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THEORY AND PROBLEMS
FOR

PRE-CALCULUS 12

CRESCENT BEACH PUBLISHING

R. J. Mickelson
Author: R. J. Mickelson

Editors: Ken Borrie, Surrey School District #36, Surrey BC (Retired)

Gretchen McConnell, Math Tutorial Services, Surrey BC

Design: Vince Vachon, Carpe Diem New Publishing, Victoria BC

Photography: Mel Yap, http://yap.dphoto.com

Publisher: Crescent Beach Publishing

12675 Beckett Road
Surrey, BC Canada V4A2W9

Phone: 604 538-5494

Fax: 604 538-5454
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: crescentbeachpublishing.ca

Theory and Problems for Pre-Calculus 12

ISBN 978-0-9864875-6-9
Copyright Registration Number 1072409

Other Publications:

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Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing, November 12, 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Printed in Canada, January 2014

This book is not covered by Access © licensing program.

For Ann. We could not have done this without you.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 - Transformations

Functions and Relatioagsereaee serene eee ee en ee aoe eee cn cr sedesidsacts inchcteoustetberteeseses 5

Arithmetic Combinations Of mmetians terete teat ee eee coer tes sedieasecsacececedesseses 11
Composite Functions geste eae eee eee nee Bede RON acs se enceveh cote acensucncezsssxeicssesients 17
Transformations of Grains ceceaa te eese cetera th teers eee loon cet nas fxoenoasscsrsasiehscuptansansseonvon 27
Tnverse Functions .cicccessccne eae eee ee ee esse Nese ecw saeg Teasecocens Sacattevesbdnaceevenne 39
Combined Transtormiaitons 1s. cae caree state te a ee clare ce enon sscec,edteercnacicosecssseenacooens 48
Chapter Reviewers ee eee ee re rec cenreooc cae cn eatenenvaketeescazecedt cacvaseses 54

Chapter 2 - Polynomials

Zl Polynomials 2p re eas cecaweadncnersteees ceosbronncs secs 67

Zee Graphing Polyitomnial Binnicticonrst ee eee meet ea eee aeUe Dogs eset ccs taeyn des sdietgansaesceeds cbecesdceueses- el
Division of Poliymornuval siege ee eared ee Ee ak. cea scevalpesesetsaasienecsnasnsdans 84
The Remainder and: Facton (itecicetts sees eee etree dt, otis sivas lyase sgucceneeccsvacceianialsstese: 93
Polynomial A pplicati@ris cia cae eure eet elas eck Me ayeeh ny cecscaccsadcececrscvcceauch soiacnds 100
Chapter Review air rat e ee eeeeee e etr tr, A Reehgns Cees sesteonckerendteeesstne eefeises 104

Chapter 3 - Radicals and Rational Functions

Sel 2 Radicals see ee eee eee eee ane eet ee eee factectecers exerscceensetstece vase 113
3:2. ‘Graphing and Solving Radical Eeaut oris me etree te terete eekca cosh ac cescece secnoskévoxecsosteesevesane 122
3.3: . Rational Functionssvcccve-cuemen sce eee oe eee eee eee ee ee Re cede canons 129
3.4- Graphing Ratiomal Rue icteg gee errr ete teen ec ee cc ss aoces sok save rencicevaesebesvednenses roo
3.5; ‘Chapter Reviews cvt-ccs oe ee eee er eee See ENE Ri ccd noch ds cscciedatcswersbncadene 146

Chapter 4 - Logarithms

Srl EX POMENIS.c~0--. cnt enses cere Soy eeenete tee See ene eee te ee SER NO ace h Sent ese eaceseees venstateeve 155
490° Logarithmic Functions and. ei raps eenem ere oe ee es nite Lt O I) a Losi tieebens 163
ASig" Properties of Logarithinis es yar mere ee te ee es on cross te oeleccasesev esses owaccensconedecastenss 171
44 Exponential and Logarttiantect: ara rnts veer ert eco. 2c. sacas sc osscsevsesacsnteasencieeaccscsasenceeses 180
45° ©Applications of Exponentialtand Logarithmic Equations ees... ctntcrek sc. ccssessckasssuetestecescecttvteosesees 188
AG’: \CitapterROVICW.:..c- soiree reece eee ete teens ti BCR OER BTN soy Sottn nbvcuiesaiasdcGedvosetees lounesdneens 194
Chapter 5 - Trigonometry, Part I

oa s 209
Angles and Their Measure .............s:ssscscsssesessecesesesesenseesesssssssesnenenenenenenenesesscnscescenesssessesoneseenenesesees
ay Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles ..........cccceeeeeee sestesesesrsesssssene neeseneneenereenereen etsenereeneeeeseegs 216
ais) Trigonometric Functions - General and Special Angles ..........:sscssssss eseseteneeseseeerese neneeseneneeesens 225
5.4 Graphing Basic Trigonometric FUNCTIONS ...........:::cscsceceseeeseeeseseseretetsesesesetessessenenseneesenseseneeseneeseneegs 25>
Be) Applications of Periodic FUNCtiONS..............:cccccsssesesssseseecessenetecserereeessessseessssseesaessessessseneensensseneeeees 245
5.6 CHAPtCLROVICW i csacecssessoues: pueccan<iuocioiss-csoisuvonvnsssonse Svea ansasisaaa seeee itienadnn
cuosenavecyg eee neater 250

Chapter 6 - Trigonometry, Part II

6.1 Tirmconometnc Identities atid! EQuatiOMs «.i ...c.sar.1..0s2-cenisssesenesenes otceeesctonesesescece Mtpatemetneee eee eaemnatiy 259,
6.2 VERILY IIMS LEIS ONOMIEMICLGONLIUIOS «2. 0 s.c0ssdusoessasesassecsoosseadese sosscavecesssdenssesOiaetde oetee meee ena eee 268
6.3 PDR ORIGIN CTITO EU ULOUNS 3.2027 shez 2h gs adc inaselveaendconcevessvessverwsvacs-cuesescense¥onecsseeceee
ete oeeten mene eee een 2D
6.4 SPU TEC LCIICE LCOMLIMLES 36 kes pel pschess ens oeuciasceeecsudevavonee sdeecuscasber dened ea: en ce 287
6.5 iDYayto)Veanut(23)VMIFa Sia819 (Cie Sm ie eee PR EE hs ctinaon 296
6.6 aI CVICWim rere ener ces eons seein, cok cabeonersivavesasabboceokagsievinsbusjareene dese ee 305

Chapter 7 - Combinatorics

1 PMMCabontal © OUNCE PEINCIDIC ©, 2.0.5., ccvesccnccivser snvnascszsoesévennosote nstbveuconeessoet

ee Ree eee 315
1692 BeeCENVUSENE
IOU SP tees tec ia cue set Ties viba Soa ia vaghd eka bianiusnoceessusosvaceenoans Seen 323
1h) EAU LUNGS sy Renton RIE Tee sacs Sais ss cde soaudgi ocbseousdavdbeesalascelec tveate oe Ee 529).
7.4 SAO MIMIAI MUCOTCTINN geese. sevice see eet ca2 Aladcacivheystyvi>~ outsitcamaep gander ie ote ae 334
Es) |
LEUNGBia] 0) 0)Lo)1a eae ee a eMC SS 338
7.6 ROAD LCIaTSCV Ne Wires te teersce Lobe ves vader Ss sos eetalecs binds sid ae 341

Index
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.1 — Functions and Relations (Review) # 5

Functions and Relations (Review,

In Mathematics, determining the relationship between two variables is a very important concept. This chapter
will show how to visualize relations and functions by means of a graph. Graphs will become central to each
aspect of this chapter, for both theoretical understanding and problem solving.

Relations

A relation is a set of ordered pairs, in other words, just a number of points in a coordinate plane.

a) 4 , b) ee
|
1 @
1

Reaeamera ira os
=) -1
een0 1 2
-2 -] 0 1 9)

on af of vatag
2 2

AY
© 2) d) 2° °

1 O 14

a T rips oe CX
i T aa a! T ia Gi
a hale a 1 5) 2 -1 | 1 2

eae ° |

2 =2

Presented above are examples of relations. The set of x-values of all the points is called the domain of
the relation, and the set of y-values is called the range. In example a) above, the domain is —1, 1, 2, and
the range is —1, 0, 2.

If you are allowed to use any set of numbers you want for the domain or range, then “all real numbers” is the
answer. (See Example | below.)

Ga

The domain is x 20
The range is “all real numbers.”

a
a a
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
6 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

the set
The domain and range become harder to identify when there is no graph. Remember, the domain is
of x numbers, and the range is the set of y numbers used in the equation. There are two main concerns when
working with domain and range in any equation:

¢ not having a negative number inside an even root, and

¢ not having zero in the denominator.

y=2—-V3-x

In this example, the domain is x < 3 because an even root must be 2 0, so 3-x20 > x83.
The range is y <2 because it is 2 minus the positive value of ¥3—x.

Functions

The next concern is to find out what kind of relations are functions. The following is a definition of a function.

Definition of a Function

For every value of the domain (x-value), there is one and only one value for the range
(y-value), or, each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

What does this mean? It says any x-value can only have one y-value.

a) (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, -1) is a function because each x-value 1, 2, 3 has only one value for y.

b) (1,3), (1, -3), (2, 4) is not a function.

ce) (1,3), (1, 2), (4, 5) is not a function because x =1 gives y=2 and y=3,
i.e., two values. Ify is to an even power, then it can’t be a function,
e.g., x+y? =9—> y=+V9-x’ (two values ofy for each x-value).

One-to-One Functions

If any x-value (input) matches with exactly one y-value (output), then the function is one-to-one.

Definition of a one-to-one function:

A function in which every one value of the domain (x-value), is associated with one value
of the range (y-value), and vice versa.
This means that if f is a one-to-one function, then for each x in the domain of f, there is
one and only one y in the range, and no y in the range is the image of more than one x in
the domain.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission
from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.1 — Functions and Relations (Review) ¢ 7

Hierarchy of Relations, of Functions, and of One-to-One Functions

relation

function

one-to-one
function

Domain Range Domain

ft) Range Domain
OR Range
A one-to-one function A function but not Not a function, just
one-to-one. Both arelation. x, goes
x, and x, goto y,. to both y, and y,.

Line Tests for Functions

It is very easy to tell if a relation is

* just a relation
* a function
* a one-to-one function

by looking at its graph.

Vertical line test for functions:

An equation defines y as a function of x if and only if every vertical line in the coordinate
plane intersects the graph of the equation only once.

Horizontal line test for one-to-one functions:

A function, y, is a one-to-one function of x if and only if every horizontal line in the

coordinate plane interesects the function at most only once.

a
amen
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
8 ¢ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

State whether each of the following relations is a function, a one-to-one function,

or neither.

~ Solution: a) A vertical line intersects the graph once, a horizontal line intersects the graph once,
therefore, graph is a one-to-one function.
b) A vertical line intersects the graph once, a horizontal line intersects the graph more
than once, therefore, graph is just a function.
c) A vertical line intersects the graph more than once, so this is not a function.

Determine the domain and range of the following relations:

b) c)

~ Solution: a) Domain: -3<x<3

Ranges tag 210 1.2}

b), Domain) \=3,.—2,.—1;,.0,.1;,2}

Range: —3<
y <3

c) Domain: —3Sxs3
Range: -3<y<l

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus
hte 12 Section
ee
e a g I A 1.1 —FeFunctions
tl ele Deand
DARelations
ne lh (Review)
Ga al J ¢llaeele
9

1.1 Exercise Set

1. Complete the following sentences.

a) For any function, the set of x-values (input) is called the

b) _ For any function, the set of y-values (output) is called the
c) One value of the domain is paired with exactly one value of the range is a
d) Every value of the domain is paired with exactly one value of the range is a

e) A set of ordered pairs is called a yelatt

f) Ina graph, the domain is located on the
g) Ina graph, the range is located on the

h) When a relation is graphed, a line test is used to determine if the relation

isa ‘ NO ae
=
i - ,‘ [ eee
4 . 1

i) When a relation is graphe

used to determine if the relation is a one 4.
2. Determine if the following relations are functions, one-to-one functions or neither.

' l/ XI ay
a) (pees eee b) | ———_—_>a c) ror d)
ee at

e) Girls age walhrenen gh ematicians Birthdays g) Birthday Mathematicians

(in months) (grams)
Leonardo Leibniz
2 te da Vinci
i. July 1 ee Poncelet
7 ——— 10.3 Euler :
Chernoff

one “to 0ne func U

h) _ Province ighbouring i) Chase Cat j) Car Cylinder

aah B.C. Cat ————> Fish Audi 4 cyclinder —

Alberta en
Saskatchewan Fish ————>» Worm Ford ea 6 cyclindér
Manitoba << "a
Ontario f
nerThet

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
10 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

3. For each graph, determine the domain, range, and if the graph is a function (yes/no).

a)
Ne (N~<UN
eS N N

c)
9 S
rs “A
i
a: p's
tS
ry
NU

e)

jo)'TiB?
,i
F IN
ae 8 \
= N ,

'
aE

g)

\S) \ N Nn
al

zs

i)
\
ne,
ies
|
Te
(1
> —

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.2 — Arthitmetic Combinations of Functions ¢ 11

Arithmetic Combinations of Fur1c fo)

Any real number can be combined by the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
to form another real number. This concept can be used with functions in the same way. For example, the
functions given by f(x)=3x+2 and g(x)=x° —4 can be combined to form the sum, difference, product,
and quotient of fand g.
F(xyP ey =x eZ) e (x?-4) sum

=x°+3x-2
S(®)-— 2(%) = Gx +2)- (x?-4) difference

=—-x° +3x+6

f(x)g(x)= 3x42)" =4) product

= 3x? +2x" -12x-8

Paar xe 42 Wuotient

The domain (x-values) of this combination of functions fand g is the set of real numbers that are common to the
domain of fand g. Therefore, we can state the following:

Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotients of Functions

Let f and g betwo functions. Then the sum f+, the difference f—g,

the product fg , and the quotient - are functions defined by the following equations:

1. Sum (f+ g\(x)= f(x) +8(x)

2. Difference (f — gx) = f(x)— g(x)
3. Product = (fg)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

4. Quotient [L]o = Le), 2(x) 40

g g(x)

Compute each expression, given that the functions f, g, h, and k are defined as follows:

fQ@y=2x +1, Cer

aor tl. | ixyax, . k(x)=2

a) (f +g)x)
b) (h—k)(x)

©) Cae
d) (fk)1)—(hg\2)
e) [h- (f+ g)](x)

ar rr a eee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
12 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

> Solution: a) (f +2\(x)= f(x) t+9(x) = (2x41) +(x? -2x4 1) =x? +2

b) (h—k)(x) =A(x)—-k(x)=x° -2

g [2|n-4 : gi3) 52-4 8

7. Ae.
CN aia.
d) (fk)U)—(hg)(2) = f(Dk()— A(2)g(2) = 3-2-8: 1=-2
e) A(x)[ f(x)+g(x) |=? [|
Qx+ 1+? 2x4 1) |=x°@? +2) eae
Use the graphs of f, g, and / to evaluate the functions.
y Y

H Vee

y= f(x) y=g(x) y= h(x)

a) (f+g)(3)_ b) [Ah c) (fgh)(l) d) graph: (f—h)(x) e) graph: (fg)(x)

> Solution: a) (f+2)(3)=

f(3)+ 2(3)=-14+1=0

h A(5) 3
Dek 16)=— =
Ho ZO)e
e) (Fgh) = fg(MA() =(-DGB)\(-1 =3
d) Graph: (f —h)(x)
= f(x)— h(x) e) Graph: (f NOOO)
x SOauG) % f(x)g (x)
25 DACA=6 ai 1-5=5
0 O2E Va 2 0 0-4=0
1 Se (=0 l ~1-3=-3
2 eee 2 meat aio:
4 0-2=-2 3 Tabet
6 2-4=-2 ms
5
Yee
(===

6 2:-2=-4
or for x <2 or forx
<2

f(x)— h(x) =—x-(x-2) f(x)g (x) =-x(-x + 4) = 2? -—4x44-4

=—2x+2 =(x-2)-4

fOr forx>2

De eo ?) f(x)g (x)= (4-4-0 +4) =-x? +8x-16

ae: =~(x? -8x+16)
=—(x-4)°

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the
publisher
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.2 — Arthitmetic Combinations of Functions ¢. 13

1.2 Exercise Set

1. Use the following functions f, g, h, i,j, and k, to find:

f(x) =2x? +5x4+3, g(x)=2x-1, A(x)=3, ye jajy=x =!) K(x)=——

% Xx

a) (g+j)(2) b) (f-k\-2)

ce) (hi)(3) d) (jk)(-3)

(Fe EI
Oe be Da ae:

g) [A}-2 h) (k-i)(7)
k-i)(7

2. Use the same functions f£ g, h, i,7, and k to find the function and its domain:

f(x)=2x? +5043, g@)= xe a. oe: ion) =x" SA, ree

x XZ
& ) (f-g\x) b) (f+ i)(x)

5 He d) [Ao

e) (gk\(x) f) [E}on

g) [4] bh) (gs2)

a er mr
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12
14 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations
s:
on of f, g, h, k and / are defined as follow
3. Find each expression, given that the functi

> (Ae
k(x)=3, i= eats

» fhe!
g(x)= eee 69) x,
f(x)=2x +1,

fal edt
f

) d) (Af (x) + (AD)

c) [ACF +)I]@)
Ge\s 60) ~ KG: Q s<)
Bo at vay, 4

ton”
3 Nebo
et eaCEN, Ge ae
(
/
(Uk x) —(Un(x)

h) (g-—g)(x)
g) (gt+g)(x)

D (g+g)-2)-Cg)-2)
i) (kg)(*)

4. Find (ft 9), (f-90) (BIG) GG) [L)e. and [Eee if:

b) f@)= 29 ae g(x)=x+1
a) f(x)=x-4, axy=x tz

hoses x
A i = Vx9 2(x)= Bh
\ VE

Pa

e e written permission from the publisher.

part of this publication may be reproduced without
ght © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No
Copyri
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.2 — Arthitmetic Combinations of Functions ¢ 15

For questions 5 to 8, use the graph of y f(x) and y = g(x) to graph:

a) (f+ g)(x) b) (F-g)Q@) c) (g— f\*) OS ie gx) e) 2f+ uw

xe
b)

H
ji
|
H
j

ee
Hi

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
16 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

a) (f+g)(x) b) (f-g)x) c) (g- fx) d) (sat = gx) ®) Gare

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 = Section 1.3 — Composite Functions @ 17

Composite Functions

We can combine functions by another method, the composition function. This method is based on the algebraic
process of substitution. For example, if f and g are two functions defined by:

fax g(x)=2x-1
Choose any number in the domain of g, say x = 3. We can compute g(3):

g(3)=2(3)-1=5

Now, let’s use the output 5 that g has produced as an input for f. We obtain:

Fr 25

Therefore,

F(g(3)) = 25
Summarizing,

1. Start with the input value of x and calculate g(x).

2. Use g(x) as an input for f, and calculate f(x), that is, calculate f(g(x)).

We use the notation fog to denote the function, read f circle g or f composed with g. The domain of fog
consists of those x’s in the domain of g whose range values are in the domain of / (i.e., those x’s for which
g(x) is in the domain of /).

input x

evaluate J é compose
gatx input g(x) into f(x) fwith g

fut output 2(x) aa ped output (fo g) (x) = f(g(x))

Our formal definition follows:

Composite of Functions fog

The composite function fog oftwo functions f and g is defined by (f° g)(x)= f(g(%)).
For all x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f.

ie., (f° g)(x) has the domain restriction of g(x) as well as the domain restriction of the final composite
function (f° g)(x).

I a a ea sg ee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
18 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

If f(x)=1-x’?, g(x) =2x+3, find

a) (fogy(x) b) (go fix)

> Solution: — a) (fog\(x)= f(g(2))

af (2X 3R5) substitute g(x)
=1-(2x+3) in f (x) change every x to 2x +3

=1-(4x7+12x+9) expand

=—4x? -12x-8 simplify

g(x) and (f° g)(x) do not have any domain restriction so the domain is all real numbers.

b) (g° P(x)=g(f())
= g(1-x’) substitute f(x)

=2(1—x’)+3 in g(x) change every x to1—x?*

Be OX eS expand
=—2x7 +5 simplify

f(x) and (go f)(x) do not have any domain restrictions so the domain is all real numbers.

Note: (f°g)(x) is not the same as (go f)(x).

Bemee —sIf f(x) =x? and g(x)=2x-1, find (fog\(-2).

» Solution: Method 1 Method 2
(Foe)= Ee) (fe g\-2)= f(g(-2)
ct = f(2(-2)-1)
aan = f(-5)
= 47° —Ay+] me(=
and therefore = 95
(feg)(-2)=4(-2)' -4(-2)+1
= 25

If f(x)=x?-1 and g(x)=x, find (fog\(x), the domain of fog and sketch
the graph.

> Solution: (fog \(x)= f(g(x))

= f(vx) ;
= (Vx) -1
=x-1

Inve) = ale , there is a domain restriction of Ae =),

In (f °g)(x)=x-—1, there appears to be no restriction

on x. However, the domain of (f° g)(x) is restricted
by the domain for g(x) ie. x20.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.3 — Composite Functions ¢ 19

x 1
If f(x)= Toit ie
d = ——.,
eee
find

a) (fog)(x) and its domain.

b) (ge f)(x) and its domain.

P Solution: a) (fogsix)=S(ea)af (4)

iy alt
— xt ieee ee: ee
1 -. l1-x-l -x x
x+1 x+1

inoyee x#-1;in(f°og)(x), x40

ae
Therefore, the domain of (f° g)(x)isx #0,-1.

b) (e° No) =e Fa) =4{x-1|

5 |
a 1 4 1 1 ESE:
nar Gee Wy=1
+1]
x-1 x-l

In f@=—, x#L in (oo f Kx), xe

Therefore, the domain of (go f)(x) isx# >:t.

If f={(, d), (3, e)} andg= {(a, 1), (6, 3), (c, 5)}, find (f° g)(x).
P Solution: (fegiay=f(gla))= fM=d
(fog\b)=f@@)= {G)=e
(feg\(c)= f(g(c)) = f(5), but 5 is not in the domain f(x)
so (f © g)(c) cannot be found.

Hence (f ° g)(x) = {(a, d), (6, e)}

ee ee | eee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
20 Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Use the graph of the two functions to find:

a) (fog)

b) (g°g)(5)

> Solution: a) (fog)()= f(g())

= (3)
=
b) (g°g)(5)=2(gG6))
= 2 (0)
==3

Compute aeareeies h#0

for f(x) = 2x? +3

& Solution: f(x) =2x" +3

f(ath)=Ax+h) +3 thus feeth)= fee)_ 20+? +3]-[21°+3]

h h
[227 +2xh+h?)+3|-| 2x? + 3|
h
of 2x? +4xh+2h? +3-2x? -3
h
\ 4xh+2h?
h
=4x+2h

Note: This combining function is a technique that will be extremely useful when studying
calculus.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.3 — Composite
a
a al e ee Functions ¢ 21
ORS Veet

Decomposing a Composite Function

When decomposing a composite function, we ask ourselves what function (of the composition) is on the
inside — the input value — and what function is on the outside — the output value.

Given h(x)=~x-—2 , find two functions fand g so that (f° g)(x)=A(x).

> Solution: We see that x — 2 is inside the radical, thus g(x) =x-—2, and the radical is outside,
so f(x)=Vx.
check (f° g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x - 2)
=vVvx-2

= h(x)

Given h(x)=Vx+5, find functions fand g so that h(x) =(fog)(x).

» Solution: Since the formula for h(x) says to first add 5 and then take the cube root, we get

g(x)=x+5 and f(x)= 4x

Then (fogy(x)= f(g(x))
= f(x+5)

=Vx4+5

= h(x)

3
Given h(x)= (ve+ i —2, find two functions fand g so that (fog)(x)=h(x).

P Solution: — Insideis Vx +1, thus g(x)=Vx4+1.

Outside is x°-2, thus f(x)=x°-2.

check (fog)(x)= f(g(x))= f (Vx+1)

= (vxdy1)eS
= h(x)

Note: The solution to decomposing a composite function is not unique; other answers
are possible, too.

a ee ee es
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 Pre-Calculus 12
22 Chapter 1 — Transformations

1.3 Exercise Set

1. What is the domain of the following functions?

Dee)
42. - xGC f
ec) f(xyavx42
XE
e) f(x)=

g) f(x)=Ni-¥
+Z2Ks|
| =i
Puen 2x? 3x41, 2(2)2x21>’ hQ)=5, i@=S
4 2 | 6
7 oe
a, Ske Wes

« G u a ae
zeT ca
a e
) 4)2x env Gan bas,
ee{c Me A 2
Hat ad) j(e(0))> : |
2 aa _)
Ae
i
i
ei ; ft(|) -—>

eet oefe
AS
-0

e) ACi(-D) gelj= ) fU@) 3 pz)-

u Cis i,
g) (hege G2 ne ssBeTT

mesinf (Cb) on Yeo

fi}lA,
Do were Pe) P

a. OKYtP y fC
i) (joheog\-3)

2 ‘ = —
/ 5

fax yes
k) (fehe fi) ay A

40):“243 2x JP
Copyright © 2009 by Cre
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.3 — Composite Functions ¢ 23

3. Use fand g by the following table of values to evaluate the following:

apes 3 7 Pa el. 4 6
Bom ge eyo ee ae
a) (0) eeeg(1)

c) (fogy-l) a (fog)(4) indie

e) (go f\0) HF (ee). = Y

g) (feg)\l) Vind ® tno h) (gof)\(-2)

é x b: ap oe

ae xX i, 3 : |
i! Say a ee

AGE Xt) E12 =f

f(x’? +x- sna 2 Y PACE /

fe)At9 2Ot3) FW
aa x+3 d)

na
=X inte -h x | Eo V4 ( t2Y +x ) Sagae
= X44 4x besa (2 are)
e) f(x)=Vvx-2 and g(x)> onda (x) bis
2543 & Wy A
t(K)=Gana A:
g)
OC K)=
min i Ye
[ORE andae

FyEx,
=
Lua
24 Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

5. Find two functions f(x) and g(x) such thatcami =(f°g)(x). Answers may vary.

a) h(x)=(2x-3) (Kioe y> b) A(x) =V3x? —

oefet 5 =
{iX) Fn5) a
c) Be) Se 4x) =
# x d) es ‘

e) h(x)=vx’ “e
Cops fr+ ey oe Galea+
g) h(x) =3(2x—3)' *(2¥+4) of | joa ll) » Toy +2(2x +4)

tix) = Zx1- x! x) 22
\
6. Sketch the graph of (f° g)(x) for the following. State the
Apis

a) f(x)=x? +land g(x)=Vx |

+9ex)) =k)”
as X + |

b) f(x)=x? +2and g(x)= i | y. i

3d

nag12
+(Jo) ~ (Gay 42
EY are “2. ~
¢) Gove! eee is \

a
= |i ay

wee
TQ)

gerne X
d) f(x)= Pat

Min) 4)2

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 - Section 1.3 — Composite Functions ¢ 25

7. The first figure shows the graph of two,functions, f and g. The second figure shows the graph of two
functions, h and k. Use the gyaphs teéompute the following:

as (fe fi-A)=

b) (fog)3)4 LF
e) (fo f\-2)= |
d) (go00=— 9

|) esiysing _
f) ey 3

ry = h(x)

i) h(k(-3)= -0 “

kK) k(n(0))= ()
I) k(A(2))= -_

“m) =k(h(-4))=

n) k(h(-2)) 3

8. If f={ (3,4), (4,5), (5,6),(6,7)} and - If f(®)=4x-2 and g(x)=3x+5, findb

ove CRED) , (6, 4) SW riag 9)ehkN) sa such (fog)(x)= anes for all real :
determine: numbersx. \ ) . \

a) GW) (4 Ale

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 2 LAH. Ree ae
=Transformatio: teed \ > = —— “I Pre- sieme Z
| ¥ NG D

AG
10. ae f ot inet ae a m 4 Wieean
rhoms aN4 ¥eee
+S sald|
a ay
-

) f(x) =-3x? +2x Seah%RS

OHA)
: DK
viel GL \
TaN De. shan+) : a eontblle!

a (aati 4(2x4) -( Hh) Hy Neth

11. A circle is inscribed in a square. ea PW. go square 90 ft on each
aay NYS A tie ru sf
to first base at a rate
le ‘ 5x = Y ( Heal ee, IN

|, a) e ( )) \

Nu fh ey
a) Write the radius of the circle as a function
- Y(1 -¥X
WK — —VV/ f

of the length x of the sides of the square.

¥ GQ) = 3X
b) Write the area 4 of the circle as a functvon
of the radius.

bce) =fy 2 fen Ru1: theItthe,

a( 3

SS )i
ost a (ft 2 |
c) Find (Acr)(x).

Aw RH Yio4ind (go f)(t) and explai pe ail

:ce ip Oe
the function.

B Pi
LAL in hi
Si wey, a | Al = —Lk li
Crescent Beach Publishing. a
© 2009 byt
Copyrigh 0 partofthis publicati¥ ba a odie futhott written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.4 — Transformations of Graphs ¢ 27

Transformations of Graphs _

Knowing the graph of a basic function, and how to create different functions from these basic functions, is
called transformations. Types of transformations we will look at are:

* translations — vertical and horizontal shifts of the graph of a function

* compression and expansion of the graph
* reflection of the graph in the x-axis and y-axis

For a function y= f(x), these transformations can result in:

y=af[b(x—c)|+d
1. Translations, or shifts, are additions or subtractions shown by c or d.
Expansions, or compressions, are multiplications shown by a or b.
Reflections occur when the multipliers are negative.

2. Constants a and d, which are “outside” the original function, affect the y-value of the function.
Constants b and c, which are “inside” the original function, affect the x-value of the function.

The section will introduce each transformation separately. A later section will deal with combining multiple
types of transformations.

Translations

A translation is when a graph is shifted in the x or y direction without the shape of the graph changing.

a) Vertical translation, a> 0

If a>0O, for the graph of y =/(x) , the graph of:

y=f(x)+a is shifted up “a” units
y =f (x) —a is shifted down “a” units

The following examples show translations for different algebraic functions,

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
28 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Example F
Quadratic Graphs
y

Matex
y= f(x)
Square Root Graphs
yy

y= f(x) Vai)tl
Absolute Value Graphs
Y Dy

y=|x| y=|x|+1
y= f(x) Y= f(x)tl
Cubic Graphs

eee, y=xtl

y= f(x) Daa
eae
Reciprocal Graphs
e y
2 34
1 2
T T T ee — i) ce BO ere
eh | Lor aso
e ex LL wae
2 1

|
am Viera
x x
y= f(x) vas xyrl
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
b) Horizontal Translations

If a>0, for the graph of y= f(x), the graph of:

y= f(x+a) is shifted left a units
y= f(x —a) is shifted right a units

yax y=(x-l)
y=f(x) v= f(x-1)
The following list summarizes vertical and horizontal translations:

Vertical and Horizontal Translations of y= f(x) with point (m, n)

lita OF

1. Vertical translation of a units upward h(x)= f(x)+a, (m,n+a)

2 Vertical translation of a units downward h(x)= f(x)—a, (m,n-a)

3. Horizontal translation of a units to the right h(x)= f(x-a), (m+a,n)

4 Horizontal translation of a units to the left h(x)=f (+a), (m—a;n)

Write the equation of a function which transforms f(x) = Vx by moving 4 units right and
3 units down.

g(x)=vx-4-3

What transformations have occurred to change y= f(x) to y= f(x-2)+4?

horizontal translation: 2 units right

vertical translation: 4 units up

If (2,2) isin y= f(x), which point isin y= f(x+3)-2?

» Solution: 3 units left and 2 units down produces point (—1, 0).

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30 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Reflection

The second type of transformation is a reflection. The reflections we will discuss are either over the x-axis or
over the y-axis.

For the graph of y = f(x), the graph of:

y=-—f(x) isa reflection in the x-axis
y= f(x) isa reflection in the y-axis
y=-—/f(-x) isa reflection in the x-axis and y-axis

ae
y=f(x)
Summarizing reflections:

Reflections in the Coordinate Axes

Reflections in the coordinate axes of the graph of y= f(x) with point (m, n) are as follows:

1. Reflection in the x-axis h(x)=—/(x), (m,—n)

2. Reflection in the y-axis h(x)= f(—x), (—-m, n)

Write an equation for the function y=x* +x if it is reflected

a) in the x-axis
b) in the y-axis

> Solution: a) y=—-(x’ +x)=—-x? —x

b) y=(—-x) +(-x) =x? -x

What transformation has occurred to change y= x*+2x to y=—(x’ +2x)?

Solution: The negative is outside the original function so it affects the y-values which is a reflection
on the x-axis.

If (3,2) ison y= f(x), what point is on

a) y=—f(x)
Dey Cy)
Cay (ss)
P Solution: a) (3, -2)
b) (3, 2)
c) (3, -2)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.4 — Transformations of Graphs ¢ 31

Compression and Expansion of Graphs

Horizontal and vertical shifts or reflections leave the shape of the graph unchanged. Compression and
expansions of the original graph causes a distortion — a change in the shape of the original graph.

a) Vertical compression and expansion

For the graph of y = f(x), the graph of:

y=a-f(x) isa vertical expansion if a> 1 (expansion by a factor of a)
y=a-f(x) is a vertical compression if 0 <a <1 (compression by a factor of a)

For the graph of y = f(x), the graph of:

y=2f(x) is a vertical expansion by a factor of 2
1
y= 3u f(x) is a vertical compression by a factor of 3

Note: In y =a- f(x), you are multiplying the original y-value, f(x), by a, therefore, when a> 1, the y-value
becomes larger, or expands. When 0 <a <1, the y-value gets smaller, or compresses.

-1) y=t(x’-1)
y=3(x?
y=x-l

y=f(x) y=3f(x) itl

Vertical expansion ee F(x)
Basic graph
Deror OF? Vertical compression
by a factor of >

b) Horizontal compression and expansion

For the graph of y =/(x), the graph of:

y =f (ax) isa horizontal compression if a> 1 (by a factor of th

a

y =f (ax) is a horizontal expansion if 0<a<1 (by a factor of Ay

a

For the graph of y =/(x), the graph of:

y= f(2x) isa horizontal compression by a factor of ;

v= eh 3.) is a horizontal expansion by a factor of 3

Note: In y =f (ax), you are multiplying the original x-value by a. So when a > 1, the x-value becomes smaller,
or compresses. When) <a <1, the x-value get larger, or expands. This note and the one on a) above
read exactly the same but have opposite outcomes.
| ee ee a Eee
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32 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

y y ee

Xx Xx

y= f(a) y= f (2x) y= f(4x)

Basic graph Horizontal compression Horizontal expansion
by a factor of > by a factor of 2

c) Summary of Vertical and Horizontal Compressions and Expansions of y = f(x)

If a>1,b>1
y=af(x) isa vertical expansion by a factor of a
1
y= f(bx) is a horizontal compression by a factor of b

ifO0<a<1,0<b<1

y=af(x) isa vertical compression by a factor of a

y= f(6x) is a horizontal expansion by a factor of ;

Write an equation for the function y= Vx , with a

a) vertical expansion by a factor of 2

; : 1
b) vertical compression by a factor of 5

c) horizontal expansion by a factor of 2

d) horizontal compression by a factor of ;

P Solution: a) y=2vx_ »b) y=svx c) yo fis d) y=v2x

What transformation has happened to y= f(x) to produce y=3/f ta ?

Solution: Vertical expansion by 3

Horizontal expansion by 4

If (3, 1) ison y= f(x),

what point ison y=2 f(4x)?

, a s : , l
» Solution: This is a horizontal compression by Z so 3 - and a vertical expansion by 2,so 1— 2.

Point 2.2
4

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.4 — Transformations of Graphs # 33

When the shape of the graph changes then we know that an expansion or compression has occurred. Sometimes it
is hard to know what transformation has produced the new graph. For instance, graph y=x* changed to y=4x7-
a) y=4x Transforming y=x witha
vertical expansion by a factor
of 4.

b) Transforming y=x witha

horizontal compression by 2

factor of
|
b

These two transformations were calculated in different ways to reach the final same solution.

