AKTU

B.Tech 5th Sem

Power System-1
Unit-1 Lecture-1
EE & EE Allied
Avinash Sir
 POWER SYSTEM-1 (BEE 501)

UNIT -1 Lec- 2

Today’s Target
 Layout of power Plants
 HYDRO POWER PLANT
HYDRO POWER PLANT
 Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant
Working principle
Potential energy is the energy which a
substance has due to its position or
state. The water behind a dam has
potential energy because of its position.
The water can fall from this position and
exert a force over a distance and
therefore do work. In a Hydro-electric
power plant the force is used to drive a
turbine, which inturn drives the electric
generator. Because gravity provides the
force which makes the water fall, the
energy stored in the water is called
gravitational potential.
 Layout of Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant
Water reservoir:
In a reservoir the water collected from the
catchment area is stored behind a dam.
Catchment area gets its water from rain and
streams. The level of water surface in the
reservoir is called Head water level.
Dam :
The purpose of the dam is to store the water and
to regulate the out going flow of water. The dam
helps to store all the incoming water. It also
helps to increase the head of the water. In order
to generate a required quantity of power it is
necessary that a sufficient head is available.
Gate :
A gate is used to regulate or control the flow of
water from the dam.
Pressure tunnel:
It is a passage that carries water from the
reservoir to the surge tank.
 Layout of Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant
Spillway:
Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability of
dam construction. Also in order to avoid the over flow
of water out of the dam especially during rainy seasons
spillways are provided. This prevents the rise of water
level in the dam. Spillways are passages which allows
the excess water to flow to a storage area away from the
dam.
Surge tank:
A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the
water level rises or falls due to sudden changes in
pressure To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when
the water in the pipe is accelerated during increased
load conditions and as a storage tank when the water
is decelerating during reduced load conditions. To
reduce the distance between the free water surface in
the dam and the turbine, thereby reducing the water-
hammer effect on penstock and also protect the
upstream tunnel from high pressure rise.
 Layout of Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant
Penstock:
Penstock is a closed pipe of steel or concrete for
supplying water under pressure to the turbine.
Inlet valve :
Water from the penstock flows to the turbine
through the inlet valve. The valve may be partially
closed or open thereby regulating the pressure of
water flowing to the turbine.
Hydraulic turbine(Prime mover) :
The hydraulic turbine converts the energy of water
into mechanical energy. The mechanical
energy(rotation) available on the turbine shaft is
coupled to the shaft of an electric generator and
electricity is produced. The water after performing
the work on turbine blades is discharged through
the draft tube. The prime movers which are in
common use are Pelton wheel, Francis turbine
and Kaplan turbine.
 Layout of Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant
Draft tube :
It is connected to the outlet of the turbine. It allows
the turbine to be placed above the tail water level.
Tail water level or Tail race:
Tail water level is the water level after the discharge
from the turbine. The discharged water is sent to the
river, thus the level of the river is the tail water level.
Electric generator, Step-up transformer and Pylon :
As the water rushes through the turbine, it spins
the turbine shaft, which is coupled to the electric
generator. The generator has a rotating
electromagnet called a rotor and a stationary part
called a stator. The rotor creates a magnetic field
that produces an electric charge in the stator. The
charge is transmitted as electricity. The step-up
transformer increases the voltage of the current
coming from the stator. The electricity is distributed
through power lines also called as pylon.
 Advantages of Hydro Power Plant
Hydro –electric power plants are usually classified according to the available head of water.
High head power plants : Head of water is more than 500 metres. The turbine used in such
plants is Pelton wheel.
Medium head power plants : Head of water ranges from 80 to 500 metres. The turbine used in
such plants is Francis turbine.
Low head power plants : Head of water ranges from 1.5 to 80 metres. The turbine used in such
plants is Kaplan turbine and Francis turbine.
 Layout of Hydro electric (Hydel) Power Plant

• Water is a renewable energy source. Maintenance and operation charges are very low.
• The efficiency of the plant does not change with age.
• In addition to power generation, hydro-electric power plants are also useful for flood
control, irrigation purposes, fishery and recreation.
• Have a longer life(100 to 125 years) as they operate at atmospheric temperature.
• Water stored in the hydro-electric power plants can also be used for domestic water supply.
• Since hydro-electric power plants run at low speeds(300 to 400 rpm) there is no
requirement of special alloy steel construction materials or specialised mechanical
maintenance.
 Layout Thermal Power Plant

