Assist.Prof.

Ahmad Fawad Ehsas

Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering,
Kabul University,
Kabul, Afghanistan
Email: [email protected]
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 Chapter Outline
 Introduction
 Terminologies
 Wastewater Classification
 Composition of Wastewater
 Domestic Wastewater
 Industrial Wastewater
 Infiltration and Inflow
 Municipal Wastewater
 Composite Sampling
 System of Sewerage
 Assignment
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 Introduction
Wastewater Engineering

 It is the branch of Environmental

Engineering in which the basic principles
of science and engineering are applied to
solving the issues associated with
treatment and reuse of wastewater.

 The ultimate goal of wastewater

engineering is the protection of public
health, economic, social and political
concerns.

 Wastewater Engineering primarily deals

with the transportation, treatment and
management of contaminated water.

 This can include design of collection

systems, piping networks, pumping
systems, physical, chemical and biological
treatment processes, dewatering systems,
machinery, and safety systems.

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Engineering Chemistry
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 Introduction (Cont…)
Wastewater

Wastewater is used water discharged from

homes, businesses, cities, and agriculture.

Used water from any combination of domestic,

industrial, commercial or agricultural activities,
surface runoff/storm water.

Wastewater is the combination of liquid and

water-transported wastes from homes,
commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and
institutions, along with any groundwater
infiltration and surface water and storm water
inflow that may enter the sewer system.

The liquid waste—wastewater—is essentially the

water supply of the community after it has been
used in a variety of applications (see Fig. 1.1 &
1.2).

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Engineering Chemistry
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 Introduction (Cont…)

Figure 1.2: Sources of municipal wastewater in

relation to collector sewers and treatment. The figure
also shows reuse for irrigation, residential, and
Figure 1.1: Schematic diagram of a wastewater industrial purposes; effluent disposal to surface
management infrastructure. water; and separate disposal for industrial gray water.

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Engineering Chemistry
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 Introduction (Cont…)
 Urbanization results in urban runoff and wastewater
discharge
 Climate change may increase or reduce rainfall and
snowfall, which will impact water supply.
 Current water droughts have raised concerns about the
sustainability of future water supply.
 Installation of water meters and water consumption-based
rates promotes water conservation
 Because Increased water use results in increased costs.
 Installation of high-efficiency plumbing fixtures such as low
flush toilets, water-saving clothes washers, showerheads,
and faucets are attempts for water use reduction.
 Humans intervene in the hydrologic cycle, generating
artificial water cycles (Figure 2).
 The role of engineering has changed with the growing
demands for water.
 The earth has a limited capacity to absorb wastes
 In many locations, human demands already exceed the
capacity of natural water systems to complete wastewater
treatment and recharge water supplies.

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 Introduction (Cont…)

Figure 2: Integration of natural and human-generated water cycles.

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 Terminologies
 The terminology used commonly for key concepts and terms in the field of wastewater
management is summarized in Table 1.

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 Terminologies

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 Wastewater Classification
Video Containing Water Supply, Wastewater, Sewerage, Treatment and Reuse

Figure 3: Wastewater Classification

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 Composition of Domestic Wastewater

Figure 4: Composition of Domestic Wastewater

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 Wastewater Strength
 The Higher the concentration of organic matter in a wastewater, the stronger it is
said to be.
 Wastewater Strength is often judged by its BOD5 or COD (Table 1.2)
 To find out the strength of wastewater, Laboratory test are applied.
 Information regarding Strength of wastewater is necessary for Wastewater
Treatment and processes.
 It is also necessary for the design of wastewater treatment plants.
 The strength of wastewater is very Important during wastewater research projects.

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 Domestic Wastewater
 The volume of wastewater from
community varies from 50 to
2
250 gal per capita per day (gpcd)
 Depending on sewer uses.
 A common value used for
domestic wastewater flow is 120
gpcd (450 l/d/capita) in
developed countries.
 The organic matter contributed
per person per day in domestic
wastewater is approximately
0.24 lb (110 g) of suspended
solids and 0.20 lb (90 g) of BOD
in communities where a
substantial portion of the
household kitchen wastes is
discharged to the sewer system
through garbage grinders.

 Estimated wastewater flows

from residential dwellings and
other establishments listed in
Table 2.
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 Domestic Wastewater (Cont…)
 Characteristics of wastewater prior to treatment, after settling, and following
conventional biological processing are2 given in Table 3.

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 Domestic Wastewater (Cont…)
 Loadings on treatment units are often 2 expressed in terms of pounds of BOD per day or
pounds of solids per day, as well as quantity of flow per day.
 The relationship between the parameters of concentration and flow is based on the
following conversion factors: 1.0 mg/l, which is the same as 1.0 part per million parts by
weight, equals 8.34 lb/mil gal
 Since 1 gal of
3 water weighs 8.34 lb or 62.4 lb/mil gal
 Since 1 cu ft of water weighs 62.4 lbs.
 These relationships are defined by the following equations:

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 Domestic Wastewater (Cont…)
2

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 Industrial Wastewaters
 Industries within municipal limits ordinarily
2 discharge their wastewater to the city’s sewer
system after pretreatment.
 The characteristics of four selected industrial wastewaters are listed in Table 4
 Each municipality should have an inventory of industrial wastewaters discharged to the
sanitary sewer system, illustrated in Table 5.
3
4

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 Industrial Wastewaters (Cont…)
5 2

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 Industrial Wastewaters (Cont…)
Hydraulic and BOD population equivalents, based on average sanitary wastewater, are 120
2
gpcd and 0.20 lb BOD per person per day, respectively.