Sometimes, however, the graph is such that the transformation is known:

Vertical expansions and compressions leave the x-intercepts the same.
Horizontal expansion and compressions leave the y-intercepts the same.

y=1-x’ y=2(1-x*) y=i(l-xr)

y= f(x) y=2f(x) v=t f(x)

Basic graph Vertical expansion Vertical compression
by a factor of 2 by a factor of +
Same x-intercept Same x-mtercept
y
2

y=l- (2xy y= 1—| 1x)

y= $02) y= f| 1x)
Horizontal compression ta"
by a factor of 4 Horizontal expansion

Same Picea by a factor of 2

Same y-intercept

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
34 ¢ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

1.4 Exercise Set

1. Write an equation for the function that is described by the given characteristics.

a) The shape f(x)=x~, moved 4 units to The shape f(x)= x’, moved 2 units to
the left and 5 units downward. the right, reflected in the x-axis, and moved

(C4)Cat )*=J
: 2 . 3 units upward.

c) Theshape f(x)=x°, its to The shape f(x) =x=;Moved | unit

the right and 3 units downward. downward and reflected in the y-axis.

W= Wap -3 [ph CAP -

e) The shape of f(x)=|x| moved 6 units f) The shapeof f(x)=)x| moved3
upward and 3 units to the left. , | ; the left and reflectedin the x-axis.

iG he =-[X
g) The shape of f(x)= Vx moved Muni ape of f(x)= Vx moved 4 units
to the right and reflected in the A-axIS.
i
pward and reflected in the y-axis.

2. If (-3, 1) or(a, 5) is a point on the graph of y= f Opaat ih

must a point on the graph of the ee. Y

a) y=f(xt2)
Ore

*ifienbg
|) Gr uke. a.
e) y=f(-x) KE >

GA) (4,
2)
6,1) (5
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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.4
sates
T ae Rel em
EE ad —TyTransformations
iehE alle heh of Graphs
inca ¢ 35
adie Ne dee

3. Use the graph of f (x) =x to write an equation for each function whose graph is shown.
Each transformation includes or expansions/compressions. Pe
——— a

{ea
a) |

AP) Cy fe a
(2, 4)

a
2
ie x He) |

RIENCE Coz acta

Use

a)
the graph of f(x)=x°? to write 4n equation for eath/function whose
M
b) fk = -\3
ot show o

+@J=
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
36 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

9. Given the graph of y = f(x) below, sketch the graphs of the following:
y

a) y=-f(x) b) y= f(-x)

ec) y=-f(-x) d) y=f(xt))

e) y=f(x)-2

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.4 — Transformations of Graphs ¢ 37

. >) n = —1), what ve point on the following graphs?

Feet b) y=-f(x)
E44 y, a a
é d

/
~!
; ) ifrI Rt Wy
11. Given the ee Hy |
| A oles
eas edlips lv

| Bh ) 6/28 yp
a) y=2f(x) \ b) y= f(2x) 54 S ayy

Bae
4 3)

Janeus, 207e gee coe

(2,0)
pee ih) (4 e
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38 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

12. Given the graph of y= f(x) below, what equations do the following graphs, a to h, represent?

VatQ)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.5 — Inverse Functions ¢ 39

Inverse Functions

Two functions fand g that are related such that each “undoes” what the other “does” are said to be inverse
functions of one another.

Find Inverse of the Function y= f(x)

1 Verify that f is one-to-one (if not, the inverse is not a function).

2 Replace f(x) with y.
3. Interchange x and y. (Change x to y and y to x.?
4. Solve the new equation for y. “ay
5 Replace the new y with f7'(x).

NOTE: The notation f is read f -inverse.

=!
Iffis one-to-one, then the inverse fis a function, and if f is not one-to-one, then the inverse is not a function.

Determine f' for f(x)=2x-1

» Solution: f(s) =2x—1 function is one-to-one
fiy=2x-1 replace f(x) with y

frome y= interchange x and y

2y=x+1 solve for y
1
v= = Therefore, f ‘(x)= vat | replace the new y with f'(x)

Inverse Function Verification

Two functions fand g are inverses of each other if and only if
Ff [g(x)|=x, for every value of x in the domain of g and
g [/(x)]=x, for every value of x in the domain of f

Check solution:

[224] ff) =f 2x-1)

OE
_2x-1+l
2
=2(2)

; Bos
2,
=x+1-1
=X
=y

Therefore, f(x) and f '(x) are inverse functions.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
40 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Action of a Function and Its Inverse

Domain of f Range of f
ig

a aeigal
Range of i yee Domain of faa

Determine g' for g(x)=Vx-1

> Solution: e(x)=vx-1 function is one-to-one

g:y=vx-1

gexeny=1

x =y-l

Vex +1

Therefore, g'(x)=x° +1

The domain and range of g(x)=vVx-—1 has domain: x21 , range: y20
The domain and range of g '(x)=x*’ +1 must be domain: x 20 , range: y>1
Therefore, g'(x)=x°+1,x 20
-1 2 : . a n
Note: g (x)=x° +1 is not a one-to-one function, so cannot have an inverse function.
However, with the restriction, x 2 0, it is a one-to-one function, and its inverse is a

function g(x)=vx-1.

Check solution:

g(g'(x))
=g(x" +1) g"(g(x))=g(Vx-1)
=x 41-1 =(Jee el
EO =x-1+1
=|x| butx 20 =x
therefore = x

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.5 — Inverse Functions ¢ 41

Determine A” of h(x)=——
2h= 3
& Solution: AG ee Check solution: h(h')=x and h''(h)=x
2x—3
3x ay
h:y=— eo) [35 | Ae) [5]
h h' =) h h = fy! a

2x -3
ax ai
20 aany. 3
i ape re es rel ee (s35]
3X a OR ee
—3)=
:‘xQy-—3)=y 2| —3 x
af25 |-1
:2xy—3x=y 35 i

mee ey aaata epee

:y(2x=1) = 3x Ox= Ox? x
2x-1 =—
yon , 3
ee x
2x-1 ==3 = x

ae

Therefore, eee ee : Sp
2x-1 Z
Determine the inverse of h(x)= x’ +2

P Solution: h(x)=x? +2 Since h(x) is not a one-to-one function, we expect to get an inverse
h Des that is not a function.
yay
Winey +2
py
:yp=tvx-2

y=+x—2 is the inverse of h(x)=x* +2 but we cannot write it as h”'(x)=+Vx—2 because

y=+vx-2 is nota function. This happened because A(x) is not a one-to-one function. If

h(x) has a domain restriction of x >0, then h(x) has an inverse of h'(x)=Vx-2. If h(x)
has a domain restriction of x <0, then h(x) has an inverse of h"'(x)=—-Vx-2 .

Check solution:

for x 20 for x <0

h(h'(x))=h(Wx-2) h(h"'(x))=h(-Vx-2)
=(v¥x-2)' +2 =cveaaye. PF OCD)HAM GER +2) — W'hG))= HG? +2)
=Vx+2-2 Bee eee)
ie) ed =x-2+2
=x alt ee
=x

= |x| =e lbs
=x since x 20 =x since
x <0

Conclusion: for x 20, h(x) has inverse Vx —2

for x <0, h(x) has inverse —V/x-—2

i ae Si ie el a cB gL a
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
42 4 Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Graphs of Inverse Functions

Definition: The graphs of f and f' are symmetric about the line y =x.
f(x) is the reflection of f"'(x) on the line y= x, and vice versa.

Why are f and f' mirror images of one another about the line y =x ? One must
remember that the function {' switches the input and output of f Thus, a point (a, 5)
on the graph of f must have the point (b, a) on the graph of f'. Therefore, the graphs
of f and f”' must be reflections of each other about the liney = x.

Graph the inverse function of g(x)=x’, x <0.

& Solution: To find the inverse, we proceed as follow:

rage x SOF ey 20

ae ee0, ys

y=tvx, x20, y<0

therefore y = -Vx

Thus, g'(x)=—-Vx, x<0

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.5 — Inverse Functions ¢ 43

f(xy =24-3
a) Determine f7'(x)
b) Show f(f'(x))=f (f(x)=x
c) Graph fand f7!
& Solution: a) 1G) =2xN— 9 x+3 )(2
af) = ‘| Z 2
J-3ex43-302
fi y=2x-3
Cx—3)43. 2x
ee x=2y=3 ff)
= fF"(2x-3)= SSS
SS S557
2 Z
s2y=x+3
eee:

Therefore, f(x) = oS

c)

Transformations in Inverse Functions

If y= f(x) has an inverse y= f '(x), then the following are transformations of the inverse function. When
transforming individual points, order is critical: swap the x- and y-values first and then transform them as normal.

For a point (a, b) in y= f(x)

y= f(x) will have a point (6, a)

y= f'(x-1) will have a point (6 + 1, a)

y= f'(x)+1 will have a point (6, a + 1)

y=-2f '(3x) will have a point [ie= 24|

vel es Be rene rere ee ree

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 1.5 Exercise Set aemle ~ fox
Nt/ag44
€
1. The following are graphs of functions. Determine which bie wokinverse functions. Answer me or no. Ce
a) y

A E A )
a) f(x)= =r,e(x)=2x b) =x-3, g(x)= 3

a )=
rien cf) =T x |
d) {4
409X)=x43 7
x)=x"
=2, g(x)=Pee;

es KJ veis
yd
g) TNs BO) letra

on f4
tert fe trictiops walere 7ing teh
ne rts i y A in
wot llf(x)=x° aravag i MOSS , "J
KP ea at
ce) f(x)=(-2)
CY fo
 Pre-Calculus 12

D if dom
10 e ia iay a TG Ti
Aad
4. Find the inverse of the following functions.
or neither.

23
aE“y Was 4tate a PS 2x we
|
aye
a Waa
32
4ASZ2K cb a tancl a
ne ntl
A ra 7 4
2 One ae : Ya wy @) =e
| we Se
Y \} \
PG
le
Sa Wh

> LY sf
Cheyer y. Ye psme ay
% oie
2sy
Aft2
sic Yk Ak
Je = Arca
5. Let ioe Dishem a
5 bates
gg x & 3 , A/S)
}
a + et A 2K 2
)
= Y (3x2) =24-|
} x
) 7)
3 t) y
z
ZSA~L pe ae
]
Sat e
)
> Xt-f2 iy ie —

»)
c) dgek ;JP) , mes tl :
da) (fog Do )
>)
») ttt si are 2G f eee
»
nee = HKStz XMyfo
‘i
2, 2 AU
j
od ee Afe g) (x)
Fe4 yayrep.
e) (f'eg X)
a
= _ 42K t!
oe
nk
= Pat a- x4ue
wa
=9
from the publisher
be reproduced without wrtitten permission
a Copyriaes rescen t Beach Publishing. No partof
this publicatio n may
>
46 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

6. Given the graph of f, on the same grid draw the graph of the inverse of /-

tO A a SS UMN aS SE i ee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.5 — Inverse Functions ¢ 47

7. If(-1, 2) or (a, d) is a point of the graph of y= f(x), what must be a point on the graph for the following?

a) y= f(x) b) y=fo()-1
CA) Cop om Bia
c) y= f\(x+2) dyeey =f Cs) pa
4Oy TW) Sop|)
Vad
Dame! oloti”

“ptboy CYL)
ae
+i lag tl
ah 4) Ab we J
V 8. Graph theOg it ee agfaphic cal ator. State if the inverse is a function, a one-to-one
function, or neither.

a), f(x)=2x-1 b) f(@)=x?+1

ve
Ps
Fog
7 i RP Ee ee

c) f(x)=x°-1 ad) f(Qx)=vx?-4 ae)

lee

j | :
9. The function f(x) = a(—x*? —x+2) te 10. Ifthe graph of f contains points in quadrant I
an inverse function such that f'(6)=— and II, the graph of f~' must centain points in
Find a. iL
| baeff x +oy
f what Da:

1 tla t 2 she
arp
11. The ae or FabrSnheit and eer
PSone " | Show t =t0- ae. ae
temperatures are — visayK
utrhe g)=7 | "
9 5
Fs Oe it (fog) (x)=(g of \(x). Does this

Show that these functions are inverses of hold for all one-to-one functions?

eosyOho ess
48 ¢ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Combined Transformatior 1S

We have an understanding of quadratic, square root, absolute value, cubic, reciprocal, general y= f(x) and inverse
function graphs plus the transformation of these graphs. We can summarize the transformation steps as follows:

y= (x) versus y=af[baxte)|td

Transforming vertically (affect y-value)

* a>1 isa vertical expansion by a factor of a
* 0<a<l isa vertical compression by factor of a
¢ a<0O isareflection in the x-axis
¢ +d shift
up dunits (d>0)
¢ —d shift down d units (d>0)

Transforming horizontally (affect x-value)

: : |
¢ b>1 isa horizontal compression by a factor of b

¢ 0<b<1 isa horizontal expansion by factor of ;

* b<0 is areflection in the y-axis

+ c shift left c units (c >0)
¢ —c shift rightc units (c>0)

It is important to note that reflections/compressions/expansions always come first in combined functions and
relations followed by translations.

y= f(x) transformed to y =—2 f(3(x+5))-7

is a vertical — reflection in x-axis (multiply y-value by —1)

— expansion by factor of 2 (multiply y-value by 2)
— translation down 7 (subtract 7 from y-value)

is a horizontal — compression by factor ;(multiply x-value by =)

— translation 5 left (subtract 5 from x-value)

Therefore, (6, -3) on y= f(x) is transformed to 6) =5, —36-)Q2)- |eo)

It is also important to realize that the horizontal expansion/compression factor b must be factored out of the x term.

y= f(2x—-6)—> y= f[2(x—3)] is a horizontal compression by factor 3then

3 to the right.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.6 — Combined Transformations @ 49

Solving Combined Equations

There are two methods of solving combined equations:
1. A step-by-step approach using methods learned in sections one to four.
2. Use a method similar to using the quadratic formula for solving a quadratic equation.

If y= f(x) has point (m, n), then y = af [b(x—c)] + d has point [2 c,an+ ‘|

If the point (3, 2) is on the graph y= f(x), what point ison y=-4 f(6—3x)+1?

> Solution: Method 1

y=-4f(6-3x)+1> y=-4f[-3(x-2)]+1
¢ —4 reflects point about the x-axis with vertical expansion by factor of 4, therefore
(3, 2) > (3, -8)
eevee 1
¢ —3 reflects point about the y-axis with horizontal compression by factor of 3° therefore,

(3523) > (Gi 8)

¢ x-—2 shifts point two units horizontally to the right, therefore (—1, —8) — (J, —8)
¢ +1 shifts point one unit vertically up (1,-8)— (1, —7). Therefore the point is (1, —7)

Method 2

If y= f(x) has point (m, n), theny = af [b(x — c)] + d has point (2+ ¢,.an+ ‘|

If y= f(x) has point (3, 2), then y=—4/(6-

3x) +17 y=-4f[-3@-2)]+1

with a=—-4, b=-3, c=2, and d=1,

has point [S42 -4.2+1}=(1 -7)

[ If the point (-1, 2) is on the graph y= f'(x), what point is on y=—3f(8+2x)-1?

» Solution: Method 1

« If(Gl,2)is'on ya/ G@) then Q, —1)is on y= f(x)

© y=-3f(8+2x)-l> y=-3f(2(x+4))-1
¢ 3 reflects point about x-axis with vertical expansion by factor 3, therefore (2,—-1) — (2, 3)

* 2has horizontal compression by factor of + therefore (2,3) — (1, 3)

e x +4 shifts point 4 units horizontally to the left therefore (1,3) — (-3, 3)

e —l1 shifts point 1 unit vertically down therefore (-3, 3) — (-3, 2)
The point on y=—3 f(8+2x)-1 is (3, 2).

Method 2
y=-3f(2(x+4)-1 with
m =2 andn=—1 has a=-3,b =2, c=-4, andd=-1

[Bo and) =[2-4,-3-0-1}=(

2, 2)

aR ee a Sa ee ee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
50 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Given the graph y = f(x) below, graph f(x) = 2f[-2(«+1])]+1

Hint: When doing a problem this difficult, do only one
: or two changes at a time, not all the steps at
v= fe) once or use method 2!

Solution: Method 1 f(x) = -2 f[-2@+ 7 hal

Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4

y Reflect about y Reflect about

Step 1 x-axis and Step 2 y-axis and
vertical horizontal
expansion by compression
x a factor of 2 x bya factor
ors

y y
Step 4
Step 3

Shift to left Vertical shift

x ei] unit Orel

Method 2

y= f(x) has point (m, n), then y = af [b(x —c)] + dhas point [z+6, dn + ‘|

Key reference points of this graph are (—1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1) and (2, 0)
Use these key points to calculate the translated points

(m, n) [Bee and |

(-l, 0) [S-1-2-081)
(- >:7 Graph
of f(x) = -2 ff 2(+)]+1

0,1) [S-1-2:141]
0
ie ies
ey 1) y

Gel) [-b-1-2141
jl ae» y
(2, 0) (3- i ae ov 7 = (2,1)

Graph these four points, and join to form the translated graph.

Pe I a en a ee Oe ME
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.6 — Combined Transformations 4 51

1.6 Exercise Set

1. Suppose y= f(x) has point (a, b). Matcb-the fupetion on the left with the point on the right. |

a) y=f(x- wv A (a-1,b)

b) y= f(I-x) #X-I) a et
Oe y=) (1—a, b)
d) y= f(x)+1 , 5)
e) y=f(-x) (—b, a+1)
f) y=-f@) (a, b+1)
gs) y=f@rtl
by y= f(x) (-a,-b)
) y=-f"@) ;
) y= f(x)4+1
Se = a)
) y=fi Cra!
yt a
») ef
Lb

2), pSPOSes)
ne aye - EL, x
c) ys vay / hia

(4-2, eA, e

e)
en -Le-|
alee iy

g)

Copyright © 2009 | by Crescent Beach Bapheltien No part of this publienian may be reproduced without written permission from the es
 Za) YF =’
\ / ay L : po se! Ae
52 @ Chapter 1 - Pikotaatt
; Mi fca4 te) ees LsACE culus 12 2

GlstranSistaations:
)
re
i f(x)=x? —1, determine théequation after each ge olowing
ee
=
ae 3 ; ; a (ae
= Gn

1)4ANe“Ael ety
a) y=/f(x+2)

Pa t) | oe FU 4
y=2f d-9+3
Pe
e) ory
OY't f= - (ft! 21} |
yey) by a eter of 3x" | f2-X Ttce
f) ae d
rc ee kA PARED” ( Pa t
ooa
ym Lf 4x7 6.36 ,determine the equation after eacho
dat
ae SS oan

\ Mane side soit shark

2 Uae 2 |
aie Sal ce
|

PartCay iba SL a i
c) Compress Sea by a Nua of — and expand vertically by a factor of 4 LK eal

°\5. Write an expression for ‘

(4°)
(x) 4Teabice the
t ont
h ofg i= sta t ie

“ay {A 2) 2ae
SG oe ipithe ae
ee
At 5y without a nat / ‘

4d, vthynMe
WW “Oye
Mea) ~ Sell!
mal ( yet lect’
> | un va | la

“HEB
_|h 4) Ae

Copyright © 2005 rescent Beach Publishing. No part‘ef this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.6 — Combined Transformations ¢ 53

7. Given the graph of y= f(x) below, sketch the graphs of the following:

na A yet LAP adn

a) y=s(dx]n ?
hGve
mb) y Vertiouf 10106lin, fang? é

Speer Ste cc: Tawslatiar wii

i f| :H ii |ioe

\ivig—
i

e
i. | ss id w
eee : A hy
S004 2,
Va (1 1)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
54 ¢ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

Chapter Review. -

Transformations — Multiple-choice Questions

Level A Questions

1. Given f(x)=x?+3x-1 and g(x)=2x+3, find (f—-g)(-2).

a) -2 ft) JC -2)
b) 0 ; :
9 2 249-6>| -C2hC 2
d) 10
a +f. ee}
2. The graph of y=(x+1)*
+2 compared to the ph of y=’ has a ; Al

a) vertical downward translation of 2 units and horizontal translation of | unit right.

b) vertical upward translation of 2 units and horizontal translation of 1 unit right.
c) vertical downward translation of 2 units and horizontal translation of 1 unit left.
d) vertical Su translation of 21nits and horizontal translation of 1 unit left
ere RES OTT ie eee any Sa a
ee
—y

3. The graph of y=—2x’ compared to the graph of y= x’ hasa @.

a) reflection in the x axis and a petiee Campressi0n factor of 5 units.

f _——_—

b) reflection in the y axis and a vertical compression factor of + units.

c) reflection in the x_axis and a vertical expansion factor of 2units.
d) reflection in the y axis and a vertical expansion factor of 2 units. &

4. The graph of (x— 2)? +(y+3) =25 compared to the graph of x* + y? =25 hasa
a) horizontal translation of 2 units left and vertical translation of 3 units upward.
b) horizontal translation of 2 units right and vertical translation of 3 units downward:
c) horizontal translation of 2 units right and vertical translation of 3 units upward.
d) horizontal translation of 2 units left and vertical translation of 3 units downward.

5. The graph of y=—a’ compared to the graph of y=a" hasa

a) reflection in the x-axis.

b) reflection in the y-axis.
c) reflection in the line y =x.
. -d) reflection at the origin.

6. Given the function y= f(x), the graph of y= f(5x) will Z

a) compress the graph horizontally by a factor of } units.

b) expand the graph horizontally by a factor of 2 units.
c) compress the graph vertically by a factor of > units.
d) expand the graph vertically by a factor of 2 units.

Pied ree em eg ee TO Ss
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 — Chapter Review 4 55

7. The graph of y=2 (3x) compared to the graph of y= f(x) hasa ee

a) horizontal compression factor of/{/and a vertical compression factor of +

b) horizontal expansion factor of 3 and a vertical compression factor of +
¢) horizontal compression factor of } and a vertical expansion factor of 2.
d) horizontal expansion factor of 3 and a vertical expansion factor of 2.

8. Ifthe graph of y= f(x) has a domain —3< x <2, then the graph of y= |id(x)| has a domain

ay) F0Sx=3 he al /
b) -3<x<2 1 iy b
c) x>0 Ue
d) xe 2 a?

9, lithe graph of y= f(x) has a range —3< f(x) <2, then the graph of y= |f(x)| has a range

a) 0< f(x)<2
b) 0< f(x)<3
c) 2< f(x)s3 ae se
d) f(x) 23 : |

10. Which equation represents a reflection of the graph 3—x =2y’+y inthe line y=x?

a) 3+x=2y'+y PY ayy ey Ss
b) 3-x=-2y'+y ; 7 ee

ce) 3-x=2y
+y JCom > SH

d) 3-y=2x?
+x es ae ol
=

11. Ifthe point, (-1, 2), is on the graph y= f(x) , what point is on the may f(y)?

ae) c
b) ©@2; 1)
c)) (se 8)

d) -+. 7 i

12. Which equation represents the graph of y= f(x) after it is reflectedin the x-axis, thentranslated vertically
2 units downward? p ae) as oS

a) y=—-f(x)+2
b) y= f(-x)+2 yew

c) y=f(-x)-2
d) y=-f(x)-2 ;

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
56 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

aph of y= f(x) has a point on the graph of (—2, 9), then the graph of xtl= f(y-1) must have a
t iw’the graph of aa
Ce —8)

by 10)
eye (x. =1)

(107, s;

15. Given f(x)=2x-3, determine f'(x), the inverse of f(x)

ee Te Fas fea SD )(1S yg V4

UG eee 2) Y {8
¢) Pej=x+5 i) ar
x+3
d) A eae

16. Which equation represents the graph of y=x° —x° —x +1 after it has been reflected in the x-axis?

a) ee | (a (ewe €: {

b) y=—-x+x°4+x41 ye 44K -{

ce) y=-x
tx? +x-1
d) pax tx? -x41

17. Which equation represents the graph of y= x° —x* —x +1 after it has been reflected in the y-axis?

a) Bi eB tte
yore =x 22 +x +1 mS|? Rae x 2+ ¥

b) pax
tx? +x41
ce) yH-x+x7+x-1

d) y=—-x?+x?-x+1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 —- Chapter Review ¢ 57

18. In which line would the graph of y = x*—1 be reflected to obtain the graph of y=Vx+1?

» peo ey mead y
(
19. Given f(x)=x*—4 determine the y-intercept 0

a) -8
b) -6
C)Oa6
da) 58

20. Which of the following equations does NOT have f(x) = f(—x)?

2)
a) y=x 41
b) x+y’ =9

c) 3x°-y'?=1
d) y=(x-1)
Level B Questions

2 + wom

21. The graph of =) +(3y) =9 compared to the graph of x7 + y* =9 hasa a4

1 ;
a) horizontal compression factor of — and a vertical expansion factor of 3.

1
b) horizontal compression factor of 5 and a vertical ae
Wire

; ; 1
c) horizontal expansion factor of2nd a vertical compression factor f2/

d) horizontal expansion factor of 2 and a vertical expansion factor of 3.

Anep
22. The graph of y= sin Er| compared to the graph of y= sin xhas a
71, 2
° A @ ) : J : if } 7
a)
4
horizontal translation to the right of 7 units. i fs ( /x aed
‘+ 4’) ; L
b) horizontal translation to the left of 7 units.
c) horizontal translation to the right of 2 units. YD
d) horizontal translation to the left of 2 units

23. The graph of y= f(x+a)+b with a,b<0 compared to the graph o (Ke
horizontal translation to the right of “a” units and vertical translation of “b” units upward. ; ie
b) horizontal translation to the left of “a” units and vertical translation of “b” units upward:
———

c) horizontal translation to the right of “a” units and vertical translation of “b” units downward.
d) horizontal translation to the left of “a” units and vertical translation of “b” units downward.

i a ve a a ee Pog mr Pe 2Be
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
58 @ Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

24. The graph of y=—af(x), O0<a<1 compared to the graph of y= f(x) hasa i

a) reflection in thé x-apis and a vertical compression of a factor of a. S

b) reflection in the x-axis and a vertical expansion of a factorof a. Me ieee
c) reflection in the y-axis and a vertical compression of a factor ofa.
d) reflection in the y-axis and a vertical expansion of a factor of a.
Le ae
25. Given f(x)=x’—4 and g(x) 7S the domain of (f °g)(x) is:

aux = 0, he ys J ee A
b) xS-2,x2>2 i < 4 aK 2) 4 Mey _ Y = ei
ce) Vex? ee
d) all real numbers | “ eee

26. If y= f(x) has points in quadrant II and III, then the graph of y= f'(x) must have points in
what quadrants?
a) ais TV, \
b) Il, 1 \ ooo es
uA settee s :
ee IL, TV 1,
d) Il, IV ere ey
Q// | |
27. What is the graph y=sin(2x+ 4) translated 2 units to the right? A ea

a) y=sin(2x) YU. Me Oe ;
b) y=sin(2x +2) , VS San <«XK 1 L)-
©) y=sin(2x+6) aes .
d) y=sin(2x +8)

28. Which equation represents the graph of y= f(—x) translated 2 units to the left and down 3 units?

a) y= f(—x+2)+3
b) y= f(-x-2)+3
Cy iy fx 2)—3
do yas ex 2)—3

29. Ifthe point, (-2, —6), is on the graph of y= f(x) , what point is on the graph of y=—2| f(x)|+3?

a) (2; =) {

b) (-2, —6)
¢) (2,449) =
d) (2, -6)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 — Chapter Review ¢ 59

30. The graph of the function y= f(x) is shown at left, what transformation will produce the graph
on the right?

a) f(-x)
b) —f(x)
ce) 9f'@)
1
d
f(x)
31. If f(x)=4x* +8, determine the new equation g(x) after a horizontal expansion by a factor of 2 units.

a) g(x)=x°+8
\
b) g(x)=16x? +8
1
7 4
ce) g(x)=x° +2
d) g(x)=16x’? +32
: py,
32. If the point, (-1, —2), is on the graph y= f(x), what point is on the graph of y= |m4 o
iN
a) (=), —2))

b) (1.2) OF oe, b
RL Poi Meee TH
i S z
d) (i =)

33. Ifthe point, (-2, 4), is on the graph of y= f(x), what point is on the graph of y= f'(x+1)?

a) (G; 22)
b) (4, -3) <i ’ yl ee Aa | “A
ce) Cd, -4)
d) ©, —2)

34. If the point, (-2, 4), is on the graph of y= f(x), what point is on the graph of y= f'(—x)?

ae Co’ N=)
c) (-4, -2)
d) (4, -2)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
60 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

35. The function y=16—x’ is expanded horizontally by a factor of 2, then translated 2 units downward.
The transformed function would be —_>

a) 2 | 4 ig
b)
c)
d)

a) f(n)

o ae LN) ae

d) f(n+))
if } f ,
f 5 \.

EWE If 9x? +8y* =36, determine the equation if its gi fg #. Exe ee ieee bya fae of a

and expanded vertically by a factor of 2.

a) x?+2y?=36 4 (3K) Y (3ty)

a “sf He
b) x°+32y’? =36
i ry =f )) a
c) Dax? +4y? =36

:
|
d) 81x? +2y? =36
38. The graph, y= f(x), is shown on the left. Determine the equation of the new graph on the right.

a) Y= raps)
b) y=-7fC%)
€) yas x)
d) y=—f(-2x)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 — Chapter Review ¢ 61

39. The graph, y= f(x), is shown on the left. Determine the equation of the new graph on the right.

a) y=-f(2x+4)

: ya Glad) f (2xt 2)
y=—2f(x+2)

d) y=-2f(x-
40. The graph, y= f(x), is shown on the left. Determine the equation of the new graph on the right.

a) y=f(5xt))
b) y=fGx-D)
ce) yH=2f(xt2)¥F
d) y=2f(x-2)
(B (X4 )

41. Given f(x)= x’ —9 determine the y-intercept of y=| f(x+2)|. /

a) —5 em
\ es
be eo eS
C—O
ee v2
d) 5
42. If the range of y= f(x) is -2< y<1 determine the range ofthe function y=—2 f(x)-4.

a) -8sSys2
b) -6<y<0 %
c) -2<ys4 =
d) 2<ys8 ee

DEES
—————————————————————————————————————
aT eres ee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
62 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

43. Given the function f(x)=(x+1)(x-2) which function will have the same x-intercept as f(x)?

a) y= f(-2x) ZY
b) y=-2f(x) V
c) x= f(y)
1
a) y=
f(x)

4 ich line would the graph of f(x) =2x* —3x be reflected to obtain the graph of g(x)= 2x? +3x?

= Ly
b) y=0 WA
c) y=x UL

d) y=—

45. If the point (8, —6) is on the graph of y= f(x), what poifit is graphed after the following transformations
are performed in the order given? —_/ 7 if ait ie

Step 1: compress horizontally by*a Lcdof e Step 3: exp ertically by a factor of 3

Step 2: reflected over the x-axis Step-4* reflected inthe line y =x

2,16 i. Fl ye =, )
ee
bye Ont2)
( @
\
ia 3 b
/
V + ha
ae ) | las,
ae 1) in il =é -

c) (18,4)
d) (18, 16) ‘ A

Level C Questions ( » ‘

46. Which equation represents the graph of y= x° — x° +x—1 after it is reflected in both the x-axis and y-axis?

cee Vax ata | y Se

ce) y=-x?-x’?-x41 “ x3 yah Ak |
d) yp=x+x°+x41

47. Which equation represents the graph of y= f(x) after it is reflected in the y-axis, then translated
horizontally 2 units to the left?

a) y= fet2) 2 ee }2 }
b) y=-f(x-2) : aon,
ce) y= f(-x-2)
d) y= f(-x+2) ‘ { py! Bie .

48. The graph of y=Va-—x , a>0 compared

(X-A
to the graph of y= Vx has a
\
a) areflection over the x-axis and a horizontal translation to the ri t of “a’’ units
b) areflection over they-ar and a horizontal translation to thei
c) areflection over thé x-axis and a horizontal translation to the left of <a’units.
d) areflection over the y-axis and a horizontal translation to the left of “a” units.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 — Chapter Review 4 63

49. Given f(x)= sa , determine f '(x), the inverse of f(x) \

x — .

=I!

DP) se
OD) Oe

u MEG

vi / % )Xxm
rar (x)=, determine f(x), the inverse of f(x).

ne"2 “ Sx -|
IMIG res
b) f'@)=— ee
) f@=— hy es
d) Boe
2 Ze
a4 4x9 NJ
= yp
:

51. Find two functions f and g such that (fog)(x)= ae

(5x +2)

a) f(x)=>, g(x)=5x42
XxX
eS P

b) g(x)=—, f(x)=5x+2
Xx

1
c) ees g(x)=3

d Wehr:op ; (x)= 3

52. The zeroes of a function y= f(x) are —3, 0, 2. Determine the zeroes of the function}
Y:fox!
k- 1
a) a 4, re i 1
b) —3,—1, 2
Cy 22 8 \ eal
d) oy I 1, aS

RN 2 SSS ee eee eee oe eee a ee

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64 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

53.. ee 7(x)= asan then (f° f)(x) ES

d) 1% y—2 Z "Go ae x 4Y
J

54. If (3, —4) isa point on the graph of y= f(x), what must be a point on the graph of y= pu x)-2?

ay (0,4) ate
b) W248) a ] - ax
CG. 4) Md. g

2) ie 6, 2)
b) (-4, 0)
C) (296)
d) (4, -4)
ey (“o

56. The (a, b) is on the graph of y =x , which of the ve ‘)in te a Dsb are on

e graph y=—(x—3) +1? a 1 2

EO) >) en
a) (-a—-3, b+1) pa ., yb |
b) (-a+3, b+1) ~ . ;
©) (at+3, -b-1)
d) (a+3, -b+))

57. If (m, n) is a point on the graph of y= f(x), determine a point on the graph y=—f(x-2)+1
a) (m=2) -—n 1)
b) (m+2, —n+1) ; 2

c) (—m+2, n+l) (
d) (-m-2, n-})

IN OP Bb NE SSO NEE SEALE LL I I RTE IEINI Ae OE NN EEO a

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 1.7 — Chapter Review @ 65

58. If the point (a, b) is on the graph of y= f(x), which of the following points is on the graph

Ka) -(
y=2f(4-x)-1?
a) (-a+4, 2b-1)
b) (-a+4, 2b+1)

ee 2b |
©) (a—4, 2b-1)
d) (a—4, 2b+1)

59. If f(x)=x°, find (f° f7)(512).

~

a) -8
bh) 2
€)) 42
d) 8

60 . Given the function f(x) =3x+1, which of the following will have the same y-intercept as f(x)?

Pp
1
a) y=

b =
1
ees

ere camilla
c) x= f(y)
uuptnst
Vee
f(y)

61. If f(x)=x? and g(x)=2x+1,

then
ANSGal ARG
AsO,

a) 2542aen
b) 2x—2a7+2
c) 4x-4a+4
d) 4x+4a+4

62. Find (go f)(x) if roa and g(x)= ane hed ‘ x

3x7 +7 =9
») >) Ce 4) ee
b) Ox a7 ——_—___ 5
1x? —1 } |
| bie et + a AerA a )
TG igs | o OO) >
d) a! pe
Tx +1

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66 # Chapter 1 — Transformations Pre-Calculus 12

63. If the graph x* + y? =1 is horizontally expanded by a factor bs3 and vertically compressed by a factor
]
of ae determine an cay,for the new ‘aa

a) <4 4y? = re bani 4)” — i

Vee =!
ae
2
GZ E va
2

ay eye
2
2

dy ox oat
4

64. If the point (-4, 8) is on the graph of y = f(x), what point must be on the graph of y= f(4—2x)-1?

4 ae ‘ : ae ae- y = /
c) (4, 7)
d) (6, 7) a

65. The function, y= f(x), iseae left. The function, y =af(bx), is shown on the right. are
the values of a and b.

a)
b)
c)
d)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.1 — Polynomials ¢ 67

Polynomials

In this chapter, we will learn to sketch the graphs of polynomial functions and will develop the theory of
polynomial equations. But first, we must define a polynomial.

Definition of a Polynomial

Let a.,a_,,a,,
n-1? ~n-2, :
°**,@,,a,,a, be real numbers, and 7 a whole number. A polynomial is
an expression in the form:

Oxn tae
n-\
eax2: eax1 ta 0
witha n
«0.

The polynomial is of degree n, with a,, the leading coefficient.

A polynomial in standard form is written in descending order of exponents.

The polynomial functions of degrees 0 to 4 have special names.

Polynomial in Leading
standard form Degree Coefficient Special Name

SOY = 5 FS PIRES] 4 =) quartic

g(x) =2x° - V2x +4 3 2 cubic

hGove ay aoe 2 HES quadratic

J (x) = 2x -3 | 2 linear
k(x)=5 0 5 constant

Remember, each exponent of a polynomial must be a whole number defined as

{0, 1, 2, 3,...}, and each coefficient must be a real number.

f(x) = 3x7! + 2x +5, not a polynomial, exponent — 1 not a whole number.

g(x)= V2x3 + V-3x , hot a polynomial, coefficient ~—3 is not real.

2x -3
h(x) = 2 ? not a polynomial, simplifies to 2x7' - 3x which gives negative exponents.
Xx

m(n) = 3x — 5x? , not a polynomial, exponent ;not a whole number.

