Introduction:

Cloud computing is Internet based development and use of computer technology. In concept, it
is a paradigm shift whereby details are abstracted from the users who no longer need
knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology in frastructure "in the cloud" that
supports them. It typically involves the delivery of dyn amically scalable and often virtualized
resources as a service over the Internet.

The term cloud is used as a symbol for the Internet. Typical cloud computing services provide
common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software
and data are stored on the

servers.

These services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure as a Service (laaS), Plat
fo rm as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The name cloud computing was
inspired by the cloud symbol that is often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and
diagrams.

"Cloud Computing" refers to the use of Internet based computer technology for a variety of
services. It is a style of computing in which virtualized resources are provided as a service over
the Internet on a pay -per- use basis. All the costs associated with setting up a data center such
as procuring a building, hardware, redundant power supply, cooling systems, upgrading
electrical supply, and maintaining a separate Disaster Recovery site can be passed on to a third
party vendor. Since the customer is charged
The cloud when combined with "computing," the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some
analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated version of utility
computing: basically virtual servers available Over the Internet.

Others go very broad, arguing anything we Consume outside the

Windows firewall is "in the including conventional outsourcing.

Cloud computing comes into focus only when we think about what IT always needs: way to
increase capacity add capabilities on the fly or without investing in new infrastructure, training
new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any
subscription-based or pay- per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ITs
existing capabilities.
History:

Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and everyone
connected to them via "dumb" terminals. This old model of business computing was frustrating
for the people sitting at the dumb terminals because they could do only what they were
"authorized" to do. They were dependent on the computer administrators to give them
permission or to fix their problems. They had no way of staying up to the latest innovations.
The personal computer was a revolution against the dictatorship of centralized computing
operations. There was a kind of freedom in the use of personal computers. But this was later
replaced by server architectures with enterprise servers and others showing up in the industry.
This made sure that the computing was done and it did not eat up any of the resources that one
had with him. AIl the computing was performed at servers. Internet grew in the lap of these
servers. With cloud computing we have come a full circle.

We come back to the centralized computing infrastructure. But this time it is something which
can easily be accessed via the internet and something over which we have all the control.
In 1999, Sales force.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and their associates.
They applied many technologies developed by companies such as Google and Yahoo! to
business applications. They also provided the concepts of "on demand" or SaaS with their real
business and successful customers. The key for Saas is that it is customizable by customers
with limited technical support required. Business users have enthusiastically welcomed the
resulting flexibility and speed.

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the development of web
services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic Computing Program, which
described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing,
self-configuring, and self- optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with various
storage,servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that
can be virtualized across an enterprise.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data
centers. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency
improvements whereby, small, fast- moving teams could add new features faster and easier,
Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility
computing basis in 2005.

In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing
research project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the
relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell
them", and observed that" organizations are switching from company -owned hardware and
software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing
... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in
other areas."

Common used measureable parameters (upon which the application is charged for):

Common used measureable parameters (upon which the application is charged for):

• CPU Usage.
• External network usage (the amount of data transferred from

and to the server).

• Data transactions (the no. of transactions and the amount of

data sent/received).

Few terms you should understand before moving on...

Cloud Platform:

Cloud platform is a kind of platform that lets developers write applications that run in the cloud,
or use services provided from the cloud, or both. Different names are used for this kind of
platform today, including on- demand platform and platform as a service (PaaS).

Cloud Storage:

It's a method of managing our data (files, photos, music, video, whatever, etc...) from one or
more web based solutions. Rather than keeping our data primarily on hard drives that are
secured to our computers or other devices, we keep it "in the cloud" where it may be accessible
from any number of devices.

Cloud Infrastructure:

Cloud Infrastructure is the concept of providing hardware as a service' i.e. shared/reus able
hardware for a specific time of service. Example includes virtualization. This service helps
reduce maintenance and usability costs, considering the need for infrastructure management &
upgrade.

Cloud Services:

A Cloud Service is an independent piece of software which can be used in conjunction with
other services to achieve an interoperable machine -to- machine interaction over the network.
Examples include Amazon's Simple Queue Service, Google maps, Amazon's flexible payment
service etc.

Cloud Computing:

As define...

"Cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources over the internet instead of your
computer's hard drive."
Access your information from anywhere at any time.

Connects to the cloud via the Internet; runs applications and stores data. • For example, many
people use social networking sites or gmail, and these are cloud services.

