Unit No.

3
IoT Design Methodology
Prof. Sachin Sambhaji Patil
Zeal College of Engineering and Technology
Pune

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 1

 IoT Design Methodology
1. Purpose and requirement Specification
2.Process Specification
3.Domain model specification
4.Information model specification
5.Service Specification
6.IoT Level Specification
7.Functional View Specification
8.Operational View Specification
9.Device and Component Integration
10.Application Development
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 2
IoT Design Methodology

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 3

 1. Purpose and Requirement Specification

• Purpose means objectives of Project

• Example – Home Automation for Light Control

• Auto mode and Manual Mode

• Automatically light will be On and Off Manually

• Depends on surrounding light on and off Wanted to do

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 4
1. Purpose and Requirement Specification

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 5

1. Purpose and Requirement Specification
The first stage in IoT system design methodology
In this step it defines the purpose (Why to design IoT System) (What is
Application and Why doing) , behavior and requirements of the system
This step also defines the
1.Data Collection requirements
2.Data Analysis requirements
3.System management requirements
4.Data privacy and security requirements
5.User interface requirements
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 6
 1. Purpose and Requirement Specification
• Example – IoT based Weather Monitoring System

• Purpose – Purpose of this system is to collect data on environment conditions

such as temperature , pressure , humidity etc.

• Behavior –Weather alert can be sent to the subscribes users with the help of such
application

• Data Collection requirements :- The end nodes send the data to the cloud where
the data is aggregate and analyzed.

• Data Analysis requirement : The data collected in the cloud can be then by
analyzed and visualized by cloud based application.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 7
 2.Process Specification
• The process specification shows that the sensors are read after fixed
intervals and the sensor measurements are stored.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 8

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 9
 Step 3 : Domain Model Specification
• Domain Model tells about Where you wanted to do IoT Project ?

• Light Control System

• Location is Room

• Sensor measures Light Intensity in Room and with the help of relay we can
control light appliances.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 10

 Step 3 : Domain Model Specification
• There are two Entity

• Physical Entity

• Room and Appliances in the Room

Hardware Part – Microcontroller , Arduino , ESP8266 Wifi Model

• Sensor sensing the light in the Room and depends on the light intensity
control the appliances in the Room with the help of Actuator Relay

• Virtual Entity
• Corresponding Virtual Entity
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 11
 Step 3 : Domain Model Specification
• Microcomputer – Raspberry pi or Arduino
• We need to put Software Component on Top of it called as Resource
• Application will be develop on top of Resource Components
(Software Components)
• Network Resource Communication Protocol , API (Which you
wanted to use)
• Network Resource offers Service and that Service control to Whole
System.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 12
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 13
Step 3: Domain Model Specification

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 14

 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• This is Third Step of IoT Design Methodology

• It describes main concept , entities , objects which are used design

the system

• It also defines the attribute of the objects and relationship

between them

• Physical entity , Virtual entity , Device , Resource , Service etc.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 15

 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• Physical Entity :- It is discrete and identifiable entity in the
physical environment information or actuation

• Example – Room , Light , Appliances , Car etc are physical

entity

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 16

 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• Virtual Entity :- It is representation of the Physical Entity

• For Each Physical Entity there is Virtual Entity in the domain

model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 17

 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• Device : An interaction between Physical Entities and
Virtual Entities is providing with the help of device.

• Devices are either attached physical entities and Virtual

entities is providing with the help of device

• To gather information about physical entities or actuation

or actuation of physical devices are used.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 18
 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• Physical Entity : Environment

• It monitors the environmental condition

• There is virtual entity for the environment

• Device include temperature sensor , Pressure sensor , humidity

sensor , light sensor and single board mini computer etc.

• It also send reading to obtain services from process specification

and information model
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 19
 Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• Resource : Resources are software components which can be
either on device or network resources.

• Service : An interface interacting with physical entity is

providing by service.

• Service access the resource hosted on the device or network

resource to obtain information about physical entity.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 20
Step 4 : Information Model Specification

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 21

Step 4 : Information Model Specification
• It defines the structure of all the information in
IoT System

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 22

 Step 5 Service Specification
• In Service Specification step it define the services in IoT
System , Service types , service input/output service
endpoints , service schedules and service effect

• In previous steps process specification and information

model , identify the states and attributes.

• These Services eighter change the state or attribute values

or retrieve the current mode.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 23
 Step 5 Service Specification

• Example – Weather Monitoring System there is only one

service name is controller service.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 24

Controller Service Specification of Weather
Monitoring System
• Weather Monitoring
System which
consist of service
name , schedule
and output as well
as relationship
between them.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 25

 Controller Service Specification of Weather
Monitoring System
• The controller service runs as a native service on the device.