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68 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Shape of Polynomial Graphs

The graph of a polynomial function is continuous. A polynomial has no breaks or sharp corners.
This means that you can draw the complete graph without lifting your pencil from the paper.

y y

2
Polynomial function Non-polynomial function — has a break

The graph of a polynomial function has only smooth continuous curves.

Polynomial function Non-polynomial function — has a corner

Polynomial of the Form f(~)=x" and f (x)=-x"

Let us look at polynomials of a single term (a monomial) and examine their end behaviour.
i.e., whether the graph’s y-values are positive or negative for extreme positive and negative x-values.

f(x)=x f(x) =-x f(x) =x? I(x) = =x"

y yp *

f(x)=x° Cees f(x)=x° PO) =—

MY y y y

f(x)=x f(x)=-x° f(x)=x° f(x) =-x°

af y y yy.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.1 — Polynomials @ 69

Comparing f(x)=+ x" slope of graphs

f(x)= 2a =x" 2a) =x”

n odd n odd n even n even
domain all real all real all real all real
range all real all real y20 ys0
f(x) increases f(x) decreases f(x) increases f(x) decreases
“eo f(x)>@ f(x)>-% f(x)> f(x) -&
ge f(x) increases f(x) decreases f(x) decreases F(x) increases
Ia) =2 J Ome TA Desai f(x)>

For f(x) =x”, nan odd integer For f(x) =-x”",n an odd integer
Domain — all real numbers Domain — all real numbers
Range — all real numbers Range — all real numbers
For f(x) =x”, an even integer For f(x) =-x”",n an even integer
Domain — all real numbers Domain — all real numbers
Range — y=0 Range — y <0

End Behaviour of Polynomials

So far, we have shown the end behaviour of polynomials with one term. What about polynomials with more
than one term?

Does the end behaviour of f(x) =x* and g(x)=x* -5x* +4 change?

x I) g(x)
0 0
D 16
=) 16
5 625 504
5 625 504
10 10 000 9 504
—10 10 000 9 504
100 10° 9.99 x 10’
—100 10° 9.99 x 10’ 3
The graphs of the two functions are nearly the same away from the origin. 10° ~9.99 x10’.
There is only a 0.0000001 difference. We can thus state

End Behaviour of Polynomial Functions

Given a polynomial function

SB) =
AXA, XT oer
u! n-l eee
bO N+ a,» a, 20

The end behaviour of f(x) is determined by the leading term of the polynomial, Gx

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70 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Degree and Leading Coefficient of Polynomial Functions

When graphing a polynomial function, first examine the leading term a"x”. The coefficient n will tell you the
basic shape of the polynomial. The coefficient a” will tell you the direction of the polynomial.

a) y=ax"+-:-, ifm is an even whole number and a > 0, graph starts up and ends up.
y yy y

e.g.) y= 2x* +0 .
Xx

Xx

b) y=ax"+-:, ifmis an even whole number and a < 0, graph starts down and ends down.
y y y
i,
~Xx
e.g. ey yo-2x* 4+
x

c) y=ax"+---, ifm is an odd whole number and a > 0, graph starts down and ends up.
u yy uf
t t

Co, Bs eeala

d) y=ax"+---, ifmis an odd whole number and a <0, graph starts up and ends down.
yi sy, by

py \ x
Caere a ae +: a

The Degree and Leading Coefficient of Polynomial Functions

If the degree of the polynomial is odd, the ends will point in opposite directions:
a) positive leading coefficient: down on left, up on right
b) negative leading coefficient: up on left, down on right
If the degree of the polynomial is even, the ends will point in the same direction:
a) positive leading coefficient: up on left, up on right
b) negative leading coefficient: down on left, down on right
ee en ee es Se ee ee PRT SR Se A A
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.1 — Polynomials ¢ 71

Constant Value of a Polynomial Function

The next most important item to examine when graphing a polynomial is the constant value,
1.¢., when x = 0. This value tells you where the graph crosses the y-axis.
y y
t

y=2x 4-46 Y=ex 43 ae:

This graph crosses ‘ This graph crosses r

the y-axis at 6. the y-axis at — 3.
x

Find the y-intercept of the following polynomial functions:

a) f(x) =-2(x+1) b) g(x)=(2x-1)(x+4)x-3) oe) A(x) = x* -5

» Solution: A polynomial will intercept the y-axis by solving /(0).

a) f(x)=-2(x+1) b) S(x)=(Q2x-NX+4x-3) OD) h(x) = x* -5

f(0) = -2(0+ 1) g(0)= (2-0-1) + 4)(0 - 3) h(0)=0* -S
f(0)=-2 g(0)=12 hO)==5
y-intercept is (0, —2). y-intercept is (0, 12). y-intercept is (0, — 5).

Zeros of a Polynomial Function

The zeros of a polynomial function happen when the graph crosses the x-axis. This statement can be worded
many different ways.

Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

If f(x) is a polynomial function and a is a real number, the following statements are
equivalent:
1. x =a isa zero of the function f(x).
2. x =a is aroot of the function f(x).
3. x =a isa solution of the function f(x) =0.
4. (x-a) isa factor of the function f(x).
5. (a,0) is an x-intercept of the graph f(x).

Find the real zeros of

a)” f(x)==3x"
+ 3x7 b) g(x)=x°-2x° +x-2

> Solution: a) f(x)

= -3x" 43x" b) g(x)=x°-2x7 +x-2
= —3x7 (x? =1) = x7(x-2)+(x-2)

= -3x7(x -1)(x +1) =0 = (x -2)(x7 +1)=0

3x7 =0, x-1=0, x+1=0 x-2=0, x°+1=0

x='O, 1=7 x =2, x’ +1has no solution

a
a a ae ee ee
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72 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Zeros of a Polynomial Function of Degree n

* A polynomial function of degree n has, at most, n real zeros.

Ann" degree polynomial, with 7 an even number, can intersect the x-axis from 0 to 7 times.

Ann" degree polynomial, with n an odd number, can intersect the x-axis from | to n times.

What is the minimum and maximum number of intersections of the x-axis for the
following polynomial function?

a) y=-2x° +: b) y=3x°+-:

P, Solutions a) Minimum intersections 1 b) Minimum intersections 0

Maximum intersections 5 Maximum intersections 6

Turning Points of a Polynomial Function of Degree n

¢ If a polynomial has 7 turning points, it is of minimum degree n + 1.

y y

4 turns S fae
eX

Minimum degree of this polynomial function is 5. | Minimum degree of this polynomial function is 4.

Multiplicity of a Polynomial
If a polynomial is of degree n, it can have at most 7 distinct solutions. When one solution is repeated r times,
the function is said to have a solution of multiplicity .

Find the zeros and multiplicity of the polynomial functions.

a) f(x)=x'
+x -6x° b) “gGyen
£%° =2r = 2x xl

> Solution: a) Has degree 4, thus 0 to 4 zeros b) Has degree 5, thus | to 5 zeros
f(x) =x" +x° - 6x" o(x) =x $x? 25 =D
Be 0) =x*(x4+1)-2x7(x4+
1) +(x4+)
= x" (x + 3)(x- 2) = (x41)? =27 +1)
=(x 41)? —1)7

=(x+1)(x-1)(x+ Ds

=(x— 1) (xaely

x° has zero at 0, with multiplicity 2 (x-1)° has zero at 1, with multiplicity 2

km ge multi | (x +1)° has zero at —1, with multiplicity 3

x-2 has zero at 2, with multiplicity |

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.1 — Polynomials 73

2.1 Exercise Set

1. a) The graph of a polynomial function is , which means it has no gaps, breaks, or holes.

b) For a polynomial of degree “n,” if n is an even degree it has at most real zeros and
at least zeros and at most turning points.

c) For a polynomial of degree “n,” if 7 is an odd degree it has at most real zeros and
at least zeros and at most turning points.

d) If x =a isa zero of a polynomial function then

° x=a isa of the polynomial equation f(x) =0

: is a factor
* (@2,0) isan or the graphy (x)

e) A polynomial function is written in standard form if its terms are written in order
of exponents from left to right.

2. State whether the following equations are polynomial functions. If yes, state degree, leading coefficient,
and special name, if no state reason.

Polynomial, Leading Special

Equation Yes / No Coefficient Name

peewee Pane 5

b) V2x A504 2

c) -4tx7 +V¥-2x41
=
d) 3x+2
a2
e) 5

3. Circle the letter of the following graphs that are polynomials.

a) y b) ‘i

>X

x x

e) y f) y

| wat
x

a
RS
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
74 Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

4. What are the real zeros of the following polynomial functions?

a) b)

5. Determine the max./min. number of zeros for the following polynomials:

a) What is the maximum and minimum number of real roots for:

Bye Pac ore + PaO eee eS 3x° + ax* + bx? +1=0

b) Givena polynomial: f(x)=ax"+a_, xT hte + ax+a,

What is the min. / max. number of zeros if 7 is an odd number?

What is the min. / max. number of zeros if 7 is an even number?

6. Determine whether the following are polynomial functions. If so, state the degree; if not, state the reason.

a) f(x)=-x'+4x442 b) f(x)=vVx

ec) f(x)= - d) /f(x)=0

e) f(x)=(x-2)° f) f(x)=(x+1°

ge) f(x)=x?-V2x+ ; h) f(x) =27x?

i) f(x)=v2x" ) f@)-—

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.1 — Polynomials ¢ 75

7. Determine the end behaviour of the polynomial functions.

a) F(x)
=3x b) f(x) =-3x

c) f(x) = 2x + 3x? d) f(x) = 2x - 3x’

e) f (i) EIDE FE) 22% 257 23x?

g) 4@)=3e S041 h) Fo)=-3xi+x7—1

i) F(X)=Hx
+20 FX? =2 Wy) FQax
-2x -x 42

8. Find a function in the form y= cx" that has the same end behaviour as the given function.

a) f(x) = -3x? — 2x? +1 b) g(x)=2x°+x°-1

c) h(x) = 2.3x* —4x? + 6x ad) k(x) =-2.4x° +3x*-2x-1

SS a en e ee ee Lae
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 Pre-Calculus 12
76 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials

9. Find all the real zeros, and the multiplicity of each zero.

f(x)=x°-4 b) f(x)=(x-4y
a)

g(x)=x° —Ay + 4x d) g(x)= 2x(x? - 2x -1)

c)

h(x) = a =
e) h(x)=x*-x- 20x" 3 3

k(x) =x" + 3x? +2 h) k(x)=x° = Ay 257 +100

g)

I(x) =-x? —3x7 +4x +412 j)) I(x) =x° —5x*-x+5

m(x)=x'-2x° +1 m(x)=—x" + 3x? -2

k)

n) n(x) = —x? (x? -1) + 4(x? -1)

m) n(x) =—x* +. 4x? - 4x’

from the publisher.

this publication may be reproduced without written permission
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.2 — Graphing Polynomial Functions 4 77

In order to sketch polynomial functions, look at the effect multiplicity of zeros has on the shape of a graph.

a) If (x-a) has multiplicity of 1, the graph of f crosses the x-axis directly at x =a.
y y

Y= Gaas

b) If (x-a) has multiplicity of an even number, the graph of f touches the x-axis but does not cross, with
this general shape. It bounces at the zero.
y My
y=(e-a)=
ya-(x-a)'= a

c) If (x-a) has multiplicity of an odd number greater than one, the graph of f crosses the x-axis with this
general shape. Looks like it will bounce, but at the zero it changes directions and crosses.
y ny,
ya(x-a)
y=-(x-aye - x >

We can now summarize the steps needed to graph a polynomial function:

Summary of Steps in Graphing a Polynomial

Step 1: Find the x-intercept(s) by solving the equation f(x) =0, e.g. by factoring.

Step 2: Find the y-intercept by solving f(0).

Step 3: Determine the general shape at each x-intercept.

Step 4: Look at the coefficient and power of the polynomial to determine the end
behaviour of the graph of f (Starts up or down / ends up or down.)
Step 5: Determine the number of turning points.
Step 6: Use the x-value between the x-intercept values to estimate the highs and lows of
the graph of f(x).

Step 7: Plot a reasonable number of points and draw a smooth continuous curve.

a a
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78 Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Graph y = x?(3-x)(x’ +1)

® Solution: ps Multiply x?(3-x)(x? +1) gives y=-x°+°°
Graph starts up on left and goes down on right.
Graph has y-intercept of (0, 0).
Graph has x-intercepts of (0, 0), (3, 0).
Graph touches but does not go through at x =0 and
crosses directly at x =3.
Plot points.

Graph y=(x+1) (1-x)(x-2)

» Solution: ‘: When you multiply the polynomial out, you get
Ym t= 2,
—x* therefore the graph starts down and ends down.
It crosses the y-axis at —2 (when x = 0).
(x +1)’ is an even power; the graph touches but does
not cross the x-axis at x =—1.
(l1-x) and (x-2) are odd powers; the graph will go
through the x-axis at x = 1 and x =2.
Estimate relative maximum at 1.5.
Draw a smooth unbroken curve.

Graph y= (x~ 3)(x + a (x~ 1)

» Solution: ° Expanding equation gives y= x° +---+12.

+x° therefore the graph starts up and ends up.
Crosses y-axis at 12.
Zeros are atx = —2, 1, 3.
Goes through x-axis at x = 3.
Touches x-axis at x =—2 and does not cross because
the power of (x + 2) is even.
Curve shape and goes through at x = 1 because the
power of (x — 1) is greater than 1 and odd.
Estimate the highs and lows at x =-land 21.
Draw a smooth unbroken curve.

Se la i gag a aa a Ah eT
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.2 — Graphing Polynomial Functions 4 79

Equation of Polynomial Functions

Our knowledge of multiplicities, x-intercepts, y-intercepts and points of a polynomial function allows us to write
the equation of the polynomial function.

A polynomial has —1, —1, 0, 2, as its roots, and p (1) =5. What is the equation of
the polynomial?
P Solution: P(x) =a(x+1)-x-(x-2), but p()=5
p(l) = a(1+1)°(I)- 2) =5
a(4)(1)(-1) =5

a= -2,therefore, p(x) = - x(x LOMx Pty

Write an equation of a polynomial in

lowest degree that represents the
given graph.

» Solution: Zeroes Multiplicity

=): )

] 1

p(x) = a(x+4)(x +2) (x-1)

The point (0, 3) is given on the graph.
p(0) = a(0+4)(0+ 2) (0-1) =-3 from graph

—l6a =-3

a =
3
—

16

Therefore, p(x) = (x +.4)(x.4+2)72(x=-1)

Sketch the graph of a polynomial function of lowest degree given the sign diagram.

Value of f(x) 4+ ed = se ihas

Zeros of x
=6 0 Dit! 93
p> Solution: f (x) = a(x + 3) x?(x -—2)(x - 3)
=axrte

with a <0

Diemer
Ee ese
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80 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

a) Sketch the graph of f(x) =(x-a)(x-b)’(x-c) where a<b<O<c.

b) What is the y-intercept?

c) What is the solution of f(x) >0?

d) What is the solution of f(x) <0?

P Solution: a) f(@) =e ar-B)' @~o)

=x*4---4ab’c

b) y-intercept (0, ab’c)

c) ((%)> Otora <a, x >

d) f(x)sOforasxsc (0,ab°c)

Estimating Zeros of a Polynomial Function without a Graphing Calculator

If f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs (one r — (a, f(a) A

positive and the other negative) then because
of the continuity of a polynomial function
there is at least one c between a and b such
x

that f(c)=0, that is f has a zero atc.

(b, f(b) “afla)

Find a positive zero of f(x) =x°+2x* -6x° +2x-3 to 1 decimal place.

P Solution: f(@) =x 42x" -6x° + 2x -3

ie le Oi. — Ol) 201) 3 = —4
f(2)=2? +2:2* -6:2°+2-2-3=17 thusa crossing between
1 < x<2
f (1.6) = -0.7834
f (1.7) =1.8248 thus a crossing between 1.6 < x < 1.7
You can continue this process to get an even more accurate zero.

Graphing Polynomial Functions with a Graphing Calculator

For polynomial functions that are difficult to factor, real zeros can be calculated with a graphing calculator.

Determine the real zero of f(x) =x —3x°+2x+41.

> Solution: Set Window (start with standard window and use Zoom Fit)
Y=x°-3x°+2x+1

2era
s="L.5620965 |¥=0

The real zero of f(x) = x° — 3x° + 2x + 1is (-1.563, 0) by the calculator’s zero function.
This is the only one since the graph already has 4 turning points in -2 < x <2 so there is no
possibility of any other crossing.

Se eg ea a
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.2 — Graphing Polynomial Functions 4 81

2.2 Exercise Set

1. What is the minimum degree and number of turning points of the following polynomial graphs?

a) 4 b) h

r M.D. M.D.

aR. TP.

Cc) y d) y

>x M.D. % M.D

TsP. hinod

e) i f)

x M.D. % M.D.

oP) ee

2. From the table of values below, what is the minimum number of zeros possible for the polynomial
function P(x). State at what integer, or between what integers, the zeros occur.

3. Determine the equation, in factored form, of a polynomial that fits the following graphs.
a) p b)

d)

i
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82 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

4. Find all values of x such that f(x)20.

x f(s)=-5x° b) faser4

Q f)=-ox'41 ee i

e) f(x)=x* -4x° f()=9x-e

hy SQ) =x 3x9 4x?

g) f (x)= -x° -3x’ +10x

i) f(x) = x(x +1)’ (x-2)(x - 4) p S@)=x'(x4+1'@-)

5. Sketch the graph of a polynomial function of lowest degree.

a) Value of f(x) _ | _ fe = fa y
Zeros of x
4 2 0 Z

b)avalue Of fi Ves whee witch iy at iy

Zeros of x
—2 aa 3

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.2 — Graphing Polynomial Functions ¢ 83

6. Sketch a graph of the following:

a) f(x) =(x-a)(x-b)’(x-c) wherea<b<0<c y

b) f(x) =(x-a)’(x-b)(x-c) wherea<0<b<c y

7. Determine the equation of the polynomial in factored form:

a) ifthe zeros are —1,—1, 2 and the b) ifthe zerosare 0,0, 1,1, 1,2 and
y-intercept — 4. PC 1)= 12.

La 1
c) ifthe zeros are Me and goes d) of degree 4 that has = as a root of

through (0, —3). multiplicity 3, and 2x* —x-1 asa factor.

e) of degree 4, whose zeros include 0, 2, f) of the least degree that is symmetric to the
which has a factor of x? -2x-5, and y-axis, touches but does not go through the
whose graph contains the point (3, 12). x-axis at (3, 0), and has P(0) = 27.

8. Ifa polynomial function of even degree has a positive leading coefficient and a negative y-intercept, what is
the minimum number of real roots it could have?

a
a
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84 @ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Division of Polynomials :

This section will look at two methods of dividing polynomials. These division methods will be used to factor
and find zeros of polynomial functions. First, we must define the terminology used in division.

Division Terminology

3 2 is the divisor g(x) *-4@ is the divisor

NF 3 is the quotient a q(x) is the quotient
G 7 is the dividend 2 paige, P(x) _ is the dividend

! 1 is the remainder rene is the remainder

7=2:3+1 D(x) =(x-a)q(x)+r

Long Division

Suppose you are told that the polynomial function f(x) =6x° -19x* +11x+6 has a zero at x=2. Then
x-2 isa factor of f(x). Therefore, f(x) =(x-2)g(x). Let us find g(x) by dividing f(x) by x-2.

— _ Divide the highest order term

M in the dividend by the highest
~7x° order term in the divisor to get
x the next term in the quotient.

ig:
=3x
hee
x-2 6x? — 19x? +11x+6

6x° —12x? Multiply 6x*(x—2)

—7x* +11x Subtract; bring down next term +11x

—~Tx? +14x Multiply —7x(x—2)

—3x+6 Subtract; bring down next term +6

—3x +6 Multiply —3(x-2)

0 Subtract

Then f(x) = 6x° — 23x? + 25x -6

=(x—=2\ 6x" = 7x = 3)

= (x — 2)(2x - 3)(3x + 1) by factoring the quadratic

The zeros of f(x) are when x - 2 = 0, 2x -3=0,and 3x+1=0

3 ih
3
Note: When doing long division, the vast majority of mistakes are not made in the division step but in the
subtraction step. Please be extra careful in your subtraction steps!

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 Divide 3x° — 2x7 +1byx-2.

> Solution: We use zero coefficients for any missing terms so that the subtraction terms line up.

3x7 +4x+8
oo 3x3 —2x7 +0x4+1
3X EOYs Multiply 3x° (x - 2)
Ay a Oe Subtract; bring down next term + 0x
Ay? 25 Multiply 4x (x - 2)
8x+1 Subtract; bring down next term + 1
8x -16 Multiply 8(x - 2)
1 Subtract; this is the remainder

3x° — 2x7 +1
Thus 3x° — 2x? +1 =(x-—2)(3x7 +4x+8)+17 or ae ae 3k ae Ot
Do Se

Example Divide 3x° —5x7 42% = Uiby x = 24-43.

Solution: Rewrite the dividend and divisor in descending powers of the variable; use Ox as a
placeholder.

3x? +8x+2
a ~ 2x +3)3x4 + 2x? = 5x7 +0x-1

Bx 26x + 9x3 Multiply 3x? (x* — 2x +3)

8x3 — 14x? + 0x Subtract; bring down next term + 0x

8x? - 16x? + 24x Multiply 8x(x° - 2x +3)

Dy Ay 1 Subtract; bring down next term — |
Dee Soe A Multiply 2(x? - 2x +3)
—20x -7 Subtract; this is the remainder

Thus, 3% +20 —ov =) =(x —20 43) (3x 48x42)

ee
+-20x-7
UU, ——"

Dividend Dinicor Quotient Remainder

Using the Division Algorithm

F(x) = d(x): g(x)+r(x) with f(x) — dividend
d(x) — divisor
g(x) - quotient

r(x) -— remainder

Step 1: Write the dividend and divisor in descending powers of the variable.
Step 2: Insert zero coefficients for missing powers of the variable.
Step 3: Be extremely careful in the subtraction step.

enn
ee EEE EEEEEE EEEEEEEEEIEEE eS ooo
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86 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Synthetic Division

There is a shortcut to long division of polynomial functions. It is called synthetic division. Synthetic division
allows you to carry out calculations in a much simpler and faster manner.

Consider the following problem of dividing:

Divide: 2x*-5x°+x-4byx-2

Traditional Long Division Method Simplified without Variables

Step 1 Oy On 8 Step 2 2 (=o 9-3
x—2)\2x4 =5x? 40x? 4x—4 ees 0 1-4
Dx Ax. 2 =4
=~ OK =e
Leia > ol -1 2

SOS ae = a
Sa Ax Ba
—3x-4 aN
-3x +6 -3 6
-10 10
Step 3 Note that the simplified method contains Step 4 Rather than subtract, let’s perform addition
a lot of duplication. Let us eliminate the by changing the sign of the —2 in the
duplication: divisor:
2-1 -2 -3 2-1 -2 -3
#9\9 -5 0 1 -4 2) 2) =—5 097) A
-4 -

0 0

ae >»)
1 1
4 -4

-4 -4

iO -6
-10 -10
Step 5 Compress the entire division into three Step 6 Combine the quotient row at the top and
lines: the remainder at the bottom into a single
2 -1 -2 -3 row and place it at the bottom. Then, turn
the division sign inside out:
pl rare UE ome:
4 -2 -4 -6
2 -1 -2 -3 -10
Thus, the quotient and remainder is 2x* —5x° + x-4 = (x -2)(2x* - x? -2x-3)-10

nl Aw i es lh il aes Sec A A I A oe
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.3 — Division of Polynomials ¢ 87

Calculate 3x* -2x* +1+(x-2) using synthetic division.

® Solution: Step 1: Write the dividend in descending powers of x. Then copy the coefficients,
remembering to insert 0 for any missing power of x.
3 =2 0 1 Row 1

Step 2: Insert the zero of the divisor to the left. Since the divisor is x - 2, the zero is x = 2
(which makes x — 2 = 0).

2| 3 SOE a0 1 Row 1
Row 2

Row 3

Step 3: Bring the first coefficient 3 down to row 3.

2| 3 DIE O 1 Row 1
Row 2
3 Row 3

Step 4: Multiply the first entry in Row 3 by divisor 2, and place the result in Row 2,
one column to the right.

2| 3 9) eee Tt l Row 1
6 Row2
Po Rou

Step 5: Add the entry in Row 2 to the entry above it in Row 1, and enter the sum in Row 3.

2| 3 So 1 Row 1
6 Row 2
3 4 Row 3

Step 6: Repeat this process of steps 4 and 5 until Row 2 and 3 are filled.

2| 3 ayia’ a) 1 Row 1
= as: 16 Row2
3ee4 ig aaa Rows
Quotient Remainder

Quotient =3x* + 4x +8 Check: (3x + 4x + 8)\(x—2) +17

Rene 3x? + 4x? + 8x - 6x? —8x-16 +17
3x° 2x? +1
© 3x° - 2x7 +1 =(x-2)(3x? +4x4+8)4+17

VEO ed
. BeBlane Se 7 82
x-2 x-2

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88 4 Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Divide P(x) = 4x° -30x° -50x+2 byx+3.

> Solution: me Pa ei 30m RMU t oO D

WE BAI EN ARG 1 Bwe 6412
— ip eee is 16
Axe =B0x 50K 412 - 10
Thus Ax? —12x° + 6x° — 18x +4+—;
x+3 x+3

Find, by synthetic division, & such that 2x° +x? -5x+k when divided by x +1, has a
remainder —3.

» Solution: -l| 2 1 5 ko = -ll 2 Re eee k

=) 1 4
§ 2 Sr Rie ee:
k+4=-3 — k=-7 When k=-7, the remainder is —3.

Divide 6x —Jx + 4x, 01x49 by 2x—1.

» Solution: For the synthetic division to work, the coefficent x in the divisor must be 1, so factor the
coefticent 27 ~1= 2(x — +).

So we divide 6x* —7x° +4x? -11x+9 by x —+ using synthetic division and then divide that
answer
by 2.

a 6 -7 4 -ll1 9
6x" - 7x) +4x° -11x+9 |
3. -2 1 -5 thus 6x 4 10
ee ee ea eee
2 =10 "4 2 2
6 -4

But we want to divide by 2(x - 7) so need to divide all terms by 2.

6x
Bs iax ++40
x —1ies9
x+9 _ 6x
Ox =4x7
xX 42x1
+2% Oy = Day Rear
20, sey) 2 =) 2x-1

Notice that the quotient from the synthetic division was divided by 2 but the remainder is unaffected.

Divide x +9x° —5x- =36x+ 4%by. x” — 4

p Solution: Synthetic division does not work for divisors that are quadratic in form, but x” - 4 factors
to (x -2)(x+2).
Therefore, we will divide by these factors.

2 Ronit -5 -36 4
2 22 34 -4
Oi leg sh l7Y =e -0

—2 -18 2,
1 9 -—] 0

x? 49x? -5x° - 36x44 (x-2)(xt+2)x* +9x-1) (x= 2)(x+2)(x?

+9x-D
Thus ; =x? +9x-1
x 2 -4 x -4 + 2)
(x -2)(x

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Pre-Calculus 12
NE Section LET
2.3 — Division
NT of OOPolynomials
NI ISD #NTT
89

2.3 Exercise Set

1. Compute the quotient using long division. Write all answers in two ways:

oF dividend ind
* dividend = (quotient)(divisor) + remainder : a = (quotient) + ee
divisor divisor
3
b 8x -1
Fy x-3)x"- 8x? 3x42 prea

x =3x+8
¢) eal) 42x40 ex? 3x44 d) =e

x —5xp+]
e) x? -4x-12)x? +2x? -13x+10 5 aia 5

h) x* +9x? — 5x? -32x +3

g) x 3x4 2)x4 46x) +112? + 6x ae

En Ta a Th Le
T
EA

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90 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

2. Use synthetic division to find the quotient polynomial Q(x) and the remainder R when P(x) is divided by
the binomial following it.

a) P(x) =x° +2x? -3x+1; x-2 b) P(x)=x°-a@3x-a

c) P(x)
=4x° +5x=3: x42 d) P(x)=x°
-5x° +10; x-1

e) P(x) =0.1x7 +0.2; x-2.1 P(x)=x°t+1; x41

g) P(x) =3x' +x? -3x4+13 3x41 h) P(x) =2°=% ¥2x=1527-1

i) P(x) = 3x° + 2x* +5x° -7x-3; x+0.8 ) Pa)y=3x

H3x 42x Srl 04

k) P(x) =x* -5x? —4x? +5x+3; x7-1 P(x) =x° —x* -8x° + 7x? + 7x—-30; x’ -—x-6

Spl syste it in eteatin ten eee Si yh hte a ae sd hs a a

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 Pre-Calculus 12
maceadiecitnialtatnencaieie Section 2.3 — Division of Polynomials # 91
MOE a Ein aie accident alenbn te ee heaped a A dled

3. Divide by synthetic division. Write answer in form {(x)=c(x)g(x)+r where f(x) is the given
polynomial and c(x) is the given factor.

awa 7x" -lly 45° Fo Dyer 16x 41756,

3x)

C) x =642 5-4 Gray F16x =23x 415° 2x =1

&) bo =a oS fees Sr F101 8 AD

B) x 4 2 Sx Se 4 De = ae iy 5 x — 2

i) x’ 46x 4+11x 46x- + ax Ree 07, 5 336x445

x =4

k) x" +16x7" + 64x" +64; x" +4 Dink Wear Bo ieee x 3

(n is a positive integer)

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92 @ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

4. Use synthetic division to solve for k and m.

a) When x°+kx+l1 is divided by x-2, b) When x°-x° +kx-8 is divided by x-4,

the remainder is —3. the remainder 1s 0.

©) When 2x*+kx? -3x +5 is divided by d) When x°+kx+6 is divided by x + 2,

x —2, the remainder is 3. the remainder is 4.

€) When x? +kx? -2x-7 is divided by f) When kx? + mx’ +x-2 is divided by x-1,
x +1, the remainder is 5. What is the the remainder is 6. When this polynomial is
remainder when it is divided by x -1? divided by x +2, the remainder is 12.

2) x44kx? —mx+15 has no remainder when h) When P(x) =3x*+kx?+7_ is divided by

divided by x—1 and x+3. x— 1, the remainder is the same as when
f(x)=x* +kx-4 is divided by x —2.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.4 — The Remainder and Factor Theorems 4 93

The Remainder and Factor Theore

The Remainder Theorem

The remainder obtained in synthetic division has a very important interpretation in evaluating polynomial functions.
By division, we have
f(x) =(x- a)q(x)+r with r = 0 or a constant value
Evaluate f(x) atx=a

f(a) =(a-a)q(a)t+r
=r
This shows that the value of the polynomial function at x = a is equivalent to the remainder of the polynomial
function divided by (x- a).

Remainder Theorem

If the polynomial P(x) is divided by x -a, the remainder is P(a).

Without dividing, what is the remainder when P(x) = 2x* - 3x’ + 2x -3 is divided
by x-2?
p> Solution: (by remainder theorem) Check by synthetic division:

P(x) =2x* —3x°+2x%-3 ee ee OR bx-3

Une ¥ bone 24 12
PQ) 2) ae 2 (oe es 9 < remainder
=
For what value of & will the remainder be 5 when P(x) = x° —2x’ +x+k is divided
by x-2?
Solution: P(2) =(2)) =20Q)7 a2ik =5 Check by synthetic division:

8-84+2+k=5 Dheationgi2yadl sd
Per ae
Dee (; Oo Mere See
has
Find the remainder when x'’ — 2x'? +7 is divided by x +1.
& Solution: This problem would be very difficult by division, but using the remainder theorem
makes it very easy.
x+1=0
Be

PO)2 a = 27a
P(-l)=(-D" -2(-1)” +7
=-1-2+7
P(-1)=4 Thus, the remainder is 4.
a a ear eae aie nay et rr ererr Se
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
94 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

The Factor Theorem

The factor theorem is a direct result of the remainder theorem. If a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-a) and
there is no remainder, that means that (x - a) divides in evenly and is a factor of P(x).

P(x) = 3x* +4x° —3x7 -3x-10. Is (x+2) a factor of P(x)?

> Solution: Using the remainder theorem, when P(x) is divided by (x +2) the remainder is P(-2).
P(-2) = 3(-2)* + 4(-2)’ - 3(-2)? - 3(-2) - 10 = 48 - 32-12 +6-10=0
Since P(-—2)=0 there is no remainder so (x +2) is a factor.
So 3x‘ + 4x? - 3x? —3x-10 = (x + 2)(3x° — 2x7 +x -5) and (x +2) isa factor of P(x).
Check by synthetic division:
a eee eae 1()
—2 4 -—2 10
3 -2 ion 25 0

So 3x’ +4x° —3x* —3x-10 =(x + 2)(x° —2x° +x—5) and (x + 2) iis a factor of P(x):

P(x) = 3x #4x° —3x’ —3x-10. Is (x-1) a factor of P(x)?

Solution: Using the remainder theorem, when P(x) is dived by (x -1) the remainder is P(1)
P(1) = 3(1)* + 4(1 - 301) - 30) -10 = 3+ 4-3-3-10=-9
Therefore, (x -1) is not a factor of P(x)

Check by synthetic division:

lsd ean 3 10

So 3x7 + 4x? - 3x” —3x-10 =(x-1)(3x° + 7x’ +4x+1)-9. Since there is a remainder,
(x-1) is nota factor of P(x).

We can state:

Factor Theorem
Let P be a polynomial function. Then polynomial P(x) has a factor x —a if, and only if, P(a)=0.
“If and only if’ implies two separate parts to the Factor Theorem:
1. If P(a)=0, then x-a isa factor of P(x).
2. If x-a isa factor of P(x), then P(a)=0.

Does P(x) =x° —2x* +3x-6 have the factor x -2?

> Solution: Because x - 2 is of the form x-a with a=2, we find the value of P(2)
P(2) = 2° - 2(2”) + 3(2) - 6 = 0, so (x —2) is a factor of P(x)

Check by synthetic division:

Di 2 eS
Dean) 6
1 0 3 0 =< remainder is zero

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.4 — The Remainder and Factor Theorems ¢ 95

: Does P(x) =2x*-3x7+x-1 have the factor x +1?

® Solution: P(-1) = 2(-1)* -3(-1) +(-1)-1
=e
=-3, P(-1)=0 so( +1) is nota factor of P(x)

Check by synthetic division:

=i 0 = 1 =
—2 2 l —2
2 —2 —] 2 —3 < remainder is —3, not 0

Rational Root Theorem

We will add a third concept of polynomial functions to make finding zeros of a polynomial function easier
. ; a
to find. Recall that rational numbers are your basic fractions , or more formally a, b are integers, b#0.

We are looking to find divisors that give a remainder of zero.

Consider the factoring of a quadratic equation:

e.g., 3x° +2x-8=0 The possibilities are

oy es |
Possible Factors Corresponding Zeros
(Gxtd)(vee 8) I+ v I+

(3x +2)(x +4) I+ I+

(3x +4)(x +2) I+ -

Cw
No

(3x +8)(x +1) I+

I+
wily
BIR
wl
wioo
I+ —

The possible zeros are{ ela 224 2844.42.24 4%}

The possible zeros can also be obtained by

possible factorsof8 +1,+2,+4,+8

possible factors of 3 - #15 3

Test : P(x)=3x 42458 or Bh 8 2 -8

PLD a WY San —6
(x+2)— P(-2) =3(-2) + 2(-2)-8 3 a 0
=(0

Thus, (x +2) is one factor of 3x7 +2x-8=0

(x +2)(3x-4)=0
Therefore, of the 16 possible real roots, the two that worked are x = —2, ;. The Rational Root Theorem works

for any polynomial function, not just a quadratic function that was shown in the above example.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Ai
i
ti
i
it
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96 4 Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Rational Root Theorem

If f(x)=a,x"+a,,x"-1+---+ax+a, is a polynomial function with integer

coefficients, every rational zero of f(x) has the form

1s) p = factor of constant a,

q
q = factor of leading coefficient a,

factors of constant term

Thus, possible rational zeros =
factors of leading coefficient

Find the zeros of f(x) =x? —9x? +20x-12.

factorsof12 +1, +2, +3,4+4,+6,+12

~ Solution: Possible rational zeros = =
factors of 1 +]

atl, 4 2, ay3s 4 #6512

Check: (x-l)~> x=1 therefore, P(x) = x? — 9x? + 20x -12

He 1 ~9 20 212 Ser Seal?)

Matic
il —8
5
VW
(x-1)(x-2)(x-6)
=(x-1)(x-2)(x-6

Remainder zero so (x-1) is one factor of P(x).

Therefore, of the 12 possible roots, the three that worked are x = 1, 2, 6.

