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Detecting a failure in this complex machine would be a tedious task. However, most of the vehicles
today include computers (Electronic Control Unit (ECU)), which monitors several sensors, located
throughout the engine, fuel and exhaust systems. When the computer system of the car detects a
fault, two things are supposed to happen/monitored. First, a warning light on the dashboard is set,
to inform the driver that a problem exists. Second the code is recorded in the computer’s memory
(ElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory) so that it can later be retrieved by a
technician for diagnosis and repair.

The key to good auto repair lies in troubleshooting the problem. Problem in cars could be caused
due to number of reasons. Proper troubleshooting will eliminate the potential issues that aren’t the
real problem and point you in the right direction. This can be achieved through ‘Diagnostics’.

Did you notice when a problem happens in a car or a vehicle? Ok!! Let me say one situation.

There is a Check Engine Light(warning Lamp) present in our car’s dashboard, which alerts us when
a problem occurs in the engine control system. Depending on the nature of the problem, the Check
Engine Light may come on and go off, remain on continuously or flash. Some intermittent problems
will make the Check Engine Light come on only when the fault is occurring. When the problem goes
away, the Check Engine Light goes off. So, When the Check Engine Light comes on, a diagnostic
trouble code (DTC) is recorded in the on-board computer memory that corresponds to the fault.
Some problems can generate more than one trouble code, and some vehicles may have multiple
problems that set multiple trouble codes.

2Overview of Diagnostics

2.1Diagnostics
Diagnostics, as the word suggests, is to identify the cause of a problem or a situation. Whenever
the ECU finds a problem, it stores that problem as a Diagnostics Trouble Code (DTC) in the
ElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory (EEPROM) for later retrieval. Diagnostic
Tools are used to read data (DTC’s) from the EEPROM to analyze the cause of failure.

2.2Diagnostics Protocol
Protocol refers to a set of rules for communication. Here the communication happens between two
ECUs which follow the same rule and able to exchange the information. The protocols which are
used for Diagnostics purposes are known as Diagnostics Protocol.

The automotive industry has come up with Diagnostics protocols which are used for diagnostics
purposes like, CAN (Control Area Network), K-Line, UDS (Unified Diagnostics Services), and KWP
(Keyword Protocol) and so on. Here (in this document) we will study/know about UDS.

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2.3Diagnostics Session
Diagnostic session is the basis for/of communication between the ECU and the diagnostic tool.
During ‘Diagnostics’ the ECU being analyzed is in a particular session. Basically there are different
types of diagnostics sessions like Default Session, Extended Diagnostic Session and ECU
Programming Session.

After Ignition on, ECU will be switched to a Default Diagnostic Session and after receiving the
request from Diagnostic Tool, the ECU will be switched to the Extended Diagnostic Session.
Further, after receiving the ECU Programming Session start request from Diagnostic tool, it will
switch to the ECU Programming Session.

2.4Automotive Diagnostic Service

Automotive diagnostic service is the way to discover, what’s wrong with the vehicle if it is not
running / behaving properly. Diagnosing a vehicles problem in order to fix or repair a car can be
done through a professional automobile diagnostic center. Diagnostic Service uses the read
command for retrieving the information/data from ECU and the write command to write/program the
data to the ECU.

Some of the services are given below as,

Ø Diagnostic Session Control

Ø ECU Reset

Ø Clear Diagnostic Information

Ø Read DTC Information

Ø Read Data By Identifier

Ø Read Memory By Address

Ø Security Access

Ø Communication Control

Ø Write Data By Identifier

Ø Input Output Control By Identifier

Ø Write Memory By Address

Ø Tester Present

Ø Control DTC Setting

For communicating with the ECU, the diagnostic tool uses either Physical addressing or Functional
addressing method. Physical addressing is the kind of addressing where the Diagnostics tool
communicates with a single ECU. Functional addressing is where the Diagnostics tool
communicates with multiple ECUs.