• It monitors temperature , pressure , humidity and light once

every 15 seconds.

• The REST service to store these measurements in the cloud

which is called by controller service.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 26

 Step 6 IoT Level Specification
• In service specification step it define the services in IoT System

• The sixth step IoT design methodology decides the deployment level of
IoT system.

• In this step of IoT design methodology , there are six deployment levels
out of which we have to select deployment as per our system.

• The system consist of multiple nodes . These nodes placed in different

locations for monitoring temperature , humidity and pressure in an area.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 27

 Step 6 IoT Level Specification
• The end nodes are consist of various sensors
• The application is cloud based application so the end nodes
sends the data to the cloud and the data is stored in a cloud
database
• The analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data
and make predictions

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 28

IoT Level Specification

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 29

 Step 7 Functional View Specification
In functional specification step the functions of IoT System grouped
into various functional groups which provide functionalities for
interacting with the concepts defined in Domain model specification
Functional view includes
1.Device – The device Functional group contains devices for
monitoring and control Example- SCB , Light Sensor , Relay switch etc.
2.Communication – The group handles the communication for the
IoT System. The communication FG includes the communication
protocols and communication API.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 30
 Step 7 Functional View Specification
3.Services - The service FG includes various services involved in
IoT System.
The communication FG includes the communication protocols
and communication API.
The communication protocol is the backbone of IoT systems and
enables network connectivity.
Example- 802.11 , IPv4 / IPv6 , TCP and HTTP , Communication
API REST/ WebSocket

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 31

 Step 7 Functional View Specification

4.Management- This FG includes all functionalities that

are needed to configure and manage the IoT system.

Example- Application management ,

Database management and Device Management

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 32

 Step 7 Functional View Specification
5.Security – This FG defines security mechanisms for the IoT
System
Example – Authentication , authorization , data security etc.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 33

 Step 7 Functional View Specification
6.Application – This FG defines security mechanisms for the
IoT System
Example – Authentication , authorization , data security etc.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 34

Mapping deployment level to functional group for
the weather monitoring system

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 35

 Step 7 Functional View Specification
• IoT Device maps to the Device FG and management FG (Device
management)
• Database maps to the Database FG and Security
• Resources maps to the Device FG and communicate FG
• Controller Service and Web service maps to the Service FG
• Analysis Component maps to the application FG
• Observer node maps to the Application FG
• Application maps to the Application FG , Management FG and
Security FG
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 36
 Step 8 : Operational View Specification
It defines the various options suitable to the IoT system deployment and
operation. These can be a service hosting options , etc.

Operational view weather monitoring system is as follows:

1.Computing Device: Raspberry Pi, Temperature , Pressure , Light and Humidity

Sensor etc.

2.Communication API : REST Service API

3.Communication Protocol : Link Layer ,- 802.11 , Network Layer IPV4/IPV6 ,

Transport TCP , Application – HTTP

4.Native Service: Controller Service

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 37
 Step 8 : Operational View Specification
5. Web Application: Django Web Application , Application Server – Django App
server , Database server , Xively cloud storage , Analytics : Hadoop , observer –
cloud App , Mobile App

6. Security – Authentication : Web App , Database , Authorization : Web App ,

Database

7.Management : Django App Management Database Management – MySQL DB

Management , Device Management – Raspberry Pi device Manage

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 38

Step 9. Device and Component Integration

• The ninth step in IoT design methodology is the integration of the

device and components

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 39

Device and Component Integration of Weather Monitoring
System

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 40

 Device and Component Integration of Weather
Monitoring System
• The device and components used in this example are Raspberry Pi
minicomputer , temperature sensor , humidity sensor , pressure sensor and
LDR sensor.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 41

 Step 10: Application Development
This is last step of IoT Design methodology .

In this we develop the IoT System.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 42

 Basics of IoT Networking

• IoT Based system consist of physical objects and that are fitted with
different sensors . These sensors basically sense different physical
event or information that is occurring around them.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 43

Networking Components :
Basic IoT Component

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 44

 Networking Components :
Basic IoT Component
Things can be different physical objects which are fitted with different
sensors

Example- Telephones , lighting systems , cameras , different other scanner ,

sensors like the temperature sensor and so on.

