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Types of concrete

CHAPTER 2
Types of Concrete and Their Applications

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Chapter 2
Types of Concrete and Their Applications
The types of concrete are:
1. Normal Strength Concrete
2. Plain or Ordinary Concrete
3. Reinforced Concrete
4. Prestressed Concrete
5. Precast Concrete

6. Light – Weight Concrete

7. High-Density Concrete
8. Air Entrained Concrete

9. Ready Mix Concrete

10.Polymer Concrete
11.High-Strength Concrete
12.High-Performance Concrete
13.Self - Consolidated Concrete
14.Shotcrete Concrete
15.Previous Concrete
16.Vacuum Concrete

17.Pumped Concrete
18.Stamped Concrete
19.Limecrete

20.Asphalt Concrete
21.Roller Compacted Concrete
22.Rapid Strength Concrete
23.Glass Concrete

Properties and uses of different types of concrete are mentioned above

explained briefly:

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2.1 Normal Strength Concrete

The concrete obtained by mixing the basic materials cement, water and aggregate
is called normal strength concrete. The strength of this type of concrete varies

from 10 - 40 MPa. The normal strength concrete has an initial setting time of 30-
90 minutes that is dependent on the cement properties and the weather conditions
of the construction site.

2.2 Plain Concrete

The plain concrete is the concrete without reinforcement. The main components
of this concrete are cement, aggregates, and water. Most used mix design is 1:2:4
which is the normal mix design. These types of concrete are mainly used in the

construction of the pavements and the buildings, especially in areas where there are
is less demand of high tensile strength.
Among the most important properties of ordinary concrete, the following may be
mentioned.

Density: 2200 - 2500 kg/m3 .

Compressive Strength: 20 – 50 MPa.

Tensile Strength: 5–10 MPa.
Durability: Very satisfactory.

2.3 Reinforced Concrete

The reinforced cement concrete is defined as the concrete in which the

Reinforcement is introduced to bear the tensile strength. Plain concrete is weak in

tension and good in compression. Hence the placement of reinforcement will take

up the responsibility of bearing the tensile stresses. The reinforced cement

concrete (RC) works with the combined action of the plain concrete and the
reinforcement. The steel reinforcement used in the concrete can be in the form of

rods, bars or in the form of meshes. Now fibers are also developed as
reinforcement

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Reinforced Concrete footing

Fig. 2.1: Distribution of stresses and strains on rectangular reinforced concrete section

Factors that affect the choice of reinforced concrete over other construction

material for building construction include:

• Economy

• Suitability of the material for structural and architectural functions

• Low maintenance

• Availability of materials

• Rigidity
• Fire resistance

Fiber reinforced concrete is concrete that use fibers (steel fibers) as

reinforcement for the concrete. Whatever the type of reinforcement used in
concrete, it is very necessary to ensure proper bond between the concrete and the

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reinforcement. This bond will control the strength and the durability factors of
the concrete.

2.4 Prestressed Concrete

Most of the big concrete projects are carried out through prestressed concrete
units. This is a special technique in which the bars or the tendons are used in the
concrete is stressed before the actual service load application. During the mixing
and the placement of the concrete, these tensioned bars firmly placed and held from
each end of the structural unit. Once the concrete sets and harden, the structural

unit will be put in compression. This phenomenon of prestressing will make the
lower section of the concrete member to be stronger against the tension.

Fig. 2.2: Prestressed concrete

The process of prestressing will require heavy equipment and labor skill (jacks
and equipment for tensioning). Hence the prestressing units are made and
assembled at site. These are used in bridges, heavy loaded structures, and roof
with longer spans.

• In the case of long beams, where large shear forces exist, the beam sizes
must be large to limit the diagonal tensile stresses under certain limits.

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Pressure decrease diagonal tensile stresses. This has led to adopt modified
I-section and T-section in which there is significant reduction in web area.

• To get the maximum advantage of a prestressed concrete member, it is

necessary to use not only high strength concrete but also high tensile steel
wires

• Concrete used for prestressed work should have a cube strength of 35 N/mm2
for post-tensioned system and 45 N/mm2 for pretensioned system.