Find the zeros of f(x) =4x° +12x7 +5x-6=0.

factorsof6 +1,+2,+3,+6
» Solution: Possible rational zeros = S
factors of 4 +1,+2,+4

= ee ia ep eee ae ee
22 * 45a
Check (x +1) and (x-1) and show the remainder is not zero.

Check: x+2=Q—->x=-2 therefore, P(x) = 4x° + 12x? +5x-6=0

=|" 4 12 5 6 = (x+2)(4x? +4x-3)=0
4 - = ; = (x +2)(2x -1)(2x +3) =0

Remainder zero so (x +2) is one factor of P(x).

Therefore, of the 16 possible zeros, the three that worked are x = -2, a

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Pre-Calculus 12
p Section 2.4 — The Remainder and Factor Theorems 4 97
e ee ea Ye

2.4 Exercise Set

1. Find P(k).

a) P(x) =3" 43x) 7x4 23 ee Dyn) =—=2x' 3x 2: FID

©) P(x) =-2x? +4x4+3; k=14+2 d) P(x)=x° -5a‘x+4a°; k=a

2. Use the remainder theorem to solve for k and m.

a) When x°+kx+1 is divided by x -2, b) When x -x* +kx-8 is divided by x-4,

the remainder is —3. the remainder is 0.

c) When 2x*+kx* —3x+5 is divided by d) When x°+kx+6 is divided byx +2,

x —2, the remainder is 3. the remainder is 4.

e) When x°+kx? -2x-7 is divided by f) When kx’? + mx’ +x-2 is divided by x-1,
x +1, the remainder is 5. What is the the remainder is 6. When this polynomial is
remainder when it is divided by x -1? divided by x + 2, the remainder is 12.

g) x'+kx>—mx+15 has no remainder when h) When P(x) =3x*+kx* +7 is divided by

divided by x—1 and x + 3. x —1, the remainder is the same as when
f(x)=x* +kx-4 is divided by x —2.

a
ge
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98 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

3. Use the remainder theorem to solve the following:

a) Ifa polynomial equation P(x) is divided b) Given P(x) =x? —rx?+3x+r’, find all
by x — a, what is the value of its possible values of r so P(3)=18.
remainder?

©) When the polynomial x” +x -8 is divided d) When x* +5x-2 is divided by x + a,

by x-2, there is a remainder of 10. What the remainder is 8. Find all possible values
is the value of n?
of yen

©) When the polynomial P(x) = kx +2x°° +4x47 f) Solve for k and mif P(x) =2x°+3x? +kx+m
is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 23. and P(1)=8 and P(-2)=-13.
Determine the value of the constant, k.

4. Find the missing factors by synthetic division.

a) 2x° -7x? +2x+3=(x-1)( )( ) b) x° —3x? -10x +24 =(x - 2) ( )

c) x +x —9x7 —9x
= x(x +1) )( ) d) 2x* —7x° +9x? —5x+1=(«-1)( )

eyox 45x = 11x — 20x 412 = (x? — 4 )( )

f) x —8x° +25x° — 38x? + 28x -8 = (x? -3x +2) \ \ )

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.4 — The Remainder and Factor Theorems ¢ 99

5. Solve the following using the factor theorem and rational root theorem as necessary.

a) If2 is a root of the equation b) What are all values of k for which 1 isa
3x° + x* — 20x +12 =0, determine the zero of P(x)=—4x° +2x? —-2kx+k°?
other roots.
.

c) Ifx=c isa root of the polynomial equation d) Ifx-—a isa factor of

P(x) =0, then what must be a factor of P(x)? 2x? - ax? +(1-a’)x +5, what is a?

e) Determine k so that x + 1 is a factor of: f) A polynomial has among its factors,

2x* +(k+1)x? —6kx +11. x -—4, x —2x, andx’ +x-2. What is the
lowest possible degree of the polynomial?

g) For what number k is k a zero of h) Find the complete factored form of the
f(x) = 2x’ - kx’ +G-K )x—6? following:
Peat on —ox —lox +4412
if P-2) = P--1) = P(1) =0

i) Factor completely: x° —3x* + 8x7 -9x +3, j) Determine values for a and } such that
if x — 1 is a factor. x—1 isa factor of both x°+x°+ax+b and
a=ax eb.

en ak ae an ee
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100 ¢ Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Polynomial Applications — |

Many real-life situations can be modelled by polynomial functions. The solutions may be rational, and can be
solved by methods learned in this chapter. Other solutions are irrational, and can be only solved by a graphing
calculator. Here are some examples:

A box is constructed such that the length is twice the width and the height is 2 cm longer
than the width, with a volume of 350.cm*. Find the dimensions of the box.

Solution: V = length x width x height

=(20
x \e+ 2) = 350

2x? + 4x? = 350

x 42% -175=0
Factors of 175 are 1, 5, 7, 25, 35, 175. (Negatives not possible.)

Check: x=1 Check: x =5

q 1 D 0 2175 5| 1 2 0 175
3 2 5 35 175
1 3 3 Sep 1 "| 35 0

Solve x? +2x+35=0 by the quadratic formula

Ngee
Be] end I35)
ee a ee en ee
eNO
ee ee no solution
2 2

Therefore, (x —5)(x° +7x+35)=0 so x=5.

Thus, the dimensions are 10 cm x Scm x 7 cm.
Example 2) A vitamin capsule has the shape of a right circular cylinder with hemispheres on each end.
The total length of the capsule is 14 mm, and its volume is 108% mm’. Find the radius x of
the capsule.
k— 14-25 —|
» Solution:
Volume of sphere = ox!

Volume of cylinder = ar7h = x? (14 - 2x)

: 4
<< 14mm ———» eee rao + x (14 - 2x) = 1082

ox +1457 = 08

x =21 16020
Possible rational zeros (reject negative zeros) 1, 2, 3, 6, anything
after this would make length negative.
Check:
Bet =) 0 162
3 —54 —162
1 —18 —54 0 continue

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.5 — Polynomial Applications # 101

Solve x* —18x-54=0 by the quadratic formula

ee 18?
-40(-54)
OE eras ala 560)20:62
Z

Reject 9- 35 since a radius cannot be zero.

Reject 9+ 35 since the length of the cylinder cannot be negative.

Thus, the radius of the vitamin capsule is 3 mm.

An open rectangular box is constructed by cutting a square of length x from each corner of a
12 cm by 15 cm rectangular piece of cardboard, then folding up the sides. What is the length
of the square that must be cut from each corner if the volume is 112 cm? (x must be greater
than 1)?
® Solution: 15 — 2x V = length x width x height
[pe
= (15-2x)(2-2x)(x) =112
4x’ —54x* +180x-112=0
12 2% 12cm
2x? — 27x? + 90x -56=0

Possible rational zeros: 1, 2, 4, 7, 8.

Reject 6 and bigger so width, 12 - 2x, is positive.

Check: x=4

4| 2 27 90 —56
8 ~16 56
2 =19 14 0

Solve 2x” -19x +14 =0 by the quadratic formula.

PD
19+ 19 -4(2 ee 5c
Reject 0.81 since it is less than one
Reject 8.69 since it makes length and width negative.

Thus, the volume is (15-2x)(12 -2x)(x) =7cmx4cemx4cm=112 cm’ and a square of side
4 cm must be cut.

a aoe A ls
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102 Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

2.5 Exercise Set

1. An open top rectangular box is constructed by 2. What length must be cut if the volume of the
cutting a square of length x from each corner box in question | is 150 cm’?
of a 12 cm by 15 cm rectangle, and then
folding up the sides with x =2cm. What
size square must be cut to have a volume
of 162 cm*?

3. A silo is the shape of a cylinder topped by a 4. A right triangle has the hypotenuse 1 cm
hemisphere. The overall height of the silo is longer than one of the sides. Find the length of
12 m. Find the radius if the volume is the sides if the area of the triangle is 6 cm’.
3602 m?.

5. A box is | m by 2m by 3 m. Ifeach side is 6. A box measures (1x 1x2) m. Each side is

increased by the same amount, how much must increased the same amount. How much is this
you increase these sides to make the volume 10 increase if the volume is increased by six times
times larger? the original volume?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.5 — Polynomial Applications ¢ 103

7. An open top box is made from a piece of 8. The production of x units produces revenue
cardboard measuring 5 in x 8 in. Cutting out R(x) =100x - x? and costs of
squares from each corner and folding the edges
up makes a box with a volume of 14 in’. How Ci)= 3 — 6x’ +89x +100.
large a square must be cut from each corner?
At what point does the company make a profit?

9. A shed is constructed in the shape of a cube 10. An open box is made from a piece of cardboard
with a triangular prism forming the roof. 9 inches by 15 inches, by cutting equal square
The total height of the shed is 6 m, with a corners and turning up the sides. Find the
volume of 80 m3. Find the length of the sides maximum volume of the box.
of the shed.

11. A box has a square base; the perimeter of the 12. Calculate the maximum volume of the box in
base plus the height is 120 cm. What length of question 11. To achieve this maximum volume,
the base yields a volume of 13 500 cm3? what are the dimensions of the box?

i
a a
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104 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

Chapter Review

Polynomials — Multiple-choice Questions

1. The graph of a cubic polynomial function y = f(x) is shown.

Determine the equation of y= f(x)-2.

a) y=(x4+2)(x+1)
b) y=(x+2)(x-1)

ce) y=2(x4+2)(x+1)

d) y=2(x+2)(x-1)

2. Solve x°-7x-6=0.

a ile2.=3
b) 1,-2,3
c) —1,2,-3
d) —1,-2,3

3. Ifa polynomial P(x) is divided by x +4, what is the remainder?

aye 4)
b), 24)
c) P(x-4)
d) P(x+4)

4. Ifthe graph of the polynomial function y = ax + bx” +cx+d_ is shown

(where a, b, c, and d are constants), what must be true about a and d?
a) a>0, d#0
b) a>0, d=0
eas Ved.£0
d) a<0, d=0

5. From the given graph f(x), determine all values of x such that f(x +2)=0.
a) —3=x=0) x22
b) xs-3,0sxs2 2
ce) -lsxs2, x24
diy) tav=3
c= 6

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.6 — Chapter Review ¢ 105
e e ve

6. Determine one factor of the polynomial x’ + 2x” —5x-6.

a) x+2
b) x-3
c) x7 44543
d) x°+5x+6

What is the minimum degree of the polynomial graph function?

a) |
b) 2
c) 4 a
d) 5

What is the remainder when x” —1 is divided by x +1?

a) 2
b) -l
oy 30
d) 23

Given the graph of y = f(x), which graph best represents y = x f(x)?

a) b) c) d)
y J y »
A
y

y=f(x)
x 538.5 Xx

10. Given the graph y= f(x), how many positive zeros has the function
V=f(cr2)al?

aja
b) 2
¢) 3
d)4

11. Which of the following conditions is true for the 3" degree polynomial function?
a) f(x)<0
when x >-2
b) f(x)<0Owhenx>1
c) )>0
f(xwhen x > -2
d) f(x)>0when
x >1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
106 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

12. When P(x) is divided by x-1, the remainder is 3. Which of the following must be true?

A) ae)i=3
b) P(3)=1
oY SCANS
Hi wees oa

13. Determine the largest root of x° — 30x? + 240x — 420 = 0.

a) 2.42
b) 9.67
c) 17.91
d) 18.24
14. The graph of y = P(x) is shown. If R(x) =2P(x-1), determine R(1).

a) -4
b) -S5
c) -8
d) —10

15. When a polynomial P(x) is divided by x +3, the remainder is 4.

Which point must be on the graph?
a) (3,4)
DD) G3)
e) (3-4)
d) 45-3)

16. Which of the following is a real zero of the polynomial function f(x) = x° -2x +3?

a) —2.00
b) —1.89
c) 0.82
d) 3.00

17. Determine the number of real roots of the equation 2x(x - 3)(x? +4)=0.

a) |
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.6 — Chapter Review ¢ 107

18. If the polynomial function f(x) = k(x —1)(x + 2)’ (x —3) passes through the point (2, 5), determine
the value of k.

16
a) ae

3)
b) er

4
Cc) oF

5
d) nia

no: Determine an equation of the polynomial function y = f(x) graph.

a) f(x)= (x+2)'(x-I(~-3)
b) f(x)= (x-2)(x+41)(x +3)

c) f(x) =-(x+2)’(x-1)(x-3)
d) f(x)=-(x-2) («+ 1)(x +3)

20. The following graph represents the polynomial function y = ax’ + bx’? +cx’ +dx+e.
>
What conditions must be satisfied by a and e?
a) a<0, e<0
b) a<0, e>0 .
¢) a=0; 2<0
d) a>0O, e>0

21. Find the remainder for the following division: x? -3 \x4=3x°4+x-3.

a) -—8x-12
b) -8x+6
c) 8x-12
d) 8x+6 y

22. What is the minimum degree of the polynomial function?

a) 3
b) 4 > X

Gla
d) 7

23. When x°-x’ +kx+5 is divided by x +2, the remainder is 1. Find the value of k.

a) -4
b) -1
Chen
d) 4
“a
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108 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

24. If x +3 is a factor of the polynomial P(x), then which of the following must be true?

a) P(-3)=0
Db). PC)=0
c) 72(0)=-3
d) P(0)=3

25. If the polynomial P(x), is divided by x -—5, which of the following represents the remainder?

a) P(-S)
b) P(0)
c) P(5)
d) P(x)+5

26. Given that P(x) and f(x) are polynomial functions such that P(x) =x f(x)+k,
determine k if the graph of P(x) is shown. (0,a)

im7)

Ie
ke
ge
Csi

27. Which graph best represents the function f(x) = —x(x + 4)’(x- 4)?

a) b) c) d)
y y y y

4 < 4 ‘ wa ‘ia iN / 4\ ¥ fi \ [a i

28. If P(x) is a polynomial function where P(-3) =5, then which of the following could not be
a zero of this function?
a) —5
b) -3
cy
d) 5 y

29. The function P(x) is graphed. If f(x) =2P(x), determine the zeros (0,3)
;
Off (x).
By 2, 2.4 y
ee
c) 4,6
(3,-2)
d) -2,3

re
nn 909 OOOO EL
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.6 — Chapter Review # 109

30. Determine all the real zeros of the function P(x) = x(a 4x" = 2)!

a) Ola Al2
b) 0,+2

c) 0,V2,2
d) 0,+V2,+3

31. What is the minimum number of real roots that a polynomial equation can have if its degree is 5?
a) 0
b) 1
cl a:
d) 5

32. Find the remainder when x° - 2x’ +6 is divided by x’ +x -1.

A) e753
b) -2x+9
c) 2x+5
d) 4x+3

33. If P(x) =(x-3)q(x)+r, determine P(3).

a) q(3)
b) q(-3)
Cc) =F
dy- <F

34. Use the graph of the function y = P(x) to solve the equation P(x-5)+4=0.

a) -4
b) -l
ea Il
d) 4

35. Given the graph of the cubic polynomial function y = f(x), determine
the equation of y= f(x)-3. >

a) y= S(x4 =)

b) ya S(rt2)'(e-1

ec) y=3(x+20x-1)
d) y=3(x+2)(x-1)

a a a ee a
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110 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

36. Determine the remainder: (x* + 3x° + 5x? + 21x -13) +(x? +3x-2).
a) |
b) -27
SO me:
d) 30x-19
SHE From the graph of y = f(x), find f(x)=1.

a) 2
by ai
c) —5,-1,5
Decor 3
38. If (x +4) isa factor of x* +2x” -11x-12, then the remaining two factors are

a) (x-3)(x-1)
b) (x-3)(x+1)
ce) (x+3)(x-1)
d) (x+3)(x+1)

39. What numbers should replace a and 6 in the synthetic division?

i ee OS
6 3 -3
ORS) ES: eee?
a) a=-3, b=-4
b) a=-3, b= 4
Cl d= 3,.)=—4
d) a= 3, b= 4

40. When the polynomial P(x) = kx“? +2x” —4x-6 is divided by x +1, the remainder is 23.
Determine the value of the constant k.
a) 23
b) 27
cy 35
d) 40

41. For what values of x does the graph of y = —(x +1)’(x-1)(x -3) lie above the x-axis?

a) Gh<a<3
b) -l<x<l, x>3
ey weet l<x<3
d) x<-l, -Il<x<l, x>3

ee

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 2.6 — Chapter Review @ 111

42. Determine all roots of the equation x° + V2x? -4x- 4V2 = 0.

a)2

byaedeV2
¢) Sy Dee
PV ee bye)

43. Find a and b if x +1 and x +2 are both factors of x° + ax +b.

a) a=-7, b=-6
b) a=-7,b= 6
¢) @= 7, b==6
d) a= 7, b= 6

44, The polynomial P(x) = ax’ +x? -13x+k has y-intercept 6 and x-intercept 2.
Find all other x-intercept(s).

a) - ;Fae)

1
b) - * 3

c) >:-3

d) Be 3

45. Determine the values for a and b in the polynomial function P(x) = x* + 4x° + ax’? + bx -3
given that P(1) = -2.5and P(2) = 46.

a) a=-5, b=-9.5
b) a= >, D=-95
c) a=-5, b= 9.5
d) a= 5, b= 9.5

46. If the poly

polynomial 8x° + ax’ +16x +3 is divided by 4x —3, the q quotient is 2x* + bx +1
and the remainder is 6. Find the values of a and b.

a) a=-22, b=-4
b) a=-22, b= 4
c) a= 22, b=-4
d) a= 22, b= 4

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vs
SueuvueseeeevuTvTvTveTTvTwveveTeeTwveeueeeeveTeeTeaTvTwvu
112 # Chapter 2 — Polynomials Pre-Calculus 12

47. A trinomial function P(x) has three real zeros. Two of the zeros of P(x) are | and 2.
If P(5) = 480 and the y-intercept is 10, find the value of the third zero.

a) - 2

5
b) - =

c) >

7
d) a

48. When x° + ax +3 is divided by x +2, the remainder is equal to the square of the remainder when
the same trinomial is divided by x -1. Determine the value of a.
B) Ss
b) 3,-7
©)) 3; 47
eee
49. When the polynomial function P(x) = x* + ax’ + bx —5 is divided by x —2, the remainder is 12 more than
the remainder obtained when P(x) is divided by x+1. If the point (—2, 31) is on the graph of P(x),
determine the value of a and b.
a) g= 4, b=-3
b) a=-4, b= 3
c) a= 3, b=-4
d) a=-3, b= 4

50. A slice 1 cm in width is removed from one side of a cube, then a second slice of the same thickness
is removed from a side adjacent to the first slice (not the opposite side). Find the original volume
of the cube if the remaining volume is 36 cm?.
a) 48cm?
b) 64cm?
ce) 80cm?
d) 96cm?

eee eee ee a en ee ere ee ee

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.1 — Radicals @ 113

Radicals

In our transformation chapter, we observed the variations of the graph y= vx . In this chapter, we will
investigate radical notation in a more formal way.

If n=2 is an integer, and a is a real number, the n" root of a is a number which, when raised to the power of 7,
equals a.
eg a) the 3" root of8 is 2 since 2° =8
b) the 3" root of -8 is —2 since (—2)’ =-8

c) the 24 root of 9 is 3 since 3° =9

d) the 2"4 root of 9 is —3 since (—3)’ =9

e) the 24 root of —9 does not exist since there is no number x for which x? =—9

eg a) and b) tell us that if is odd, there is only one real number for x for which x" =a.
There is always one solution.
eg c) and d) tell us that if 7 is even and a is positive, there are two numbers for which
Xoo de
eg e) tells us that if 7 is even and a is negative, there is no real number x for which
bos re

With this discussion, we can summarize as follows:

Definition of tla

Let n be a positive integer greater than 1. Let a be any real number.

1. If a>0 and nis even, then Va is the positive n' root of a.

2. If a<0 and nis even, then Va does not exist in the real number system.

3. Ifnis odd, then fq is the n'® root of a.

4. W0=0

We can formalize the symbol of a radical as follows:

Radical Notation

The numberx is the n"" root of aif x" =a and tha yt

2[q denotes the principle n" root of a
t_ ais the radicand
,/_ is the radical symbol, or the radical
the natural number 7 is the index, or the order of the radical

a a 8 a
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114 @ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

Solve the following for x, a real number:

a) x2=1, b) x°=-27, ce) x*=5, d) x'=-5, e) x =5,andf) x =-5
aye era pyre = 27 ¢) r=5

x=tvi x= 427 rats

=+] =-3 =+1.5
d) x =-5 ‘Sy Se5) fy (Gees

aN en) x= V5 x= {5
=2 = 1.38 = —1,38

Graphing Radicals in the Form y=a/b(x—-h) +k

Graph a) pon, b) yon, c) y=-vx , andd) yee

» Solution: a) b) c) d)
ay yy, Ma Y

aa a x + > x

Domain: x =0 Domain: x <0 Domain: x >0 Domain: x <0

Range: y 20 Range: y20 Range: y <0 Range: y <0

Grapha)y=Vx-1, b) y=Vx+1, c) y=Vx4l,andd) y=Vx-1

» Solution: a) b) c) d)
y By M4 y

1
x ¥ x x
l = Pe

Domain: x 21 Domain: x >—1 Domain: x >0 Domain: x =0

Range: y 20 Range: y20 Range: y21 Range: y2-l

Graph y=vx, y=V2x, y=ftx

» Solution: y

De a ee
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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.1 — Radicals @ 115

Grapha) y=2V4-x+1 andb) y=—-V2x-4-1

® Solution: a) Domain: Range: b) Domain: Range:

4-x>0 since 2/4 x > 0 then 2x=420 since — /2x—4

<0 then

“Xess y=2V4-x+lis 2x24 y=-V2x-4-Lis

x<4 y2l x22 ys-l
By transformation of By transformation of
y=vx to yaWaa P12 824) +1 y=Hvx to y=- 2x-4-1=-,/2(x-2)-1
(a, b) > (-a+4, 26+1) (aD) a2 pt)

(0, 0) > (4, 1) (020) 12-1)

(1) 6,3) (1,1) > (2.5,—2)
(4,2) > (0,5) (4,2) > (4,-3)
bassnpn sf Y

—j}—+-—+- (2-1)

+ (4,1)
——S—SSSa
SS SSS —$$—<$—_ +—_t——_—> x

Graphing Radical Functions with Even and Odd Root Indexes

Graphing radical functions with even and odd root indexes will have different domains and ranges. Recall the
meaning of the domain and range:

Domain and Range

The domain is the set of all real values x, except any value that
1. causes division by zero
2. causes a negative number under a radical symbol with an even index
The range is the output value f(x) of the input value x.

Find the domain and range of a) y=Nx., b) yee c) y=4x,and d) ene

» Solution: a) Domain must have x 20; Range is then y>0.

b) Domain can be any real number; Range is then any real number.
c) Domain must have x 20; Range is then y>0.

d) Domain can be any real number; Range is then any real number.

From these examples, we see that negative numbers are excluded from the radicand of any even-order radical,
including square roots, fourth roots, etc.

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Gt
GG
eeeseeseseeegTegeeeeeeegeeeeeeeeeeeee
ese
seseseseseses
Sse
116 @ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

Graph a) y=vx, b) ade c) y= 4x, and d) yauer

& Solution:
a)iyv= vx , Domain: x20,Range: y20 b) y= aly , Domain and Range: all real numbers

Xx y x y y
0 0 =o —2
' ae
1 -4 |V¥-4=-1.6
2 J2=14 -1] -l 2
a) 3 S17 0 0 So
=i 8
4 ©) 6 1

5 V5 ~23 4 | J4=16
6 V6 =24 8
c) y= 4x, Domain: x20,Range: y20

1 ik 1 1

Note: JY y= nlx =x? y ,y=Vx=2x3, = ie = ei x =x> when calculating g values with yy;your calculator.

Grapha) y=—Vx—-—1-2 andb) y=-—Vx-1-2.

~ Solution:
a) y=—-Vx—-1-—2, Domain: x>1,Range: y<-2 b) y=—Vx—1-—2, Domain and Range: all real numbers
Y

a a Me et a eee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.1 — Radicals @ 117

Graphing y= f(x) and y=, f(@%)

The graphs of y= f(x) and y=, f(x) will have different domains and ranges because of the restriction on an
even root function.

Graph a) y=x* and y= Vx? and b) y=x° and y= Ve . State the domain and range.

> Solution: b)
1 &
a x oe /
y y ie Vtg
y a

x x

Domain: y= x7; x is all real numbers Domain: y =x°;x is all real numbers

Range: y=x’; y2>0 Range: y= x"; y is all real numbers

Domain: y= Vi? ; x is all real numbers Domain: y=Vx°;x 20

Range: y=Vx?; p20 Ranve Hairs p20

Note: Graphs of a) are equal at (0, 0), (-1, 1), Note: Graphs of b) are equal at (0, 0) and
and (1, 1). The domain and range of (1, 1). The domain and range of
both graphs are equal because the even y= ve is greater than or equal to
root radical has a value in the radical zero because the value of an even root
that is always positive. radical must be positive, and x° is
negative for a negative value of x.

i 5 ee a ee ae rr
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118 4 Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

> Solution: ‘ y dy

Slee oo 45
—3 26 56
—2 0 0

Sih eee fe
0 —2 O

ieee fe
2 0 0
5 DES 1.6
Te Rie | Bea G

x t + + + + +
—2 D

eS = ee
y=—x —2 MeN
2
Domain: all real numbers

Range: y 2-2

w22, %S—2

Range: y=0

Note: The domain and range are quite different. This is because the domain x —2 has no

restriction, but inside an even root radical it must be positive. The range of y= >” =

depends on the minimum value, but the even root value of a positive radical must be

positive or zero.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.1 — Radicals @ 119

3.1 Exercise Set

1. Fill in the missing symbols.

a) In the radical notation ly , x is called the

b) Inradical notation, Naa is called the

c) In the radical notation ay , nis called the

d) The principal n‘ root of x is written as

e) 25 =5 is read the (principal) root of 25 equals 5.

f) /-27 =-3 is read the (principal) root of —27 equals -3.
g) The principal n“ root of x is not a real number if 7 is and x is
h) The domain of a real-value function excludes any value of the radicand of an even root
to be

2. Solve for x.

A) ato b) x =-9

cr =s d) x =-8

ey i ail 2 =—1
g) x e382 oe h) c= =32

3. Simplify each radical.

a) Any 0) ae es eae ») Ae <0

© 7x3, x<0 oa eke ae 27s x50

4. Determine the domain and range of the following functions:

a) y=x b) y=vx

c) y=vl-x d) y=-vx-1

e)) ya Deal yee PS

g)) y+3=N ne yo ee aepee

i) y=-V-2x-443 Do y=vx'-4
k) y=-V4—x2 ) y=-vx-8

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120 ¢ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

5. Match the equation with the graph.

a) f()=v-x B y

b) f(x=—Vx
c) f(ayax ial Soa (ie ‘

d) f(=Vi-x
H t D Dy
A

e) fave
f) fi=—vx-1 Ss
f(x)=—-vx-1

a
E y
f(x)=1-4-x

f(x)=1-Vx-1 |
x

f(x)=1-V1-x
f)=vx?-1 G y H
>

f(x)=14 4x
fee
a i >x
f(x)=-1-vi-x
f)=-l+vx41
I yy
A

ante >x

K y
{

>

See
M
yy,

DDD

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.1 — Radicals @ 121

6. Graph the following functions. State the domain and range.

Ay fie2k b) f(x)=V2x

©) f(x)=4-x d) f(x)=V4-x°

Se Sea I ee EE Ee
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 a n d S oI v ing Radi bs
Graphing

Equations that contain variables in the radicand are called radical equations. Understanding the domain and
range restriction allows one to solve radical equations both algebraically and graphically. The key to solving
radical equations graphically is to make as accurate a graph as possible of where the graph crosses the x-axis
with the help of the domain and range.

Solving Radical Equations Graphically

1. Determine domain and range, if possible. (Sometimes range is difficult.)
2. Set radical equation equal to zero.
3. Calculate a set of points (a, f(a)) with f(a)<0 and f(a)>0 and when
possible f(a)=0.

4. Sketch graph as accurately as possible.

Solution(s) is/are zeros(s) of graph.

The key to solving radical equations algebraically is the power theorem.

Power Theorem

If x=y,then x” = y”, where 7 is a positive integer.

Caution: The equation x= y is not always the same as x” = y”. When using the
power theorem, all solutions must be checked. Solutions that do not
satisfy the original equation are called extraneous solutions; they must
be discarded.

The following steps should be used in solving a radical equation:

Solving Equations with Radicals

Step 1. Isolate the radical on one side of the equal sign.
Step 2. Raise both sides of the equation to a power that is equal to the index of
the radical.
Step 3. Solve the non-radical equation.
Step 4. Check all possible solutions in the original equation, and reject any
extraneous solutions.

a
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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.2 — Graphing and Solving Radical Equations ¢ 123

Consider the following examples:

Solve f(x)=V5-x—-2=0
> Solution: (Graphically)
Where the function y= f(x) =0 is a solution of this equation.

Domain: 5—x 20 x y

x6 le
1 0
Range: since 5— x 20 24 1
y2-2

Graph crosses x-axis at 1, solution is x =1.

> Solution: (Algebraically)

5 et) Check solution:

5 tye V5-—x-2=0

( 5— x}2 = (2) Vv¥5-1-2=0

—|-Z=

|| q 2-2=0
5-x=4
0=0 accept
x=

Solution is x=1.

Solve g(x)=Vx+6-x=0

» Solution: (Graphically)

Domain: x + 6 20 x y
x2-6 —6 6
—2 4
3 0

Range: difficult to
calculate y < 6.25

Graph crosses x-axis at 3, solution is x =3.

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124 # Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

» Solution: (Algebraically)

eG ep Check solution: x =-—2 Check solution: x =3

eee Vx+6-x=0 J3+6-3=0

(Vivo) =x V-2+6-(-2)=0 fees)
2 J4 +2=0 3-3=0
Cae 4#0 reject 0=0 accept
x°-x-6=0
ij KO) Woe a4) a= |)
X=—2, 3

Solution is x =3.

Solve f(x)=vV4x+1-2=0

® Solution: (Graphically)

Domain: 4x +120 Range: since V4x+1>0

x2 as y2-2
4

x y
ee io?
0 ze TOL aod
1 10.236 ai Approximate: closer to | than 0
) 1 since 0.236 is closer to zero than —1.
6 3 x =0.7

Note: Graphic solution is not as accurate as algebraic when solution is not an integer.

» Solution: (Algebraically)

laste |SV=0 Check solution:

V4x+1=2 V4x+1-2=0

/ Aas nb s
( 4x+1) =2 Alea de 0
4x+1=4 eh

0=0 accept
Bl]
w

3
olu
Solution ji
is x =—.

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.2 — Graphing and Solving Radical Equations 4 125

Solve f(x)=vVx+1—x+2=0

» Solution: (Graphically)

Domain: x +120 Range: difficult to calculate y<3.25

pia

x y
=] 3
0 5
3 1
4 0.236 .
5 5 i zero 4 <x <5, closer to 4 than 5 since 0.236
poe is closer to zero than — 0.550
eee ee

» Solution: (Algebraically)

Vx+1l—-x+2=0

Vx+tl=x-2
2
/ 2 2
( or i}=(%-2) Check solution:
xtl=x? -—4x+4 Ae ee 0
2 ss
ESET V0.697+1—0.697+2=0
ae (5)? - 403) 2.606 #0 reject
i > /430341—4,30842=0
5+
= ee = 0.697, 4.303 0=0 accept

Sonera ee vVi3 4.303.

2

Ne oa a A
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BPSEVRSVEVEVESEYUSRVEUVUSEEVPSOSESOSSVeese
126 Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

3.2 Exercise Set

1. Fill in the missing blanks.

a) A radical equation is an equation that has variables in a

b) The Power Theorem states that if x = y, then where n is a positive integer.

c) The reason why we check the solution of radical equations is that when we raise both sides to the
n'h power it introduces roots.

2. Use the given graphs to solve each radical equation.

a) Vx+6-2=0 b) vV5x-1=3 c) ¥2x+34+1=0

3. Determine the x-intercept and y-intercept of the following functions:

a) f(x)=v2x-4 b) f(x)
= 4x +2

c) f(x)Hvax-3-5 d) f@qs2. 14

f(x)=V2x +4 f) T(x)=vV4-x-2

g) f(xy=Vx? 41—V17 h) F(@HNx- £6x—4

f(x)=Vx-1-2 i) fjy=Nx =—50e6

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.2 — Graphing and Solving Radical Equations @ 127

4. Determine the x-intercept of the following functions. Check your solutions.

a) f(x)=v13-x-x+1 b) f(x)=V2x-3+x-3

ce) f(x)=v5-5x4+x-1 d) f(x)=2x-8+vx+1

e) SOyHNa ss f) f(x)=vVxt+5-x+4+1

5. Determine between which consecutive integers the zeros of the radical functions occur; answer in form
Ax< Oe

a) f(x)=Vxt+5—x b) f(x)=V2x4+14+2

% y x y

¢)). f(@)SN2x4-6-x d), ..f(x%)=Vx+2.—2x

{{ {

He y x y

e) f(x)=v4—-x-x f) f(x)=Vl0—x-x-1

| q|

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6. Solve the radical equations A) algebraically and B) graphically.

a) f(x)=V2x-3-3=0

b) f(x)=Vxt+441=0

c) f(x)=V1-2x+3=0

d) f(x)=x+8-~V4-3x
=0

Ce) J(=VN
eel —xX—1=0

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.3 — Rational Functions ¢ 129

A rational expression is the ratio of two polynomials. We use rational expressions to define rational functions.
A rational function is defined as follows:

A Rational Function is a function of the form:

Fx gs) where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials, and h(x) #0

h(x)

Lesa 28 : ‘ : ;
a) i This is a rational expression. Just a ratio of two polynomials.

+2 4s :
b) y= Z This is a rational function. ee ae ec ond ;
ae, denominator are polynomials.

This expression can be written

ib 2x7 —3x+5
c) y=2x°-3x+5 This is a rational function. ie 1
Both the numerator and
denominator are polynomials.

Bee /
d) y= This is nota rational function, 7Ӣ denominator Vx +3 is not
Vix 3 a polynomial.

Asymptotes
A line is an asymptote for a curve if the distance between the line and the curve approaches zero as we move
farther and farther along the line.

Definition of an Asymptote

An asymptote of a graph is a vertical or horizontal line that a part of the graph gets very
close to (but never reaches).

Graph of f(x)= 4
ie

¢ The domain does not include 0. x Cx)

¢ The graph is discontinuous; there undefined
is a break at x =0. +4 +]
¢ The graph approaches the vertical +] +4
line x =0 as the graph moves +) +9
towards the origin. 46 42
¢ The graph approaches the mt me
horizontal line y=0 as the graph 7 +6
moves away from the origin.

ii)
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SBSVEVESEVEVVUVEESETTVVUVTFETISTSSOSSTeSee
130 ¢ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

Vertical Asymptotes of Rational Functions

Since the denominator of a rational function cannot be zero, it is the zeros of the denominator which restrict the
domain. Vertical asymptotes can be determined by setting the denominator equal to zero and excluding those
values from the domain of the rational function. We define a vertical asymptote as follows:

Vertical Asymptotes of Rational Functions

g(x) be a rational function.

Rete ix) = Tix)
xX

Ifc is a zero of h(x), then the line x =c isa vertical asymptote of the graph of f(x).

Determine the vertical asymptotes of the rational functions.

a )f@=s—x = WDe@)=. 2x+35

b Bs aeRe Sole ARS

x x’? -9=0 Vertical asymptotes are

> Solution: a) f(x)=> a x =—Sand 03"
an (x—3)(x+3)=0
193), 3)

2x+3 x°> — 4x7 =0 Vertical asymptotes are

b) tei > i ==) = 0, and 2,
tee x(x-2)\(x+2)=0
Maa) Oe?

Horizontal Asymptotes of Rational Functions

We can examine the end behaviour as |x |becomes very large; as x 4 o or as x 4 —o0o. This end behaviour
is a horizontal asymptote. The following gives the necessary conditions for a rational function to have a
horizontal asymptote:

Horizontal Asymptote of Rational Functions

g(x) E Gate tO
Consider the rational function f(x)= with a, #0, b #0
A(x) bx" +--+bxtDd,
1. If m<n, the line y=0 (the x axis) is a horizontal asymptote.

a
2. If m=n, the line y=— (ratio of leading coefficients) is a horizontal asymptote.
n

3. If m>n, there is no horizontal asymptote.

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.3 — Rational Functions ¢ 131

Determine, if possible, the horizontal asymptotes of the rational functions:

DX Pieny= eens1-2 x 5 Pie ee 3x+1

a = reir Gr
) I(x) 3x —1 x° -—4x43 x+4

& Solution: pW Ne = = , divide each term by the highest power of the denominator.
Xe —

Ds
1: 2, 2 2 1
—— 2 | 2 Note: —=0
3x —-1
6
— 1
x
cae co
Pos 03 co

or leading coefficient of 2x is 2, leading coefficient of 3x — 1 is 3, thus horizontal

2
asymptote is f(x)= ae

b) g(x)= sees , divide each term by the highest power of the denominator.
x =4x+3

eh ee Bay wy
uy Jo
2
x2 BH 2
OWS PG Vee, Z 0-0
= eles
Kin eeANehe D 4 3 4 33% 41=O0-40)4 11
3 yt Sase e AE
XX
Creco ars
eo
Xx xX

or if power of numerator < than power of denominator; horizontal asymptote is

f(x)=0.
Z

c) h(x)= = , divide each term by the highest power ofthe denominator.

ve

on" had oveayy Dela

3—
5 sXe ie X as|x|— ©, oo
4 4
=+— 1+— eh
ma.
if
.>>
IN
14>aii
-q-
XxX co

a infinte number — 3+ 0
= infinite number
1+0

or power of numerator > than power of denominator; no horizontal asymptote.