What cloud computing does is to connect the capabilities of resources and make available these
resources as a single entity which can be changed to meet the current needs of the user. The
basis of cloud computing is to create a set of virtual servers on the available vast resource pool
and give it to the clients. Any web enabled device can be used to access the resources through
the virtual servers. Based on the computing needs of the client, the infrastructure allotted to the
client can be scaled up or down.

From a business point of view, cloud computing is a method to address the scalability and
availability concerns for large scale applications which involves lesser overhead. Since the
resource allocated to the client can be varied based on the needs of the client and can be done
without any fuss, the overhead is very low.

One of the key concepts of cloud computing is that as and when the amount of data increases,
the cloud computing services can be used to manage the load effectively and make the
processing tasks easier. In the era of enterprise servers and personal computers, hardware was
the commodity as the main criteria for the processing capabilities depended on the hardware
configuration of the server. But with the arrival of cloud computing, the service has changed to
cycles and bytes - i.e. in cloud computing services, the users are charged based on the number
of cycles of execution performed or the number of bytes transferred.

Some major examples of cloud computing we're probably using:

Drive: This is a pure cloud computing service, with all the apps and storage found online. Drive
is also available on more than just desktop computers; you can use it on tablets or on
smartphones. In fact, all of Google's services could be considered cloud computing: Gmail,
Google Calendar, Google Reader, Google Voice, and so on. Upgrade to Google Apps and you
can use many of the above with your own domain name attached.

Apple iCloud: Apple's cloud service is primarily used for online storage and synchronization of
your mail, contacts, calendar, and more. AII the data you need is available to you on your i0S,
Mac OS, or Windows device. iCloud also stores media files.

Amazon Cloud Drive: Storage at the big retailer is mainly for music, preferably MP3s that you
purchase from Amazon. Hybrid services like Box, Dropbox, and Sugar Sync all say they work in
the cloud because they store a synched version of your files online, but most also sync those
files with local storage. Synchronization to

allow all your devices to access the same data is a foundation of the cloud computing.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

1-On-Demand Self-Service:

unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such A consumer can as server time and network
storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service
provider. Establish, manage and terminate services on your own, without involving the cloud
service provider.

2- Broad Network Access:

Cloud computing simply means network access from just about anywhere worldwide. Use a
standard web browser to access the user interface, without any software add- ons or specific
OS requirements. You just need to log in to your account using an internet connection in order
to extract the important information from the service provider's website. This is an important
feature of cloud computing as it really helps in generating the best possible results.

3. Resource Pooling:

an IT term Resource pooling is used in cloud computing environments to describe a situation in

which providers serve multiple clients, customers or "tenants" with provisional and scalable
services. These services can be adjusted to suit each client's needs without any changes being
apparent to the client or end user.

It shares resources and costs across a large p0ol of users, allowing for centralization and
increased peak load capacity. The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a virtual resources multi-tenant model, with different physical and dynamically
assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.

This is the practice of permitting several clients to knock into a single pool of servers or disk
storage or other type of specific resource. We know that chances of all the users logging into the
account at once are very low and this is the reason why the company manages everything
nrough resource pooling.

4.Rapid Elasticity:

Leverage capacity as needed, when needed, and give it back when it is no longer required.
Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at
any time. Companies sometimes require additional resources in a small period of time and this
is where cloud computing comes into play. For example, in case a firm gets a fresh client and
needs three extra servers to meet up the customer' s business requirements, the service
provider could permit the firm to uphold three different servers at a time.
5- Measured Service:

Consume resources as a service and pay only for resources used. Cloud systems automatically
control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active
user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

The best thing about cloud computing is that it comes with a pay per use feature. This is the
reason why more and more companies are choosing it for the purpose of storage. The usage
fee of cloud computing is never a big problem for the enterprises as you just need to pay for the
services that you make use of. You don't need tè pay in advance and thereby block your money.
Once you use it for a specific period of time, you will just have to pay for that amount of time.

Types of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing can describe services being provided at any of the traditional layers from
hardware to applications. In practice, cloud service providers (CSP's) tend to offer services that
can be grouped into three categories: software as a service, platform as a service, and
infrastructure as a service.

Cloud Clients

Web browser, mobile app, thin client, terminal emulator, ..

Platform Application

SaaS

CRM, Email, virtual desktop, communication, games, ...

PaaS

Execution runtime, database, web server, development tools,

Intra- structure

laaS

Virtual machines, servers, storage, load balancers, network,...

Software as a Service (SaaS):

• Provides the same software to different customers via a network. usually the Internet.
• Managed by third party venders

Accessible via any computer without any downloads

• Pay only for what you used.

Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on demand. The

most widely known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though many other examples have
come to market, including the Google drive offering of basic business services including email
and word processing. Although salesforce.com preceded the definition of cloud computing by a
few years, it now operates by leveraging" its companion force.com, which can be defined as a
platform as a service.

Platform as a Service (PaaS):

. Offer an Internet-based platform to developers who want to create services and application but
don't want to build their own cloud.

• No need to buy hardware and software.

Servers, storage and networking managed by third party venders. •Rapid development at low
cost.

Someone producing PaaS might produce a plat form b integrating an Os, application software,
and even a development environment that is then provided to a customer as a service. The
customer interacts with the platform through the API, and the platform does what is necessary
to manage and scale itself to provide a given level of service. Virtual appliances can be
classified as instances of PaaS. A content switch appliance, for example, would have all of its
component software hidden from the customer, and only an API for configuring and deploying
the service provided to them.

PaaS offerings Can provide for every phase of software development and testing, or they can
be specialized around a particular area such as content management. Commercial examples of
PaaS include the Google Apps Engine, which serves applications on Google's in frastructure.
PaaS services such as these can provide a powerful basis on which to deploy applications,
however they may be constrained by the capabilities that the cloud provider chooses to deliver.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

Allows applications to be run on a cloud supplier's hardware by allows you to install a virtual
server on their IT infrastructure. No need to purchase servers, or network equipment. Servers,
storage and networking managed by venders. • Applications and updates managed by users.
Usually billed based on usage.
Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as standardized
services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers, and other systems are
pooled and made available to handle workloads that range from application components to
high- performance computing applications. Commercial examples of laaS include Joyent, whose
main product is a line of virtualized servers that provide a highly available on-demand
infrastructure.

Examples:

Salesforce.com

Salesforce.com is one of the pioneers of the software as a service (SaaS) model of distributing
business software, in which accesS to business software is purchased on a subscription basis
and hosted offsite. They are best known for their Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
products, which it delivers to businesses over the internet using the SaaS model.
Salesforce.com has its services translated into 16 different languages and currently has
thousands of customers and over millions subscribers.
Force.com Cloud Platform

With Force. com, we can build and deliver applications 5 times faster, at about ½ the cost of
traditional software platforms. We deliver a complete platform with a simplified programming
model so just about anyone can use it to build apps.
Google App

Google app is a service from Google for using custom domain names with several Google
products. It features several Web applications with similar functionality to traditional o ffice
suites, including: Gmail, Google Calendar, Talk, Docs and Sites.

Google app is innovative tools provided by Google that can help small business firms,
Non-Profit Organizations, Corporate houses and Educational institutions in their day to day
functioning and also help to take the organization to the next level. Many schools and
universities are making use of Google app to facilitate better co-ordination among students, staff
and faculty. For small business firms it helps improve collaboration and communication among
employees and helps them work faster and more efficiently.

Deployment Models:

Deploying cloud computing can differ depending on requirements, and the following four
deployment models have been identified, each with specific characteristics that support the
needs of the services and users of the clouds in particular ways. Theses deployment models
are based on customer needs and demands.

Public Cloud:
Cloud infrastructure which can be accessed by any subscriber, run by thìrd parties and gives
different application on the cloud's servers, reduce customer risk and cost by providing
temporary extension to enterprise infrastructure. The cloud infrastructure is available to the
public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider. This enables a consumer to develop
and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay compared to the capital
expenditure requirements normally associated with other deployment options.

Private Cloud:

Cloud infrastructure that's maintained and operated for specific client. Access limited to that
client with utmost control over data, security and quality of services and operation may be
in-house or third party on the premises.

Hybrid Cloud:

Combination of public and private cloud models with ability to allow data to move from one cloud
to another and that is used to maintain service level in the face of workload fluctuation with
leverage cloud solutions for specific functions that are costly to maintain on premise i.e.
backups and test/development environments. The cloud in frastru cture consists of a number of
clouds of any type. This can be a combination\of private and public clouds that support the
requirement to retain some data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in the
cloud.

Community Cloud:

Shared among number of groups with similar cloud requirement. Help them to limit cost of
cloud's establishment due to sharing among groups with operation may be in-house or third
party on the premises. Costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud but more than a
single tenant.

Enterprise Cloud Solutions:

1. Hybrid Cloud:

Scalability of the Public Cloud with the control and security of a private cloud is the best cloud
solution for enterprises.

2. Test / Development/ QA Platform:

Use cloud infrastructure servers as their test and development platform.

3. Disaster Recovery:

• Keep images of your servers on cloud infrastructure ready to go in case of a disaster.