These things are able to communicate with one another with the help of
wireless technologies like zigbee , Bluetooth , Wi-Fi and so on.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 45

 Networking Components :
Basic IoT Component
This information from these devices will pass through a local network and
from a local network , they will go through the internet

These data are basically sent to the backend services concerning different
servers processors to run different analytics and then based on that different
devices can be actuated.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 46

 Networking Components :
Basic IoT Component
Functional Components of IoT

• Component for integration and communication with other IoT devices

• Component for processing and analysis of operations

• Component for Internet Interaction

• Component for handling web services of application

• Component to Integrate application service

• User Interface to access IoT

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 47
 Internet Structure
• Internet is interconnection of worldwide computers in the form of a
network.
• Public networks LAN , WAN and MAN
• Structure of the Internet
1.Internet Address Computers are connected to the internet means that the
systems are connected to the computers
Each machine has its unique address is called as IP Address
ISP Internet Service Provider a client connects the computer with the
internet
Coomands
Ipconfig/all
Ping ip address
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 48
 Internet Structure
1.Internet Address

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 49

 Internet Structure
• 2. Protocol Stack and Packets –
Device is connected to the internet with a unique address
One system holds IP address and second system contains an IP address
Suppose client send a message Hello XYS to another
First Computer -
Message from first computer encrypted in digital form . All the alphanumeric
characters will be converted into an electronic signal. And send to the second
computer.
Second Computer –
The electronic signal will be delivered to other computer and then again
decrypted into the original form as received on the second IP System.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 50
 Internet Structure
3. Complete Infrastructure –
• The framework of the internet consist of multiple interconnected large
networks . That large network called as Network Service Providers (NSP).

• The internet structure built up of packets and routers.

• Addresses are the embedded in the headers of packets.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 51

Connectivity Technologies

Fig. IoT
Protocols

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 52

 Connectivity Technologies – IoT Protocols

• Application Layer – In this layer , protocol define how the data can
be sent over the network with the lower layer protocols using the
application interface.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 53

 IoT Communication Models
• Request Response Communication Model
• The Client sends requests to the server and the server responds
to the requests

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 54

 IoT Communication Models
• When the server receives a request , it processes the request ,
retrieves resource representations , prepares the response , and
then sends the response to the client.

• Request Response model is a stateless communication model so

each request-response pair is independent of others

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 55

IoT Communication Models – Publish Subscribe
Communication Model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 56

 IoT Communication Models – Publish Subscribe
Communication Model
• Publish Subscribe Communication model has three elements publishers ,
brokers and consumers

• Publishers are the source of data in communication.

• Publishers send the data to the topics.

• Broker is managed that data.

• Broker has record of all subscribed consumer as per the topic.

• Once the data is received from publisher , broker sends the data to all
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 57
subscribed consumer.
Publish Subscribe Communication Model – JS Java
Script file for Publish / subscribe channel

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 58

 Publish Subscribe Communication Model – JS
Java Script file for Publish / subscribe channel
• Publish Subscribe means Java Script file containing multiple
methods

• Pub Sub is Application Event

• Pub Sub Web Components

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 59

Pub Sub is Web Component

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 60

 Pub Sub is Web Component

• After click on Publisher component message send

through Broker to the Subscriber component

• Message will be get and display at Subscriber

component

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 61

Push-Pull Communication Model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 62

 Push-Pull Communication Model
• In Push Pull Communication model , in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues

• In this communication model queues are used to separate out the single producers
consumer communication.

• Producer do not need to be aware of the consumers

• In this queue also act as buffer

• Queue used in such situations when there is a mismatch between the rate at which
the producers push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 63
Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 64

 Exclusive Pair Communication Model

• Exclusive pair comm model is a bidirectional , fully duplex communication

• It uses a persistent connection between the client and server

• It means once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection

• Once the connection setup client and server can send messages to each other

• Exclusive pair is stateful comm model

• The server is aware of all the open connection

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 65

 IoT Communication APIs
• What is IoT API ?
• The application program or programming interface

• API is ties together the connected things of the Internet of things

• IoT APIs are provides the interaction between an IoT device and the
internet or other element in the network

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 66

 In between OLA
APP and
Passenger API is
existing
When Passenger
is placing order /
request to
Zomato/ OLA

Then request
goes to API and
from API request
further send to
Google map and
from Google
map location will
be send back to
Passenger App

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 67

HOW API Works?

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 68

 What is API Key ?
• When we download new Application then asking for sign up
with Google and Sign up with Facebook
• Your credential get check with Google server or Facebook
server
• Why it require ?