• In India, more than 60% of electricity

generates from the thermal (coal) power
plant. The thermal power plants is the
most conventional and old plant.
Generally, coal is used as a fuel in TPP.
Bituminous or brown coal is easily
available in India. So, most of the power
plants use this type of coal. This coal
has 5 to 16% ash and 8 to 33% volatile
content.
 SITE SELECTION FOR THERMAL POWER PLANT
The site selection of steam power plant depends upon various factors.
Cost of the land: The cost of the land which is selected for the installation should be minimum
or economical.
Population density of the land: The distance of the steam power plant from the public area
should be at appropriate distance. So that in case of any failure or hazard happen in the plant,
the population of the area near to the power plant should not be affected.
Availability of water sources: There should be a plenty of water sources in the selected area.
Since the power plant requires a large amount of water for the generation of steam.
Availability of fuel: The availability of required fuel (coal) should be there because without fuel
the plant will not work.
Type of land: The land which is selected for the power plant installation should be plain
enough and it is suitable for the strong foundation for the various machinery of the plant.
Availability of Ash handling facility: Proper ash handling facility should be available near the
power plant to minimise the adverse effect of the ash produced in the steam power plant
Availability of transportation facility: The transportation facility is must in the installation for
the power plant, because any material cannot be transported to the power plant form its
required location in lack of transport. There should be easy availability of proper
transportation facility at the selected site.
 COMPONENTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
Coal Storage: It is the place where coal is stored which can be utilised when required.

Coal Handling: Here the coal is converted into the pulverised form before feeding to the furnace. A proper
system is designed to transport the pulverised coal to the boiler furnace.

Boiler: It converts the water into high pressure steam. It contains the furnace inside or outside the boiler
shell. The combustion of coal takes place in the furnace.

Air-preheater: It is used to pre-heat the air before entering into the boiler furnace. The pre heating of air
helps in the burning of fuel to a greater extent. It takes the heat from the burnt gases from the furnace to
heat the air from the atmosphere.

Economiser: As its name indicates it economises the working of the boiler. It heats the feed water to a
specified temperature before it enters into the boiler drum. It takes the heat from the burnt gases from the
furnace to do so.
Turbine: It is the mechanical device which converts the kinetic energy of the steam to the mechanical energy.
Generator: It is coupled with the turbine rotor and converts the mechanical energy of the turbine to the
electrical energy.
 COMPONENTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
Ash Storage: It is used to store the ash after burning of the coal.
Dust Collector: It collects the dust particle from the burnt gases before it is released to the chimney.
Condenser: It condensate the steam that leaves out turbine. It converts the low pressure steam to
water. It is attached to the cooling tower.
Cooling Tower: It is a tower which contains cold water. Cold water is circulates to the condenser for the
cooling of the residual steam from the turbine.
Chimney: It is used to release the hot burnt gases or smoke from the furnace to the environment at
appropriate height. The height of the tower is very high such that it can easily throw the smoke and
exhaust gases at the appropriate height. And it cannot affect the population living near the steam
power plant.
Feed Water Pump: It is used to transport the feed water to the boiler.
 WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

• In the steam power plant the pulverised coal is fed into the boiler and it is burnt in the furnace.
• The water present in the boiler drum changes to high pressure steam.
• From the boiler the high pressure steam passed to the super heater where it is again heated upto its
dryness. This super heated steam strikes the turbine blades with a high speed and the turbine starts
rotating at high speed.
• A generator is attached to the rotor of the turbine and as the turbine rotates it also rotates with the
speed of the turbine.
• After striking on the turbine the steam leaves the turbine and enters into the condenser. The steam
gets condensed with the help of cold water from the cooling tower.
• The condensed water with the feed water enters into the economiser. In the economiser the feed
water gets heated up before entering into the boiler.
• This heating of water increases the efficiency of the boiler. The exhaust gases from the furnace pass
through the super heater, economiser and air pre-heater.
• The heat of this exhaust gases is utilised in the heating of steam in the super heater, feed water in
the economiser and air in the air pre-heater. After burning of the coal into the furnace, it is
transported to ash handling plant and finally to the ash storage.
 THERMAL POWER PLANT