4. Cloud File Storage:

Backup or Archive your company data to cloud file storage.

5. Load Balancing:

Use cloud infrastructure for overflow management during peak usage times.

6. Overhead Control:

Lower overhead costs and make your bids more competitive.

7. Distributed Network Control and Cost Reporting:

Create an individual private networks for each of your subsidiaries Or contracts.

8. Messaging Alternatives:

Replace Microsoft Exchange and SharePoint with Google Apps.

9. Rapid Deployment:

Turn up servers immediately to fulfill project time lines.

10. Functional IT Labor Shift:

Refocus your IT labor expense on revenue producing activities.

So far in this report we have highlighted the type of service offered by cloud and its deployment
models. Now we consider its benefits, weaknesses and challenges face by cloud computing.

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

The following are some benefits of cloud computing-based services and applications :

Cost Saving:

The most important benefit one can get by using cloud computing is cost saving and especially
this has work really well for small sized companies. Companies can reduce their capital
expenditures and operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities.

Reduced time for implementation:

Cloud computing provides the processing power and data storage as needed at the capacity
required. This can be obtained in real time instead of weeks or months that occur when a new
business initiative is brought online in a traditional way.

Dynamic scalability:

Many enterprises include a reasonably large buffer from their avera ge computing requirement,
just to ensure that capacity is in place to satisfy peak demand. Cloud computing provides an
extra processing buffer as needed at a low cost and without the capital investment or
contingency fees to users.

Shortened development life cycle:

Cloud computing adopts the shorter development life cycle that required by the traditional
development approach. Any new business application can functional be developed online,
application building blocks together.

Reliability:

Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity

and disaster recovery.

Maintenance:

Cloud service providers do the systemn maintenance, and access is through application
programming interfaces that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus further
reducing maintenance requirements.

Mobile Accessible:

Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastru cture
available from anywhere.

Monitor projects more effectively:

Stay within budget and ahead of completion cycle times. This option is really helpful for small
companies or individual as they use the resources according to their requirement and keeping in
mind their projected budget.

Monitor projects more effe ctively:

Stay within budget and ahead of completion cycle times. This option is really helpful for small
companies or individual as they use the resources according to their requirement and keeping in
mind their projected budget.

Less personnel training is needed:

It takes fewer people to do more work on a cloud, with a minimal learning curve on hardware
and software issues. This result in less spending on infrastructure and company would spend
more on their projects.

Minimize licensing new software:

Stretch and grow without the need to buy expensive software licenses or programs. Cloud does
not require you to buy hardware and software because all the maintenance will be look after by
the venders.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

As you explore your cloud computing options, a few disadvantages to be aware of include:

More elasticity means less control:

While public clouds are great for quickly scaling up and down your resources, companies that
require complete and total control over their data and applications will need to avoid the public
cloud. Alternative solutions include hybrid clouds, private clouds.

Not everything fits into the cloud:

Depending on the cloud provider, you may face restrictions on available and infrastructure
applications, operating systems, options. Complicating matters more is the simple fact that not
all platforms can live in the cloud. To combat this, it is important to ensure that the cloud
provider you choose also offers physical services. Then if your platform in the cloud needs to
speak to applications on other platforms, this flexibility of physical collocation will work to ensure
success ful interoperation
Data location:

Cloud computing technology allows cloud servers to reside anywhere, thus the enterprise may
not know the physical 1ocation of the server used to store and process their data and
applications. Although from the technology point of view, location is least relevant, this has
become a critical issue for data governance requirements. It is essential to understand that
many Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) can also specifically define where data is to be located.
Data Safety:
Application sharing and multi-tenancy of data is one of the characteristics associated with cloud
computing. Although many CSPs have multi-tenant applications that are secure, scalable and
customizable, security and privacy issues are still often concerns among enterprises. Data
encryption is another control that can assist data confidentiality.

Cloud security policy / procedures transparency:

Some CSPs may have less transparency than others about their information security policy. The
rationalization for such difference is the policies may be proprietary. As a result, it may create
conflict with the enterprise's information compliance requirement. The enterprise needs to have
detailed understanding of the service level agreements (SLAs) that stipulated the desired level
of security provided by the CSPs.

Cloud date ownership:

In the contract agreements it mnay state that the CP owns the data stored in the cloud
computing environment. The CSP may demand for significant service fees for data to be
returned to the enterprise when the cloud computing SLAs terminates.

Lock-in with CSP's application programming interfaces:

Currently many CSPs implement their application by adopting the APIs. As a result, cloud
services transition from one CSP to another CSP, has become extremely complicated,
time-consuming and labor-intensive.