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3DetailedDiagnostic Services
The services supported by the UDS protocol are described in the table below:

Service Name Description

Diagnostic Session Control Used to enable different diagnostic sessions in one ECU or a
group of ECUs.
ECU Reset Used by the external diagnostic tool to request an ECU reset
based on content of the reset type parameter included in the
ECU Reset request message.
Clear Diagnostic Information Used by the external diagnostic tool to clear diagnostic
information in one or multiple ECU’s memory.
Read DTC Information Allows a diagnostic tool to read the status of ECU resident
Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) information from any ECU, or
group of ECU’s within a vehicle.
Read Data By Identifier Allows the diagnostic tool to request data record values from
the ECU identified by Record data identifier.
Read Memory By Address Allows the diagnostic tool to request memory data from the
ECU via provided starting address and size of memory to be
read.
Security Access Provides a means to access data and/or diagnostic services,
which have restricted access for security, emissions, or
safety reasons.
Communication Control Switches on and off the transmission of certain ECU
messages
Write Data By Identifier Allows the diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at
an internal location specified by the provided data identifier.
Input Output Control By Identifier Used by the diagnostic tool to substitute a value for an input
signal, internal ECU function and/or control an output
(actuator) of an electronic system.
Write Memory By Address Allows the external diagnostic tool to write information into
the ECU at one or more contiguous memory locations.
Tester Present Used to indicate to an ECU or a group of ECU’s that a
diagnostic tool is still connected to the vehicle.
Control DTC Setting Used by diagnostics tool to stop or resume the setting of
DTCs in ECU.

3.1Diagnostic Session Control

The “Diagnostic Session Control” service shall be used to enable different diagnostic sessions in
one ECU or a group of ECU’s. If no diagnostic session has been requested by the client after start
communication a default session shall be automatically enabled in the server. The default session
shall support at least the following services stop Communication service and tester Present service.

If a diagnostic session has been requested by the client which is already running, the server shall
send a positive response message.

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The Diagnostic Session Control request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below:

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Diagnostic Session Control 10
Service Id
2 sub Function
Default Session 01
Programming Session 02
Extended Session 03

Request Message Definition – Diagnostic Session Control

Diagnostic Session Control Responses

Once ECU receives the request message from Tester, it has to send the response message to
Tester.

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Diagnostics Session Control 50
Response Service Id
2 sub Function 00-FF
3 Session Parameter Record 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Diagnostics Session Control 10
3 sub function 00-FF
Sub function Not supported 12
Incorrect Message Length or 13
Invalid Format
Conditions are not correct 22

Negative Response

3.2ECU Reset
The ECU Reset service is used by the external diagnostic tool to request an ECU reset based on
content of the reset type parameter included in the ECU Reset request message.

Basically there are two different types of ECU resets.

Hard Reset Soft Reset

Hard Reset:

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This type identifies a “hard reset” condition which simulates the power-on/start-up sequences
typically performed after an ECU has been previously disconnected from its power supply (i.e
Battery). This implies the memory (Volatile or Non-volatile) as well as electronic sub-components
directly connected to the ECU are initialized upon request of this reset type which are also initialized
during the power-up sequence.

Soft Reset:

This type identifies a “soft reset” condition, which causes the ECU to immediately restart the
application program if applicable. Before restarting the application the ECU saves any data in non-
volatile memory that might be lost during the startup sequence.

The ECU Reset request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below,

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 ECU Reset Request Service Id 11
2 sub Function
Hard Reset – Positive response 01
required
Key On-Off Reset – Positive 02
Response Required
Soft Reset – Positive Response 03
Required

Request Message Definition – ECU Reset

ECU Reset Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 ECU Reset Response Service Id 51
2 sub Function 00-FF
3 Power Down Time 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 ECU Reset 11
3 sub Function 00-FF
Sub function Not supported 12
Incorrect Message Length or 13
Invalid Format
Conditions are not correct 22

Negative Response

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3.3Clear Diagnostic Information

The “Clear Diagnostic Information” service is used by the external diagnostic tool to clear diagnostic
information in one or multiple ECUs’ memory.