• If any new APP developed and anyone want to use then

check credential of user with the help of Google or Facebook
• But only Login with Google / sign in with google does not
add security , It can be misuse also
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 69
 How to Add Security between APP and
System Data ?
• Zomato cannot access directly Google Map

• In between Zomato and Google Map there is API Key

• In between APP and Web services there is API Key

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 70

 Covid Vaccination Registration ?
• Covid vaccination registration had slots for vaccination registration

• So When Person was wanted to do Registration of Vaccination

• No slots were available

• But Government made Setu API and with the help of Setu API

• Setu API was making booking automatically with the help of API Key
• Automatically Alert was going through Telegram App to users

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 71

API Application Programming Interface Key

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 72

API Application Programming Interface Key

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 73

HTTP Method

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 74

REST Communication API

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 75

 REST Communication API

• Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural style by

which you can design web services and web APIs

• These APIs focus on a system resource and how resource states are
addressed and transferred

• REST APIs follow the request response communication model

• Most of the API works over HTTP which consist of HTTP Command.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 76
Client Server Communication using REST

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 77

REST Based API has following Characteristics

• Client Server – The Principle behind the client server constraint is the
separation of concern.

• Clients should not be worry storage of data in server.

• Stateless : Each request from client side must contain all the
information necessary to understand the request.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 78

Web Socket based Communication API

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 79

 Web Socket based Communication API
• Web Socket APIs is bidirectional , full duplex communication between clients
and servers.
• Web Scoket APIs follows the exclusive pair communication model
• Unlike Request – Response APIs such as REST the WebSocket APIs do not
require a new connection to be setup for each message to be sent.
• Client to the server communication through the web socket communication
begins with a connection setup request

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 80

 Web Socket based Communication API
• Web socket communication starts with the connection setup from client
to the server

• After connection setup the client and server can send data or message to
each other in full duplex mode

• Advantage of Web socket APIs is it reduce the network traffic and

latency as there is overhead connection setup and termination requests
for each message

• Web socket suitable for low latency and high throughput requirement
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 81
 Four Pillars of IoT

• M2M (Machine to Machine)

• RFID

• WSN

• SCADA

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 82

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 83
 M2M
• M2M means Machine to Machine Communication

• M2M enables flow of data between machines which monitors data

by means of sensors.

• At other end gathered data is extract the information and processes

it.

• M2M mostly uses cellular wireless network

• M2M is also called as subset of IoT

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 84
 M2M
• Features of M2M Communication System
• Low Power Consumption
• Monitoring
• Online small Data Transmission
• Packet switched
• Low mobility
• Time controlled
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 85
 M2M Application
Sr. No. Industry M2M Application

1 Automotive Passenger Vehicle Monitoring , maintenance

, safety , control , entertainment

2 Energy / Utilities Smart metering , Electric line monitoring ,

Gas/oil/water/pipeline monitoring
3 Security Commercial Home Security monitoring

4 Financial ATM , Vending machine

5 Health care Monitoring patients with surgery

6 Public safety Highway , bridge traffic management ,

Police , fire , emergency services 86
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune
 M2M Application
• Example –

• Smart Alarm Clock

• If your train is cancelled due to poor weather , a smart alarm clock

determine the extra time you will need to take extra route

• Similarly wake up you early depends on weather condition so you will

not get late for work

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 87

 M2M Application
• Examples –

• Smart home , connected thermostat automatically switch the heating

ON when room temperature falls below certain point.

• Remote locking system enables you to open the door when visitors are

visiting to your home then by your smart phone remotely you can unlock

it.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 88

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 89
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 90
M2M Communication

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 91

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 92
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 93
 Four Pillars of IoT – M2M Protocol
• M2M Machine to Machine uses networking technologies to enable both
wireless and wired systems to connect and communicate with devices of the
same ability.

• Key applications are :

• Connecting machines to other machines -e.g. Remote Production

Environment

• Connecting machines to service centers — e.g. reporting maintenance issues

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 94

 Four Pillars of IoT – M2M Protocol
• M2M protocols are well-defined architecture consisting of communication

parameters and paradigm to exchange the data or information over the network.

• Each protocol defines the packet size, rules of communication, security over a

network, communication requirements and other properties of the M2M

network so that it will help to connect low powered, lossy devices to the world of

the Internet.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 95

Four Pillars of IoT – M2M Protocol

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 96

 Four Pillars of IoT – M2M Protocol
Protocol Classification

There are three major groups of protocols used for M2M communication:

Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) are used in industrial automation systems to

exchange soft real-time data for instance between programmable logic controllers
and supervisory, control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.

Representational State Transfer (REST) architecture style which defines

constraints to the used components, connectors, and data elements.

Message Oriented Protocols supports the asynchronous data transfer between the
distributed system.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 97
 Request/Response model

• 1. The Request/Response model, commonly used in the distributed

system to exchange information through message passing between a
sender and receiver.