• In the design of a prestressed concrete member, the estimated loss of

stress due to shrinkage of concrete and creep of concrete and steel is in the
order of nearly 200 N/mm2.

• Steel bars used in the prestressed concrete are wires called cables or ropes.
It is possible to produce this concrete in two ways

Fig. 2.3: Prestressed concrete bridge.

2.4.1 Pre-tension method

In this method, the steel cables are tightened before casting concrete and before
hardening. And leave these cables until concrete hardening and gaining its
Maximum resistance and then the tensile forces are lifted and removed from the

steel cables who try to shrink inside the hardened concrete, which leads to the

Occurrence of compressive stresses in concrete

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by the forces of cohesion between steel and concrete.

Fig. 2.4: Pressure mechanism.

2.4.2 Post-tension method

In this method a vacuum tubes placed inside the concrete and steel cables inserted
inside them without even pulling until the concrete hardening. Cables are
tightened after concrete hardening where there is not any strong cohesion between
steel and concrete. Then be lifted and removed tensile steel forces which causes

Compressive stresses on steel plates installed on both sides of the concrete

element, which in turn passed on to the concrete to load it as in Fig. 5. After that
fills the spaces between the steel cables and pipes with mortar grout that becomes
hardened and reduce the chance of steel cables corrosion.

Fig. 2.5: Post-tension method.

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2.5 Precast Concrete

Various structural elements can be made and cast in the factory as per the

specifications then bought to the site at the time of assembly. Such concrete units

are called precast concrete. The examples of precast concrete units are concrete

blocks, the stair units, precast walls and shafts, concrete beams, and many others

elements. These units have the advantage of acquiring speedy construction as

Only assembly is necessary. As the manufacturing is done on site, quality is

assured. The only precaution taken is for their transportation. These structural and

Decorative members are prepared in a well-equipped place where all

arrangements are made for:

1. Perfect proportioning of the concrete components.

2. Thorough mixing of the cement, aggregates, and water to obtain the mix of the

desired design and consistency.

3. Careful handling during transportation and placement in the perfect design molds.

4. Perfect curing, under the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.

Even steam curing is used to obtain precast products having high strength in less
time.

5. The latest trend in the construction industry is to shift more and more to

Prefabricate concrete units in building construction.

a) Precast slabs b) Precast bridge

Fig. 2.6: Precast concrete.

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2.6 Lightweight Concrete

Concrete has a density less than 1920 kg/m3 and is categorized as lightweight
concrete. The use of lightweight aggregates in concrete design produced
lightweight aggregates. Aggregates are the important element that contributes to
the density of the concrete. The examples of light weight aggregates are the
pumice, perlites, and scoria. The lightweight concrete is applied for the protection
of the steel structures and used for the construction of the long span bridge decks.
It is also used for the construction of the building blocks.

Fig. 2.7: The lightweight concrete.

Normal weight concrete density is ranged between 2240 and 2400 kg/m³. For
Structural applications the concrete strength should be greater than 17.0 MPa.
Lightweight aggregates used in structural lightweight concrete (LWC) are
Typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in a rotary
kiln to develop a porous structure. Other products such as air-cooled blast furnace
slag are also used. There are other classes of non-structural LWC with lower
Made with other aggregate materials and higher density air voids in the cement
paste matrix, such as in cellular concrete.
For example:
Thermal conductivity – the k value, for plain concrete may be as high as 10-12.
But the thermal conductivity of Lightweight concrete is about 0.3. Lightweight

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Concretes are used, depending upon their composition, for thermal insulation, for
Protecting steel structures, they are also used in long span bridge decks, and even
as building blocks.
Aerated Concrete is a variety of extremely lightweight concrete (density 480-
800 kg/m3 ). This is obtained by using cement, sand, and powdered fuel ash as
constituents

Fig. 2.8: Aerated concrete.