A “Clear DTC information” request shall reset/erase all DTC information including the following:

a) DTC

b) DTC status byte

c) Other DTC related data such as first/most recent DTC, flags, counters, timers, etc. specific to
DTC

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Clear Diagnostic Information 14
Request Service Id
2 Group Of DTC [2] = [Group Of 00-FF
DTC High Byte Group Of DTC
Low Byte ]
3 Emission Related Systems 000000

Request Message Definition – Clear DTC Information

Clear Diagnostic Information Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Clear Diagnostic Information 54
Positive Response Service Id

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Clear Diagnostic Information 14
Request Service Id
3 sub-function 00-FF
Incorrect Message Length – 13
Invalid Format
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out Of Range 31

Negative Response

3.4Read DTC Information

This service allows a diagnostic tool to read the status of ECU resident Diagnostic Trouble Code
(DTC) information from any ECU, or group of ECU’s within a vehicle.

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Requesting the ECU to report Most Recent Confirmed DTC or all Supported DTCs the diagnostic
tool shall use the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read DTC Information request 19
Service Id
2 sub-function 00-FF
Report Supported DTCs 0A
-Positive Response Required
Report Most Recent Confirmed 0E
DTC – Positive Response
Required

Request Message Definition – Read DTC Information

Read DTC Information Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read DTC Information response 59
Service Id
2 Report Type 00-FF
Report Number Of DTC By 01
Status Mask
Report Number Of Mirror 11
Memory DTC By Status Mask
Report Number Of DTC By 07
Severity Mask Record
3 DTC Status Availability Mask 00-FF
4 DTC Format Identifier 00-FF
5 DTC Count [ 2] = [DTC Count 00-FF
High ByteDTC Count Low Byte ]

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Read DTC Information 19
3 sub-function 00-FF
Sub Function Not Supported 12
Incorrect Message Length – 13
Invalid Format
Request Out Of Range 31

Negative Response

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3.5Read Data By Identifier

The “Read Data By Identifier” service allows the diagnostic tool to request data record values from
the ECU identified by Record Data identifiers.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read Data By Identifier Request 22
Service Id
2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF

Request Message Definition – Read Data By Identifier

Read Data By Identifier Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read Data By Identifier 62
Response Service Id
2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF
4 Data Record [2] 00-FF

Positive Response

If an ECU responds positively to a “Read Data By Identifier” request, the response message Data
Identifier parameter value shall be an echo of the value provided in the request message by the
diagnostics tool

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Read Data By Identifier 22
3 sub-function 00-FF
Incorrect Message Length- 13
Invalid Format
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out of Range 31
Security Access Denied 33

Negative Response

3.6Read Memory By Address

The “Read Memory By Address” services allows the diagnostics tool to request memory data from
the ECU via provided starting address and size of memory to be read.

Read / Write Description

Memory

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ByAddress
Parameter
Address And This parameter is a onebyte value with eachnibble encoded separately:bit 3
Length Format – 0: Length(number of bytes) of the MemoryAddress parameterbit 7 – 4:
Identifier Length(number of bytes) of theMemory Size parameter
Memory Address The parameter MemoryAddressis the starting addressof ECU’s memory
wherethe data is to be writtenor from which thedata is to be read.
Memory Size The parameter MemorySize in the Read / Write MemoryBy Address request
messagespecifies the numberof bytes to be read orwritten starting at
theaddress specified byMemory Address inthe ECU’s memory.The number
of bytesused for this size isdefined by the highnibble (bit 7 – 4) of theAddress
And LengthFormat Identifier.
Data Record This parameter is usedby the Read MemoryBy Address positiveresponse
messageto provide the requesteddata record values tothe diagnostic
tool.The content of theData Record is notdefined in this documentand is
vehiclemanufacturer specific.