Advantages
• Generation of power is continuous.
• Initial cost low compared to hydel plant.
• Less space required.
• This can be located near the load Centre so that the transmission losses are reduced.
• It can respond to rapidly changing loads.
•
Disadvantages
• Long time required for installation.
• Transportation and handling of fuels major difficulty.
• Efficiency of plant is less.
• Power generation cost is high compared to hydel power plant.
• Maintenance cost is high.
 SITE SELECTION NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

1} Disposal of waste: The waste of radioactive fuel is dangerous for the health of a human being.
So, it must be disposed of properly. This waste should be disposed of in the sea (quite away from
the seashore) or buried in a deep trench. Therefore, the selected site has adequate arrangements
for the disposal of radioactive waste.

2) Availability of water: The plant must be located where a large amount of water is available.
for example, the plant placed near a river or sea-side.

3) Distance from the populated area: The plant must be placed far from the human-populated
area. Because the radioactivity may spread through the wind or waterways. For precautions, the
plant covered by the dome but for safety, purpose makes a proper distance from the populated
area.

4) Transportation facility: During the installation of the plant, heavy equipment needs. Hence,
choose the site where transportation is easily available.
 COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (REACTOR)

• Nuclear reactor:- Atomic energy converted into thermal

energy in it. The heat produced in the nuclear reactor. This
heat produced by the fission process of a radioactive
element like uranium and thorium. Once the fission is done,
the process control by the chain reaction. Due to any reason,
if the chain reaction fails or it is not in control, the result will
be an explosion. It will create big damage to the entire plant
and nearby places also.
• Moderator rods:- The moderator rods used to slow down
the neutrons they bombarded to the fuel rods. The graphite
rode are used as moderator rods.
• Control rods The control rods used to control the chain
reaction. It has the ability to absorb the neutrons and thus
regulate the supply of neutrons for fission. Cadmium is a
strong neutron absorber and is used as control rods. When
the cadmium rods pushed in deep, it absorbs most of the
fission neutrons.
 COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (REACTOR)

• There are two types of nuclear reactors. First is the Pressurised water reactor (PWR). In this type of
reactor, produced heat transferred to the coolant with the help of a heat exchanger. Hence, in this case,
radioactive elements and coolant cannot come in direct contact.
• But, in the case of Boiling water reactor (BWR), the heat exchanger is not used and heat transferred
directly to the coolant. In this case, some amount of radioactive element comes in contact with the
steam (from heat) and it may get damaged the turbine blade.
 OTHER COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

2) Heat exchanger:- The heat exchanger used for transferring the heat from one medium to another
medium. In a nuclear power plant, the heat exchanger used to transfer the heat from the coolant to
the water. In the Boiling water reactor, the heat exchanger is not used.

3) Coolant:- The coolant used to transfer heat. The water, heavy water, gas (CO2, helium), liquid metal
(Na) used as a coolant. The coolant transferred a large amount of heat from reactors and keep the
reactor at a safe temperature. The coolant must be non-corrosive, high chemical and radiation
stability, non-toxic, non-oxidising and it must not absorb neutrons.

4) Steam turbine:- High-temperature and high-pressure steam passed to the turbine. In a steam
turbine, thermal energy converted into kinetic energy. The steam turbine used in the nuclear power
plant is almost the same as the turbine used in the thermal power plant.

5) Alternator:- The alternator and steam turbine both connected to the same shaft. Therefore, the
alternator rotates at the speed of the turbine. Here, the kinetic energy of the turbine converted into
electrical energy.
 WORKING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

• In a nuclear power plant, the heat generated by means of nuclear fission.

