Experiment 7: Sampling and Reconstruction

Aim: This experiment is intended to make the student to perform experiments on Sampling of
Analog Signal, Reconstruction of signal from sampled values, Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and recovery of signals from TDM stream, using
Emona Telecoms-Trainer 101 kit.

Equipment Required: Emona Telecom Trainer Kit 101, Oscilloscope, microphone, headset,
connecting patch cards etc.

A – Generation of Sampling Signal and its Properties.

Ideally, sampling of an analog signal is to be done with a train of impulse signals. However, for
practical applications, we use pulses of finite durations for sampling the analog signals. In this part
of the experiment, the student is expected to use Emona kit to generate the sampling signal and
study its properties.

For generating train of pulses with finite time duration, the Emona kit has a Twin Pulse Generator
block. This block can generate 2 streams of pulses, at a rate decided by the Inputclock speed and
both of the streams will have pulses of same duration, controlled by the Width knob. However,
there is a delay between the pulses generated at output Q1 and Q2, controlled by Delay knob. The
use of 2 streams of pulses will be evident in the following sections.

For generating samples of a source signals, use the connection diagram in Figure 1. We use 8 KHz
clock from Master Signal Generator. This implies that the sampling pulses have a rate of 8000
pulses per second. Adjust the width of generated pulse to a minimum, by turning the pulse width
control on the Twin Pulse Generator Block. You may keep the delay control to the left most
position. We will be using the output Q1 of the twin pulse generator for sampling the analog signal.
Display both the 8 KHz clock and the generated pulse wave forms on DSO.

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 Figure 1: Connection diagram for Generating the Sampling Signal.

First, we will study the properties of the sampling pulses, both in time and frequency domains.
Follow the steps given below.

a) Measure the width of the sampling pulse () and also 1/. Measure the inter pulse duration
(T) and corresponding frequency.

Figure 2: Sampling signal with respect to8 KHz clock signal.

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b) Obtain the spectrum of the sampling signal on DSO and answer the following:

i. Adjust the FFT Zoom and frequency scale, so as to observe at least 3 major lobes
of the spectra. Note the frequency points at which you observe deep nulls in the
spectra? Are these frequency values related to () and 1/,that you measured in (a)?
Tabulate in Table 1.

ii. Increase the width of the sampling pulse, to about twice the previous value. At
which frequency point is the deepest dip now? Relate it to the new () and 1/, and
tabulate in Table1.

Figure 3: Spectrum of the sampling signal

Table 1: Sampling Signal Parameters

Sl. Sampling Sampling 1/  Spectral Null locations

No Pulse width () Frequency

iii. Next, adjust the FFT Zoom and frequency scale, so as to zoom further into the first
major lobe. You should be able to observe distinct spectral peaks, within the major
lobe. What is the separation between the spectral peaks? How is the separation
related to T, measured in Step (a)?

iv. Can you relate this spectrum to the Discrete Fourier Spectrum of the pulse train
with pulse width as  and inter pulse period as T?

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B – Sampling of a Message Signal.

In this experiment, we sample a 2 KHz sinewave with the sampling pulse sequence, generated in
the previous section. For implementing the sampling process, Emona kit provides a Dual Sampling
Switch block. You may use the connection diagram as in Figure 2.

Figure 4: Connection diagram for generating the Sampled Signal.

a) Keep the sampling pulse width to the minimum. Observe the sampled signal on the DSO.
How many samples are appearing in one full cycle of the analog signal?

b) Expand one of the samples (in time). Does the top of the sample resemble a Pulse
Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal?

Figure 5: The Sampled Signal.

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 c) Obtain the spectrum of the sampled signal. Zoom the spectrum enough to observe
individual spectral peaks. Note the frequency values of the spectral peaks. How are these
frequency values related to the message frequency and parameters of the sampling pulse
train?

Figure 6: Spectrum of the Sampled Signal.

C– Recovery of Message Signal from its Samples.

a) Recovery of the original signal from its samples requires the samples to be filtered by a
low pass filter. Use the connection diagram in Figure 3. Adjust the cutoff frequency of
tunable LPF to recover the continuous signal.

