COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

CLASS 11
SUBJECT – COMPUTER SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 8 DATABASE CONCEPTS

1. What is a Database?
Answer:
A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed, and
updated. It can store various types of data like text, numbers, images, and other multimedia,
which can be retrieved, manipulated, and analyzed through software programs.
2. Explain the concept of DBMS.
Answer:
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that enables users to create,
manage, and manipulate databases. It provides functions such as data storage, data
retrieval, and updating data. DBMS also ensures data integrity, security, and concurrency
control.
3. Differentiate between DDL and DML.
Answer:
 DDL (Data Definition Language): Used to define database structures like tables,
schemas, views, and indexes (e.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
 DML (Data Manipulation Language): Used to manipulate and retrieve data from
database tables (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
4. What is normalization?
Answer:
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and
dependency. The goal is to divide large tables into smaller, manageable ones, ensuring data
consistency and minimizing the chances of anomalies during updates, insertions, and
deletions.
5. Explain the First Normal Form (1NF).
Answer:
A table is in First Normal Form (1NF) if it contains only atomic values, meaning that each
column contains unique and indivisible values. There should be no repeating groups or
arrays in any column.
6. What is the difference between Primary Key and Foreign Key?
Answer:
 Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table. It cannot have NULL
values and ensures the uniqueness of data.
 Foreign Key: A field (or combination of fields) in a table that links to the primary key
of another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.
7. What is a Relationship in a Database?
Answer:
A relationship in a database defines how two or more tables are connected. There are three
types of relationships:
 One-to-One (1:1): One record in a table is related to one record in another table.
 One-to-Many (1:M): One record in a table is related to multiple records in another
table.
 Many-to-Many (M:M): Multiple records in one table are related to multiple records
in another table.
8. What is the purpose of an index in a database?
Answer:
An index is used to improve the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table. It
creates a data structure that allows the DBMS to quickly locate and access the rows in a
table based on specific columns.
9. Explain the concept of Data Integrity.
Answer:
Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database.
It ensures that the data is correct and maintained without corruption during data entry,
updates, or transfers.
10. What is a View in a database?
Answer:
A view is a virtual table in a database that is created by querying one or more tables. It does
not store data itself but presents data from one or more tables based on a SELECT query.
Views are used to simplify complex queries or restrict access to certain data.
11. Define the term 'Transaction' in the context of DBMS.
Answer:
A transaction in DBMS is a sequence of one or more operations performed as a single unit of
work. It is used to ensure the consistency of the database. Transactions follow the ACID
properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
12. What is the ACID property in DBMS?
Answer:
ACID stands for:
 Atomicity: Ensures that a transaction is fully completed or fully rolled back.
 Consistency: Ensures that a transaction takes the database from one valid state to
another.
 Isolation: Ensures that transactions are executed independently without
interference.
 Durability: Ensures that once a transaction is committed, the changes are
permanent, even in the event of a system failure.
13. What is a schema in a database?
Answer:
A schema is the structure that defines the organization of data in a database. It includes
definitions of tables, fields, relationships, views, and indexes. A schema is often defined
using DDL commands.
14. What is a stored procedure?
Answer:
A stored procedure is a precompiled collection of one or more SQL statements that can be
executed as a single unit. It is stored in the database and can be reused, making it more
efficient for repetitive operations.
15. Explain Referential Integrity.
Answer:
Referential integrity is a property of a relational database that ensures that foreign keys
correctly and consistently point to existing records in the referenced table. It ensures that
relationships between tables remain valid and consistent.
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