• The radioactive elements used in this process. In most of the cases, Uranium (U235) and Thorium
(Th232) used as fuel.
• The fission of 1 kg uranium produces heat which is equal to the heat produced by 4500 tons of high-
grade coal. This is a great advantage of nuclear fuel. But it is a big challenge to control the amount of
heat produced by fission in a nuclear reactor.
• This large amount of heat transferred to the reactor coolant. Water, gas, or liquid metal used as a
coolant.
• The high-temperature coolant used to convert the water into steam.
• But, the coolant contains a small amount of radioactive element.
• That’s why heat exchanger used to transfer the heat from coolant to water. The heat exchanger used to
transfer the heat without getting a direct touch with coolant.
• This high-temperature steam used to rotate the steam turbine. The alternator and steam turbine
connected with the same shaft and generates electrical energy.
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Advantages
• It requires less space compared to another power plant.
• It requires a very small quantity of fuel. So, fuel transportation cost is less.
• It does not require a large amount of water.
• It is not affected by weather conditions.
• Less manpower required compared to the thermal power plant.
• This type of plant is very economical for the bulk production of electrical energy.
• It ensures the reliability of the operation.
• Easy to select the site location.
• Running charges are less as a small amount of fuel used for bulk power generation.
Disadvantages
• It requires well-trained operators.
• It is not suitable for varying load conditions.
• Very high initial cost and maintenance cost.
• It has an adverse effect on the health of the population surrounding is the plant if radioactive
waste is not carefully disposed of.
• The fuel is expensive and difficult to store.
 COGENERATION
Cogeneration or combined heat
and power (CHP) is the use of a
heat engine to simultaneously
generate both electricity and useful
heat. In cogeneration plant the low
pressure steam coming from
turbine is not condense to form
water, instead of it its used for
heating or cooling in building and
factories, as this low pressure
steam from turbine has high
thermal energy.
 CHP BENEFITS FOR BOTH ITS USERS AND OUR SOCIETY
The technology offers the following benefits for both its users and our society:
Increased energy efficiency. Cogeneration is up to 40% more efficient than the separate generation of heat
and power.
Lower emissions. Cogeneration saves every year 200 milion tonnes of CO2 in Europe thanks to being very
efficient. This equals the total emissions of 42.5 million passenger cars or 2.6 million trucks.
Reduced energy costs. Users of cogeneration benefit from higher efficiencies and therefore need less fuel
to cover their heating and electricity demand.
Supporting renewable energy. Cogeneration can run on any renewable fuel and is the most cost-effective
way of using renewable fuels. Currently, 27% of fuels used in cogeneration in Europe are renewable, mainly
biomass and biogas.
Empowered businesses and citizens. Cogeneration comes in all sizes, from 1kW to nearly 1GW. It is fit to
supply heat and electricity to all types of users, from a single household to a large industrial complex or
entire town.
Enhanced energy system resilience. Cogeneration can generate the exact amount of electricity and heat
needed at a certain time in a certain place. This brings flexibility and resilience to an energy system which
has to cope with a growing number of intermittent renewables such as solar and wind power.
Reduced transmission and distribution costs. Cogeneration generates electricity and heat at the spot. Users
of cogeneration rely less on electricity from the grid avoiding grid costs both at end-user and system level.
 CAPTIVE POWER PLANT

In absence of reliable and cost-effective electricity through the local distribution company (discom), an
electricity customer (typically industrial or commercial), undertakes captive power generation.
In other words, the customer sets up its own power generation plant for self-use. This reduces the customer’s
dependability on the grid and compensates it against sale of surplus power to the distributer company.
A captive generation plant in India may be set up by any person, co-operative society or an association of
persons (including companies) for generating electricity primarily for self-consumption.

Advantages of CPP are:-

• Captive power plant is close to the load centre and hence reduction in the fixed cost of electricity
generated due to lesser stranded assets
• Reduced transmission and distribution losses
• Grid is strengthened at multiple points, even at the tailends.
• Higher thermal efficiency, due to waste heat recovery by method of cogeneration
• Distribution of environmental impact
• Captive power plants have modular designs and hence can match the load profile
 CAPTIVE POWER PLANT

Six states – Gujarat, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu – account for
almost two-thirds of the captive capacity. Other significant contributors include Bihar, Maharashtra and Uttar
Pradesh.
• For the industries that use energy intensively, the energy is the critical component of the total production
cost.
• The engineering, chemical and mineral/metal industries account for almost two-thirds of the total installed
capacity in the captive segment. Other industries include cement, textiles and sugar.
The captive generator has a number of fuel options today. The choice could be between oil, natural gas,
naphtha, bagasse or coal. There are also options like wind and hydro.
• Availability of open access is the major issue related to the selling of power to grid by captive power
plants.
The size of these power plants varies. These power plants can be as small as 0.2 MW or can be as big as 300
MW.