Read / Write Memory By Address Request Parameters

The “Read Memory By Address” request message shall meet the format defined in table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read Memory by Address Request Service ID 23
2 Address And Length Format Identifier 00-FF
3 Memory Address[2] 00-FF
4 Memory Size[2] 00-FF

Request Message Definition – Read Memory By Address

Read Memory By Address Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Read Memory By Address Response Service Id 63
2 Data Record [2] = [data number 1,data number 2] 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Read Data By Identifier 23
3 sub-function 00-FF
Incorrect Message Length- Invalid Format 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out of Range 31
Security Access Denied 33

Negative Response

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3.7Security Access
The purpose of this service is to provide a means to access data and/or diagnostic services, which
have restricted access for security, emissions, or safety reasons. The security concept uses a seed
and key relationship.

Security Access Request Type Description

Security Description
Access type
Request Seed This type specifies thatthe ECU shall transmitto the test device theso called seed
valuewith a defined securitylevel for calculating anappropriate key value tounlock
the ECU.
Send Key This type signalizes tothe ECU that thediagnostic tool transmitsnow the
appropriate keyvalue associated with theseed requested before.

The Security Access request message shall meet the format defined in table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data

Value
1 Security Access Request Service ID 27
2 sub Function = [Security Access 00-FF
type]
Request Seed – Positive Response 01
Required
Send Key – Positive Response Required 02
3 Security key[1] 00-FF

Request Message Definition – Security Access

Security Access Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Security Access Response Service Id 67
2 Security Access Type 00-FF
3 Security Seed [2] 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 SecurityAccess 27
3 sub-function 00-FF
Sub-Function Not Supported 12
Incorrect Message Length 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Sequence Error 24

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Invalid Key 35
Exceeded Number Of Attempts 36
Required Time Delay Not Expired 37

Negative Response

3.8Communication Control
The purpose of this service is to switch on and off the transmission of certain ECU messages.

Control Type description

Some possible Communication Control types are,

Control Type Description

Enable Rx And Tx This type indicates thatthe ECU shall enablereception andtransmission of
messages.
Enable Rx And This type indicatesthat the ECU shallenable receptionof messages and
Disable Tx disabletransmission of messages.

Communication Type description

Some possible Communication types are,

Control Type Description

Normal Communication Messages This type referencesall application-
relatedcommunication
Network Management Communication This type referencesall network managementrelated
Messages communication.

The ECU shall perform the requested communication type control after sending the Communication
Control positive response message to the diagnostic tool if a positive response is requested
(Suppress Position Response Message Indication Bit = FALSE).

In case no response is requested from the diagnostic tool (Suppress Position Response Message
Indication Bit = TRUE) then the ECU shall perform the requested communication type control
immediately after the successful evaluation of the request message.

The Communication Control request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data

Value
1 Communication Control Request 28
Service Id
2 Security Function / Sub function 00-FF
Enable Rx And Tx – Positive Response 01
Required
Enable Rx And Disable Tx – Positive Response 11
Required
Vehicle Manufacturer Specific – Positive 40-5F
Response Required
60-7E

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System Supplier Specific – Positive Response

Required
3 Communication Type 00-FF
Normal Communication Messages 01
Network Management Communication 02
Messages

Request Message Definition – Communication Control

Communication Control Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Communication Control Response Service Id 28
2 Control Type 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Communication Control 28
3 sub-function 00-FF
Sub-Function Not Supported 12
Incorrect Message Length 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Sequence Error 31

Negative Response

3.9Write Data By Identifier

The “Write Data By Identifier” service allows the diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at
an internal location specified by the provided data identifier.

Following table defines the possible request and response parameter types,

Data This parameter identifiesthe ECU’s data record that, the diagnostic tool
Identifier isrequesting to write to.
Data This parameter providesthe data record associatedwith the Data Identifierthat the
Record diagnostic toolis requesting to write to.

The Write Data By Identifier request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below,

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Write Data By Identifier Request Service Id 2E
2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF
3 Data Record [2] 00-FF

Request Message Definition – Write Data By Identifier

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Write Data By Identifier Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Write Data By Identifier Response Service Id 6E
2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Write Data By Identifier 2E
3 sub-function 00-FF
Security Access Denied 33
Incorrect Message Length 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out Of Range 31

Negative Response

3.10Input Output Control By Identifier

The “Input Output Control By Identifier” service is used by the diagnostic tool to substitute a value
for an input signal, internal ECU function and/or control an output (actuator) of an electronic system.