Figure 7: Connection diagram for reconstruction from the Samples.

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 b) Increase the pulse width to about twice. Observe and comment on the effect of sampling
pulse width on the amplitude of the recovered signal.

Figure 8: Recovered signal from the sampled signal.

D – Study of Under Sampling and Aliasing.

You may be aware that sampling of a signal, at a rate not satisfied by Nyquist criterion, results into
aliasing and thus spoiling the frequency content of the original message signal. Under these under
sampled conditions, the recovered signal from its samples does not resemble the original signal.
In this experiment, you will be observing this phenomenon.

a) Generate a 1 KHz sine wave signal using VCO and sample it using 8 KHz sampling signal,
keeping the sampling pulse width to minimum. For this you may follow the steps similar
to section B. Also connect circuit to recover the analog signal from sampled signal, in a
similar way as in section C. Observe the spectrum of the recovered signal on the DSO.
What is frequency corresponding to the spectral peak? Tabulate in Table 2.

Table 2: Under Sampling and Aliasing

Sl. Message Frequencies of the Frequency of the Remarks on Aliasing

No Frequency sampled signal Recovered signal effect

1 1Khz

2 3 Khz

3 5 Khz

4 10 Khz

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 b) Change the VCO frequency to 3 KHz and observe the spectrum of the recovered signal on
the DSO. Tabulate the observations in Table 2. Next, change the VCO frequency to 5 KHz
and 10 KHz and observe the spectrum of the recovered signal on the DSO. Do you see any
aliased component in the spectrum? What is the frequency of the aliased component?

E- Sampling of a Message Signal with Sample and Hold Scheme.

The sample and hold operation is simple to implement, and is a very commonly used method of
sampling in communications systems.In its simplest form the sample is held until the next sample
is taken. In natural sampling, during the time that the analog signal is measured, any change in its
voltage is measured too. For some digital systems, a changing sample is unacceptable. Figure 9
shows an alternative system where the sample’s size is fixed at the instant that the signal measured.
This is known as a sample and hold scheme.

Figure 9: Sampling with sample and hold scheme Block Diagram

You may use the connection diagram as in Figure 10 for generating the sampled signal using
sample and hold scheme.

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 Figure 10: Connection diagram for generating the Sampled Signal.

Figure 11:The Sampled Signal suing sample and hold scheme

a) Observe the sampled signal on the DSO and comment on the observation.

b) What two features of the sampled signal confirm that the set-up models the sample and
hold scheme?

F – Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Time Division Multiplexing / De

Multiplexing. (TDM)

TDM involves multiplexing of 2 independent message samples, in the PAM mode. Connect the
block diagram as in Figure 12. Keep the pulse width to minimum and adjust the delay to have a
clear separation between the twin pulses that get generated. Observe the TDM stream on the
Channel 2 of DSO.

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 VCO
1kHz
Message-2
IN 2
PAM/TDM
CON 2 To Ch.2

2kHz IN 1

CON 1
Message-1
To Ch.1 Q1

8kHz Q2

Figure 12: Block Diagram for TDM signal generation.

Figure 13:TDM Signal

Connect the blocks as in Figure 14, to de-multiplex and recover one of the messages and recover
second message using connections as in Figure 16. Use DC coupled multipliers. Why is this
multiplication process required for the recovery?

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 Multiplier Tuneable
1kHz
module LPF
Message-2
PAM/
IN 2 TDM Recovered
message-1
CON 2 X

Y
2kHz IN 1

Demultiplexed
CON 1 PAM (message-1)
Message-1 "Stolen" switch To Ch.2
To Ch.1 Q1 clock (Q1)

8kHz Q2

PAM/TDM generation Demultiplexing Message recovery

Figure 14: Block Diagram for Recovery from TDM stream (1st Stream)

Figure 15: Recovered message signal 1 for TDM stream

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 Figure 16: Block Diagram for Recovery from TDM stream (2nd Stream).

Figure 17: Recovered message signal 2 for TDM stream

G –Conclusions:
1. List out your learnings from the experiments.

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