Summary of Fyodor Dostoevsky's Life and Work
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881) was a Russian novelist, philosopher, and short story writer, widely
regarded as one of the greatest literary figures in history. His works explore complex themes such as
morality, religion, free will, and human suffering.
Early Life and Education
Born: November 11, 1821, in Moscow, Russia, to a middle-class family. His father was a doctor, and
his mother was deeply religious.
Dostoevsky was deeply affected by his father’s authoritarianism and his mother’s death when he
was 15.
He studied engineering at the Military Engineering Academy in Saint Petersburg but was more
interested in literature.
Literary Career
Dostoevsky debuted with Poor Folk (1846), which brought him instant recognition as a promising
writer.
His early works, such as The Double (1846), explored psychological and social themes, but they were
not as successful as his debut.
Arrest and Exile
In 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested for participating in a group that discussed banned political
literature. He was sentenced to death but received a last-minute reprieve.
He spent four years in a Siberian labor camp followed by several years of compulsory military
service.
His experiences in Siberia profoundly influenced his worldview and later works, deepening his
exploration of suffering, redemption, and the human condition.
Major Works
After returning to Saint Petersburg, Dostoevsky resumed writing and produced some of the most
iconic novels in literary history:
Crime and Punishment (1866): A psychological exploration of guilt, redemption, and morality
through the story of a young murderer, Raskolnikov.
The Idiot (1869): Focuses on the moral purity of Prince Myshkin, a Christ-like figure, and his tragic
experiences in society.
Demons (1872): Examines the rise of nihilism and political radicalism in Russia.
The Brothers Karamazov (1880): His final and perhaps greatest novel, exploring themes of faith,
doubt, and free will through the story of a fractured family.
Personal Life
Dostoevsky struggled with financial instability due to gambling addiction and the responsibility of
supporting his family.
He married twice: his first marriage, to Maria Isayeva, ended with her death; his second wife, Anna
Snitkina, helped him manage his finances and supported his career.
Despite personal and professional challenges, Dostoevsky remained deeply religious, and his
Christian faith permeated his later works.
Death and Legacy
Dostoevsky died on February 9, 1881, in Saint Petersburg from complications of epilepsy and
pulmonary issues.
His works have influenced countless writers, philosophers, and psychologists, including Nietzsche,
Freud, and Camus.
Known for his psychological depth, moral inquiry, and vivid characters, Dostoevsky’s novels remain
timeless classics, celebrated for their exploration of human nature and society.
Legacy
Dostoevsky's writing addresses universal questions of morality, faith, and the human soul, making
his works enduring masterpieces in world literature. His contributions to existential philosophy and
modern psychology ensure his continued relevance in the cultural and intellectual landscape.