Disaster recovery:

It is a concern of enterprises about the resiliency of cloud computing, since data may be
commingled and scattered around multiple servers and geographical areas. It may be possible
that the data for a specific point of time cannot be identified. Unlike traditional hosting, the
enterprise knows exactly where the location is of their data, to be rapidly retrieved in the event
of disaster recovery. In the cloud computing model, the primary CSP may outsource capabilities
to third parties, who may also outsource the recovery process. This will become more complex
when the primary CSP does not ultimately hold the data.
Challenges face by Cloud Computing:

The following are some of the notable challenges associated with cloud computing, and
although some of these may cause a slowdown when delivering more services in the cloud,
most also can provide opportunities, if resolved with due care and attention in the planning
stages.

Security and Privacy:

Perhaps two of the more "hot button" issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and
securing data, and monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers. The information
housed on the cloud is often seen as valuable to individuals with malicious intent. There is a lot
of personal information and potentially secure data that people store on their computers, and
this information is now being transferred to ghe cloud. This makes it critical for you to
understand the security measures that your cloud provider has in place, and it is equally
important to take personal precautions to secure your data.

The first thing you must look into is the security measures that your cloud provider already has
in place. These vary from provider to provider and among the various types of clouds. What
encryption methods do the providers have in place? What nethods of protection do they have in
place for the actual hardware that your data will be stored on? Will they have backups of my
data? Do they have firewalls set up? If you have a community cloud, what barriers are in place
to keep your information separate from other companies?

Many cloud providers have standard terms and conditions that may answer these questions, but
the home user will probably have little negotiation room in their cloud contract. A small business
user may have slightly more room.to discuss the terms of their contract with the provider and will
be able to ask these questions during that time. There are many questions that you can ask, but
it is important to choose a cloud provider that considers the security of your data as a major
concern.

No matter how care ful you are with your personal data, by subscribing to the cloud you will be
giving up some control to an external source. This distance between you and the physical
location of your data creates a barrier. It may also create more space for a third party to access
your information. However, to take advantage of the benefits of the cloud, you will have to
knowingly give up direct control of your data. On the converse, keep in mind that most cloud
providers will have a great deal of knowled ge on how to keep your data safe. A provider likely
has more resources and expertise than the average user to secure their computers and
networks.

Lack of Standards:

Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these, and thus
it is unlikely that most clouds will be interoperable. The Open Grid Forum is developing an Open
Cloud Computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud Consortium is working on
cloud computing standards and practices. The findings of these groups will need to mature, but
it is not known whether they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the
specific interfaces these services need. However, keeping up to date on the latest standards as
they evolve will allow them to be leveraged, if applicable.

Continuously Evolving:
User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces,
networking, and storage. This means that a "cloud, " especially a public one, does not remain
static and is also continuously evolving.

Compliance requirements:

Today's cloud computing services can challenge various compliance audit requirements
currently in place. Data location; cloud computing security policy transparency; are all
challenging issues in compliance auditing efforts. Examples of the compliance requirement
including privacy laws and financial reporting laws.
Preparing for the Future:

Sampling of IT skills likely to be in demand in the future

• Functional application development and support.

I.e. Oracle, SAP, SQL, linking hardware to software.

• Leveraging data to make strategic business decisions.

. I.e. Business Intelligence : Applying sales forecasts to inventory and manufacturing decisions.

•Mobile apps.

. Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile.

• WiFi engineers.

USF to include broadband communications (LTE replaces

WiFi engineers.

. USF to include broadband communications (LTE replaces GSM/CDMA).

Optical engincers.

Optical offers the highest bandwidth today (PON, CWDM, DWDM).

. Virtualization Specialists.

Economies of scale require virtualization (server, storage, client...).

• IP Engineers.
• Network Security Specialists.

Web developers.

• Social Media developers.

Business Intelligence application development and support.

Further Reading:

1. Lewis, Grace. Cloud Computing: Finding the Silver Lining, Not the Silver Bullet
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/newsitems/cloudcomputing.cfm

(2009).

2. Lewis, Grace. Basics about cloud computing.

http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/whitepapers/cloudcomputingbasics.cfm (2010).

3. Jansen, Wayne & Grance, Timothy. Guidelines on Security and Privacy in Public Cloud
Computing. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.

4. Strowd, Harrison & Lewis, Grace. T-Check in System -of-Systems Technologies: Cloud
Computing (CMU/SEI-201 0-TN-009). Software

Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 2010.

http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/reports/1 0tn009.cfm.