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 Industrial Wastewaters (Cont…)
2

90 g = 0.20 lb
450 l/p/d= 120 g/p/d

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 Infiltration and Inflow
 Infiltration is groundwater entering sewers and
building connections through defective joints 2
and broken or cracked pipe and manholes.
 Inflow is water discharged into sewer pipes or
service connections from such sources as :
- Foundation Drains
- Roof Leaders
- Cellar and yard3area drains
- Cooling water from Air Conditioners
-Other discharges from industrial and
establishments
 Excess infiltration and inflow can create several
serious problems including :
- Surcharging of sewer lines
- Flooding of streets and roads
- overloading of treatment facilities
- By Passing of pumping stations and treatment
works.

 The quantity of infiltration water entering a

sewer depends on:
- Numbers and conditions of the pipe and pipe
joints
- Groundwater Level
- Manholes and Structures
- Construction Practice

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 Infiltration and Inflow (Cont…)
2

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 Municipal Wastewater
 Collector sewers must have hydraulic2capacity
to handle maximum hourly flow including:
- Domestic discharge
- Infiltration
- Any additional discharge
3
 New sewers are designed on basis of an average
daily per capita flow of 100 to 120 gal (400 to 480
Liters)
 Which includes normal infiltration

FIGURE 5: Wastewater flow and strength variations for a typical medium-

sized city. (a) Typical diurnal flow pattern with peak flows at noon.
(b) Variation in flow along with concentrations of BOD and ammonia.

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 Municipal Wastewater (Cont…)
2

550 lb

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 Municipal Wastewater (Cont…)
2 5

From Table 5

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 Composite Sampling
 To be representative of the entire flow, samples should be taken where the wastewater is
2
well mixed.
 A composite sample is a mixture of individual grabs proportioned according to the
wastewater flow pattern.
 Compositing is commonly accomplished by collecting individual samples at regular time
intervals. 3
 The time interval between collection of samples should be no greater than 2 hr and
preferably 1 hr.
 The portion of sample needed per unit of flow is designated as the multiplier in the
following equation:

 Table 6 illustrates a general format for tabulating flow data for calculating the portions of
individual grab samples to be combined into a composite.
 A graphical presentation of the compositing process is shown in Figure 6, based on the
data in Table 6.

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 Composite Sampling (Cont…)
6
2

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 Composite Sampling (Cont…)
6 2

FIGURE 6 Wastewater flow pattern and composite portions plotted from the
compositing data in Table 6.

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 Composite Sampling (Cont…)
6 6 2

Flow Rate
Average

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 Composite Sampling (Cont…)
6 2

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A few commonly used terms for wastewater management is listed below:

Sewer : The pipeline or conduit carrying the sewage.

Sewage : Sewage is the liquid flowing in a sewer. Unless otherwise specified it refers to
domestic sewage.

Sullage / Grey water: The wastewater generated from kitchens and bath rooms.

Sanitary Sewage / Domestic Sewage: Wastewater generated from residential areas,

the term sewage generally refers to sanitary sewage

Storm Drainage : Water entering a sewer as a result of rainfall.

Outfall Sewer : The main sewer carrying the entire wastewater collected from an area
to the point of disposal or to the treatment plant and this will be the largest sewer in a
sewerage system.

Sewerage : The art of collection, treatment and disposal of sewage.

Dry Weather Flow : The quantity of sewage flowing in the sewer during the summer
seasons, consist of only the sanitary sewage as there is no possibility of rains in this
season. It will be the least quantity of sewage likely to flow in that sewer.
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 Sewer Sewage Sullage/ GreyWater

Sanitary / Domestic Storm Drainage

Outfall Sewer
Sewage

Sewerage
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System of Sewerage
The system of sewerage is classified as follows:

1- Combined System:
In combined system of sewerage the sanitary sewerage and storm drainage are
collected in the same sewer and is called a combined sewer. This system is cheaper
during construction, but the problem is the settling during hot/dry weather.

2- Separate System:
In a separate system, sewers ( sanitary sewer and storm water sewer) are separate.
The initial investment is expensive, but hygienically this system is preferred.

Separate System Combined System

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 Assignments

1. Using the values in Table 2, estimate the daily wastewater flow and pounds of BOD
produced by a recreational area consisting of a luxury resort with 30 employees and 200
guests per day having a restaurant serving lunch and dinner. The plant also serves a small
hotel with 20 rooms, 5 employees, and a maximum capacity of 40 persons. Also on the
property are 15 single-family homes and 20 apartments for the employees. Calculate the
maximum gallons per person per day and pounds of BOD. Calculate the concentration of
BOD in the wastewater.
2. Using the information listed in Table 3, calculate the removal efficiency for suspended
solids and BOD after primary settling and after biological treatment.
3. For a flow of 12 mgd, use the values listed in Table 3 to calculate the pounds of
suspended solids, BOD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the raw wastewater.
4. What are the general types of pretreatment enforcement as identified by the EPA for
publicly owned facilities?

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 Assignments
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3 5

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 Assignments

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 Thank You

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