2.7 High-Density Concrete (heavy weight concrete)

The concretes that have densities ranging from 3000 to 4000 kg/m3 can be
called as the heavyweight concrete. The crushed rocks are used as the coarse
aggregates. Among such materials, Barytes is the most used material, which has
a specific gravity of 4.5. These types of aggregates are most used in the
construction of atomic power plants and for similar projects. The heavy weight
Aggregate will help the structure to resist all possible type of radiations.
High density radiation shielding concrete is produced by blending heavy weight
aggregate, cement, water, and special additives. Aggregates for high density
concrete for radiation shielding are iron shot and steel punching which are utilized
to produce substantially high dense concrete. Other types of heavy weight
aggregates that are used to produce medium to low density concrete are barite,
magnetite, limonite, goethite, and ilmenite. There are a number of additives that
added to high radiation density protecting concrete to enhance the protection
property of the concrete. The high-density radiation protecting concrete have

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different but specific applications which will be discussed in the following

sections. This type of concrete is also called heavy weight concrete.

Fig. 2.9: Heavy weight concrete.

2.8 Air Entrained Concrete

These are concrete types into which air is trained for an amount of 3 to 6% of
the concrete. The air entrainment in the concrete is achieved by the addition of
foams or gas - foaming agents. Some examples of air entraining agents are resins,
alcohols, and fatty acids.
2.8.1 Effect of Air Entrainment on Concrete Compressive Strength
Air entraining admixture is usually introduced when it is desired to increase
concrete workability without causing much reduction in compressive strength. It
is claimed that, the workability of an air entrained concrete having 7.5 cm slump
is better than a non-air entrained concrete with a slump of 12.5 cm. The
compressive strength of concrete is reduced using air entrained admixture, as
shown in Fig. 8. The reduction in strength depends on many factors such as
mix proportions, type, and grading of concrete,

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Fig. 2.10: Effect of Air Entrainment on Concrete Compressive Strength.

Normal in strength of concrete by use of reduction of air-entrained admixtures varies

from 3 to 7%. This variation of strength shall be considered in the mix design of

concrete so that a desired compressive strength is achieved with required amount

of admixture and workability. Suitably, trial mix designs should be done to find

exact variation of strength with the use of this admixture and suitable corrections

should be done in mix design to ensure desired strength. Typically, it may be

It was assumed that a loss of 5% in compressive strength of concrete occurs due to each

1% by volume of entrained air in the concrete mix. In order to estimate water-

Cement ratio required for an air entrained concrete, an allowance for strength

It is incorporated in the mix design and higher target mean strength is

assumed.

2.8.2 Effect of Air Entrainment on Flexural Strength of Concrete

Generally, the influence of air entrainment on the flexural strength of concrete is not

as detrimental as in the case of concrete compressive strength. It is reported that,

Maximum flexural strength can be achieved even with air content of 4%. It is

shown that, flexural strength of lean concrete mix increases provided that,

Maximum water reduction is considered, and small maximum aggregate size is

employed

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2.9 Ready Mix Concrete

The concrete that mixes and batched in a central mixing plant is called as ready-
mix concrete. The mixed concrete is brought to the site with the help of a truck-
mounted transit mixer. This once reached in the site can be used directly without
any further treatment. The ready-mix concrete is very precise and specialized
Concrete can be developed based on the specification with the highest quality. The
Manufacture of this concrete requires a centralized mixing plant. These plants
It should be located at an adjustable distance from the construction site. If the
Transportation is too long, then this results in setting of concrete. Such issues of
The time delay is coped with the use of retarding agents that delay the setting.

Fig. 2.11: The central mixing plant

2.10 Polymer Concrete

When compared with the conventional concrete, in the polymer concrete, the
Aggregates are bonded with polymers instead of cement. The production of
polymer concrete results in reduction of volume of voids in the aggregate. This
Reduces the amount of polymer needed to bond the aggregates. Hence the
aggregates are graded and mixed accordingly to achieve minimum voids hence
maximum density. The polymeric materials and Polyester are about 6 to 15% of
The weight of concrete examples include epoxy materials or polyester compounds.
The polymer concrete costs about 2-3 times the ordinary concrete costs.

