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1 Xylem tissue is used for transport and support in plants.

Describe how the structure of xylem tissue is adapted for these functions.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 The table shows the levels of organisation in living organisms and some examples.

Place ticks ( ✓ ) in the boxes to show the correct level of organisation for each example.

level of organisation
example
cell tissue organ organ system organism

circulatory

epidermis

pancreas

tree

sperm

[5]

[Total: 5]
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3 The diagram shows a section through a plant leaf.

Draw a label line and a label to identify:

• a palisade mesophyll cell

• a vacuole. [2]

[Total: 2]

4 The diagram shows a section through a plant leaf.

State the name of the cell component through which substances diffuse as they enter or leave the
cell.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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5 The diagram shows a plant cell.

The boxes on the left contain the letters that identify some parts of the plant cell in the diagram.
The boxes on the right show the functions of some parts of a cell.
Draw five lines to link each letter to its correct function.

letter from
function
diagram

contains the genetic material

controls which substances enter and leave the cell

filled with sap to support the cell

strengthens the cell

transports nerve impulses

where photosynthesis occurs

[5]

[Total: 5]
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6 State the names of two different types of plant cell.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

7 Gametes are involved in sexual reproduction.

The diagram shows the human gametes.

State the names of structures A, B, C, D and E shown in the diagram.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B ..............................................................................................................................................

C ..............................................................................................................................................

D ..............................................................................................................................................

E ............................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 5]
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8 State the name of the cell structure where photosynthesis happens.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 The photograph shows a plant.

State the name of the type of tissue that transports water in a plant.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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10 The diagram shows a spongy mesophyll cell from the leaf of a plant. The arrows show the net
direction of movement of carbon dioxide molecules during daylight.

The scale bar in the diagram represents 0.01 mm.

Convert 0.01 mm to micrometres.

..................................................... µ m [1]

[Total: 1]

11 State the function of the jelly coat that surrounds egg cells.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

12 The diagram below shows the lower surface of a leaf as seen under a microscope.
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× 400

(a) (i) JK shows the length of the stoma in the diagram above.

Measure the length of JK.

length of JK ....................................................................................................mm [1]

(ii) Calculate the actual length of the stoma.

Show your working.

actual length of stoma ....................................................................................mm [2]

[Total: 3]

13 Mitochondria are cell structures that contain a small quantity of DNA.

Scientists are sequencing the DNA of one particular gene in mitochondria to help identify different
species of many animals, including myriapods. The sequences that they find are called 'barcodes'.

(a) (i) State the part of the cell that contains most DNA.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the function of DNA in cells.

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 3]

14 The pea plant, Pisum savitum, is a legume which is grown both as a human food and as a livestock
feed.

The diagram below shows some of the root nodules on a pea plant.
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The diagram below shows a cross-section through the root nodule at S.

T indicates the transport tissue in the root.

T
cells containing
bacteria

magnification = ×40

(a) The maximum diameter of the root nodule is 73 mm.

Calculate the actual diameter of the root nodule.

actual diameter ........................... [1]

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(b) Describe the role of the bacteria in the root nodule of P. sativum.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The bacteria require carbohydrates that are supplied by the pea plant.

Describe how the carbohydrates are produced and transported by the plant to the bacteria.

(i) produced

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) transported

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................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

15 Cells are adapted to their function, and may be arranged into tissues.

Define the term tissue.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

16 The diagram below shows a method of growing tomato plants without soil.

The plants are supported above a tank of mineral solution aerated by an air pump.
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plastic support
plants

air line

air pump mineral

solution

Mineral ions from the solution enter the tomato plants and are transported to the leaves.

(a) Name the type of cell that is responsible for:

absorbing water and minerals into the plant;.....................................................................

transporting water and minerals to the leaves................................................................... [2]

(b) Tomato plants need nitrate ions and magnesium ions.

Explain why these ions are important for healthy plant growth.

nitrate ions.........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

magnesium ions................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The mineral solution in the tank is checked regularly to see whether more minerals are needed.

Suggest two reasons why it is necessary to continue to add minerals to the solution.

1.........................................................................................................................................

2......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Tomato plants need potassium ions to form flowers and fruit.

