with the structure of triglyceride?

__________________________________________________

2. What elements compose the structure? __________________

3. The structure below is a phospholipid.

Fig. 6. Structure of Phospholipid

 Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/yzlhjw

a. What did you notice with the structure of phospholipid compared to glyceride?
___________________________________________
b. Does it have the same components with glycerides? _____________
c. Have you notice any difference at all? _________________________
3. Lipids
Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of biomolecules
group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are
non-polar molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and
benzene. It is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2) Phospholipids, (3)
Steroids.

Fatty acid

Fatty acid is a chain-like molecule containing a long chain of carboxylic acid. Fatty
acid can be saturated (contains single bonds) in its long chain hydrocarbon chain or
unsaturated (contains double bond). Since lipids are non-polar molecule, it is insoluble in
water. Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon atoms in the chain have
two hydrogen singly bonded to making the molecules to form a strong attraction. Because of
this strong attraction, saturated fatty acid have high melting point and are solid at room
temperature Unsaturated fatty acid on the other hand, tends to bend due to the presence of
a double bond in one of the carbon in the chain. The molecule will not be as close as that of
the saturated fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points than saturated fatty
acids.

Fig. 7. Fatty Acid

Retrieved: June 19, 2020 from https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids
 Triglycerides

Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids
connected to the glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same kind.

Fat and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually from animal sources
contain mostly saturated fatty acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil refers to a
triglyceride from plant sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid and is liquid at room
temperature.

Phospholipids

Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
group. Phospholipids (Fig.8), unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end (hydrophilic end)
which is the phosphate group and non-polar end (hydrophobic end), the fatty acid group.
The dual property of liquid allows the phospholipid to form a bilayer.

Fig. 8. Phospholipid
Image retrieved: June 19, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/molec
ular-structure-of-phospholipid
Activity 4.

Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below.

Fig. 9.DNA Structure.

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-
molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html

1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide? ___________________

________________________________________________________

2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic

information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the
two types of nucleic acid with specific functions.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of life carries the genetic material
and provides information for its own replication. It is a double helix structure
composed of a sugar and phosphate backbone and complementary bases Adenine-
Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair.
 RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand, carries the information from DNA
for protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA namely:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 Figure 9. Structure of Nucleic Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid

What’s More

Do this….

Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column
B. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. A. carbohydrates

2. B. Lipids

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/s79lc0

3.
C. Nucleic Acid
4.
D. Proteins

What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize…..

 Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acid are the four classes of
macromolecules.
 Carbohydrates composed mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is
categorized as simple sugar (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and
complex sugar (polysaccharides). Glucose, Galactose and Fructose are
examples of monosaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed
of 2 saccharides units and a polysaccharide with many saccharide units. The
saccharide units in disaccharides and polysaccharides are bonded via
glycosidic bond.
 Proteins composed C, H, O, and N. Sulfur and other metals can also be
found in some proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are made
from multiple units of simple molecules called amino acids.
 Collagen, Keratin, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, and Fibroin are examples of
Proteins. It properties and function is determine by their structures. Enzymes
are also a kind of protein which catalyzes a reaction without being used up.
 Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its property of
being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules making it
soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and benzene. It is classified
into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
 Nucleic Acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic
information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA
are the two types of nucleic acid with specific functions.

Assessment

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. The biological macromolecules composed of multiple units of amino acids is
A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids
B. Proteins D. Cellulose

2. Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

A. Fructose C. Glucose
B. Galactose D. Sucrose

3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT

A. Carbon C. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen

4. Which of the following polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of plants?

A. Amylose C. Cellulose
B. Amylopectin D. Starch
5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is
A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose
6. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins
7. Proteins found in hair, skin and nails is
A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin
8. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin
9. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is
A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax
10. In DNA, Thymine is paired with _________________________
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil

11. The following statement describes saturated fatty acid EXCEPT

A. It contains a carbon to carbon single bond.
B. It has high melting point.
C. It is solid at room temperature.
D. It contains a carbon to carbon double bond.

12. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________

A. Glycosidic bond C. Metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond

13. Which of the statements below DOES NOT describe an enzyme? Enzymes
A. are proteins C. being used up during the reaction
B. catalyzes a reaction D. speeds up a reaction
11. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA molecule
contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

15. It contains an unsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant and is liquid at room
temperature. This lipid being describe is
A. Fats C. Steroids
B. Oils D. Wax