2.10.1 The polymer concrete categories:

• Polymer Impregnated (filled) Concrete

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• Polymer cement concrete

• Partially Impregnated
2.10.2 Advantages of polymer concrete
• Polymers improve the strength and durability of hardened concrete
• The chemical resistance and the permeability of the hardened concrete is
increased

• The flow properties of fresh concrete can be modified based on the required
specifications
• The bond characteristics between old and new concrete can be improved
2.10.3 Properties of Polymer Impregnated Concrete
• High resistance to external factors such as corrosion resistance and the
Permeability of water and resistance to sulphate.
• -Very high resistance to shrinkage.
• -High pressure resistance of up to 1200 MPa
• Tensile strength up to 10 Mpa.
• The flexural strength of polymer concrete is usually about 15 MPa.
• The elastic modulus lies in the range from 30-60 GPa which is like the
value obtained from high strength concrete (about 45 GPa)
• The polymer impregnated concrete possesses less creep and shrinkage
Problems due to the less pores.
• The polymer impregnated concrete is highly resistant to acid and sulfate attack
attack and chloride attack when compared with PCC.

2.11 High-Strength Concrete

The concretes that have strength greater than 60 MPa can be termed as high
strength concrete. This increased strength is achieved by decreasing the water-
cement ratio to be lower than 0.35. The calcium hydroxide crystals that are the
Major concern product during hydration for the strength properties is reduced by

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the incorporation of silica fume. In terms of performance, the high strength

concrete should be less performing in terms of workability which is an issue.

2.11.1 The most important properties of the constituent materials for height

strength concrete

• The large aggregates must be strong and solid because it works as a factor
determines the maximum resistance of concrete where the cracks are in the case

of high-resistance concrete passes through the large aggregates particles and is

not around, as in the case of conventional concrete.

• The concrete made of rock, such as granite or dolomite given greater

Resistance by about 10 to 20% of those made of gravel.

• Small aggregate or sand should be somewhat coarse where his fineness

modulus ranged from 2.8 to 3.0 because the mixture is rich in soft materials

Such as cement and silica fume, if any.

• The cement must be of high quality and be compatible with any additives used.

It was found that the optimal ratio which gives greater resistance of concrete

lies between 450 to 500 kg/m 3 from 9:10 sacks.

• The increase in compressive strength by the effect of silica fume material may

• not exceed 20%. It should be noted that the optimal ratio of silica fume range
From 10 to 15% of the weight of the cement.

• The plasticizer considered the most important component to obtain high

resistance concrete terms by which we can reduce water mixing ratio to 0.25

from cement weight and therefore we can only get the highest resistance.

11.2.2 Uses of high strength concrete

• High-rise buildings

• Bridges
• Offshore installations

• Nuclear power plants

• Pavements and roads

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2.12 High-Performance Concrete

The high strength concrete can be high-performance concrete. But not all high-

performance concrete (HPC) is high strength concrete. Standards that conform to

The high-performance concrete are listed below:

• Strength gain at early age

• Easy placement of the concrete

• Permeability and density factors

• Heat of hydration

• Long life and durability

• Toughness and life term mechanical properties

• Environmental concerns

2.13 Self – Consolidated (Self-compacting) Concrete

The self-consolidated concrete is the concrete mix placed without compaction

It depends only on its own weight. This mix has a higher workability. The slump

value is between 650 and 750. This concrete is also called flowing concrete due

to its higher workability. The areas where there is thick reinforcement, self –

Consolidating concrete is the best choice. It also has a high resistance to segregation.

2.13.1 Advantages

• Ease of casting in packed reinforcement section and narrow sectors.

• The ability to discharge a large amount of concrete in a short period of

time.

• Needs less labours.

• There is no segregation.

• Does not need to use vibrators at the site, leading to the ease of casting and

to overcome the noise problem resulting from the vibrators.

• It has a better shape as they do not need to settle the surface after the cast.

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• Not given the opportunity to intervene at the site to add water to the mix

due to their liquidity.

• More durable than conventional concrete.

Fig. 2.12: Self-compacting Concrete.