The “Input Output Control By Identifier” request message shall meet the format defined in the Table
below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Input Output Control By Identifier Request Service Id 2F
2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF
3 Input Output Control Type 00-FF
Return Control To ECU 00
Reset To Default 01
FreezeCurrent State 02
Short Term Adjustment 03

Request Message Definition – Input Output Control By Identifier

Input Output Control By Identifier Responses

The ECU shall send a positive response message if the requested control operation was
successfully executed. After an ECU returns a positive response to this service, the diagnostic tool
shall assume control over the inputs/outputs specified by the Input Output Data Identifier.

If the response message is positive, then the expected response is as given in the table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Input Output Control By Identifier Response Service Id 6F

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2 Data Identifier[2] 00-FF

3 Input Output Control Type 00-03

Positive response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Input Output Control By Identifier 2F
3 sub-function 00-FF
Incorrect Message Length – Invalid Format 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out Of Range 31
Security Access denied 33

Negative response

3.11Write Memory By Address

The “Write Memory By Address” service allows the external diagnostic tool to write information into
the ECU at one or more contiguous memory locations.

The “Write Memory By Address” request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Write Memory By Address Request Service Id 3D
2 Address And Length Format Identifier 00-FF
3 Memory Address[2] 00-FF
4 Memory Size[2] 00-FF
5 Data Record[2] 00-FF

Request Message Definition – Write Memory By Address

Write Memory By Address Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Write Memory By Address Response Service Id 7D
2 Address And Length Format Identifier 00-FF
3 Memory Address[2] 00-FF
4 Memory Size[2] 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Write Memory By Address 3D

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3 sub-function 00-FF
Incorrect Message Length – Invalid Format 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out Of Range 31
Security Access denied 33
General Programming Failure 72

Negative Response

3.12Tester Present
This service is used to indicate to an ECU or a group of ECU’s that a diagnostic tool is still
connected to the vehicle and that certain diagnostic services and/or communication that have been
previously activated are to remain active.

The “Tester Present” request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Tester Present Request Service Id 3E
2 sub Function XX
Positive Response Required 00
No Positive Response Required 80

Request Message Definition – Tester Present

Tester Present Responses

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Tester Present Response Service Id 7E
2 sub Function 00

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Tester Present 3E
3 sub-function 00-FF
Sub Function Not Supported 12
Incorrect Message Length – Invalid Format 13

Negative Response

3.13Control DTC Setting

The “Control DTCsetting” service is used by a diagnostictool to stop or resume the setting of DTCs
in the ECU.

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DTC setting type description

The below table defines the possible DTC Setting types,

DTC Setting Type Description

On This type requires theECU to enable settingof DTCs.
Off This type requires theECU to disable settingof DTCs.

The “Control DTC Setting” request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Control DTC Setting Request Service Id 85
2 Sub Function 00-FF
On – Positive Response Required 01
Off – Positive Response Required 02

Request Message Definition – Control DTC Setting

Control DTC Setting Responses

If an ECU responds positively to a “Control DTC Setting” request, the DTC Setting type in the
response shall match the DTC Setting sent in the request

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Control DTC Setting Positive Response Service Id C5
2 sub Function XX

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below
table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value

1 Negative Response 7F
2 Control DTC Setting 85
3 sub-function 00-FF
Sub Function Not Supported 12
Incorrect Message Length – Invalid Format 13
Conditions Not Correct 22
Request Out Of Range 31

Negative Response

4Conclusion
Due to much technological advancement, today’s cars are more complex than ever before and so
the troubleshooting of car’s problem has even become more complex and tedious job. Thanks to
advanced diagnostic facilities within the car which assist in pin-pointing the exact cause of trouble in
a car.

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