Thus, /(x) has no horizontal asymptote.

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x-intercept(s) and y-intercept(s) of Rational Functions

To graph a rational function, determining the x- and y-intercepts is very helpful.

Determine the x- and y-intercepts of the rational functions:

x? -7x+12 x] x -9 1 1
= = ——— d k = ——_ ———_ +2
=
x -4 ee xi +x aay x -x-2 ) ae el
ae

7_7x+12 0? —7(0)+12 — 3)
y-intercept is (0,
> Solution: a) f ie SS : Deux — 0; Oa
x -4 0° —4
?—7x+12
Let f(x) =0, ——-—=0
cat
x? —7x+12=0
(x —3)(x-4)=0
x = 3,4, x-intercepts are (3, 0), (4, 0)

x*-1 0*-1
b) g(x%)=G ; Let x=0, = = undefined, no y-intercept
Yo ex 0° +0

Let g(x) =0, = 2)

ca

x +x
x? —-1=0
(x—1)(x+1)(x? +1) =0
x =1,-1, x-intercepts are (—1, 0), (1, 0)

x’ -9 0-9 9. Tite)
c) terra ; Let x =0, Hj AO is 05

x9
Roun) = 0. 1)
©) x =x-2
x°-9=0
(x—3)\(x+3)=0
x = —3, 3, x-intercepts are (—3, 0), (3, 0)

1 1
d) bCOmampmapayt LCM: (x-—Divet+l)

Dee) el) 2x 1) 2x° —4

(x+1)(x-1) (x-1)(x+1)

2(0’)-4 ; ;
@-nor —-
Let x =0, ————— --int
= 4, yy-intercept (0,4 4)
tis is (0,

Hee) 0aee
Ce

(x-1)(« +1)
2x*-4=0
xD
x = +2, x-intercepts are nD 9); a2 ,0)

a IS a ay
aaa aaa
See
publisher.
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.3 — Rational Functions ¢ 133

Holes in Rational Functions

Sometimes a rational function simplifies to a different function and eliminates one or more of the vertical
asymptotes.

Bee
At first glance, f(x) = ae appears to have vertical asymptotes at
x +x
x°+x-2=0

(x-1)(x+2)=0

FH 1.32

But when the whole function is considered in the factorization

TA peeren reduces to f(x) = ale

(eB) (x-) x-1

There is only one vertical asymptote when x—1=0,

at x=1. However, x = —2 is also not allowed in the
original function since it makes the denominator 0.
1 1 1
When x=-2 in f=.
f(x)=——, f@=z5=-3
f(x) = ——_=--.

So the point (—2,—+) is not allowed in the new

function. This creates a hole in the graph.

Determine the vertical asymptotes and holes of the rational functions:

x-3 x" +2x-8 x’ -4

a ) se
x)= peer b YEAS = aera, ICG h eres
=

x-3 yoo Vertical asymptote is x =—2. Also,

Solution: a x)=————_;; a
: ) x) x’ -x-6 fx) (x—3)(x+2) 1
the point [s,| must be excluded
1
e+2 haa :
since x =3 makes the denominator of
the original rational function equal to
zero.

Pa eds gee (x+4)(x—2) No vertical asymptote. This is a

PE AG yo , 8 (x)= Sa linear equation with the point (—4, — 6)
omitted.
=x-2

Vertical asymptote is x =0. Also, the

) h()=2—x4 , n(x) = SoG)
x—2\(x+2
j
ane ee 2) points |—2,—— | and | 2,— | must be
1 } Z
re excluded.

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3.3 Exercise Set

1. Fill in the missing blanks.

a) A rational expression is defined as the of two polynomial with the

not equal to zero.

b) A function defined by f(x) = a , with g(x)and h(x) functions and

y
h(x) #0, is called a function.

To determine the excluded values of the domain of a rational function, we find the values for which the
is equal to

d) A vertical line that a graph approaches but never touches is called a

e) A horizontal line that a graph approaches as |x |— © is called a

The graph of a rational function f(x)= =, will have a vertical asymptote of and a
3,0; _

horizontal asymptote of

2. Find the domain, the x- and y-intercepts, and any holes for each rational function.

3x-9 x+6)(x+3
a) 4x+12 (x -2)

usx? —8x—9 a y= aaa! Dern

x —-x-6 x

see
e) =< f) ue —3x7 +12
x +4 x =9

+ =x +9
g) <i lett hee
(+4) 0 ER

2+x , x’ —3x-4
i») =
ar 2
x +4 4+3x—x?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.3 — Rational Functions ¢ 135

1
3. The graph of each function is a variation of the graph f(x)=—.mas In each case, find the horizontal and
%
vertical asymptotes and the x- and y-intercepts.

a) g(x)=-— Xx
b) h(x)=-—=3 x

1 I
¢) 7(%)=1+— Dimi ila 2——
35 Xx

1 1
&)) (kOe a4 f) Y@j=-1-—
X =,

l 2
g) nS) a h) MOST e iy

i) P Goes
yt j
j q (x)=-
Ee (x+1) +1

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136 @ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

4. What are the vertical and horizontal asymptotes, and any holes in the graph, of the following
rational functions?
1 5%
a) f(x)=— b) Ug a
56

c ) fe) a
yoIx + 12
d) 20)Y= ais

x
x
e) A(x)= koe
) &) x? +1 (@) RO

x +3xr—-1 26 AS
8) p(x)= js : h) m(x) = ————_
\ aden a 8

: x°-4 9-—6x
i = ) (os =
By Orn A () Ay =O

l6x—x7 3
k = I) S (x)
(oe) 1 as
Re? nn AX

SS ee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.4 — Graphing Rational Functions # 137

Graphing Rational Functi

The steps in graphing a rational functions are as follows:

Graphing Rational Functions f(x)==—,

£O) g(x)4#0, h(x)4#0
h(x)
Step 1. Find any vertical asymptote by equating the denominator to 0.
Step 2. Find any horizontal asymptote by dividing all terms by the highest power
1 1
of x , then assume ————————————_=0 | —=0}.
infinitely large number oo
Step 3. Find x- and y-intercepts, if possible, and holes, if they exist.
Step 4. Make a table of values:
a) Find y-intercept by letting x = 0.
b) Choose x values close to vertical asymptotes, and one large positive
and negative value of x.
Step 5. Draw a smooth curve through the points.
5{{
tk 2
Let f(x)=—— a) Determine horizontal/vertical asymptotes and b) fill in the table.
%
re

c) f(x) x >-- (use large negative numeral); x — © (use large positive numeral)
x— 1° (left side of 1 but very close); x— 1" (right side of 1 but very close)
d) Find the x- and y-intercepts, if possible, and e) Sketch the graph.

~ Solution: a) Horizontal asymptote of f(x)= a is by definition f(x)=0

as

Vertical asymptote of f(x) = oS isox—1=0 x= 1

x-

3 [a [ie [aoe Ta [0
ao) [a0 [a0 [comeFoes[1 [2
b)

c) As x—-oco, f(x) 0° Gust less than zero); x > 0, f(x) 0° (just more than zero)
x1, f(x) —© (just less than one); x— 0, f(x) 1° (just more than one)
: Pe
d) x-intercept f(x)= aaa let. r= 0, = =0 is undefined; no x-intercept.
x- x-
| 2
y-intercept f(x) = Seat let x=0, f(0)= it == ).(0.=2))
3.5 —_—
0-1
e) Draw asymptotes, plot points and ay

x-intercept. Draw smooth curves.

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138 @ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

Let f(x)= ne ae
2 —_—

2+x-x
a) Determine the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
b) Fill in the table.

| x |-1.01 | —99 | 1.99 | 2.01 |-1000 aoe

c) Find the x- and y-intercepts, and holes, if possible.

;
d) Sketch the graph.
Solution: a) Vertical asymptote: 2+x— x’? =0, (2—x)(1+x)=0 c=—1L2
Horizontal asymptote:
Xe ae Z ae A ‘emer?
eae aa rene lee pe ane
f( oc
ee ee ee idem | Oro 1
x X, x x co co
x
thus f(x)=—1
or highest power of numerator and denominator are the same.

Coefficients of highest powers are - =~], thus f(x) =—1.

De [ator [9 [9 |201[000] 000

jeo[ « [-o [om[am] |
large positive number
large negative number

P4+x-2
©) of.Ca x-intercept let f(x) =0
2+x-—X
2

Lie eee ae aT
Dis
0Bans
(x+2)(x-1)=0
x=-2,1 (-2,0),(1,0)
Rie
f(x) 24+x-x
, y-intercept let
x =0 1O—0)= PROD
ad =—=f (07-1

d) Draw asymptotes, plot intercepts and points.

Draw smooth curve.

Note: The graph crossed the horizontal asymptote of (0, —1). Horizontal asymptotes are
accurate when x is very large, away from the origin, not close to the origin.

LL

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.4 — Graphing Rational Functions # 139

Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the following, then graph the equation.

1
a) SO aes
x=1

& Solution: Vertical asymptote: x-1=0, x=1

Horizontal asymptote: y=0
(denominator higher power than numerator)
Plot points:

DX
b) 23) ==
x-1

& Solution: Vertical asymptote: x-1=0 , x=1

Horizontal asymptote:
ph ager 2 2 2
(Pas ees ase aS,
or highest power of numerator and denominator are the same.

Coefficients of highest powers are ;=2.thus:.f(x)=2.

Plot points:

Oe
c) h(x)=
ees

» Solution: Vertical asymptote: x7 +1=0, x* =-1,x=@,

no vertical asymptote
Horizontal asymptote:

One
LUISE ee ee Ae ee ee =)
x? +1 ne 1++ 14+-+- 140

or highest power of numerator and denominator are the same.

Coefficients of highest powers are “=2, thus f(x) =2.

Plot points:

| x fo |-1] 1 [5 |~s|-100 {100 |

Ce
Note: 2° means just less than 2.

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 2
d =——
pune) y =x 2

» Solution:
olution: k( 63an
ae ey

Verticaliasymptotes: x—2=0, x=2, x+1=0, x=—1

Horizontal asymptote: y =0
Plot points:

|x fo [-o9[-11f
19|21[10/10 |
rer Erfe9[63[-esfss[aefo
2
—4
Graph the following rational function: f(x)= es
x“ -x-

x -4 (x-—2)(x+2) x+2
Solution: 2
sf ES x —x—-2 (x-2)xt+l1) x41

Vertical asymptotes: x+1=0

x=-1
a ret a eae Vee Oa
Horizontal asymptotes: (x)= 1
xt] 241 141 141° 1407
or highest power of numerator and denominator are the same coefficients

coefficients of highest powers are :=1, thus f(x)=1.

ag 2 Led & 4
Hole: x)= ; 2)=——=—, | 2) —
le Oe aS 3 [;
ee
x-intercept:
ne .
f(x)
x=
ae =/(0)

ea 20)

x =-2,'(-2,0)

: ; x= eee)
y-intercept: f(x) ee

O82
TNO races (0, 2)

Plot points and Graph: x |-1.1 |-0.9 |-100] 100

fx) |-9 | 11 iy 1*

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.4 — Graphing Rational Functions @ 141

Find Zeros of Rational Functions

Recall a zero, root, and solution of an equation is where the graph crosses the x-axis. In example 1 of this
section, we did not have an x-intercept, thus the solution over the real numbers was the empty set. In example 2
of this section, the x-intercept was (1, 0) and (—2 0), thus the solution of this rational equation was x =1,-2.
Thus, to find a solution to a rational equation, we set the equation equal to zero, and solve for x.

Find the solution to the following rational equations by graphing the function.

9) 1 1
av Glaea b
ee
a
ard oe)

& Solution: a) Asymptotes are: x” —x-2=0

2x 41)=0
x=-1,2, and y=1

x-intercepts are: x7 -9=0, x=43

Plot asymptotes and points, then graph.
Therefore, x =—3, 3 are solutions of the rational
function.

b) Cs es LCM: (x—D(«+1)
x+1l x-Il

_(x-D=-(*F+D+2x4+D)-1) 2x? -4
i (x+1(e=1) ~ (a Dart) i}
4

Asymptotes are: x =—1,1, and y=2

‘
4
1
i}
+
i}

x-intercepts are: 2x* -4=0 5i}

i
t
i}

x=-V2,V2 1

Plot asymptotes and points, then graph.

Therefore, x =—1.4 and 1.4 are solutions of the
rational equation.

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142 ¢ Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

3.4 Exercise Set

1. For the graph of the following functions, find the domain, the vertical and horizontal asymptotes (if any),
and approximate the x- and y-intercepts (if any).

2x+4 a
a) y= ay b) Va 2 Ly

& aA ae 2 d) & 3x?

arts. 23 Sema

a
\ heed
YO
Set
i)
4
‘
Je,
a, x2=9
ee
a
y
1
Lobes
'
at
7
+!

ea
ceeh

se
ea ota ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.4 — Graphing Rational Functions ¢ 143

3. For each function, fill in the given table and answer the following:

¢ What do you observe about the value of f(x) as x approaches the vertical asymptote from the right?
From the left?
¢ What happens to the value of f(x) as x gets very large and positive? Very large and negative?

a f=
(ei | 0.9
i | ee
Pe Pe || | or
x
el 10 | 100 | 1000 | -10 | -100 |-1000
fe) |

vareee BP] x 250s a o7 | 04 0.01

— fe) cee
10 | 100 | 1000 | -10 | -100 1000

XxX 1.5 25 LS 21 99 a Od
c) f@=—
x 10 | 100 | 1000 | -10 | -100 |-1000
f(x)

4. Find the zeros (if any) of the rational functions.

ee Lene 3
ay f@)=—, AGS aa eras

Oi Ge 3 OSE
e
ara

a = x +8
e) Shae,
=a De =a

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5. Match the rational function with its graph. Do not use a graphing calculator.
y
a) f()=——1
x-1
ehante A 6

¥ t
b) f(x)=— Reis
x-1 1} ft tr

) f%)=—
iceeal
RAS |

é f@=5
mig?
Pare. C
ieaA D y

2) fa=>x -] ares |4
f) f(x)= = Pama \o yee a zx

x -1 :

—3
) fG)=—— ec

bh) f=x +1
hee F
)' fM=sz
We:
b3
; i Sp nate ae + + + +

) ea oe pe

I y J Ag

4 ea
aia oe EG oe

26
=6

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.4 — Graphing Rational Functions @ 145

6. Sketch by hand the graph of the rational function. State the domain of the function, identify all intercepts,

vem EEE EE
identify any vertical or horizontal asymptotes and holes. Plot additional solution points as needed.

XX Xx

i) _x+2 x aes

c) ACS eat ayy a

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 Chapter Review

1. Which one of the following graphs does not have a vertical asymptote?

1
a) f(x)=
aeal

b) f@)==—1
Oe xX

a) f=23

2. Which one of the following graphs does not have a horizontal asymptote?

a) fx)=
=>
b) f®)=4"
) f=
d) SEO ie a

(x —1)(x + 2)(x -3)

3. Determine the domain of the function f(x)= ;
(x —1)(x+2)(x +3)

a) all real numbers

b) x#-3
©) ie Le 2
qd) -x441,=2523

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.5 — Chapter Review @ 147

4. Determine the domain of f(x)=*Vax+b, where n is an odd positive integer.

a) ee
a

b) ree
a

Cc) Bue!
a a
d) all real numbers

5. A radical equation y=.jax+b+cx+d can have at most

a) 1 zero
b) 2 zeros
c) 3 zeros
d) 4 zeros

6. Simplify V9x?,x <0

a) undefined
b) -3x
C) 1k
d) +3x

7. Simplify V—8x°
a) undefined
b) -—2x
Cele
d) 22x

8. Which of the following is not defined over the real number system?

A) c=
b) x =-7
ox. = 7
d) x°=-7

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148 4 Chapter 3 — Radicals and Rational Equations Pre-Calculus 12

Determine the domain of f(x)=-V4—x7

a) “xs0
bD)iex 2 2
Cie 2Sx 5.2
Ger s=2 xe 2

10. Determine the range of f(x)-—3=—2v1-x

a) ys-2
by) as
€) vs 2
d) ys 3

11. Determine the x-intercept of f(x) = eoguay

x +4x+4
a) 2
b) -1,2
c) 3,6
d) 3,-6

12. Determine the domain of f(x) =x? — a

ar. x20
Db), YS aa, 424
CC)Se So
d) all real numbers

><
13. Which of the following could be the graph below if a,b>0?

a) y=—-Va-x-b
b) y= vx-a-b
ce) y= Va-x-b

d) y=-vx-a-b

sg a A at A a ALTA A NA nn hl
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.5 — Chapter Review @ 149

14. The graph f(x) = ae has a “hole” at the point

Be ae
a) (-3,0)
b) @, 0)
c) (Ga)
G3

15. Which ofthe following rational functions has a hole in the graph of the function
f?

a) f=x’? -4
Dis Diane
b) fits
x +x-6
x? 4+3x-4
‘ace
d) f(x)=— aiates

x -x-6

16. Determine the value of f(x) when x > —-co if f(x)= mite, :
2x +3

a —
2,
) 3

b
2
=
3
eC) ley
a), lesa

17. Let f be arational function given by f(x)= = . The graph has a horizontal asymptote of y=0 when
x

a) n=m
b) n<0O
c) n>m
d) n<m

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
18. The line y=b isa horizontal asymptote of the graph of f(x) if

a) x—> bas f(x)>-~ or f(x)>-~

b) xb as x > or x 4-09
¢) f(x)>b as x40 or x 3-00
d) f(x) bas f(x)9& or f(x) 9-2

19. Which of the following is always true?

a) lf? —=O then P” =O"7,n an integer

D)itePe == O07 then P= Onan integer

€) MiP — CO then P” ='O° > 7n a positive integer

d) If P”=Q” then P=Q, na positive integer

20. Which of the following rational functions describes a graph that is symmetric about the y-axis, has a
horizontal asymptote of y=0, and a vertical asymptote of x =0, with no x- or y-intercepts?

Naat ees

) f= xX

d) f@=+ x

21. Which of the following rational functions describes a graph that has a horizontal asymptote y=—2 anda
vertical asymptote x =1 with the y-intercept (0, 0)?

a) fe)
b) f@)=—5
3) f=
a f=

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.5 — Chapter Review @ 151

Questions 22 to 25

A function is in the form y=a,/b(x—h)+k witha, b, h, k, constants. What stipulations will produce the
following graphs?

22. a) a<0, b>0, h>0,k<0 i.

b) a<0, b>0, h<0, k>0 igs
c) a>0, b<0, h>0, k<0 =
d) a>0, b<0, h<0, k>0

23. a). a<0, b>0) he0, k=0

b) a<0, b>0, h<0,k>0 x
€). -4a>0 5b) <07 7 20ek S0
d) aa: ba0, heO0b <0

24.a) a<0, b<0, h<0,k<0

b) a<0, b<0, h>o, k=0
¢), ae0 b> 0, h<®, ke<0
d) -a>0,D208h>Orr-0

25, a) a<0,b<0,
he0) a0
b)) a<0/5<0,
h< 05k 50 tad

c) a>0, b<0, h>0,k<0

d) a<0, b>0, h>0,k<0

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26. Let f be a rational function given by /(x)= gi) . The graph has a vertical asymptote at the zero of
h(x)
a) g(x)
b) h(x)

3) g(x)
h(x)
d) h(x)
g(x)

27. An open top box with a square base has a volume of 30 ft3. The total surface area of the box is

a) S:Agex° = oY

b) SA.=x?+—
x

ce) SA=x = Lo.

x

Das Ac= 7 bau

28. Rent-a-Wreck charges $25 per day plus 20 cents per km to rent a car. What is the average cost
per x km, C(x)?

a) C(x) = 25+0.20x

b) C(x)=25+ woe
x
Cc) Cin) = 255-020

Gye +020
Xx

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 3.5 — Chapter Review @ 153

Questions 29 and 30

axa bh
A function in the form f(x) = 7 with a, b, c, d constant and c and d not zero.
cx+

29. What are the x- and y-intercepts of f(x)?

a) x-intercept: ——, y-intercept:

a
b f
b) x-intercept: ——, y-intercept:
a os
alo
: a
c) x-intercept: , y-intercept; —
QS G
é d
d) x-intercept: —, y-intercept: -——
a C

30. What are the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of f(x)?

b b
a) horizontal: y=—, vertical: x=—=—
d a
: b
b) horizontal: y= 7 vertical: x=——

a
¢) horizontal: y=—, vertical: x=——
c a
a
d) horizontal: y=—, vertical: x=-——
Cc c

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154 4 Pre-Calculus 12

LIST OF WRONGS AND RIGHTS

Probably the main overall rule to keep upper most in your mind when working with logarithms is
as follows: Do not make up your own rules!

Wrong Right

1. (loga)” =nloga 1. (loga)" cannot be simplified

2. logx-log y=logxy 2. logx-log y cannot be simplified

3. log(x+ y)=logx+log y 3. log(x + y) cannot be simplified

4. logx-logx =logx’ 4. logx-logx=(logx)*

l
5. log, x=logx—log y 5) log, x=—
: log, y

log x logx
6. =logx—logy 6. = 109" x
logy log y :

Oe x ry
7. log—=
g5 5 7. log—=1
og 5 0g x —log2
— log

logl0
ea?10 oflog 10
= log2 g, logl
eis 102143
logs, 5 ) log5

log, 5 log, 5
9. rm = log, 9. ae cannot be simplified

Me ebb 10. b* +b” cannot be simplified

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents @ 155

Exponents

Logarithms is the study of exponents. Therefore, we must review our exponent properties as our first step in
understanding logarithms.

Exponential Function Properties where a and b are positive real numbers and exponents
x and y are any real numbers.

1. b° = a). b* -b = paw 3. ue = bt”

b’

4. (b") =5" Syarngptiebde GiorieD) erate? fea.2

b* b a a

de (ab) =a Os 8. a =a ifany onlyif x=y

4oxtl a 92(6x+1) glax+2 1 1

= are NaS 2g a4 =
gar? — 5 3(dx42) = a i2x+6 7 16

» Solution: OT ae BG Ay 628 ax x= 9 x =<

Graphing Exponential Functions

To gain a better understanding of exponents, we will look at the graph of y=", the exponential function.
The base can be any value greater than zero except 1. Therefore, we must look at 0<b<1 and b>1. We
define the exponential function and its graph as follows:

Exponential Function

The equation /(x)=b*, b>0, b#1 is called an exponential function with base 5,
and x any real value.

Exponential Graphs

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Peteithenest slices
Basic Properties of Exponential Graphs

Before stating the basic properties of the exponential function graph y= a’, let us define a horizontal asymptote:

Definition of a Horizontal Asymptote

The line y=b isa horizontal asymptote for the graph f(x)=a" if f(x)— b (read
f(x) approaches b) as x >* © or x > oe. In other words, it is a horizontal line which
y approaches as x gets very large or very small.

The basic properties of the graph f(x)= 5" can be stated as follows:

aT
Basic Properties of the graph /(x)=b', b>0, b#1

1. All graphs go through the point (0, 1), and the graph has no x-intercept.

2. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote with equation y =0

3. Whenb>1, f(x)= 5" is an increasing function

4. When0<b<1, f(x)=5" isa decreasing function

Sketch the graph:

a) f(x)=|5| -1 1 ‘
Db) e@j== a x]

Solution: awe
rea
(x)= 3) —l1— f(x)=2™~-1
d This graph is a decreasing function, with the

horizontal asymptote shifted down one unit. Asymptote is f(x)=-—1, with graph going
through the origin.

b) g(x)=-3*'+1 This graph is an decreasing function, with the horizontal asymptote

shifted up one unit. Asymptote is g(x)=1. Graph is shifted one unit right from basic
graph y=3*

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents ¢ 157

Application of Exponential Functions

Exponential function applications are found in all aspects of life, such as radioactive decay, bacteria growth,
spread of epidemics, and compound interest. Such functions are found in variations of the function
(x)= A(a’) where A is aconstant. The compound interest formula shows such a variation.

Compound Interest Formula

Interest calculated on principle plus previously earned interest is called compound interest.
If P dollars is deposited at an annually rate r, compounded vn times per year, then the
compounded amount 4 is given by the formula:
nt

= P(1+2|
n

{f{ /{
Where A = final amount
P =principle, or initial amount
r=rate of yearly interest
n =number of times yearly interest is compounded in a year
t =time in years

Find the interest earned if $6500 is deposited in an account paying 6% compounded monthly
for five years.
nt

» Solution: A= ae+ ‘) : “compounded monthly” means n = 12

n

= 8767.53 Therefore, the interest is 8767.53 — 6500 = $2267.53.

What initial investment is needed to become a millionaire in 25 years if you receive interest
at 12 % compounded quarterly?

nt

> Solution: A= fi+ ‘) : “compounded quarterly” means n = 4

n

Os 1.000 000
2
1:000:000:=P| 1+ -—— Cpe 5) 3) 84
4 1.03"
If $52 032.84 is invested at 12 % for 25 years, the yield is $1000 000.

What is a better value:

invest $10 000 at 6% compounded quarterly for 10 years or
invest $10 000 at 64% compounded annually for 10 years?

4x10 1x10
0.06
= $18 355.50

The investment at 67% compounded annually is a better investment by $195.18.

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158 @ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

The growth and decay formula is another variation of f(x) = A(a’).

Growth and Decay Formulas

Growth and decay: A= A, (ot Growth and decay: A= A,e“’

A —final amount A —final amount

A, — initial amount A, —initial amount
x — growth or decay value, e.g., half-life use > é€ — constant = 2.71828
increase by 10% use 1.1 k — proportional constant
decrease by 10% use 0.9 t — time
t —total time that item is left
T —time of growth or decay, e.g., half-life

The half-life of plutonium-239 is about 25 000 years. How much of a given sample will
remain after 2000 years ?

, 25000
A= A(x)? > A= (3) > 4=0.946 or 94.6%

The number of fruit flies increases by 25% every 3 days. If the population was 2000 fruit flies
after 25 days, how many were there initially?

& Solution:
a 2 2000
A= A,(x)’ > 2000= A,(1.25)3 > A, = DS
= 311 fruit flies
25

Summary

* An exponential function is in the form f(x) =ab*, where b>1 or 0<b<1,b#1 anda, b, and x are
real numbers.
* The function is one-to-one; y-intercept is (0, 1); domain is all real numbers; range 0 < y < co; asymptote
is the x-axis: y=0.
* The graph y=b*", shift graph horizontally right if >0 and horizontally left if h<0.
* The graph y=b* +k, shift graph vertically upward if k >0 and vertically downward if k <0.

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents @ 159

4.1 Exercise Set

1. Simplify

a) 9 b)

c) seu Diniaee d)
O38 4x03”
2
2x-3
x = 25
I
S

2 2*(2*+2-*)—2*(2*-2")
e) (4° 8°) f) oe
q]{{ ( j

2. Solve for x
oy) x
a) 4y* =] b) SO 3e

a oe d) 47 |x+l | = wa

16

e) Ae = Be f)

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e
ONG ye
ROMEO PUSS CUIIS a
3. If y=ab* is defined by the graph below, what is the shape of:

a) y=-ab* b) y=ab”*

4. Explain how the graphs of the equations below can be obtained from the graph of y=3*. Then graph the
equation, specifying the domain, range, intercept(s), and asymptote.
a) a es
y

a7 x

yA

2
SSR **

¢) p= Se y

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents ¢ 161

5. Match each exponential equation with the correct graph.

A A B y
a) y=4° Pagal

b) y = 2a
y=0 a

(0,-1)

(-1,4)
c) yHor el
C y

d) y=-4* (0,3) (-1,4)

(aD) (0,1)
>X a

e) pao S55) y=0 y=0

fh y =-2*? +] eget $e! F

(-1,4)

6. Find the base in the exponential function y = b” that contains the given point.

Ay ene) b) 2.2 °) [-2, ;|

7. Find the exponential function in the form 8. Sketch the graph of y=2* and y=3* on the
Va 2** that passes through (0 , 4) and same coordinate plane:
(2 50)

Comment on y=2* and y=3* when x <0

and when x >0.

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162 # Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

9. Solve:
a) In 1933, an earthquake in Japan measured b) Ifan earthquake in San Francisco had
8.9 on the Richter scale. How many times an amplitude 1000 times larger than an
more powerful was this earthquake compared earthquake that measured 4.9 on the Richter
to one in the northwest measuring 6.4 on the scale, what would the San Francisco
Richter scale? (The Richter scale is a power earthquake measure?
of 10 scale.)

c) Suppose that $1000 is invested at an annual d) Radioactive argon-39 has a half-life of

rate of 6%, compounded quarterly (4 times per 4 minutes. This means that every 4 minutes
year). Find the total amount in the account one-half of the amount of argon-39 changes
after 8 years if no withdrawals are made. into another substance due to radioactive
decay. If we initially have 84 grams of
argon-39, how much remains after 23 minutes?

e) If$12 250 is invested in an account paying f) Ifthe population in Canada is around

9.6% , how much will be in the account at the 30 000 000 people in the year 2000, and if
end of 10 years if the interest is compounded the population continues to grow at 1.9%
monthly? compounded yearly, what will the population
be in the year 2032 to the nearest million?

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents @ 163

Logarithmic Functions and TIei

One of the main concepts learned in the transformation chapter was the inverse function. The following are the
major points of an inverse:

1. To have an inverse function, the function must be one-to-one.

2 . f"(x) interchanges the x- and y-coordinates of f(x).

3. The domain of f(x) becomes the range of f'(x).

4. The range of f(x) becomes the domain of f'(x).

5). The graphs are a reflection over the line y=x.

We will apply this inverse concept to the exponential function y=)":

1. y=6* is one-to-one.

2. x=b” is its inverse.

This inverse function is called the logarithmic function with base b. We thus define a logarithmic function
as follows:

SEE
eee
Definition of a Logarithmic Function

For b>0, b#1 y=log,x is equivalentto x=b’,x>0

The log to the base b of x is the exponent that b must be raised to obtain x.
It is the inverse of the exponential function with base b.

exponent

Logarithmic Form log,x=y x=b* — Exponential Form

base

Note: f(x) =log,, x can be written as just f(x) =logx; the 10 is assumed.

Change the following from logarithmic form to exponential form:

a) log, 2 = 5
1 b)
1
log, = =-—3

. 1 b) 1 ke
log, ae
> Solution: a) log,2= 5

=1 1
2=4
— 2 .
—_—- = oe

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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 Pre-Calculus 12
164 @ Chapter 4 — Logarithms

to logarithmic form:
Change the following from exponential form

a) 3° =81 bye
9)

=-1

a)
4
B= 8h b) 32out7
Solution:
log, 81=4 \
log, ~=-2
9

Determine the numerical value of the following:

a) log, 8 b) log, 9

> Solution: a) Letx=log,8 b) Let y=log,,9

4*=8 27° =9 change to exponential form

aor 37 =3° common base

Dies 3y=2 exponents equal
3 2 divi
x= eared ivide
2 Pare

Determine the domain of y=log, ,(x+2).

p Solution: Remember, y=log,a has a>0 and b>0, Diva

Thus, y=log, ,(x+2) has x+2>0 and x—1>0,x—-141.

x>—2 Sl eee

Take the intersection of these values:

=e
0.) Gigi
<—_+_+_+_}+_ +>
x>-2 0
rr
Xl Oo

—<—$<$<$ —_
x#2

Therefore, x >1,x#2.

The graph would be <—_}+—_+— + _

+_ _+—

reproduced without written permission from the publisher.

eS
a

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be

oS
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents ¢ 165

Logarithmic Graphs
—

Basic Properties of the graph f(x)=log,x, x>0, b>0, b#1

1. All graphs go through the point (1, 0) and the graph has no y-intercept
2. The y-axis is a vertical asymptote with equation x =0

3. When b>1, f(x)=log, x is an increasing function

4. When0<d<1, f(x)= log, x is a decreasing function

(b , 1) y=log, x, b>1

The Function Proof

| p= foe bo exponential function

f(x)=6* and g(x)=log,x are inverses | x=b’ inverse

| y=log,x logarithmic form

|f'@)=log,x y= SQ)

Graphs of Functions and Their Inverses

Note: The graphs of y= b* and y=\log,.x are the inverses of each other. This means that if you draw the line y =x
and reflect either graph over this line, the graphs will match up.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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 Pre-Calculus 12
166 # Chapter 4 — Logarithms
a
nae Oe S

If the point (2, 5) is on the graph of y=", what point is in the graph of y=log, x?

Since y=b* and y=log, x are inverses of each other, y=log, x must have point (5, 2)

Determine the inverse of f(x)=2*' +3

> Solution: f@)=2 +3

Let y= f(x)
Va te thus the inverse is x = 2” +3

Inverse: x =2”'+3
eae ie addition

log, (x-3)=y-1 change from exponential form to logarithmic form

y=log,(x—3)+1 addition

f (x)= log, (x-3)+1

Determine the inverse of f(x) = log.(x+1)—3

Solution: f(x) = log,(x+1)-3

Lety=
f(&)
y=log,(x+1)-3 thus the inverse is x = log.(y+1)—3

Inverse: x = log.(y+1)—3

x+3=log.(y+1) addition

ytl=5" change from logarithmic form to exponential form

y = Beas if
addition
haw (x) = 5 =f

Note: The inverse of an exponential equation is a logarithmic equation, and the inverse of a
logarithmic equation is an exponential equation.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents # 167

4.2 Exercise Set

1. Write the logarithmic equation in exponential form.

a) log,16=2 b) log,81=4

c) lo Ba W d) lo jue —2
orc es oe = 100

e) log,,8= 3 f) =
log,8=1

g) log1l=0 h) logl000=3

2 1 5
i)
i) log.log, 4=—3 oie teeee )j) log,-=-—=
log, a

2. Write the exponential equation in logarithmic form.

a) 2°=16 esa Seen b) 8° =64

et
) 162 i er
e) 3 =1 ped bee fy 10°=0.01
3
g) 5'=5 a h) 92 =27
=
: 4 : 2 NOs 8i
i) 3 =16 ees as). 6
3. Evaluate the function without using a calculator.

a) f(x)=log,8 b) f(x)=log, 16

c) f(x)=log,2 d) f(x)=log,,4

e) f@)=leg71 f) f(x)=log,7

g) f(x)=log,a h) f(x)=log a’

i) f(x)=log,b* )) f(x)=log,0

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168 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

4. Find the value of x without using a calculator.

a) log 27=3 b) log, x =-3

c) log1000=x d) log 8=1

e) log, x=-2 log, 27=x

g) log 32=2 h) log, x=0

i) log,,8=x ) log, 6254

k) log,x= 3 log, 0.25 = x

m) log 5 = 8 n) log 5,x=4

0) log, V3 = ; P) log, 36=2

q) log , 16=x
r) log ; 9=x

s) log.(x°+24)=2 t) log(x—2) =-2

5. Determine the domain of the following logarithmic functions.

a) f(x)=log,(x—I) b) f(x)=—log,
x+3

©) JO) =o, 5° d) y=log,(-x)

e) y= log, (x- 2) y=log. ,(x+1)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.1 — Exponents @ 169

6. Match the logarithmic function on the left with the graph on the right.
A
a) f(*) = 10g; 5) 4, ees

b) f®)-lbe 0.) a=
>X

c) f(x)=log,x+2

d) f(x)=—log,x ealatbaley 9

2) (0) =.

) JQ --b 6

(1,0) x

(G,-1)

y—()

7. If y=log, a is defined by the following graph, what is the shape of:

a), Y=—log,a
» y

(1,0)
—— SS

b) y=log, (-a) ec) Y= log, a

y Y

a = (8!

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 EE
Weegee
8. If point (a, db) is on the graph of y =5*, what 9. Ifa point on the graph of y=log, x is (1, 0),
point satisfies y=log.x ? what point must be on the graph of
y=—log,x?