2.14 Shotcrete Concrete

This type of concrete has different way of application on the area of casting. The

Concrete is shot into the frame or the prepared structural formwork using nozzles.

As the shooting is carried out in a higher air pressure, the placement and the

The compaction process is occurring at the same time.

The gunning is dry-mix shotcrete process in which the dry materials are dropped

from a machine to the surface of application through a nozzle by means of

compressed pressure and high velocity.

• The application is facilitated by the addition of water at the nozzle area.

The mix that finally comes out is a combination of dry material and water.

The operator has the control over the addition of water and the combination
water content

• The dry ingredients are mixed in a bin and stored in a cement gun. During

the time of application, under the action of pressure and high velocity, the

Dry mix is injected, and the water is introduced at the nozzle, just before

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the mix blast off. There is a water supply pressure tank that will supply
Water with adequate pressure to the nozzle.

Fig. 2.13: Shotcrete Concrete and its application.

2.14.1 The general requirements for undergoing a good quality gunning

process are:

• A high quality finished work through gunning is obtained by having

Careful and skilful operation and control of the nozzle.

• The surface of application must be free from dirt, grease or any other
defective materials. This must be cleaned by high pressure water jet or by
air blast

• Sand blasting can be carried out the surface of application before

undergoing gunning. This helps in removing rust on the reinforcement.

• If the surface of treatment has high adsorption, then it must be kept wet for
a time of 6 hours before undergoing gunning.

• The mix proportion used for gunning are 1:3 and 1:4:5. This will generally
have a water cement ratio of 0.30. A 1:3 mix will attain a strength of 70
MPa on the 7th day after application.

• The size of aggregate used in the mix is less than 10 mm.

• To reduce permeability, increase the resistance to weather and chemical

attack, it is necessary to have high quality mortar.

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2.14.2 Advantages of Gunning or Dry Shotcrete Process

• This method can be applied for structures to occupy any shape you say
undulating, spherical or curves. This versatility is the major reason why it
It is used in swimming pools, artificial caves, and waterfall etc. so that special
shapes and features can be provided. This feature made it employed in

Application of tunnel lining, slope protection, refractory works, and many more
of the repair works. These also have a diverse use in the construction of
dams, reservoirs, bridges, pipelines, and canals.

• As the water added to the mix is carried out at the nozzle, the control of

water is possible. This adjustment can be controlled instantly by the crew

While carrying out the spraying procedure. This will hence make it possible
to give a mix either wet or dry based on the demand. This is controlled by
The addition of water at the nozzle.

• When compared with the wet shotcrete process, the dry-mix shotcrete can
be prepared quickly. The wet mix heights would bring problems like

sagging, sticking or segregation.

• It is recommended for small works like filling the cracks for a smaller one
region or for very thin lining or coatings or for very fine treatments to opt

dry-mix shotcrete process (gunning) when compared with the wet-mix

shotcrete process.

• Gunning is a best choice in those work types who had unexpected stoppages
work is possible. The use of wet-mix shotcrete process will be not useful
In such situations, resulting in wastage of mix.
2.14.3 Disadvantages of Gunning or Dry Shotcrete Process
1. The process of gunning will require highly skilled and experienced labor

that there is proper check on the pressure, the amount of water added at the nozzle
And finally apply a good quality mix on the surface of the application.

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2. The gunning process faces the issue of rebound of the mix. As the mix is sprayed
On the surface of the material there are chances that the components get jump off
and then fall on the ground.

Fig. 2.14: The dry shotcrete process.

2.15 Pervious Concrete

Previous or permeable concrete are concrete designed by the way allows the
water to pass through it. These types of concrete will have 15 to 20% voids of the
concrete volume. The previous concrete is created by a unique mixing process,
performance, application methods etc. These are used in the construction of
pavements and driveways where storm water issues persist. The storm water will
pass through these pervious concrete pavements and reach the groundwater.
Hence most of the drainage issues is solved.

Fig. 2.15: The previous or permeable concrete.