The graph below shows the mass of potassium ions absorbed by the tomato plants when the
air pump is switched off and when the air pump is switched on.
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300

250
air pump
switched on
200
total uptake
of potassium 150 air pump
/ mg switched off

100

50

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
time / hours

(a) Suggesthow dodderobtainsmineralsfromthe gorse.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The structure that dodder uses to make contact with the gorse is called haustorium. The width
of the haustorium is marked by the line MN on the diagram below.

stem of
gorse

M N

stem of
dodder

× 50

Measure the length of MN.

.............................................. mm [1]
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(c) Calculate the actual width of the haustorium (MN).

Show your working.

actual width ........................... mm [2]

[Total: 4]

18 Which function is carried out by the ciliated cells in the respiratory tract?

A filtering dirt from passing air

B making mucus
C moving carbon dioxide out of the lungs
D moving mucus to the throat
[1]

[Total: 1]

19 The diagram shows a pollen grain of a rice plant. The size of the image is 40 mm.

40 µm

The actual length of the pollen grain is 40 m.

By how many times has the diagram been magnified?

A x1 B x10 C x100 D x1000

[1]

[Total: 1]
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20 The diagram shows a cell from the leaf of a plant.

Which part contains the highest amount of magnesium?

B
C
D

[1]

[Total: 1]

21 A cell has an actual length of 0.2 mm. A student wants to make a drawing of this cell so that it
appears two hundred times bigger.

How long should the student draw his cell?

A 4 mm B 0.04 mm C 40 mm D 40 cm
[1]

[Total: 1]

22 State why xylem is a tissue.

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..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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23 Aphids are insects that feed on the phloem sap in plants.

The diagram below shows aphid with its mouth parts inserted into the stem of a plant.

The diagram shows some of the features of xylem.

Describe how xylem is adapted for its functions.

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[Total: 6]

24 The diagram below shows a human sperm cell.

The actual length of the sperm cell in the diagram is 0.055 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

........................... µm [1]

[Total: 1]
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25 Bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

The diagram below shows a photomicrograph of a bacterium.

The actual width of the bacterium is 0.0008 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

........................... µm [1]

[Total: 1]

26 Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals. Glycogen is made from glucose.

Cells that convert glucose to glycogen contain many mitochondria.

Suggest why these cells contain many mitochondria.

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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27 The photomicrograph shows some xylem vessels.

State one structural feature of xylem vessels and explain how this is related to the function of water
transport.

feature ......................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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28 The functioning of ecosystems relies on the cycling of nutrients.

The diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

State the name of the structure in plant cells where process D occurs.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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29 The photomicrograph shows a section of a root.

Structure J is a xylem vessel.

The xylem vessels conduct water from the roots to the stems.

State the features of xylem vessels that enable them to conduct water.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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30 The photomicrograph below is of a section through a sperm.

The table shows information about the sperm shown in the photomicrograph.

Complete the table.

letter on
name of the structure function
photomicrograph

haploid nucleus

releases energy

flagellum

[4]

[Total: 4]
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31 The photomicrograph is of part of a cell from the pancreas that produces enzymes that are released
into the small intestine.

State the names of the structures labelled P and R in the diagram.

P ...............................................................................................................................................

R .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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32 The photomicrograph is part of a cell from the pancreas that produces enzymes that are released
into the small intestine.

Structure Q is part of the nucleus of the cell.

State one function of a nucleus.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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33 The photograph shows some cells from the shoot tip of an onion, Allium cepa.

The area labelled M is a mitochondrion.

Explain why mitochondria have an important role in dividing cells.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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34 The list shows some of the structures in a plant.

Write the structures in order of size from smallest to largest.

chloroplast palisade cell phloem tissue

root whole plant

[3]

[Total: 3]
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35 The photograph is of the myriapod, Apheloria virginiensis.

A. virginiensis releases the poison cyanide when it is attacked by predators.

Cyanide stops enzymes in the mitochondria from functioning.

Suggest why cells die if the mitochondria do not function.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

36 A specialised cell performs a particular function.

Sperm and egg cells are two types of specialised cell that are involved in reproduction in humans.

State the names of two other specialised cells.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
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37 The diagram is of a palisade mesophyll cell.

Identify and label the nucleus and a chloroplast on the diagram. [2]

[Total: 2]