10. If(c, d) is a point on the graph of y=log, a, 11. Without using a calculator, between what two
what point must be on the graph of y=log, a ? integers will we find
a) log1253

b) log0.025

12. Graph y=log(2- x), labeling any asymptotes and

axis crossings.

13. Determine the inverse of the following functions:

a) y=8"? b) f(x)=5"'+6

c) ytl=log,(x-2) d) f(x)=2+log(5x -3)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.3 — Properties of Logarithms # 171

_ Properties of Logarithms

We know that log, 1=0 and log, b=1, since the exponential forms of these logarithmic values are b° =1 and
b'=b. Let us now derive other important properties.

Try to follow the reasoning in the derivation of these logarithmic rules. They will give you a better
understanding of how logarithms work, and the relationship between exponential form and logarithm form.

Product Rule

Letx=log, A then A=D* logarithmic form to exponential form

y=log,B then B=b’ logarithmic form to exponential form

AB bp Spe multiply
log, AB=x+y exponential form to logarithmic form

log, AB= log, A+log, B substitution

Simplify log4+log6.

> Solution: log 4+ log 6 = log(4-6) = log 24

Quotient Rule

Letx=log, A then A=b* logarithmic form to exponential form

y=log,A then B=b’ logarithmic form to exponential form

Aa
== —=b division
By.
A : eee
log, 1.=x-y exponential form to logarithmic form

A. ae
log, a log, A—log, B substitution

Simplify log12—log4.

12
> Solution: log12-log4= ou #2= log3

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 172 #@ Chapter
A/v2 4 — Logarithms
Chapter4—Logarit hms
Pre-Calculus 12

Power Rule

Letx=log, A then A=3" logarithmic form to exponential form

A= D - multiply exponents by n

log, A” = nx exponential form to logarithmic form

log, A” =nlog, A substitution

Simplify log, 8 by power rule.

> Solution: log, 8= log, 2° = 3log, 2=3

Change of Base Rule

Let y=log,a then a=)’ logarithmic form to exponential form

log a=log, b” take log, of both sides

log a=ylog, b power rule

Lea
log. a a.
division
log. 5

log, a=——
log. a fai
substitution
log. 5

Find log, 7 to 3 decimal places

log,,7 log7 0.845

> Solution: .edlog == 8 = = 2.807
log,,2 log2 0.301

Note: Most calculators have a “log” function, which means log,,; they cannot calculate logs of other bases.

We can summarize the basic properties of logarithms as follows:

Properties of Logarithmic Functions (must-know rules)

1. log, 1=0 2. log, b=1 3. log ab= log. at+log,b

with b>0, b#1 Withie
> Olea

4. log aoe log, a—log, b 5. log. a" =nlog.a 6. log,a= eee

c b S log. b

om
ooo

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.3 — Properties of Logarithms ¢ 173

Using Properties of Logarithms

a) log45

» Solution: a) log45=log(9-5)
= log9+log5 rule 3
= log3°
+ log5 exponent rule
= 2log3+ log5 rule 5

b) log =log25—log3 rule 4

= log5° —log3 exponent rule

= 2log5—log3 rule 5

Find the exact value of the following:

a) log, V7 b) log, 5°—log, 5”

® Solution: a) log, 7 log, 74

1
wy cee, rule 5

rule 2

b) log, 5° — log, 5° = 6 log, 5— 2 log, 5 rule 4

= 4 log,5 subtraction

rule 2

exponent rule

exponent rule

rule 6

exponent rule

rule 5

simplify

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174 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

Rewriting Logarithmic Expressions

We can use our knowledge of algebra to expand and condense logarithmic expressions.

Expand each logarithmic expression:

Nees)
a) log, 3x*y’ b) log
3

3 3x4 4 os
> Solution: a) log, —- =log, 3+ log, x* —log, y rules 3 and 4
¥
= log, 3+4 log, x—2log, y rule5

gs 5 = Igg
3 i
22-5)oe
b) log
3
4
= log(2x
—5)? —log3 rule 4

= =log(2x-5)- log3 rule5

Condense each logarithmic expression:

i
a) 3 logs + 2log(x— 1) b) 2log,(x+4)-—log,x ce) log5+2logx—3log(x?
+5)

> Solution: a) slog + 2log(x—1) = logx? + log(x —1)’ rule 5

= log Vx(x-1) rule 3

b) 2log,(x+4)—log, x = log,(x +4)’ — log, x rule 5

+4)
Bigg eam) rule 4

c) logS+2logx—3log(x* +5) =log5+log x” —log(x?+5)> rules

= log5x* —log(x? +5) rule 3

= log
(x?aad
+5) (esle 4

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.3 — Properties of Logarithms ¢ 175

Change of Base

Your calculator has two types of log keys, one for common logarithms with base 10 labelled “LOG” and natural
logarithms with base e labelled “LN.”

Logarithmic Functions

y= logx = log,, x Common logarithmic function

y=Inx=log,x Natural logarithmic function

There is no direct way of entering a logarithmic function with a different base, e.g. log, 7. Therefore, when the
base is other than base 10 or base e, we use Rule 6 (the change of base property) to evaluate the expression.

Evaluate each logarithm to three decimal places:

a) log,
18 b) log,,7 c) log, 532

_ log,,18 log18
~ Solution: a) log.18 rule 6
Xasloe: log,,2 log2
125527 (This step is not necessary when
~ 0.30103 use a calculator using a calculator.)
= 4.170 simplify

log,, 7
b) log, 7= 25 (ore rule 6
log,,12 logl2
0.84510
- use a calculator
1.07918
= 0.783 simplify

c) By common logarithms

log,,232 _ log532
log, 532 =
log,, 6 log6
Wesco
~ 0.77815
= 3,503

By natural logarithms

log 532
log, 532= ital in a a2
log, 6 In6
_ 6.27664
AF917G
= 3.503

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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176 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

There are other rules of logarithms that can be used. These are quite easy to prove. They are helpful in
simple logarithmic expressions but not absolutely needed. All problems with logarithms can be done with
just Rules | to 6.

Properties of Logarithmic Functions (helpful rules)

EEO 8. log, a=—— 9. log,a=—log,a

log, 5 b

log, x log, x a
10. gay Saas a. 12. log, x=log, yy
a Peay Veh y if and only ifx=y

simplify 3 1
implify:
ee Tog, 10 log, 10

;
be Solution: log, 10
Guat
log,
a:His S10 2+ logS10 .5
10
rule8

= log,, 2-5 rule3

= log, 10 multiply

= rule 2

Simplify: 6log, x—12log,. x

l 12]
» Solution: 6log, x-12log,, x= SHOE ag) 1Ce
7 rule 6
logo log 27
61 121
= — = —- law of exponents
log3 log3
61 121
ee Ede CE rule5
2log3 3log3
=3log, x—4 log, x rule6
=—_L log, x subtraction

Helpful Hints for Simplifying Logarithmic Functions

1. Do not make up your own rules for logarithms. Three of the most common mistakes
are as follows:

log(at+b)#logat+logb, (loga)’ #2loga, veep * loga—logd

2 Thoroughly understand must-know rules rules 1 to 6 of logarithm functions (see p. 172).

3 Apply the properties of logarithms, and write all expressions in logarithmic form.
4. Know how to change from exponential form to logarithmic form, and vi ce versa.

ius Check the solution for extraneous roots.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.3 — Properties of Logarithms # 177

4.3 Exercise Set

1. Write the following logarithmic expression in terms of log2 and log3:

a) log6 b) logl2

c) log72 d) log3200

e) log0.36 f) log, 216

g) log5.4 h) log, 180

i) log,, 2160 j) log,, 0.108

2. Find the exact value of the following logarithmic expressions without the use of a calculator:

1
a) ) log,
log,81 b)) log, 39
log,—

c) log, V8 d) log, V125

e)) log.log, 272” I

log, 55
108,55

log,. 81
g) (log, 8)(log,, 232 32)
log Sloe Pane
) ‘Jog, 125y

i) log,
2+log, 32 j) log, 16—2log, 2

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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 =
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Gau@abems gerithinst
3. Use the properties of logarithms to expand the following logarithmic expressions:
3
lo
x
a) logl00x*y
Ds.
b) g 1000”

c) log(x’+y°)* d) log*(x’?+y’)

25 Ded

e) lo eo. = f) log yx?(x+2)

g) log, (2x) AY tls, eee

a

’ se 3 " 3

i) jog j)) log? a

x Z

4. Condense the expressions to the logarithm of a single quantity:

a) log, x—log, 25 b) log, x-2log, 27

2
c) log Vx + log x? d) log(x* -1)—log(x
+1)— log x

log(3x° ao)
-5x—2)—log(x" =A\=
2 2
e) —4)—log(3x +1) f) log,(2x—3)—
log,(2x? —x— 3)+log, 3(x +1)

g) 2{log(x? cee -1)—log(x

| 1)-log(x—1
+1) log(x—1) bh) Slog4x* igen
——log y ena

i)
°
gL
1
lost« 2 — 4) —log(x-2) |-logx j)° log(x? Zz — 4)—[log(x—2)+
log(x +2) |

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.3 — Properties of Logarithms ¢ 179

5. Simplify:

x08: 20-log,4
a) log, x 8x4 b)

log x + log x°
c) (log, 10)(log 48— log 3) d)
log x° — logx°

—2log,3
e)

10log, x-12log, x
3B
g) h) logz+lo 21, ae —
ae 10

log,x log,x
i) log(1— x’) —log(1+ x + x”)—log(1— x)
log ic. log. x

1 1
k) log, x
+

log, x (log, 9)(log, 7)(log,5)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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180 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

Exponential and Logai it

The two most important rules for solving exponential or logarithmic equations are:

Pion a. if ond only if, x=).

2. log x=log, y if, and only if, x=y.

Remember that in log, x, x >0and a>0,a#1. So you must always check solutions for extraneous roots.
You must also be able to change equations from logarithmic to exponential form, and from exponential form to
logarithmic form.

Solve by logarithms:

8 D3 =i

& Solution: a) OF = 8 b) Be it

log 2* = log8 log3* = log11 ifa=bthenloga=logb

xlog2 = log8 xlog3=log11 power rule
|
x= aves oS oe division
log2 log3
0.90309 1.04139
iB x= calculator
0.30103 0.47712
x=3 c= 21827 calculator

Solve: log(x+3)+logx=1

Solution: log(x+3)+logx =1
lopxGer3)i=1 product property
x(x +3)=10' change to exponential form

x’ +3x-10=0 set equal to zero

(x+5)(x-—2)=0 factor
x+5=0lo0rx=—2=0 solve
Gos),

Check for extraneous roots, x #—-S since x >O0inlogx. Therefore, solution is x =2

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.4 — Exponential and Logarithmic Equations # 181

Solve for x: log,(x + 6)—log,(x +2) = log, x

> Solution: log, (x+6)—log,(x +2) =log, x

log,(x + 6) = log, x + log,(x +2) addition

log,(x + 6) = log, x(x +2) product property

x+6=x(x+2) loga=logbthena=b

x +x-6=0 set equal to zero

(x+3\x-2)=0 factor
Km 52 solve
Check x #-3 since logx >0. Therefore, solution is x = 2

Solve: 2log, x +log,(x—1)=1+ log, 2x

2 log, x + log,(x—1)=1+ log, 2x

log, x? + log,(x—1)—log, 2x =1 power property and addition

2 —

log, ee =i product and quotient property

8

log, 2 a simplify

x(x-]l) ~ ;
xO 3 change from log form to exponential form

x’ -x-6=0 set equal to zero

(x-—3)(x+2)=0 factor

x——).3 solve
Check x #-—2 since logx >0. Therefore, solution is x =3

Solve: x'®* =100x

» Solution: x!2*¥ = 100x

log, 100x = log x change to logarithmic form

log 100
ee =logx change of base property
m
log 100x = (log x)’ multiply

log 100 + log x = (log x)’ product rule

(logx) —logx-—2=0 simplify
(log x — 2)(logx+1)=0 factor

logx =-1,2 solve

x=10' orx=10°

Therefore, x= Pe, 100 , check that both solutions work.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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182 Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

Solve 3-2" = 6" in terms of logarithms.

Re 9h = 6"
> Solution:

log(3-2") = log 6* if a=b then loga=logb

log3+(x—2)log2 =x log6 product and power property

log3+ xlog2—2log2 = xlog6 multiply

xlog2—xlog6 =2log2-—log3 addition

x(log2— log 6) = log 2” — log3 factor and power property

r= log4—log3 solve
log 2—log6
4 4
Orx= ens pve simplified solutions
- log; —log3

Solve for A in terms of Band C: 2log A—logB=C.

» Solution: 2log A-—logB=C

log A’ —log B=C power property
2

Cee 1G) quotient property

ee

no 10° change to exponential form

A = BAO: multiply

A=VB-10° radical

If log3=a and log8=), determine log18 in terms ofa and b.

® Solution: log18=log9-2 product property

= log9+log2 sum property

= log3? + logs? exponent rule

1
=. log 34; 5 log8 power property

1
=Ja+ 3 b substitution

000
a

from the publisher.

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.4 — Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 4 183

4.4 Exercise Set

1. Solve for x. Reject any extraneous roots.

a) log.(2x—1)+log.(x—2)=1 b) log,(2—2x)+log,(I-x)=5

c) +—log,,(x-3)=log,, d) log, (3x +1)+log, (x1) = log, (10x +14)

e) log,(3x* —5x-—2)-log,(x-2)=1 f) logx+log(29-x)=2

g) log,.(x—1)+log,.(x
+3) =log, V7 h) 2log(4—x)—log3 = log(10—x)

i) 2log,(x+2)—log,(3x-2)=2 j) 2log,x+log,(x—2)—log,
2x=1

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 Pre-Calculus 12
184 Chapter 4 — Logarithms

2. Express in terms of the stated variable.

a) If log x =a and log y=), what is b) If a=log,3, find log,,81 in terms of a.

3

log in terms of a and b?

y

Dou.
c) If log3=a and log25=b, determine an d) If a=log2 andb = log 3, what is Oe in

expression for log in terms of a and b. terms of a and b?

e) If log 4=2 and logB=3, what is

2 A (ii) (log AB)?

(i) log 3H

f) If log2=a and log3=b, what is log,12 ) If log AB=8 and log B=— 4, then what
in terms of a and b? value does A equal?

h) If log3=x,logS=y, and log 7=z, find i) If log,3=a and log,5=), find log5 in
log, 12.6 in terms of x,y, and z. terms of a and 5.

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.4 — Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ¢ 185

3. Solve:

a) Solve for B in terms of A and C: b) Solve for A in terms of B and C:

A = log3B—logC. 1 + log(AB) = log C.

c) Solve for 4 in terms ofB and C: d) Solve forx in terms of A, B, and C:

3 log A + log B= log C log A= log B—Clogx.

4. Express the value of x in terms oflogs.

a) a = at b) Ge = Va

c) Bea = 9 ‘ 10* d) qo =) hs Rs

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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 Pre-Calculus 12
186 @ Chapter 4 — Logarithms

5. Solve for x.

a) log, (log, x)=-1 b) log, (log, (log, 27)) =—1

Z
©) log, (log, (log, x)) =1 d) logx= 5 log 27 + 2log2—log3

1
e) logx= log2 + 3log — y—log2z f) NOE Nee

6. Determine an equation for logx if x equals the following:

Z 213
a ab
A) ox = ; b) x=—
b-e? (Q 2

3 2 mE
a -b> ab}
Cy. = ; d) x=
2 eae
ite; Cag

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.4 — Exponential and Logarithmic Equations # 187

7. Solve for x.

a) log, 16°"! =8 b) log,,xt+log,x+log,

x=7

c) log, x +3log, =i d) 2log,x-—3log

4=5

e) (log, a)(log, 2a)(log,, x) = log, a” f) Jlogx = log vx

8. Find the fallacy in each of the following “proofs” that | > 2:

a) Di All b) S2

Pi
->-—
1
3log—>2log—
i
4 4 oi Peo)
—1 | > log] —I
3 2
lo 85
ete 87
s log]

et o{5|
2
1 1 2
log—> log} —

1 1
log—>2log—
85 85

[Soy

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 188 ¢ Chapter 4 —aeLogarithms
ees COLI e Masieety i ee eitome Pre-Calculus 12

Applications of Exponen i

When Albert Einstein was asked what was the most important formula he had encountered, his answer was the
compound interest formula. Most of our lives revolve around this most important concept.

To derive the formula, suppose P dollars is deposited at rate r for 1 year.

* Then, Interest J, =P-r-1=Pr

* At the end of one year the amount on deposit is A, = P+ Pr= P47)

* Ifthe deposit earns compound interest, then the interest earned the second year is based on the deposit
at the end of the first year.

ly IOs al acl— ad(raya

* So the total amount on deposit at the end of the second year is

A, =P(1+r)+P(+r)r= P(t+r)\(1+r)

= P(l+r)

* If we continue this pattern for a third year, then

A= P(r) 3

* If we continue this pattern for ¢ years, then

A = P(1+r) t

To calculate more frequent (quarterly, monthly, or daily), let n be the

number of compounds per year and ¢ the
Par
number of years. Then the rate per compound is — for f years.
n
nt

4=P[is2)
nN

n
Let the principle be P=$1 for 1 year at a nominal rate of 100%, to make the algebra
simple, then 4= [
Iss 4):
n
n
1
As n grows larger and larger, CcL 4) approaches e.
n

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n may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.5 — Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ¢ 189

n=1 (annually)
Go)
n=4 (quarterly)
("
i "au

n=12 (monthly)
¥1+—
a)=2:6!f

e
8760

n=8760 (hourly) 1+ —— =a) On

8760

|
31536000

n=31536000 (each second) i amass | eae

I er i
= infinite times CAe2) =e

Thus, the formulas for compound interest are

Compound Interest Formulas

(Interest compounded 7 times per year) (Interest compounded continuously)

nt
r
a= (1+ | A= Pe"
n

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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TBO A ante siaverithwisin tonne vedios St ote ot ERIE
Our growth and decay formulas follow the same pattern as compound interest.

Growth and Decay Formulas

Growth and decay: A= Pye Growth and decay: A= Aye"

A —final amount A —final amount
A, —initial amount A, — initial amount
x — growth or decay value, e.g., half-life use 4 é —constant ~ 2.71828...
increase by 10% use 1.1 k —proportional constant
decrease by 10% use 0.9 t —time
t —total time that item is left
T —time of growth or decay, e.g., half-life

Estimate the time required for $5000 to grow to $30 000 if it is invested at 10% compounded
a) monthly b) continuously.

nt

a) A= rf+=] b) A pel
& Solution:
n
e 30 000 = 5000e"!
30 000 = s00o{1+242 6 = 00:108

0 10 12 log, 6 = 0.10¢

6-114 |B00 In6 = 0.104

0.10)" oe
0.10
log6log{ 1-220)
Me = 17.92 years

log6=12t ou{1+ 220)

log6
=

12 log fae
2
= 17.99 years

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.5 — Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ¢ 191

The half-life of plutonium-241 is 13 years. Find the time for 80% of a5 gram sample
to decay.

® Solution: If 80% decays, then 20% remains. 0.20 of 5grams = | gram.

Method I Method II
t
AS AGO A= Mex

1Gt Di Oe
k-13

l=5 2 0.5=e*
2 13k =in(0:5)
tet
0.2 =| )
— ao In(0.5)
13
“n t
In(0.5)¢
aele aig 1=S5e 8

In(0.5)¢
Pe log 0.2 0.2=e 33

(|
iT ads
no = M5 13
= 30.185 years 131n(0.2)
pee
In(0.5)
= 30.185 years

A hotel is serving roast turkey. At noon, the turkey’s temperature was 75°F. At 2:00 p.m.
the chef checked the temperature, and it had reached 100°F. If the oven remains constant
at 325°F, at what time will the turkey be done if it must reach a temperature of 175°F?

~ Solution: A=\Aix)h
2
100=75(x)' where x is the rate at which the temperature rises (°F per hr)

cc LU sa
\ 75

175 =75(1.1547)
:
log| —
16 ul = B
~ °F..137\ 3 |tog(1.1547)
= 5.89 hours

The turkey will be ready just before 6:00 p.m., or 5:53 p.m.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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 Pre-Calculus 12
192 9
i7s @ Chapter
Cnapter 44—
— Logarithms
Logariunms

4.5 Exercise Set

1. An average new car depreciates 15% in value 2. If you have $10 000, how long does it take
each year. How long does it take for a new you to become a millionaire if you invest the
$40 000 car to depreciate down to $10 000 full amount at 12% compounded a) quarterly
in value? b) continuously?

3. What interest rate is needed if money is to 4. It is estimated that 20% of a certain radioactive
triple in 15 years if the interest is compounded substance decays in 30 hours. What is the
a) semi-annually b) continuously? half-life of this substance?

- The pH scale measures the acidity (0—7) or 6. If Vancouver has a population of 400 000 and
alkalinity (7-14) of a solution with 7 being is growing at a rate of 2% annually, and Surrey
neutral water. It is a logarithm scale in base has a population of 300 000 and is growing at
10. Thus, a pH of9 is 10 times more alkaline arate of 3% annually, in how many years will
than a pH of 8, and a pH of 5 is 10 times more Surrey catch up to Vancouver in population?
acidic than a pH of 6.

a) If lemon juice has a pH of 2.1, how many

times more acidic is it than black coffee
which has a pH of 4.8?

b) If tomato juice, with a pH of 4.2, is 75 times

as acidic as milk, what is the pH of milk?

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.5 — Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions # 193

7. Find the time needed for money to triple at 8. The amount of a chemical in grams that will
8% compounded a) daily b) continuously. dissolve in a solution is given by C = 8°?!
where ¢ is the temperature in Celsius of the
solution. Find ¢ when C = 100 grams.

9. The population of Toronto is given by 10. A biologist studying a colony of bacteria

P(t) = 4.000 000e°°!"", where ¢ = 0 determines that a certain culture grows
corresponds to year 2000. What year will the exponentially such that the bacteria doubles
population reach 6 400 000? every 4 days. Ifinitially the biologist has
1200 bacteria present, how many days does
it take before 100 000 bacteria are present?

11. The half-life of radioactive carbon 14 is 12. Prime numbers are integers that are divisible
5570 years. If 500 milligrams of radioactive only by one and themselves. The newest
carbon 14 are present today, determine the largest prime has an added distinction: It is
amount present after 2500 years. what is known as a Mersenne prime. These
rare numbers discovered by Euclid in 350 B.C.
can be written using the formula 2? —1, where
p is also a prime number. Most prime
numbers cannot be written this way. In fact,
the newest discovered prime is only the 43"
of its kind to be found. This largest prime is
270402457 1. How many digits are in the
decimal expansion of this largest prime
number?

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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194 @ Chapter 4 — Logarithms
478
NN 9 Snapter 4— Logariemms Pre-Calculus 12

Chapter Review —

Logarithms — Multiple-choice Questions

Level A Questions

1. Change log, c=b to exponential form.

aivai=c
b)es=0
Cn =a
d) a=b

2. Solve forx: log5=logx—log2

a)
lop—

Nln
WN/bvo
—

d) 10

3. What is the equation of the asymptote of the graph of the function y=log,(x—2)+1?

a) x 2
b) x 1
C)) kei.
dy S38

SSL

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review @ 195

5. If y=logx,then y+2 equals which of the following?

a) log2x
b) logl00x
c) log(x+2)
d) log(x+100)

6. Determine an expression for logx ifx =

3B°
a zlog A
3log B
b) slog A
log3+ log B
c) slog A—log3+logB
d) +log A—log3—logB

7. If log, 2=band log 5=d, then a’ - c’ equals which of the following?

a) log,.7

b) log,.10

€) yh
d) 10

8. Write as a simple logarithm: 4loga*—2loga.

a) loga’
b) loga
c) loga’
d) loga’®

9. Determine an equation of the asymptote of the graph of y=2*'—4.

ay x=s!
b) x=1
Cy = 4.
d) y=4

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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196 @ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

10. Give the domain of the function y=log,(2—~).

ay x<0
b) x>0
C) nee
d) x>2

1
11. Solve: 3'°8* =—
va,

¢) 9
d) 1000

2x-l

12. Solve: =) =27°*

a) -8
b) —4
ey #4
d) 8

13. Solve: gees =e

a) —l, ;

Z
b) -l, a

c) -*. 1

3
d) GB? 1

14. Determine the x- and y-intercepts of x = log,(y+5)-—2.

a) x-intercept: — 0.54, y-intercept: 4.0

b) x-intercept: 0, y-intercept: 4.0
c) x-intercept Are y-intercept: — 0.54
d) x-intercept Os y-intercept: 0

a a eee

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review @ 197

15. Determine the x-intercept of the function y=—log,(x+8)+ 5

[—S>_—
a) —10
b) -6
c) -l
d) 0

16. Determine the y-intercept of the function y = log,(x+8)—3

a) 0
b) 1
Cyr
d) 3

17. Determine the domain of the function y=—log(x+2)—3

a) x2-2
Dy x2
Cc) x= 2
d) x<-2

18. Determine the range of the function y=—3-2*'+4

ayy y=
b) yl
OC) es
d) y>4

1
19. Evaluate: re, x20; x41
Vx
a) vx
b) x
c) -l
bye

Level B Questions

20. An earthquake on Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands), B.C. on August 22, 1949 measured
8.1 on the Richter scale and an earthquake on Baffin Bay in Nunavut (formerly the Northwest Territories)
on November 20, 1933 measured 7.4 on the Richter scale. How much more intense was the earthquake on
Haida Gwaii compared to the earthquake on Baffin Bay?
ayy -O27
b) 5.0
On. 73
d) 50.1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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21. Determine an expression for logx if x= me
C

a) jloga—logb+2loge

1
b) fue 2 oe) 2 loge

|
c) ee oe lore

Ligeu
3 g
d) —————_-
logb+ loge

22. The inverse relation of y= ra is which ofthe following:

a) Ly=20"
b) y=2-10°

ce) v=o"
1
d = ——____—
i log2—logx

23. Simplify log, (Va)’.

tS)wma | |

imSS

ie)—S |

Q Sz SSeS

24. Determine the domain of the function y= log (x+2).

a) x>-2
b) x>0
C) ,Ope Xt
d) 32 od

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Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review # 199

25. Solve: log,(x+5)—log,(x—3)=2.

a) -2
Db) v2
c) 4
29
d) =

26. Express as a single logarithm: 3—2loga+logb.

3
a) log
a

3
b)) log ar
log—

Sie OO
a

1000
d)) lo log a

27. The point (m , n) is on the graph of f(x)=log, x. What point must be on a variation ofthe inverse graph
hy ae)

a) (-—m, —n)
b) (—n, m)
C)) (e177 72)
d) (=n; —m)

28. Solve for x: (log, x)(log,3)=1.

a) V5
b) 5
Cle)
d) 81

29. Given f(x)=2™, determine its inverse f~'(x).

a) f'(x)=2°
bit. Oaae
c) f(x) =log,(-x)

d) 7a) =t09,(4)
x

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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200 # Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

30. Solve: 271088 =

a) 5
b) 25
c) 125

d) ¥5

ol: If f(x)=6"-2, find f(x), the inverse of f(x).

a) f (x)=log,(x+2)-1
b) f(x)=log,(x+1)-2
c) f'(x)=log,(x-2)+1
d) f '(x)=log,(x-1)+2

32. If f(x) =log,(x—-1)—2, find f'(x),

the inverse of f(x).

a) f'(x)=5°?-
by f= s=
c) aon
yey |

BRE If log,, x =a, determine log,, x in terms of a.

a) oa

b) a

c) va

d) af

34. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 14 years. Determine an expression for the mass of the substance
remaining from 50 grams after ¢ years.

a) 0.5(50)*
1
b) so

c) 0.5(50)"4

(2) 1)"

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review @ 201

35. Determine the initial investment needed, P, if an interest rate of 12% per annum compounded quarterly
yields $1000 in 5 years.
x _ 1000
103:
1000
~ 1,045
1000
) P= 793%
1000
d) Lea

36. An earthquake in Grand Banks Nova Scotia which measured 7.3 on the Richter scale was 240 times as
strong as an earthquake near Vancouver Island. Determine the Richter scale strength of the Vancouver
Island earthquake.
a) 2.4
b) 4.9
eyes
d) e927

37. The population of Canada is approximately 30 million. Assuming the population is growing continuously,
the population P, in millions, t years from now can be determined by the formula P=30e°"”’. What will
be the population, in millions, 50 years from now?
a) 75.38
b) 76.83
©) 77.45
d) 77.57

38. A strain of bacteria triples every 5 days. Determine an expression for the initial amount of bacteria if
after ¢ days, 200 bacteria are present.

siege 35

2
b) A= a
3°

c) A=200(3)3
d) 4A=200(3) aaleal

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 202 # Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

For questions 39 and 40

In chemistry, the pH scale measures the acidity (0—7) or alkalinity (7-14) of a solution. Itisa logarithmic
scale in base 10. Thus, a pH of 9 is 10 times more alkaline than a pH of 8, and a pH of 5 is 10 times more
acidic than a pH of 6.

39. Ifa solution has a pH of9.8, how much weaker is a solution with a pH of 8.2?
a), “16
b) 4.0
¢) 39.8
d) “53.7

40. Determine the pH of a solution that is 160 times more alkaline than a known pH of 8.7.
2) ea
b) 10.9
€)) 2355
d) 46.2

41. Determine an equivalent expression for log, c

a) log,a—18log,b

b) log,a—9log, b’
c) —2+log,a—2log,b

d) -—2+log,a+2log,b

42. If log, 5=a and log, 3=b, determine an expression for log, (2) in terms of a and b

a) 2a-2b+3
b) 2a—2b-3
c) a -b’-3
d) a -b’+3

3
43. Express as a single logarithm: 1— loge —loge

a) icolog 105
a3

b) (eo
Cc

] pede
b
ea
d) fogs

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without
written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review # 203

44. Change to logarithmic form: y=ab*

a
a) x = log, [=|
J

b) +=toe,(2
a

c) a log, y

d) x = log (ab)

45. If log,(a—3)=b, a>3, express a in terms of 5.

a) a=2"°

b)
a2?

c) a=2°+3

d) a=?’=3

Level C Questions
ee
ease
eee
0
a
Sasa
SS
8
ET
SS
WS
2S

= ps
46. If log4=a and log3=), determine an expression for oa in terms of a and b.

a)
b)

c)

d)

47. The graph of the function y= log ,,(2—x) must observe what restrictions?

a) x>-1
b) x #0
CMs ee aL
d) —1<x<2; x0

48. When solving algebraically: 2log(3—x)=log2+log(22 —2x), what answer is eliminated by the restriction
on logarithms?
5
6
7
8

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204 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

49. When solving algebraically: log 12—log,(x—1)=1, what answer is eliminated by the restriction
on logarithms?
a) -1
b) -—2
c) -3
d) —4

50. Solve for x: log,(2x+1)=1-log.(x+2).

a) -—3

ee 1
) 2
|
c) —-— , 3
) 2
1
d — ,-3
) Bs

51. If a=3log,c and b=log,d, determine an expression for « in terms ofa and b.

a) y2a-b

b) ya-2b

c) ee
ae

52. What equation describes the set of points (2°, a)?

a) x=log 2

b) y=log 2

c) x=log,y

d) y=log,x

53. Solve for x: log,[log (log, 8)]=-1.

a) |
Dyes
ce): 9
d) 27

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review @ 205

54. Given log4=x and log = y, determine an expression for log6 in terms ofx and y.

A) Seay,
b) x-2y

c) —

dines
y

55. Solve for x in terms of logarithms: 2*'=3*.

i») —log2
log2—log3
b) log2
log2—log3
) —log3
log2—log3
d) log3
log2—log3

56. If log2=a and log9=b, determine log12 in terms ofa and b.

1
a) 2a+—b
2
1
b) 2a—-—b
2
1
c) —at+b
2
1
Ne
=a 2

1
57. Solve 10r x. == 108 2 =e
log, 3 x x

fl
a) 3

b) -3
cys
d) 9

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 206 ¢ Chapter 4 — Logarithms Pre-Calculus 12

58. If log,3=x and log,7=y, determine log, 21 in terms ofxand y.

a) x+y
b) 2x+3y
Chorly
d) 6xy

59. For every 100 metres that a balloon rises, the atmospheric pressure is reduced by 1%. At what balloon
height is the atmospheric pressure 15% of the pressure at Earth’s surface? (accurate to the nearest 1000 m)
a) 16000m
b) 17000m
c) 18000m
d) 19000m

60. If 25% of a radioactive material decays in 40 hours, what is the half-life of the material?
a) 16.60h
b) 20.00h
c) 80.00h
d) 96.38h

61. Solve: log,(2—

4x) —log,(3—x)=2

a) -6
b) 5
Ce
d) no solution

62. Solve for x in terms of logarithms: 3a”! = b*

tee loga—log3
loga—logb
Dyer loga—log3
loga+logb
ones log3a
log3a—logb
ee log3a
log3a+logb

a a eee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 4.6 — Chapter Review @ 207

63. Solve: 2log,(—x)=2—log, 4

a)

b)

c) I+
N|]wWw
lwo
wlw

d) no solution

2.[9)-X = Oh Ye telo )s
ee Ps| tony
64. What interest rate, compounded monthly, is needed for money to triple in value ir’ 10 years?
a) 9.5%
b) 10.0%
¢)) 10.5%
d) 11.0%

65. A radioactive substance decays from 600 grams to 200 grams in 10 days. Determine the half-life
of the substance.

a) 63d
b) 6.7d
c) 112d
d) 15.8d

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
tt
208 ¢ Pre-Calculus 12

LIST OF WRONGS AND RIGHTS

On the left are listed some of the mistakes students frequently make in trigonometry calculations.

Wrong Right
sin(x+ y)=sinx +sin y sin(x+ y)=sin x cos y+ cos x sin y

cos(—x)=-—cos x cos(—
x)= cosix

sin(—
x) =sin x sin(—x)=-—sinx

sin 21 = 2s5inx sin2x

= 2sinx cos x

Sin2y). . sin 2y 9/22 Sines Cosy

=Sinx = Six cose
2 2

sin 2x =1— sin x=5—27x=30° sin2x=1—> 2x =90°

= v=45° ele.

cos2x =1-2sin?
x> cos 2x =1-—2sin?
x>
cos 4x = 2-4sin’ 2x cos 4x = 1—2sin? 2x

sinx+cosx=1 Sas 92
sin’ x+cos'
2
x=1

csc x=—
sinx

10. 10.
.
sin
—] . .
x represents the inverse sine function.
.

2
11 . tankx has period of is 11. sinkx and coskx have periods of eae, but
K| |x|
tankx has period of 2
K|

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the
publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.1 — Trigonometric Functions ¢ 209

_ Trigonometric Functions —

Angles and Their Measures

Angles on a coordinate plane in standard position: Standard position means the initial side is along the
positive x-axis with the vertex at the origin. Rotating a ray about the vertex forms an angle @ with an initial
side and a terminal side.
90°
ay.

ll counterclockwise rotation
positive angle

P 0 360
vertex (0, 0)] initial side oe i"
clockwise rotation
iil IV negative angle

270°
Degree Measures

The measure of an angle is determined by the direction and the amount of rotation from the initial side to the

terminal side. The measure you are familiar with is degrees. One degree (1°) is formed when a ray is rotated 360

of a revolution in a counterclock direction. Thus, one full rotation is 360°.

Definition of Degree Measure

An angle formed by one complete rotation has a measure of 360 degrees (360°).
1
An angle formed by —— ofa rotation has a measure of 1 degree. The symbol ° denotes

degrees.

Examples of Degree Measures

O=1107 6 =-150° 8 = 400° 6 =—500°

y, ay

110°
400°
x xX x;

-150°
-500°

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Examples of Special Types of Angles

y y y

Q ) 90° 180 :

D5 x x x

acute angle obtuse angle right angle straight angle

0°<@<90° 90°< @<180° (+ rotation) (5 rotation)

Coterminal Angles

Angles in standard position that have the same initial side and the same terminal side are called coterminal angles.

Examples of Coterminal Angles

150°
150° and —210° are 230° and 590° are
coterminal angles coterminal angles
—210°

Determine two positive and two negative coterminal angles for 465°.

> Solution: 465° — 360° =105°, 465° +360° = 825°, 465° -2 x 360° =-255°,, 465° —3x 360° =-615°
(infinite number of possible answers)

Radian Measure and Conversion

Another unit of angle measure is called radian. It is more suited to scientific work and engineering applications
because a radian is an arc length ofa circle.

To define radian measure, we will use a circle with a radius of 1 with centre at the origin.
This circle is called a unit circle.