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2.16 Vacuum Concrete

Concrete with water content more than required quantity is poured into the
formwork. The excess water is then removed with the help of a vacuum pump
Without waiting for the concrete to undergo setting. Hence the concrete structure
or the platform will be ready to use earlier when compared with normal
construction technique. These concretes will attain their compressive 28 days
strength within a period of 10 days and the crushing strength of this structure is
25% greater compared with the conventional concrete types.
Four components are required in vacuum dewatering of concrete, which are given
below:

• Vacuum pump

• Water separator

• Filtering pad
• Screed board vibrator

Fig. 2.15: Vacuum Concrete.

2.16.1 Procedure of vacuum concrete

1. Vacuum pump is a small but powerful pump of 5 to 10 HP.

2. Water is extracted by vacuum and stored in the water separator.
3. The concrete is placed over fine filter pads, which prevent the removal of
cement with water

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4. Proper control on the magnitude of the water removed is equal to the

contraction in total volume of concrete.

5. About 3% reduction in concrete layer depth takes place. Filteringpad

Consists of rigid backing sheet, expanded metal, wire gauze or muslin cloth

sheet. sheet. A rubber seal is also fitted around the filtering pad as shown in Fig.

2.16. Filtering pad should have a minimum dimension of 90 cm x 60 cm.

Fig. 2.16: Vacuum concrete production.

2.16.2 Advantages of vacuum concreting:

• Due to dewatering through vacuum, both workability and high strength are
simultaneously.

• Reduction in water-cement ratio may increase the compressive strength by

10 to 50% and lowers the permeability.

• It enhances the wear resistance of concrete surface.

• The surface obtained after vacuum dewatering is plain and smooth due to
reduced shrinkage.

• The formwork can be removed early, and the surface can be used early.

• The advantages of dewatering are more prominent on the top layer as

compared to bottom layer. The effect beyond a depth of 150 mm is

negligible

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Fig. 2.17: Effect of vacuum dewatering on concrete strength.

2.17 Pumped Concrete

Pumped concrete is the concrete which is transported to heights by means of
pumping using concrete pumps. This method is used where large quantity of
Concrete work is involved at greater height, where other means of transporting is
not easy to do. Concrete pumps have been known for more than 50 years. In
Modern times, large quantities of concrete can be transported by means of
pumping through pipelines over appreciable distances, often to locations that may
not be easily accessible by other means of delivery. The system for pumping
concrete essentially consists of a hopper into which the concrete is discharged
from the mixer, which in turn, feeds the concrete pump itself and finally the
delivery pipelines through which the concrete is delivered.

Fig. 2.18: Pumped concrete.

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2.17.1 Types of Concrete Pumps

There are basically two types of concrete pumps used for transporting:
1. Direct acting concrete pumps
2. Squeeze type concrete pumps

• Direct Acting Concrete Pumps

Most of the concrete pumps are of the direct-acting, horizontal piston-type with
semi-rotary valves (Fig. 15). The operation of the direct-acting pump is simple.
The concrete is fed into the pump by gravity and partly by suction created due to
the reciprocating motion of the horizontally acting piston, while the semi-rotary
Valves open and close alternately. Suction pressure of the order is 0.08 MPa
Developed in the pumping cylinder under favorable conditions. Best suction
Conditions are obtained if the diameter of the suction pipe is the same as that of
the pumping cylinder so that the concrete can flow unhindered. Outputs of up to
60 m3 /h can be achieved in modern pumps through 220-mm diameter delivery
pipes

Fig. 2.19: Direct Acting Concrete Pumps.

• Squeeze type Concrete pumps

Squeeze type pumps are smaller portable type pumps. The concrete from the
collecting hopper is fed by rotating blades into a flexible pipe connected to the
pumping chamber, which is under a vacuum of about 0.08 MPa. The vacuum

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Ensures that, except when being squeezed by the rotating rollers, the pipe shape
remains cylindrical and thus permits a continuous flow of concrete. The two
Rotating rollers mounted on planetary drives progressively squeeze the flexible
pipe and thus push the concrete into the delivery pipe. Outputs of up to 20 m3 /h
can be obtained with squeeze pumps using 75-mm diameter pipelines.