• This is where clients request information from a server and server

responds to these requests accordingly. Examples : HTTP, CoAP

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 98

Request/Response model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 99

 Publish/Subscribe model

• The Publish/Subscribe model, which is based on an event broker to

forward updates (notifications) to interested users (subscribers),
regarding changes of senders’ (publishers’) statuses.

Example: MQTT, AMQP

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 100

Publish/Subscribe model

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 101

 M2M communication protocols

• This is an overview of the M2M communication protocols and its

classification based on the pattern and the behavior of the data
transfer over the network.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 102

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 103
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 104
 RFID, or radio-frequency identification

RFID, or radio-frequency identification, is the wireless non-contact

use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data for the purposes of
automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.

An RFID tag, in its most simplistic form, is comprised of two parts – an

antenna for transmitting and receiving signals, and an RFID chip (or
integrated circuit) which stores the tag’s ID and other information.
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 105
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 106
 RFID Tags
• Passive tag has no internal power source,

• Active RFID tag comes equipped with its own battery

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 107

 RFID Tags

• Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz. ...

• Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz. ...

• Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags.

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 108

RFID Architecture

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 109

 RFID
• Second Pillar of IoT is RFID Radio Frequency Identification

• RFID Card is Simplified , low cost , disposable contactless smartcard

• RFID tag include chip and that chip contain static number

• RFID tag include attribute of tagged object

• It also include antenna that enables the chip to transmit the store
number to the reader
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 110
 RFID
• An RFID system involves hardware known as readers and tags as
well as RFID software

• Uses radio frequency to read and capture information stored on a

tag attached to an object

• A Tag can be read from up to several feet away and does not need to
be within direct line of sight of the reader to be tracked

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 111

 RFID
• It uses NFC (Next field communication protocol)

• IC(Integrated circuit) cards

• Radio waves

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 112

RFID Tag

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 113

RFID Working

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 114

WSN Wireless Sensor Network

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 115

 WSN Wireless Sensor Network
• Wireless Sensor N/w senses and gathers data

• sensors which are spatially distributed

• WSN Collect this data into a centralized location with the help of wired
/ wireless connection

• Recently development of WSN is WSANs that are capable observing the

physical world

• Based on observation it makes the decision and performed the

appropriate action
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 116
 WSN Wireless Sensor Network

• Wireless sensor network consist of three elements , sensors , wireless

communication modules and Open source API
• The development of WSN was motivated by military application for
example battlefield surveillance
• Sensor network contains

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 117

Wireless Sensor Node

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 118

 WSN Wireless Sensor Network
Application
• Forest Fire detection

• Weather Monitoring System

• Military Surveillance System

• Manufacturing process control in large industries

• Smart building system to control indoor climate

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 119
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 120
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 121
 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

• SCADA is supervisory control and Data Acquisition

• SCADA is used to connect , monitor and control equipment's using short

range network inside a building or an industrial plant

• SCADA is software used to control the hardware

• Example – PLC , drives , servers , sensors and also obtain the data which is

stored on the personal computer or Human Machine Interface

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 122
Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 123
SCADA Architecture

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 124

 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
• SCADA uses Bacnet (communication protocol)

• CanBus and Wired Field Buses (Industrial Computer Network

Protocols)

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 125

 SCADA Architecture

• 1. Sensors – There are two types of Sensors analog and Digital

• Example- Temperature ,Humidity , Current , Motion and water

applications

• Data Acquisition system connect with RTU to take measurements

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 126

 SCADA Architecture

• 2. RTU Remote Terminal Unit : RTU connects to sensor in the process

as well as SCADA master using communication network

• They deliver various parameters to central to central station SCADA

master to be managed by them

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 127

 SCADA Architecture

• 3.HMI Human Machine Interface – HMI is interaction on human

operators and machines

• HMI is tool that presents process data to a human operator and

through this the human operator monitors and controls the process

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 128

 SCADA Architecture
• 4. SCADA Master : SCADA master consist of programmable controls ,

multiprotocol support and provides human interface

• It takes inputs from sensors through RTU and controls various applications

• SCADA master provides various display formats like graphs , tabular and

other forms

• It also provides email/paging based on certain conditions

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 129
 SCADA Architecture

• Communication medium / Network : It is work an interface to connect

SCADA master with SCADA RTUs

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 130

 SCADA Applications
• Electric Utilities – Manage current , voltage , circuit breaker , power Grid

• Water and Sewage – Monitor and control water level , water flow and water
pipe pressure

• Building – control heating , ventilation , air conditioning , visualization ,

lighting and building access system

• Mass Transit – Regularization of electricity , track and locate buses , trains

• Railway / Roadways – Control traffic signal lights

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 131

Thank You

Prof.Sachin S. Patil ZCEOR Pune 132