Definition of Radian Measure

An angle of | radian is a standard position angle in the counterclockwise direction of arc

length 1 on a unit circle.

eS Se
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.1 — Trigonometric Functions ¢ 211

Example — Unit Circles and Radians

arc length = 1

(arc length 27) (are length =)

unit circle one radian 2n radians = radians

A circle has 360°. The circumference of a circle is C=27r. If the radius measure is one, C=27.
Then one complete rotation about the unit circle is an arc length of 27 for every360°. Therefore, the
relationship between degree and radian is 360° =27 radians or 180° =z radians. Thus, we can state:

Conversion Factors: Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees

¢ Conversion factor for degrees to radians: multiply the degree measure by

180°
; 180°
¢ Conversion factor for radians to degrees: multiply the radian measure by

Convert the degree value to radians and radian value to degrees:

31
a) 240° bye? Cc) FE d) 2.13

an 42 1S | LP
ion:
~ Solution: a) 240° x 130°
—— = —3 = 4.19 b)) 72°x 180°. =5 126

Sa LSO% :
c) rege d) ee =122>
1

Note: In solutions a) and b) the answer is understood to be radians if no symbol is placed

after the numerical value.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 212 @ Chapteree
ee
a 5 — Trigon ometry
onome (Part
iryARi I)
ardee Pre-Calculus 12
Arc Length

The length of an arc of a circle is directly proportional to the angle 6 and the radius of the circle.
If @ is given
in radians, then the constant of proportionality is the radius r, thus the arc lengths = r@.

ow 6 = central angle in radians

r =radius
s =arc length

Determine the arc length of a circle with radius 5 cm and central angle
of 60°.

& Solution: 60° x = - radians, therefore, WG SVE

s=r@=5x 3 = = = 5.24 cm.
180°

Find the distance travelled by the tip of the second hand on

a watch of radius 16 mm as it
moves from 0-second mark to the 40-second mark.

4
& Solution: From 0 to 40 seconds is a = ; of a revolution.

Thus, @= ;revolution = =(2n radians) = = radians

S740)

=(16am{ )
3

= am= 67.0 mm

What is the degree measure of a central angle @

opposite an arc of 18 cm ina circle of
radius 6 cm?

& Solution: s=r0

yan 18cm a
Fr) *6'em

3 radians = 3x ny
1X

ee || TAl OY
1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No

part of this publication may be reproduced without written
permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.1 — Trigonometric Functions # 213

5.1 Exercise Set

1. Determine if the angle is in quadrant I, II, II, IV or not in a quadrant for the following standard position angles.

a) 150° b) -150°

c) 314° d) -314°

e) 612° ee ee eet f) -537°

8)-1100° ee a ee h).—».6325°

i) 810° 2 ee ee SS Dy =900°

2. Find the degree measure of each angle.

a) ;rotation b) — rotation

5 :
c) z rotation d) — rotations

Hf ; :
e) 5 rotations f) — rotations

3. Find the radian measure of each angle.

a) 2rotation b) — rotation

2 : 1
c) — rotation d) 2-— rotations
3 4

e) ee rotations f) nhs rotations

12 8

4. Determine a positive and a negative coterminal angle.

a) 150° ees 1 ieee eee b) -150°

[2 eae a5 eh, Bee d) -314°

€) 612° Se. ie f) -537°

£) 1100" Peeters te eS h) 6325°

i) 810° Reemeretrebie. |SPE. j) -900°

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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214 # Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

5. Convert from degrees to radians. Express answer in terms of 7.

ays? b) 90°

c) 150° d) 240°

e) 300° f) 360°

g) 405° h) 420°

i) 450° j) 630°

6. Convert from degrees to radians. Express answer to 3 decimal places.

a) 70° b) eHee

ce) 130° d)

e) 400°

g) -248° h)

iy 1025" jp

7. Convert from radians to degrees.

a) _ b)

c) = d)

e) =

2 — h)

i) — j)

SS
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.1 — Trigonometric Functions ¢ 215

8. Convert from radians to degrees. Give answers to | decimal place.

ESS
I
OO

a) 3 b) ay

¢) 27 d) —1.2

e)) b8:2 f) = 12:8

9. Find the radius of a circle if an arc of 3 subtends 10. Find the arc length of a sector of a circle with
an angle of 30° on the circle. radius 15 cm if the sector angle is 130°.

11. Find the angle in degrees if an arc length of 5cm 12. As the time changes from 2:00 to 2:30 ona
has a radius of 6 cm dial-face clock,

a) determine the change in radian measure of

the minute hand.

b) determine the change in radian measure of

the hour hand.

13. A horse on a merry-go-round is 4 m from the 14. A flywheel makes 12 revolutions per minute
centre. How many metres does Kate travel on the (rpm). How many seconds does it take for
horse if the merry-go-round makes 15 revolutions the flywheel to turn through 216°?
before stopping?

15. The Earth rotates about an axis through its poles, 16. What distance does a bird travel when flying
making one revolution per day. The radius of Earth due south from 40° north latitude to 20° north
is approximately 6400 kilometres. What distance is latitude?
traversed by a point on Earth’s surface at the equator
during any 8-hour interval as a result of Earth’s
rotation about its axis?

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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216 # Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

Trigonometric Functior

We have learned from studying trigonometry in grades 10 and 11 that for a fixed acute angle @ ina right
triangle, the ratio of the length of the sides does not depend on the size of the triangle. The ratios depend on the
measure of @ , therefore we can define trigonometric functions in terms of @. Each ratio of a pair of lengths of
sides of a right triangle is given a special name.

Trigonometric Functions of Acute Angles

For a given acute angle 0

opposite hypotenuse
Sine: sinO= ae Cosecant: cscO= pa sab
hypotenuse opposite

adjacent Secant: hypotenuse

secO= oo Eee
Cosine: cosO= meres
hypotenuse adjacent

opposite adjacent
Tangent: tan@= —— Cotangent: csc@= ee
adjacent opposite

se
ore™
wyy opposite

|
adjacent

Consider an angle @ in standard positon with P(x, y) a point on the terminal side of @. Then, by Pythagorean
theorem, x7 + y’ =r° or r= x+y. The values of x, y and r determine the six trigonometric ratios for angle @.

Trigonometry Ratios

If @ is an angle in standard position with P(x, y) a point on the terminal side of @,

then the six trigonometric ratios of angles @ are defined as follows:

sin@ = 2 cscO = —
i y (x,y)

cos @'= Hey a ;

r AC

aay ack csc@ = =

x y

where r=x°> + y?

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.2 — Trigonometric Function of Acute Angles @ 217

Algebraic Signs of the Trigonometric Functions

When selecting a point P(x, y) on the terminal side of angle 6 , the quadrant in which @ is found will determine
the algebraic sign of the trigonometric function. It will be either positive or negative.

Remember, r=./x’+y° is always positive. Since sin@ and csc@ are always ratios of y and r, then
sin@ and csc@ are positive where y is positive. Similarly, cos@ and sec@ are positive where x is positive.
Also, since tan and cot are ratios of xand y, tan@ and cot@ are positive when x and y are both positive,
or x and y are both negative, because a negative divided by a negative is positive.

and
andood
af MM VY

What quadrant has sin@<0, tan0>0?

Solution: sin@ <0 in quadrant HII and IV, tan@>0 in quadrant I and III, therefore, answer found in
quadrant III.

Determine cos@ if esc = —= and tan@<0.

~ Solution: csc@ <0 in quadrant III and IV, tan@ <0 in quadrant II
and IV, therefore answer is found in quadrant IV. cos@ is
positive in quadrant IV.

x (229) ee

therefore cos@ = =

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
tl
tl
ZUCeeiee eeokomeny (aes ce EE
Determine cot@ if sin@ == and cos@ <0.

» Solution: cos@ <0 in quadrant II and III, sin@ >0 in quadrant I and
II, therefore answer found in quadrant II.
242? =5? > x=-/21 (x is negative in quadrant II)

therefore cot@ = as
_ Vii

2
Determine sec@ if cot@= 3 :

Solution: cot@<0 in quadrant II and IV

pr? =(-2) +3”

r=V13
therefore, sec@ =— > or sece=
iB
2

Given the point (2, — 1) on the terminal side of angle @ , determine the value of all
6 trigonometric functions.

: = 2 a
P Solution: =r°=(-1) +2’, sin = me ; cosO=—=, tan@= me
v5 V5 2
r=V5,
p)
eso9= =, seo =, ea aaa

Determine sin@ and cos@ if @ is an angle in standard position whose terminal side is the
graph 2x+5y=0, x <0.

Solution: | Graph 2x+5y=0, x <0

y lagen? 2
cy: sin =
(-5,2) = (—5)°
(—5)? +2
+ 9? 29

= 29 Seg mene
V29

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.2 — Trigonometric Function of Acute Angles @ 219

Determine the coordinate of the point 8 units from the origin in quadrant III and tan@ = ;:

» Solution: Graph tan@= : in quadrant III. (Note: x =—4, y=—3)

a ip +y y by proportion
-4 x
=s
ieenn
—32
2 ————

a NO che Swe 5
2

=5 3 y —24
56 Beas

32
Thus, coordinates (x, y) = [22- #4).

; 2 és
If Se find a) csc@ and b) cos(90°-@).

: ; Mei 2 3
~ Solution: a) sin@ and csc@ are reciprocals of each other, therefore if sin@ = me esco=

b) sin@= uy cos (90°—0) = p

c C

Thus sin 8 = cos(90°—8),

So cos(90°—@) = ;

Note: sin@ = cos(90°—@), cos@=sin(90°-@), tan@ = cot(90°—@)

cot @ = tan(90°—@), sec@ = csc(90°—@), csc@ = sec(90°-@)
using the same reasoning as example 8b) above.

Find all angles 0, 0°< @<360° such that sin@ =—cos@.

» Solution: sin@ >0 and cos@ <0 in quadrant II with opposite =— adjacent

sin@ <0 and cos@>0 in quadrant IV with adjacent = — opposite

The opposite and adjacent leg of the triangle must be the same length.

This must be a 45° reference angle in quadrants II and IV.

Thus, @= 135° and 315°.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
ESSE
TUE
Lee
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220 @ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

5.2 Exercise Set

1. Find the missing dimensions of a right triangle with sides a and b and hypotenuse c.
= kee b) A= 2) = ae=
a) G50

d) he) =
c) i= (30ers ol WR

e) B25 b= 6.0= f) Cou a2 = ee

2. Determine the quadrant in which @ lies for the following.

a) sinO>0, sec@>0 IGS b) tan@<0, cos@>0 ae foe

c) cscO>0, cot@<0 SS ee d) .cos@ <0, “cse@ <0 Le

ogg

e) sinOd<0, tan@<0 a f) cot@>0, sec6<0 a

g) tan@<0, csc@>0 es h) cos@>0, sec0<0 J

i) sin@<0, cot@<0 eves j) tan@<0, sec@>0 bn S25

3. Find the value of the indicated functions.

a) cscO=2, sn@= b) cos =— =,sec

9=

c) tan@=-—5, cot@= d) sin0=-0.23, cscO=

e) secO=2.35, cosO= f) cot@=—2.4, tand=

4. Find the acute angle @, for the trigonometric function.

a) sin30°=cos@, 0= b)” tan65°=cotesio—

c) sec25°=csc@, 0= d) cost = sine, ¢=

1 1
e) CON aan’, C= f) ieee O=

ee eee
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.2 — Trigonometric Function of Acute Angles @ 221

5. A point P on the terminal side of @ is shown in the figures below. Evaluate the six trigonometric
functions of 0.
a) Wy,

re, sin@ = COS G.=

6
2e tan@ = ) cole =

secd = wm Eesce=

b)
sing
= ee cose
=

ing
= es, | COS

seCO =n 2. 1 cSCO'=

c) Ys

0 sin@ = peeCOSG,—

x tan@ = PECcora=
P(-~3,-1)
sec 9 = 7 EescCo=

d) J

sin@ = ne COsSG =

» tan@ = A -ecot@ =
6 P (V5, -2
Cee sec0 = Xe poets =

e) y

sin 8 = ee cOsO =
6
x tan@ = , coe=

secd'= - Acsce=
P (0,—4)

a ee nh sl per et rea et 8
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
es
nae
cl
a
A
OR
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ef
=
 222 2
Eee ¢ Epe
Chapters5 — Trigono
Pigonommetry
etry (Part
(Part I)
Down) (avout Bloi
Pre-Calc
s ulus 12
6. The value of one trigonometric function is given. Determine the other 5 trigonometric functions.

2 AD)5 Alen
a) sin@ 13° @ is in quadrantI RSE.5 een
13
tan@ = + cog=

sec @ = escO =

8 az): ;
b) are @ is in quadrant III sin@ = 1) cose=

ene ses cot@=

1S
sec = L -cso@i=

3 a 2x
Cc) ee @ is in quadrant IV sin@ = , cos@=

tan @ = ECOtO.=

fae csc
2

d) cscO=3, tan@<0 ano . e686=

tan@ = Cote

seco = wt csco=3

e) cot0@=-2.4, sinOd>0 any Leena

tan@ = , cotd=—24

sec@ = SCSCO === =e

f) cosO=—0.238, tand>0 sin@ = , cos0=—0.238

tan@ = 1 COLE=

seco= csee=

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this

publication may be reproduced without written permission from
the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.2 — Trigonometric Function of Acute Angles @ 223

7. Find the six trigonometric functions of @ if @ is an angle in standard position whose terminal side is the
graph of the given relation.
a) 3x+5y—0e 0 sin @ = a COSO=

tan@ = te cod =

sec @ = , cscO=

b) 2x-—3y=0,
y<0 sin@ = acoso =

tan@ = a SCoOLe=

secO = emCsCG=

c) V5x+2y=0, y<0 sin@ = NCOsoO=

tan@ = colo =

secO= , escO=

d) x=0, y<0 sin @ = , <os@=

tan@ = aE CcoLg=

sec@'= ECSCO —

8. Determine the coordinates of the point at the given distance from the origin in the stated quadrant, if 0 is
its position angle.

: 3
a) 10; Il; eae b) 3; Ill; tan@d=1

c) 8; I; secO=2 d)) R51: esc = =

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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Ul
J
 224 @ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I)
Pre-Calculus 12

9. Let B be an acute angle with sinB=a. 10. Let P be an acute angle with cos P=b.
Find cscB and cos(90°—B) in terms of a.
Find sec P and snl r)in terms of bd.

11. The terminal side of angle @ in standard

position goes through the intersection point of the given curves.
Find sin@ and cos@.
are ay = 10) sin =
by yax? 44x sin@=
ax VS5 cos0=
y=-4x-16 cos@=

12. Find all angles 6, 0°<@<360° for which

taf 1+sin@
= 3sin@, tan@<0. Find cosé.
sin@ =cos@.

d
14. Show that: h= d
cota —cot B 15. Show:that: jf=——=—
cota +cot B

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part of this publication may be reproduced withou
t written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.3 — Trigonometric Functions — General & Special Angles # 225

Trigonometric Function -Ge

Quadrantal Angles

Quadrantal angles are angles with their terminal side lying along a coordinate axis, either the x-axis or the y-axis.
To evaluate the trigonometric functions of a quadrantal angle, we select any arbitrary point other than the origin.
The easiest point to pick is a point 1 unit from the origin. Then apply the definitions of the six trigonometric ratios.

Angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° or 0, onI, a

(1, 0) The x-value is the adjacent value in the ordered pair.

; The y-value is the opposite value in the ordered pair.
o The r-value will be | all around the circle.

r=1'(0,-1)

Find a) cos0° b) tan90° ¢c) sinz d) cso

adjacent _x 1 opposite y _ 1
ion: =a O7= == | b) tan90° = = — = undefined
oki ia a radius. 7 4 ) aoyacents x 10

i 3 di 1
fadius ~ 7 2 opposite” “yl

Using the procedure of the above examples, we can verify the following entries:

0 sin@ cos@ tan @ cot@ sec 0 esc @

a

0° or 0 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined

1
90° or 3 1 0 undefined 0 undefined 1

ROS Cre As 0 —| 0 undefined = undefined

gemiet TE
270° or oS =|| 0 undefined 0 undefined =

We may obtain the values of other trigonometric functions for other quadrantal angles using the idea of
coterminal angles.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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i
CRESS
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ee
226 @ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

o£
Evaluate a) cos540° b) tan6z c) on

Solution: a) Findacoterminal angle 0, 0°<0@°< 360°

540°-360°= 180°

dj t —]
Thus, cos 540°= cos 180°= eS See |
hypotenuse |

b) Find a coterminal angle 0, 0<@<27

6m —3(2) =0
opposite 0_
ihus.tan 67;= tan0= —
adjacent 1

c) Find acoterminal angle 0, 0<0<27

on T
re Owe
Dy) 27) 2

Thus, ab eee = eee = UYIUO ME a Z =i

2 2 opposite 1

Special Angles: 30°, 45°, and 60°

By using the relationship between an isosceles right triangle and an equilateral triangle, we can find exact values
of 30°, 45° and 60° angles by applying Pythagoras’ theorem.

Evaluate a) sin60° b) seo Cc) tan

Opposite _ 3
Solution: a) sin60°= =
hypotenuse 2

Bynece u_ epics: : v2 a ie
+ adjacent 1

m opposite 1 eds 3
c) a=P mapas ae lbin ae (both answers are acceptable)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.3 — Trigonometric Functions — General & Special Angles @ 227

Using the procedure of the previous example, we can verify the following entries:

9 sind cos 0 tan@ coté sec 0 csc (

=a aa
45° or 7 z z l AD 2

60° or = as ; 3 z 2 z

Reference Angles

The concept of reference angles was introduced in grade 11. We shall formally state its definition:

Definition of a Reference Angle

For angle @ in standard position, the reference angle is the positive acute angle Q' that
is formed with the terminal side of 0 and the x-axis.

A reference angle is 0°< 6'<90° or 0<6'< -

Diagram of Reference Angles in Quadrants I, II, II, and IV

@ in quadrant I @ in quadrant II @ in quadrant III @ in quadrant IV

et 0’ =180° -6 @' =0 -180° @' =360°-6
Remember the quadrants where the trigonometric functions are positive and negative, from the previous section:

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 e
228 Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part
S I)
ee r
Pre-C alculus ae
12

;
Determine the exact value of a) sin240° 51 197
b) Jo c) tan ge

P Solution: a) sin 240° is in quadrant III in which sin@ <0.

. pa pit, =—sin60°
The reference angle for 240° is 240° —180° = 60°, therefore, sin240° Whe Mens
= ‘ae

b) soon is in quadrant IV in which secO>0.

20:
SVE
The reference angle for ~ is 27 — re 57 1
= -, therefore, wie = Se =

197 197 19% 247

c) fannl= | alSaa
z r |= nf—— aes
6 —+ —6 |= tan—6 isin quadrant
q II

in which tan@ <0

The reference angle for 2 iS 7 — all2H , therefore, tan —197 l

6 Oot 6
=—tan fi=—-—=
6 Fils

Finding @
To find @ for special angles is the reverse proce
ss of reference angles.

Find the smallest positive @ in degree and

radian measures a) sin@= -> b) secO= —/2 :

& Solution: a) sin@<0 in quadrants III and IV. The smallest angle
is quadrant III.

3
sin 60°= +7 by special angles

The angle with reference angle 60° in

quadrant III
is 180° +60° =240° or my

2
sec 45°= 2 = v2 by special angle

The angle with reference angle 45°

in quadrant II
is 180°
—45° =135° or tasies
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.3 — Trigonometric Functions — General & Special Angles ¢ 229

1
Find exactly all 8, 0°<@<360 for which tan@ = a8

» Solution: tan@>0 in quadrants | and III.

tan 30°= 7cby special angles

3
x The angle with reference angle 30° in quadrant II
isi 180°|+ 30? = 210°.
Thus, =30° or 210°

all
i

Find exactly all x, 0<x<2a for which cscx =—=.

3

» Solution: csc x <0 in quadrants III and IV.

sete
a Bs

The angles with reference angle > in quadrants III

and IV are pee te and De Ane,

5 3 Sires

Thus, pat and 2

3 3

Find exactly all x, 0<x<2a for which secx =-2.

~ Solution: sec x <Q in quadrants II and III.

By 1 :
— = 2 by special angles
2
x ie.
The angles with reference angle a in quadrants I
x

and III are eee and es

D) 3 Sinaia

RUSS oy = a and bits

3 3

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
GSS
Ee
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ee
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ee
ee
230 # Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

All Special Angles

Degrees | Radians | sin@ cosé

0° 0

©
WwoO

°
& Nn

60°

90°

120°

1355
w]|
a|9
9wl
ala
ALA
wld
aS

oo)S)
°
—— iS

Being able to calculate all values of this chart quickly allows for more success in the trigonometry unit.
There are only two triangles plus x-axis and y-axis values which give the 96 special angles listed above.

The 45° - 45° - 90° triangle

30° Ei

Pe ee ee ee -S e ee ee See ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.3 — Trigonometric Functions — General & Special Angles # 231

5.3 Exercise Set

1. Find the reference angle @' for each angle @.

a) 150° b) -150°

Cc) 314: dye 3 14°

e) 612° £2 See f) -537°

g) 1100° NORTE Gartee h) 6325°

i) 810° jp -900°

TN 2\n
k)) ese: ly =e
6 — ) 4

197 247
1 ar a a
17x 167
VINE ace
2. Determine the exact value of each trigonometric function. Do not use a calculator.

a) sin120° b) cot 135°

c) cos 330° d) tan660°

e) csc 1125° f) seo 7

eit
g) as h) tan

197 : 137
i) CSC j) cot—
6

k) cot(—240°) I) sec(—945°)

m) cos sa
3 PM ROOT se. n) tan med
6

oe —20% —27%
0) 3 p) csc]

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3. For which values of @, 0°< @< 360, is each ofthe following undefined?

a) sin@ b) cos@

c) tan@ d) coté

e) secO f) csc@

4. For which values of 6, 0°<@<2z, is each ofthe following undefined?

a) sin@ b) cosé

c) tan@ d) cotdé

e) secé f) cscé

5. Find the smallest positive @ in degree measure for which

1
a) sin8 = —~ b) tang=-v3

c) cscé aa Zcd
3
d)
sec 0 =-
V2
2

e)) cot@=-—=
B ! f) cosé oes
Ab5

6. Find the smallest positive x in radian measure for which

a) sinx= rar b) cotx=—3

c) cscx V2
a=—-v2 d) sec XY = —
2
——

V3
e) tanx=-l f) “cee
2

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.3 — Trigonometric Functions — General & Special Angles # 233

7. Find the exact value of each expression without using a calculator. Note: (sin@)’ =sin’@.

a) sin60° Lage 8 2 et b) 2 sin 30° cos 30°

c) sin? a cos” - nytt Pe

d) Sills =——-1, COS@—
4 4

e) sec” 60°— tan’ 60° 1 1

et ee f) cs =cot- —
6 6

g) 2sin’ 2 ee eae h) ieee

3

Dn
i) tan— 6
Dp
an
6

TT
a ey =—e
b) mes,
a4

jee
y - d) _4n
ae

9. Find an angle x such that x 4 y,OSx<2z7 and cosx=cosy.

UG
a) 5 b) _/
aed

c) fiz
Vee: d) Bee
oma

10. Find an angle x such that x # y,O<x<2z7 and tanx=tany.

TU
a) a b) Ws
te,

te
ie ae d) _4n
Tae

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2540 MebauisneeEaieonometry (PartI)iiwiomonovis) -Sug?
11. Determine all possible values of x by special angles, 0<x<2z7.

a) cosx= “= b) sinx=—5

c) tanx=—l d) tescx =2

e) secx = —/2 f) sinx=-l

g) cotx=undefined hy) cos, 0

i) cscx=undefined j) secx=-l

1
sy ats . Ee N) escx=—V2

12. Find exact values of sin3x and snl=|

for the given values of x.

CU SY) b) Ps
2

c) xa 2 d) x=-7

13. Find exact values of cos3x and cos{

= for the given values ofx.

a) =O b) x= ie

1
c) x= ae d) x=-7

14. Choose various special angle values of sin@ 15. Choose various special angle values of cos@
and sin(—@). How does the value of sin(—@) and cos(—@). How does the value of cos(—@)
compare to the value of sin@? compare to the value of cos@?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.4 — Graphing Basic Trigonometric Functions # 235

etric
Graphing Basic Trigonom

The Unit Circle

The equation of the unit circle by Pythagoras’ theorem is a’ +b’ =1.

; it b j
Ths sin] ee he ee es ee
hypotenuse 1 hypotenuse 1

i
Tt ;
y=sinx=b
u
y=cosx=a
eS

As x varies from: varies from: varies from

So aicamalin
“) i = »b
sik Oto 2 Otol 1 to 0
2

: 0 or 2n 5 ton 1 to 0 0 to-1
no = 0 to -1 —1to0

3m
oP = 102m —1 to 0 0 to|

To graph y=sinx and y=cosx from 0 to 27, we will look at its values on the x- and y-axis, plus the special
angle values in the 4 quadrants.

Graphing y=sinx for 0<x<2z

Values in quadrants II, III, and IV can be calculated

by reference angles.

Sine is positive in quadrants I and II.

Sine is negative in quadrant III and IV.
Quadrant I
(0,1) »
( [email protected])
a 4

el 0)

(0,-1)
y=sinx, 0Sx S27

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236 # Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

Graphing y=cosx for 0<x<2z

Values in quadrants IL, III, and IV can be calculated

by reference angles.

Cosine is positive in quadrants I and IV.

cosine is negative in quadrant II and III.
Quadrant I

(0,1)

Cl 0)

(0,-1)

The graphs of y=sinx and y=cosx extend horizontally to infinity in both directions, repeating at successive
intervals. Each repeated interval is called a period.

Definition of a Period

A function f is periodic if there is a positive number P such that f(x+ P)= f(x) for
all x in the domain. The length of the shortest interval over which the function repeats
itself is known as the period.

We can summarize as follows:

Graph of y =sinx

Period =2z, Domain: all real numbers, Range: -1< y<1

Graph of y=cosx

Period =2z, Domain: all real numbers, Range: -l1< y<1

a a a SSS

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.4 — Graphing Basic Trigonometric Functions ¢ 237

Amplitude

Let us compare the graphs of y=sinx and y=asinx. The graph of y=asinx can be obtained by multiplying
y=sinx bya. The absolute value of a, written |a|, is the amplitude of the function.
A
Compare amplitudes of y=sinx, y=—2sinx, and y= 5 sinx, OSx<27.

y=sinx; amplitude |a| = |1| =1

y= -—2sinx; amplitude |a| = |-2| =2

y=;sinx;
1
amplitude |a||a| ==||
=—sinx; amplitude |—| =—=;
1 1

In general, we can define amplitude as follows:

Definition of Amplitude

Let f be a periodic trigonometric function, and let m and M denote the minimum and
maximum values of the function. Then, the amplitude of f is
M-m
2

Periods

Let us compare the graphs of y=sinx and y=sinbx.

For y=sinx, 0<x<2z before the graph repeats

period is 27
Period for y=sinbx or y=cosbx is
For y=sinbx, 0O<bx<2z before the graph repeats
20
2 SUS ag
O<x< A (divide by b) sas |5|
apes Dae se
period is a (period is always positive)

Compare the period of y=sinx, y=sin2x, and y= sin> OS x S07

y
2
y=sinx; period = ia = 27

; : 21
y=sin2x; period = 12 =

eu 2
ae period = —* = 47
y= sin2x sey sinx
byl

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 238 ¢ Chapte
e er 5 — Trigonometry (Part I)e
ee Pre-Calculus 12
Phase Shift

Let us compare the graphs of y=sinx, y=sin(bx—c) and y= sinb(x—c).

y =sinx has a period of 27 going from 0 to
27.
y =sin(bx- c) has a period of 27 going from bx—c
=0 to bx—c=2n

bxy=e bx=c+2n

C Cys
=— = —+—
mite ar aie

phase shift period

Therefore, y=sin(bx—c) has a phase shift of ;;

If ;> 0, shift to right, if ;<0, shift to left

y = sin b(x—c) has a period of 27 going from

b(x—c)=0 to Dx=c)=2%

3G —~c=0 C= 20
E € n

X=C
20
xXx=c+—

phase shift period

Therefore, y= sin b(x— c) has a phase
shift of c.
If c>0, shift to right, if c <0, shift
to left

Compare the phase shift of y=sinx, y= snl

x— 4 = sin a=- = 0<x< =

y=sinx has no phase shift

, TT ‘
y =sin| [2
2x-
s—/h
4 as a phase
h shift
TT
hift ofof 2x 2x- 0 T
5 —=0x
42x="%a =—4

yssina{ x2 also has a phase shif

t of a[x-£]-05x-Z-051
=2
4

y=sinx 1% 1X
y= ca(2e-|.sna(x *)
2 4

Thus y= snl ; oi
2x_ 4 and y= sina[- 4 have a peri: od of
2 anda phase shift of A to the
right.

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hing. No part of this publication may be reprod
uced without written permission from the
publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.4 — Graphing Basic Trigonometric Functions ¢ 239

Vertical Displacement
Let us compare the graphs of y=sinx and y=sinx+d.
If d>0, shift vertically upward d units
If d <0, shift vertically downward d units
Compare y=sinx and y=sinx—-2,0<x<27

5 x y=sinx; no vertical shift

Tl
y=sinx—2; shift vertically down 2 units

pas =sinx —2

Summary of the Forms /(x)=asin(bx—c)+d and f(x)=acos(bx—c)+d

or f(x)=asinb(x-—c)+d and f(x)=acosbh(x-—c)+d
Assume a#0 and b>0

Amplitude: |a|, Phase Shift: bx -c=0 or b(x—c)=0

=a x=c,c>0 shift right

y= b’ >0 shift right
e199
c<0O shift left
Period: fas; 5
b < 0 shift left
Vertical Displacement: d, d>0 shift upward
d <0 shift downward

Find the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical displacement of

BY athe 3
a) ya-Beos| 3x42 b) y=2sin7(x-2)-3

P Solution: a) amplitude: |a| = |-3| =3 b) amplitude: |a| = |2| =2

Dh BRSWO SR GR mye Vie
eriod: —=—=— iod: —=—=12
i Ke 2
ke a 2 6

3
phase shift: Ces One oe phase shift: F (x-2)=0,x=2
2. 2 3 6
shift right 2
shift left ~ :
3 v.d.. d=-3, downward
v.d.: d=1, upward

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 240 ¢ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part
e e 1) eee oF a Pre-C
ee alcule
us 12

Graph y=-2 cost (x+ 3)+ 1 for one period.

Step 1: What is the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical displacement?

a=|—2|=2, eee p-s: 4(x+3)=0>x=-3, v.d.=|

4
Step 2: Recognize this is a reflection of acosine graph in the x-axis.
Step 3: Draw coordinate system and label:
p.S. = 3: One full period will start atx = —3,
y
and end atx = -3+8 = 5.
Pp = 8: Divide period into 4 equal parts.

v.d.=I1: Midline y = 1.

a=2: The curve will oscillate between:

maximum y = 1 + 2 es)
minimum y = | — 2 Noll=I

Step 4: Ifstep 3 is done correctly, the graph is virtually done.

The basic graph of cosine is known,
So just fill in the 5 points and draw the curve.

Step 5: Check your graph; if you put x =-3 Me

olsule Soeese into co) you have to get
TT 32 ;
0, re WSs a and 27 or there is somethin; g wrong with your
graph.

Write an equation for the following graph

in terms of both sine and cosine.

;
From graph: amplitude: 2 :
a? period: 16, vertical displacement: -5
Serene
Startatxx = 2: a. (—(x—2))——;]
y =a t tatx=6:
Star =6: Sees 9 ee 1
y = A oo8 COS5 (16 ) 5
Sear 1
start at xx=10:
tartat y y=—si
pnyn—(x-
( 10)——
) 5 Slay ete
=
Startatx=14: 14. (ed 4) ee31
y = 5 008 COS—=; (x-1
(many answers)
(many answers)

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without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.4 — Graphing Basic Trigonometric Functions ¢ 241

Graphing y=tanx

opposite
By definition, tanx = . Thus, the graph of y=tanx is undefined where the adjacent side is zero
adjacent
7
since a number divided by zero is undefined. Two such values are x = bas = +1.5708. We can examine this

more closely with the following table:

x a iis7, 1.57 sg
2 2
tanx | undefined | —1256 1256 undefined |

|Graphof y=tanx

Period: 7

Domain: all real numbers except

Ws
3 +n7 ,n an integer

Range: all real numbers

Note: no amplitude

Period

Let us compare the graph of y=tanx and y=tanbx.

y=tanx has a period of 7.
Thus, y = tan bx has a period of bx =0 to bx=2 Period for y= tan bx is

A TU
Period = bl
b|

Find the period of a) y=tan2x andb) y= tan» :

ee. oh
» Solution: a) P=—=—=—
[Oye 2]
cin We
hese carte
y)

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 242 # Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

5.4 Exercise Set

1. Which function below matches the description given?

amplitude A) 2 °&B). 3 Gy age: D) 3 E)4,3 Bee
period 1 1 21 30 ald
3 3
al

1 1 20 3 1 4
phase shift A am The 4 3 6

vertical 9 2 5) 3 3 a8
displacement

een eos aad —2 (x) =3cos 2 pee +3

tet ae a 2 a
n(s)=2sina( x2) 2 ix) =Ders 3x—Z]-3

(x) =—3sin2| x+ 2 |+2 EG) 3c] oe

4 6 —) a. + 2 ae

2. Which functions have f(x) = g(x) for all x?

a) f(x)=sinx A g(x)=cos(—x+7)

b) /f(x)=—sinx B g(o)=-sin| x)

ec) f(x)=cosx C g(x) =cos{x]

d) f(x)=—cosx D g(s) =| x4]

3. State the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical displacement for the graph of each function

ak 1 3
a) y = —3 Sine [x ya| ||— 1 b) y =-—sI =
ssing{x42}

1 1
c) ye EUS eM d) y=—cos2 Boe

fel DLIC s) 1
e) y = 3sin)] (2
——zx ||-2 fh y ==$089 as
x42)

4. What is the period of

i
a) Mie Ne b) y=—2tan> x

a ee ee ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.4 — Graphing Basic Trigonometric Functions ¢ 243

5. Write an equation in the form y=asinb(x-—c) and y=acosb(x-—c) for the least non-negative real number c b

with a > 0 and 5 > 0 for the following graphs.

a) y b) <

3 2

c)

e)

g)

i)

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 244 ¢ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I)
Pre-Calculus 12

6. Accurately sketch at least one complete period of the curve y=— 3 sinNealZAR
Jl

8. Find a function in the form y=asinbx+c

9. Find a function in the form yv=acosbh(x-c)+
if ithas a maximum point of (2 , 3) and the d
ifithas a maximum point of (2 , 3) and the
closest minimum point of (6, —7).
closest minimum point of (6, —7).

10. a) The graph below describes the function y=asinb(

x+c)+d. Write a sine equation which describes
the graphif (ij)a>0 (ii) a<0

(i) e
i735. 7.e

Ci) ee
b) The graph can also describe the function y=aco
sh(x+c)+d. Write a cosine equation which
describes the graph if (i) a>0 (ii) a<0.

(i) (ii) _

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written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.5 — Application of Periodic Functions @ 245

Application of Periodic Funct

The periodic values of the sine and cosine functions are found in nature. A motion involving a pattern that is
repeated at fixed time intervals is called harmonic motion. Examples of harmonic motion are pendulums,
objects suspended from a spring, a Ferris wheel, the amount of daylight during a year, tides, heart beat, radio
waves, etc.

A weight is attached to a spring and set in motion by stretching the spring and releasing it.
The distance (cm) the spring is from its rest position at time ¢ (sec) is given by the equation
d =S5sin(471t)

a) How many cycles per second does the spring make?

b) Graph the spring for one period.
c) At what time will the first maximum and minimum extremes of the cycles occur?
Lie eel
> Solution: a)S Wits pee ghey second | Thus, the spring makes 2 cycles per second.

1 ea sy!
c) Ifthe period is > the maximum of 5 cm will occur at i of the period: 7]asnae seconds

Sie 6 eee
and the minimum will occur at 4 of the period: 4 i yy7 8 seconds.

The voltage £ of an electrical circuit has an amplitude of 220 volts and a frequency of 60 cycles
per second. If E = 220 when ¢ = 0, find a periodic equation in terms of cosine that describes this
voltage.

> Solution: If the frequency is 60 cycles per second, then the period is 5 seconds.

ae |
b 60
b=120n
Thus, the equation is E = 220cos(120z71).

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 246 Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I)
Pre-Calculus 12

The monthly sales of a seasonal product are approximated by

S= 760+ 480cos t

where ¢ is the time in months, with ¢ = 1 corresponding to January. Graph the function and state
what months exceed 1000 units of sales.