Fig. 2.20: Squeeze type Concrete pumps

2.17.2 Selecting a Suitable Concrete Pump

• Concrete pumps are selected based on two primary parameters, the

Maximum desired volumetric output of concrete per hour and the peak
pumping pressure, p.

• A nominal output of 30 m3 /h is considered sufficient for routine concreting

Operations related to most civil engineering applications. For specialized
jobs where greater output is desired, pumps with a capacity more than 120
m3 /h have been known to be deployed.

• The required power of the drive unit (prime mover) of the concrete pump
Depends on the desired delivery output of concrete, Q, and the pumping
pressure, p. The delivery output and the pumping pressure are correlated
by the expression for the hydraulic output, H, of the concrete pump:

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2.18 Stamped Concrete

Stamped concrete is a very intelligent and innovative innovation in concrete
Widely applied for floor in patios, car porch, driveways, and sidewalks. Ideaof
Concrete decoration with stamped concrete not only adds their strength to the
floors but also provide pleasing appearance. This is now a good idea for low-cost
landscaping where costly granites, interlocks in landscaping and patios are used,
The stamped concrete stay upright.

Fig. 2.21: Stamped Concrete.

2.18.1 Procedure for Stamped Concrete

The steps involved in the installation of stamped concrete is slightly different
from other concrete procedures. Each of the method is explained in detailed:
1. Step 1: Addition of Base Color
2. Step 2: Addition of Accent Colors
3. Step 3: Stamping Patterns over the Concrete Surface
2.18.2Addition of Base Color

The primary color that is used in the construction of stamped concrete flooring
forms the base colour. The base color is selected in such a way that it suits the
natural building colour. It must have a correlation with any other stones that is
laid in the nearby area of the respective building. The addition of a colour
Hardener to the concrete gives the base color to the concrete. The colour

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Hardener used for the base color is powdered like material. The addition of
Color hardener to the concrete can be done in two main procedures.
• Basic colour

• Cast on the color procedure

2.19 Limecrete

This is a concrete type in which the cement is replaced by lime. The main
Application of this product is in floors, homes as well as vaults. These unlike
Cementes have many environmental and health benefits. These products are
renewable and easily cleaned.

Fig. 2.22: Limecrete.

2.20. Asphalt Concrete

Asphalt concrete is a composite material, mixture of aggregates and asphalts
Commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as well as the core of
embankment dams. Asphalt concrete is also called as asphalt, blacktop or
Pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam or rolled asphalt in
the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

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Fig. 2.23: Asphalt Concrete.

2.21 Roller Compacted Concrete

These are concrete that is placed and compacted with the help of earth moving

Equipment like heavy rollers. This concrete is mainly employed in excavation and

filling needs. These concretes have cement content in lesser amount and filled for

the area necessary. After compaction, these concretes provide high density and

finally cures into a strong monolithic block.

Fig. 2.24: Roller Compacted Concrete.

2. 22 Rapid Strength Concrete

As the name implies these concretes gain strength with a few hours after its

manufacture. Hence the formwork removal is made easy and hence the building

Construction is covered first. These have a widespread application in the road

Repairs as they can be reused after a few hours.

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2. 23 Glass Concrete

The recycled glass can be used as aggregates in concrete. This concrete will
Increase the aesthetic appeal of the concrete. They also provide long-term
strength and better thermal insulation also.

Fig. 2.25: Glass Concrete.

2.24 Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC).

• FRC is the concrete in which steel fibers 10 to 20 microns in diameter and

10 to 50 mm in length is used.

• Fiber increases resilience, tensile strength, flexibility, and other qualities.

• The fibers may be of different materials such as steel, polymer, glass, carbon,
or even natural fibers like coconut fibre.

• Some type of fibers react with the cement; special care should be taken
while using them. It has been used mostly as overlays for pavements in
bridges, airports, and over industrial floors.

• Fiber reinforced concrete can also be used in places where it increased

Resistance to cracking is required.

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Types of concrete

Fig. 2.26: Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

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