> Solution: P= = ae 12, vertical displacement = 760, amplitude = 480

1
6

760+ 480cos =t > 1000

1240 .
OG bare Nediace eens 5.0 felt foe ic HOU > 240
Sales 760 1 1
cos—t>—
6 2
280
ea ves Sa
cosine equal ziat z and —

T T TC 5a
Months Ras and —ft=

fv =A)
Thus, January, November, and December exceed
1000 unit of sales.
In February and October there are exactly 1000 units
of sales.

A Ferris wheel has a radius of 20 m and rotates every

60 seconds. A rider enters the seat at the
lowest point of the Ferris wheel, 3 m above the ground
. Find a cosine function that gives the
height A, after ¢ seconds of motion for the rider
and find at what time the rider first reaches
a height of 30 m.

& Solution: . P 2
amplitude = 20, period = =60, b= a , vertical displacement is 20 + 3
= 233
upside-down standard cosine function, no phase
shift.
Therefore, /=-—20cos a 3+23

By graphing calculator set in radian mode

Graph ¥ =—20cos 3 8
Set Window Me = 30

ares=5 Intersection
———
H=iB4A4EE yoo
It takes 18.4 seconds for the rider to
be above 30 m.

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part of this publication may be reproduced without written
permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.5 — Application of Periodic Functions ¢ 247

5.5 Exercise Set

1. Assume that the simple harmonic motion of a spring is 2. The voltage E in an electrical circuit is given
described by the equation by E =4cos60zt, where ¢ is time measured in
seconds.
5= Aes 2
Z a) Find the amplitude and period.

where S is in cm and fis in seconds. When during the

time 0<?<8 is the spring passing through the origin?

b) The reciprocal of the period, called

the frequency, is the number of periods
completed in one second. Find the
frequency.

3. The temperature in Whitehorse, Yukon is given by - Sales of snowmobiles are seasonal. Suppose
sales in Camrose, Alberta are approximated by
Ta35en\| Gee as
365 = 200+ 200e0s| E42)
where x = | is January 15‘ and x = 365 is
December 315. Use your graphing calculator to find where ¢ is time in months with ¢=0
what days of the year the temperature was below 0°. corresponding to January. For what month
are sales equal to 0?

5. The longest day of the year in Victoria, BC is 15 - A normal adult breathes in and exhales about
hours on June 21; the shortest day of 9 hours is on 0.84 litres of air every 4 seconds with the
December 21; with 12 hours on March 21 and Sept 21. minimal amount in the lungs of 0.08 litres at
Write a sine equation for the number of daylight hours t=0. Write a cosine equation with 0<1r<8
as a function of the day of the year.
and find the time of maximum air capacity in
this interval.

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248 @ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

seconds, and
7. If the voltage E in an electrical circuit has an amplitude of 110 volts and a period of 7
E = 110 when ¢ = 0, find a periodic equation in terms of cosine that describes this voltage.

8. The pedals on a bicycle have a maximum height of 30 cm above the ground and a minimum distance of
8 cm above the ground. A person pedals at a constant rate of 20 cycles per minute.
a) What is the period in seconds for this periodic function?

b) Determine an equation for this periodic function.

9. A Ferris wheel of radius 25 metres, placed one metre above the ground, varies sinusoidally with time.
The Ferris wheel makes one rotation every 24 seconds, with a person sitting 26 metres from the ground
and rising when it starts to rotate.
a) Write a sinusoidal function that describes the function from a person’s starting position.

b) How high above the ground would a person be 16 seconds after the Ferris wheel starts moving?

c) How many seconds on each rotation is a person more than 35 metres in the air?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.5 — Application of Periodic Functions # 249

10. Tides are a periodic rise and fall of water in the ocean. A low tide of 4.2 metres in White Rock, B.C. occurs
at 4:30 a.m., and the next high tide of 11.8 metres occurs at 11:30 a.m. the same day.
a) Write a sinusoidal function that describes the tide flow.

b) What is the tide height at 1:15 p.m. that same day?

11. A spring modelling a sinusoidal function rests 1.6 metres above the ground. If the mass on the spring is
pulled 1.1 metres below its resting position and then released, it requires 0.5 seconds to move from the
maximum position to its minimum position. Assuming friction and air resistance are neglected,
a) write an equation in terms of cosine that describes this periodic function.

b) what height is the spring 2.3 seconds after being released?

12. A tsunami, usually called a tidal wave, is a very fast moving ocean wave caused by earthquakes that occur
underwater. The water will first move down from its normal level, then move an equal distance above the
normal level, then finally back to normal. The period of this tsunami is 16 minutes with an amplitude of 8
metres. The normal depth of water at Crescent Beach, B.C. is 6 metres.
a) What is the maximum and minimum height of water caused by the tsunami at Crescent Beach?

b) Write a periodic model of the tsunami when it first reaches Crescent Beach.

c) Ifyou were in a boat out in the ocean, how would the tsunami affect you?

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250 Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part 1) Pre-Calculus 12

Chapter Review

Trigonometry (Part I) — Multiple-choice Review Questions

; 1
1. Determine the amplitude and period of y=-—2 cos = |EPS

a) Sel
Li gnaee|
c) 2; 4
1 eave |

2. Determine the phase shift and vertical displacement of y=—2 cos{

Ex= |+3)

a) oats 63
by §25SH3S
Cele 63
ayy as:

3. Determine the period of y= tan=x :

1
a) 3

2
b) a

ro) ees)
d) 6

4. Given a circle with radius 6 cm and length of arc 12 cm, determine the sector angle to the nearest degree.

Aye ee
bya 295
©) elOSs
d) 115°

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.6 — Chapter Review @ 251

Dye CSC = + and tanx <0, determine cosx.

3

a)

by i-;1
1
c) 5

pee Z

6. If (2,—3) is on the terminal side of standard position angle @ , what is the value of sec@ ?

heist
eal
3

c)
JB
ae
3

7. Determine the smallest positive angle @, in radians, such that csc@ = an)

De3

c) a

eeu

8. Convert 10 radians to a degree value between 0° and 360°.

a) 33°
b) 148°
ce) 213°
d) 303°

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252 @¢ Chapter
252 5 — Trigonometry (Part
ChapterS—Trigonometry (Part)I) Pre-Caleulus 12

: 51
9. Determine the exact value of Gach:

2v3
cil
» 23 3

c)
3
—
3

2v3
a aap

10. Determine the value of cot

11. Determine the quadrant in which the terminal arm of @ lies for sec@<0, tan@>0
a) quadrant I
b) quadrant II
c) quadrant II
d) quadrant IV

12. Determine the reference angle for 2

aac Z

b) -
5
c) =

a)
d) =

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.6 — Chapter Review 4 253

13. Determine sec@ if the terminal arm of angle @ in standard position intersects the unit circle at point (a, D).
a) a
b) 5b

c) ZL
a
1
d) b

14. Determine the maximum value of y=—asinx—b, a, b>0

a) -—a-—b
b) -a+b
¢) “"a=b
d) a+b

15. Determine the minimum value of the function y = asinx—b, a,b>0.

a) -a-—b
b) -at+b
c) a-b
d) a+b

3) 31
16. What is the value of tanB if cosB aes and m<B< co

4
a —_—_—

) 3

b —
3
) o

Cc _—
3
4
4
d =,
) 3

17. Solve: ee aa OSse<Mig

2x 41
a) a te
3 3

») 22, 3 3
om 1G
Of a
656

» ot,
6
be6
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12
254 @9 Chapter
454 5 — Trigonometry (Part
Chapter5—Trigonometry (ParttI)

ride
18. The height, A, in metres, of a certain Ferris wheel seat above the ground at time, ¢, in seconds, after ae
is started is given by the formula A(t) = 25sin4(t—10)+26. Use the graph of the function to determine the
number of seconds in the first minutes the rider is above 40 m.
A) elo) Sect
b) 18.6 sec.
¢)) 32G:5"sec.
d) 34.3 sec.

19: For f(x) =cosbx, b>0, find the smallest positive value of x that produces a minimum value for Flas

20. Determine the values of x if csc x =—1.325, Oar

a) 2.42, 4.00
b) 2.64, 3.88
c) 3.86, 5.55
d) 4.00, 5.43

21. Determine the value of cscx if tanx=-a, where a>0, cosx<0

yy —Va’ +1
a

d)

22.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.6 — Chapter Review @ 255

23. Determine the value of sec@ if cot@=—a, where a>0O and sinO<0.

a) a +1
a
2
BS a +l
a
o at+l
a
d) _a +
1
a

24. A cosine curve has a maximum point at (2, 16) and the nearest minimum point to the right of this point is
at (7, 4). Which of the following is an equation for this curve?

a) y= 6c0s"(x-2)+10

b) y= 6cos~(x+2)+10

c) y= bcos (x-2)+10

d) y= bcos (x+2)+10

25. Determine an equation for the function below

a) y=—sin7(x- 141

b) yssin® (x—1)+l
1
Cc) Soe OS A) td

d) y=cos(x-3)+1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12
256
256 @¢ Chapter
ChapterS—Trigonometry (Part)
5 — Trigonometry (Part I)

26. Evaluate cot

a) 0.203
b) 0.325
c) 1.021
d) 3.078
Dike Find @ , to the nearest degree, if @ terminates in quadrant II and sec@ =—2.202.
a) 117°
b) 142°
ce) 153°
d) no value satisfies the equation

28. The graph of the function f(x) =cosx is translated 3 units left. What is the equation of
the shifted function?
a) f(x)=cos(x+3)
b) f(x)=cos(x-3)
©)” (x)= cosx +3
d) /f(x)=cosx—3

Ay. A circle has a radius 10 cm. Determine the area of a sector (pre-shaded region) of the circle that has a
central angle of 2.1 radians.
a) 2)
b) 105
e) 7 150
d) 210

30. Solvessecn = 3:45, O27 < 27.

a) 0.29, 2.85
b) 0.29, 5.99
c) 1.28, 1.86
d) 128) 5:01

31. The point (a, ) is the point of intersection of the terminal arm of angle @ in standard position and the
unit circle centred at (0, 0). Which expression represents csc@ ?

a) Bs
a
b) a
]
c) "

d) b

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 5.6 — Chapter Review @ 257

32. Determine the minimum value of the function f(x)=acosx+d,where a>0 and d>0.

a) a-d
b) d-a
c) 2a-d
d) d-2a

33. Determine the equations of the asymptotes of the function y=tanbx, b>0.

nm
a) a= oe nan integer

nm :
b)) x=—;
rb g
ran integer

wT nN
c) ) 5%
x=—+—; g
nan integer

d) pete nan integer

2b led

34. A wheel of radius 20 cm has its centre 25 cm above the ground. It rotates once every 10 seconds.
Determine an equation for the height, h, above the ground of a point on the wheel at time ¢ seconds if
this point has a minimum height at ¢ = 0 seconds.

a) = 0 cos FE 5
10
b) h=-20cos=1+5

Ce He cos 62s
10
d) h=—2cos=1+25

35. The function h(t) =3.9sin0.167(¢—3)+6.5 gives the depth of water / metres, at any time, ¢ hours, during
a certain day. A freighter needs at least 8 metres of water to dock safely. How many hours in the 24-hour
interval starting at ¢= 0 during which the freighter can dock safely?
ay a7?
b) 4.68
C} W57
d) 9.36

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258 @ Chapter 5 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

For questions 36 and 37

the seat at the lowest point

A Ferris wheel has a radius of 25 m and rotates every 80 seconds. A rider enters
of the Ferris wheel 2 metres above the ground.

36. Determine a sinusoidal function that gives the height A, after ¢ seconds of motion for the rider

eosin 0 27
40
b) h=25sin| “+ |+27
40
c) h=-25cos Eee 07
40
5
d) h=25cos| —t)+27
40
37. At what time does the rider first reach a height of 35 m?

a) 4.1 sec.
b) 14.5 sec.
c) 24.1 sec.
d) 54.5 sec.

For questions 38, 39 and 40

38. At White Rock pier, the maximum depth of 8 meters occurred at 4:00 a.m. on July 1, with the minimum
depth of 2 meters occurring 6 hours later. Determine a sinusoidal curve in terms of sine for this function.

a) d(t)=-Ssin=(t—1) +3

b) d(t)=-3sin=(t-1) +5

c) d(t)=3sin=(¢-1)+5

d) d(t)=5sin=(¢-1)+3

39. What was the depth of water at White Rock pier at 12 noon on July 1?
a) 2.5 meters
b) 3 meters
c) 3.5 meters
d) 4 meters

40. Determine the first time on July | that the water reached a depth of 7 meters.
a) 2:24a.m.
b) 2:39 a.m.
¢) 5:22am.
d) 5:36 a.m.

pa ee ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.1 — Trigonometric Identities and Equations ¢ 259

Trigonometric Identities andEq

In this chapter, we will mainly work with equations and identities. An equation is true for some values of the
variable (e.g., sinx-—1=0). An identity is true for all values of the variable. Although there are infinitely many
trigonometric identities, there are a number of basic identities that will serve as our focus of attention.

Verifying Identities

The six trigonometric ratios that we have established from the last chapter are:

Trigonometric Ratios Gi
If @ is an angle in standard position with P(x, y) on the terminal side of 6, then the six
trigonometric ratios are

ie
i: sin@ =~ 4. cscO0@=—
r y r
sy
|
2..).cosO=— 5. secO=— x
ie x

¥ onan
3. tand=~ 6. cotd@=— Where r= x? +y
x My

Our definition of the six trigonometric ratios allows us to find the following products:

[email protected] == —= 1
Te By)

eosd seed = 1
hex

tan@-cot@=2-~=1
Ky
When the product of two numbers of the same values equal one, they are said to be reciprocals of each other.
Thus, we can state:

The Reciprocal Identities

1
1. csc@=—— 2. secO= Ss eCOUG=
sin@ cos@ tan@

These three relationships are examples of trigonometric identities. An identity is an equation that is true for all
allowable replacement values of the variable.

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260 # Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

Using the basic definition of the sine and cosine functions:

y
DU reye) Sg
cosO x rx Xx
if

2
SOL OA ey
SACRE SVs OY
lf

The Quotient Identities

:
cos@
Enoe ln? otd = —
cos@ sin8

Next, we examine sin*@+cos’@. Remember sin’ @ means (sin@)’.

2 2 2 2
; x +x 7 tee
sin’ @+cos’ @= (2 + =) au 2 , but x* + y° =r? from our definition of trigonometric ratios.
r
r r

Par Eek
Thus, sin’ @+cos* 0 = r- x? +y"
1

If we start with the identity sin’ @+ cos’ @=1 and divide each term by cos* @, we obtain the following:

sin’ @+cos? @=1

sin?@ cos’@ oul
cos’@ cos’@ cos?@
7 2 2
sin@ i cosO\ 1
cos@ cosO} cos’ @

tan°@+1=sec?@

If we start with sin’ @+cos* @=1 and divide each term by sin? 6, we obtain the following:

sin’ 0+cos? @=1

sin’@ cos?@ aaa
sin’@ sin?@ sin?@
sin@ Me cos@ ar 1
sin@ sind) sin?@
1+sec’ @=cot? @

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from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.1 — Trigonometric Identities and Equations # 261

These three identities are called the Pythagorean Identities.

The Pythagorean Identities

sin’ 9+cos’ @=1 1+ tan’ @=sec’ @ 1+ cot? @=csc’ @

Summarizing these eight identities:

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

i eke aud. Zz. seco=

sin@ cos@

32) Coug = 4. tan0d= oul

tan@ cos@

0
5. cot@= ve 6. sin? @+cos’@=1
sin@

7. 1+tan?@=sec’@ 8. 1+cot?@=csc’ @

We can now use these eight identities to simplify trigonometric expressions.

Strategies for Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

1. Get a common denominator.

Algebra Trigonometry

b
at+—
Cc

a:c
+—
b sinx-COSx | sin x
CORE COS X COS X

ac+b sinxcosx+sinx
G cos x

2. Factor.

Algebra Trigonometry

a) 1—x? a) =sin? x
(—x)(+x) (1—sinx)(1+ sin x)

2
b) xy b) sec’ x — tan? x
(x— y)(x + y) (sec x — tan x)(sec x + tan x)

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 3. Change all terms to sine and cosine.

a) sin x 4 G08
CSc xX ‘Sec x

sin x -sin x + cos x -cosx =sinx and =i COSEN

SCX sec x
sin’ x +cos’ x multiply
] Pythagorean identity

b) tan x
sec x
1
tan x -cosx ='COSX
sec x
sin x
“COS X Lang —
cos x COS x
sin x cancel

4. Conjugate (multiply by the complement)

Algebra Trigonometry

ioe ones
Js FrV2 l—cosx
l
ae 2 | : (1+cosx)
ee Ms(5-92) (l1-—cosx) (1+cosx)
(v5+2] (Vs-2) 1+cosx
1—cos’ x
v2(Vs—v2} eney (If sin’ x+cos?
x =1
5-2 Ps then ‘sin* x =1—cos*
x.)
NiO 2
3

Simplify a) (sec* x—1)cot? x b) oe

1—sin’ x

» Solution: a) (sec’ x—1)cot’ x by _2c0sx_

— j 2

tan’ x cot” x 1—sin’ x

2cosx
2 1 Di
tan” x- 5 cos x
tan” x
2
1
cosx
28ecx

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the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.1 — Trigonometric Identities and Equations 263

sin x b) 1+sinx cosx

Simplify a) ——— 1-—sinx
1+cosx 1—cosx cosx

» Solution: a) _sinx sinx b) 1+sinx _ cOSx

1+cosx 1—cosx cosx l-sinx
sinx (l—cosx) sinx (1+cosx) 1+sinx (1—sinx) cosx cosx
1+cosx (1—cosx) l—cosx (1+cosx) cosx (l-sinx) (1-sinx) “cos.x

sin x(1—cos x) sin x (1+ cos x) 1—sin? x cos’ x

1—cos’ x 1—cos’x cosx(1—sinx) cosx(1—sinx)
sin x(1—cosx) “ sinx(1+cosx) 1—sin’ x —cos’ x
sin’ x sin’ x cos x(1—sinx)
1—cosx l+cosx
1—(sin’ x + cos’ x)
sin x sinx
cos
x (1—sinx)
l1—cosx+1+cosx
1-1
sin x
cos
x (1—sinx)
2
0
sin x
2cscx

sin
x cos x +sinx cosx cot x +cosx
Simplify a) b)
cosx +cos* x cotx+cot? x

& Solution: a) sinxcosx+sinx b) cos

x cotx+cosx

cosx +cos’ x cotx+cot’ x

sin
x (cos x + 1) cos x (cot
x + 1)
cos x(1+cos x) cot x (1+ cot x)
sin x COS X

COS X cotx

tan x cosx - tan x

Determine the restriction on tanx+cscx, for OS x<27z.

» Solution: A trigonometric expression, like an algebraic expresssion, cannot have zero in the denominator.
Ssinx 1
tanx+cscx = +

COSx sin x

cos =Oat =and ==sinx=0.at Oand x

Thus tanx+cscx cannot have values of 0, ~ m, and =. Osx <27.

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264 @¢ Chapter
404
art) Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II)
o—Irigonometry
Pre-Calculus 12

6.1 Exercise Set

1. Match the identities.

a) cotx 1
E 2
b) tanx cot” x

©)-seexte. 1 COSx
| Me
d) cscx sin x

e) tan’x 1
G =
sin” x
f) 1+ tan’ x
g) sin’ x

2. Write with a common denominator, and simplify if possible.

3 4 | 1
a) itr b)
2sinx sin’? x l—sinx sinx

1
1+ ;
é an x
) 1
d)
sin’ x
tan’ x

2
co Ss x
€)> sina I ri 1
sin x
l+cosx 1—cosx

cosx 1+sinx
—

1+sinx
+ ——_

cos x
h)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.1 — Trigonometric Identities and Equations ¢ 265

3. Factor then simplify if possible.

a) 1-sin’x b) sec’ x—tan’ x

c) tan’ x—tan’ xsin’ x d) sec’ 2 x+sec’ x tan’ x

2
: : esc x=1
e) sin’ xsec* x—sin’ x ))
escx—1

4 2 a9) 4
g) cot x+2cot xy+1 h) 1-—2sin° x+sin’ x

° : 4 4 ° 3 2
i) si, xX—Cos: x ieescors — secs x —Secx+ 1

4. Multiply and simplify.

a) (sinx+cosx) b) sinx(cscx—sinx)

ec) (esex— Desc

x+ 1) d) (2—2cosx)(2+2cosx)

e) (cscx—cotx)(csc x +cotx) f) (tanx+sec x)(tan x — sec x)

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266 # Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

5. Rewrite the given expression in terms of sinx only.

2
a) sin’ x—cos’x b) sec xX

tanx +secx sinx

+ tanx
c) d)
COS X 1+secx

6. Rewrite the given expression in terms of cosine only.

a) sin’ x—cos’x b) (secx+ 1)(secx— 1)

COLXSEIGSC
c) sinx(cscx—sinx) d)
sinx

7. Rewrite in terms of sine and cosine only.

a) cscx+cotx b) secx + tan x

tanx+cotx
d)

8. Determine all restrictions for O<x<27z.

cotx Sec X
1+sinx
b)
l—cosx

c) d) cotx+tanx
2cos* x+cosx—1

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.1 — Trigonometric Identities and Equations # 267

9. Simplify the following trigonometric expressions.

cotx+1

a). (secx - csc x—cot x)\(sinx—Csex) b) eee

cot x—1 '
cot x

tan’ x cosx:tanx+sinx
c) 2 2. 2 d)
cos’ x+sin° x+ tan’ x 2 tanx

1—sec’ x sec
x — COS x
a Ot ae
if ae
seCax csc x — sinx

cot x (sin
x + tanx) sec
x — COS x
2) he
CSC XE COEX tanx

i) sec” x(1+csc x) — tan

x(sec x+ tanx) . esc? x + sec? x
Fs i a oe =
esc x. esi x) cSCx secx

cos x + cotx SECX,

kh ——_ |p eee
I-cescx tan
x + cot x

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
268 @% Chapter
400
(earthyChapter 66—Irigonometry
— Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

Verifying Trigonometrie Ide

In this section, we will show methods for proving (or verifying) trigonometric identities. The key to proving
identities is to use the eight fundamental identities with our algebra rules to rewrite trigonometric expressions.

Before going on, let us distinguish between an expression, an equation and an identity.

Expression: An expression has no equal signs. It is merely the sum and product of
functions.
Equation: An equation is a statement that is true for a set of specific values.

EDIE te
Example: sinx =1 only at x = >? oes etc. is a conditional statement.

Identity: An identity is an equation that is true for all real values.

Example: 2x+1=2x+1
2(x%—3)=2x—6
sinx
Laney—
cosx

Verifying an identity is quite different from solving an equation. The following rules are very helpful:

Helpful Rules for Proving (Verifying) Identities

1. Change all trigonometric values to sine and cosine.

2. Write an expression with a common denominator.

3. Remember the conjugate step and how to factor.

4. Work with one side of an equation at a time, but work from the more complicated
side first.

Note: There is no one way to prove an identity. The more complicated the identity, the
more variation in methods can be found.

An identity has been proved when the bottom statement on the left side of the identity is the same as the bottom
statement on the right side of the identity.

SE Ee ee eee eee eS ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.2 — Verifying Trigonometric Identities ¢ 269

2
3 : 6-1
Prove the identity: eee =cos 0

> Solution:7 CSC

2
9-1
a =6 Bi 6
csc’ 0
2

ct 1+cot?
@= csc’ @ thus csc’ 9-1=cot’? 0
csc’ 0
2
0 .
come ‘Si cot@ = ee and = sin@
sin’ @ sin@ csc @

Note: The bottom statement on the left side = the bottom statement on the right side thus the
identity has been proved.
Alternate csc? 9-1 2
Solution: = = C08 36
esc’ 0
csc? @ 1
separate denominator
csc?@ csc’ @

1—sin? @= divide and ees sin@

csc
cos’ @= sin’ @+cos’? @=1 thus 1—sin’ @=cos’ 0

same — identity proved

" . 1 1
Prove the identity: ———— + = 2 csc’ a
l—cosa 1+cosa

> Solution: ee + et 2csc’ a

l-—cosa 1+cosa@
1-(1+ cosa) 1-(1—cosa@) ) common denominator is (1—cosa@)(1+ cos @
+. =

(1—cosa)(1+cosa@) (l+cosa)(l—cosa@) sin’ and csc 0 =

sin
1l+cosa+l—cosa
= common denominator
(l—cosa)(1+ cosa)

j=
Kane ~ add and multiply
1—cos’a
z
sin? a@ +cos? a = 1 thus 1—cos* @ = sin’ a

same — identity proved

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270 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

Prove the identity: tanx+cotx = sec xcscx

> Solution: tan x + cot x = sec x csc x

i 1 1 ;
Sia ogee = ——— change to sine and cosine
cosx sinx cosx sinx
1 Ae
Lin saa aca ea common denominator is sin xCos x
cosx sinx sinx cosx sinxcosx
sie, 2 .
Ssin= Xx+ COS Xx : :
Tat ae = write with common denominator
sin x cos x
1
—_—_—_—_ = sin’ x +cos’
x =1
sinx-cosx

same
sin x
Prove the identity: cscx+cotx =
1—cosx

Jee sin x
1—cosx
Dy cos) ie sinx(1+cosx) left side change to sine and cosine
sinx sinx (l—cosx)(1+cosx) right side use conjugate step
l+cosx sinx(1+cosx) left side common denominator
sin.x 1—cos’ x right side multiply
sin x(1+ cos x : 4
SpeE 12082) sin’ x +cos’x=1 thus 1—cos’
x =sin? x
sin’ x
1+cosx
coe a cancel
sin x

same

4 : tan’ x 1—cos
Prove the identity: ———— = peu OP
1+secx cosx

» Solution: tan” x = l—cosx

1+secx cos x

sec? x —1
1+tan° x =sec’ x thus tan* x =sec’ x-1
1+sec x >
(secx—1\(secx +1)
WScitscnhl factor
secx—1= cancel

secx =
COS X

write with common denominator

same

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.2 — Verifying Trigonometric Identities ¢ 271

6.2 Exercise Set

Prove the following identities.

1. sin’ x—cos?
x =2sin’ x-1 2. sinx+cosxcotx=cscx

sin’ x 1 ;
us —cosx= 4, ———=cscx-sinx
cosx cosx sec
x tan x

4
cos’ x—sin* x ¥ sec’ x—1
ae ea COS = Sas 2+ tan’ x
1—tan’ x tan”x

sinx+cosx . 8 cosx+sinx a 1+tanx

——_———— =sinxcosx
cscx +secx cosx—sinx 1l-—tanx

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272 Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

secx _ secx+] 10. © in@+cos@coté

@ = secO
l-—cosx sin’x cos@csc@

1+sec@ sec x 1+sinx

——=cscé 12, ———= ——
11.
sin@ + tan@ 1-—sinx cos’ x

l= sin x 2
13. COS ree 14. Me Ua ats
1—tan* x tanx+sinx sin’x

Seen ee eee ae a a ee eee

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.2 — Verifying Trigonometric Identities ¢ 273

15 1—cos@ _ 1 PEAS SES _secx +1

* sin@ csc@+cot@ ‘-1-cosx sin?x

a)
sin” x —tanx ; cot
x — tan x
17. —.——— = tan’ x isco sin.
=
COSHX— COLX x + tan x
cot

: 2
sin x 2cos x-l
19. cscx -——— = cotx 20. cotx—tanx =———_
1+cosx sinx cOSx

2 ee Et ee ee
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 274 Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

1—sinx COS x COSX _

21. ——— =(secx-tanx) 22, ———+—=— 2 tanx
1+sinx Csc'x tal ESCH all

cotx cscx +cotx

23. tanx(esc+1)=———— OP CS
ese xi= | x +sin x
tan

cosx—cosy sinx—siny 1
ae ee ae =O 26. csc’| ——x |-1= tan? x
sinx+siny cosx+cosy D

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations ¢ 275

Trigonometric Equations _

A trigonometric equation differs from a trigonometric identity in that it is true only for some values of the
variable, not for all values of the variable. In this section, we will develop methods for solving trigonometric
equations from simple types of equations to types that must be factored or solved by quadratic equation.
There are two types of solutions:
1. Conditional solutions — usually 0< x <27
2. General form solutions

Solve: 2sinx-—1=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

sinx > 0 in quadrants I and II.

» Solution: a) 2sinx-1=0 b) 2sinx-1=0

,
sinx=— sin x=—
2
by special angles x = sin™ ) Since sinx has a period of 277, there are
2 infinitely many other solutions which can
be written as 2n7. Thus, the general form
aoe
6 6
WA 5a : 1 5
a) solutions are: % b) solutions are: - +20 ; 7s+2n7 , nis an integer.
ror
Solve: cosx+V2 =-cosx, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

P Solution: cosx+V¥2 =—cosx cosx <0 in quadrants II and III.

Zcosixri= ealQ

cosx = ———
2

: S 2
by special angles x = cos | — of

_3n44Sn
: 370
a) solutions are: a? = b) solutions are: a4 2n 1, a 2n 7 ;n an integer

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 a
r
276 # Chapter 6 —ee eemo
Trigo meny
nomet an
a
ry (Part I)ee
Pre-Calculus 12

Solve: V3 tan x +1=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

> Solution: =
v3Pe 1
by special angles x = tan'} — aie
V3 tan x =-|

tanx=——=
Sm lin
6° 6
V3
a) solutions are: =. 2 b) 4
Since tanx has a period of z, a llz
and as are

symmetric and are 7 units apart.

Pry e Bis
The general solution is van: ni ;n an integer.
;

Solve: sinxtanx=2tanx, a) 0<x<2n b) general form

> Solution: sin

x tanx = 2 tanx sinx = 2 has no solution since
: a eae
sinx tanx —2tanx =0 lSsinxS1
so tanx=0
tanx(sinx —2)=0
by special angles x = tan! 0
tan x = 0, sinx = 2
Ries

a) solutions are: 0, z b) solutionis: nz;nan integer.

Solve: sec? x—secx—2=0 , a) 0S x<2z b) general form

> Solution: sec’ x—secx-—2=0
(secx —2)(secx+1)=0
secx—2=0 or secx+1=0

See — secx =—]

= sec (2) x= sec ‘(—1)
_= Sn =n
> 3

a) ; 1 5a 1
solutions are: 3° , me b) Bee 1+ 2n7, > + 2nm sn an integer

(acceptable answer). If you look caref

ully,
a 7, > and meses
sli are =
~
3 5
3 ae
3 US it
oe
a rtn

Rene
Therefore, a better solution la, IVA;8 :
is a + rau ; 1 an integ er.

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No part of this publication may be reproduced without
written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations ¢ 277

Solve: 2cos’x+3sinx—3=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

p> Solution: 2cos’ x +3sinx—3=0

2(1—sin* x) +3sinx-3=0 Change all terms to the same

Dee ae trig function using an identity.

(2sinx —1)(sinx —-1)=0

2sinx-1=0 or sinx-1=0

a) solutions are: 2 ieee b) Using the same reasoning as Example 5,

solution ts: 6 + ; nan integer.

Solve: cosx+l=sinx, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

» Solution: cosx+1l=sinx

(cosx+1)° = sin’ x
cos’ x + 2cosx+1=1-cos’ x
2cos’ x + 2cosx =0
2cosx(cosx +1)=0
cosx=0, cosx =—1

x =cos, (0) x= cos. (—1)

_m 3% =n
Dee
Since we had to square each side to solve the equation, we must check solutions.
check cosx+l=sinx cosx+1l=sinx cosx+1l=sinx
1 at 3% Pers cosm#+1l=sinz
cos — = sin— cOs——
+ l= sin ——
2 Z 2 —1+1=0
te: Ue ag 0=0 accept
1=1 accept 14-1 reject

; a : TT :
a) solutions are: a 1 b) solutions are: ae 2nn,m+2n7 ;n an integer.

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 278 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part ID) Pre-Calculus 12

Solve: 2sin3@+1=0, a) 0°<x<360° b) general form

Solution: a) 2sin30+1=0
2sin3@=-1

siete
2

30=210°, 30=330°, 30=210°+360°, 30=330°+360°, 30=210°+2(360°), 30 = 330° + 2(360°)

C= 102 ee = 110° @=190° @= 230° 8 = 310° 6 =350°
Solutions are: 70°, 110°, 190°, 230°, 310°, and 350°

b) 30=210°+360°n 30 = 330° + 360°n

@= 70°+120°n 8 =110°+
120° n; nan integer

Solve: 4 tan +4=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

Solution: a) 4tan ;+4=0

4tan~=—4
y)

tan—=-1

x 1
5
—=tan (=!)
(-l

x_ 3% X_70
ys ae Phat
32 71 70
XG= 5
Se x 5
=—, u
but —j
ga notd <
MOTE.

Therefore, solution is only =.

b) eg
aa +n (tangent has a period of 7)

eh ae ee
ee
ee
ee
a
i
ii

2
=—
rena OTT. ;
solution is: Tae+ 2n7 ; nan integer «

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be

reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations # 279

Solve: csc? x—2cotx—4=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

Solution: a) csc’ x —2cotx-4=0

1+cot? x-2cotx—4=0
cot” x —2cotx-3=0
(cotx—3)(cotx+1)=0
cotx =3, cotx=-1

cotx =3 cotx =—1

pict tanx=—1

3 x=tan(-1)
r=tan'( 4] S35 da
Ae a4
= 0.3218, 0.3218+ 2 = 3.4633

Therefore, solutions are 0.3218, 3.4633, == =

b) Solutions are x =0.3218+n7 and x= 2 +n7 ;n an integer

Solve: cos? x-—3cosx—-2=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

» Solution: a) By quadratic formula

COS xX=
-CItVC3) —4DC2)
Zz
= 3.5616 or —0.5616

Reject 3.5616 as —l1<cosx <1

To obtain reference angle cos x= 0.5616

x =cos |(0.5616)
= 0.9745
cosine is negative in quadrants II and III
quadrant II, x = 7—0.9745 = 2.1671
quadrant III, x =2 + 0.9745 = 4.1161
Therefore, solutions are 2.1671, 4.1161
b) Solutions are 2.167+2n7, and 4.116+2n7; nan integer

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280 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

Solve: 6sin? 2x—sin2x-1=0, a) 0<x<2a b) general form

Solution: a) 6sin* 2x — sin2x-—1=0

(2sin 2x —1)(3sin 2x +1)=0
1
xe, sin2x =——
2 3

x= sin 3) 2x =sin' +};ref. angle 0.3398

2
x 5n 1 57 2x = 1 +0.3398, 30 +0.3398, 22 — 0.3398,
2x=—, —, —+22, +22
Ce On 50 6 and 42 —0.3398
a eo 2x = 3.481, 5.943, 9.765, 12.227
a sie? 912
x=1.741, 2.972, 4.883, 6.113

|
Mier eolionsaie et ao ae nap oT a eeseeG
2 Oe tS 12

1 Sie
b) Ee POS a 2x = 3.4814+2nn 2x =5.943+4+2nn

x=1.74l+nz x=2.972+n1
1 51
38 = See lOUS KENT
12 iby

Therfore, solutions are a +nT, = +n, 1.741+n7, 2.972+n7; nan integer.

Solve: sin? 2x—sin2x-2=0, a) 0<x<2z b) general form

> Solution: a) sin’ 2x —sin2x-2=0

(sin 2x + 1)(sin2x —2)=0
sin2x=—1, sin2x=2, reject sin2x=2 since —1<sin2x <1

sin2x =—1

2x =sin (—1)

ees jee LEN aN

2 Ds
32 Tk
x=— = —_
4 4

. BY IN:
Therefore, solutions are vo
4

b) 2x= 242nz, 2x= "242mm

3n TX
x=—-+nT, X=—-+nTX
4 4

; 3% 70
Therefore, solutions are wae nm and —-+n7 ; nan integer
4 ‘

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without
written permission from the publisher.
e
i
e
i e
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations # 281

6.3 Exercise Set

1. Solvei) 0<x<2z ii) general form.

3
a) sin
x =— b) cosx
= ——
me
2

c) tanx =
é\- d) cotx=
é\-

esex=Z
e) Secx =
S18

;
g) sinx =—-— h) cosx =—1
Z

tan x = AB )) Cote—0

k) I) CSOX
=—
Sec x = ay
S|

e are
e
Oe en ec
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Copyright © 2009
 Pre-Calculus 12
282 @ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II)

2. Solvei) 0<x<2z ii) general form.

sin x = 0.6234 b) cosx = 0.4821

a)

c) tan
x =1.7258 d) cot x= 0.7238

e) sec
x = 3.1743 csc x = 1.5243

g) sinx =—0.4173 h) cosx =—0.4821

i) tan x =—0.3124 j) cotx =—1.1482

k) secx =—1.9105 I) cscx =—2.3124

Pn Ee Ee eee Sete ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations # 283

3. How many solutions do the following equations have for 0< x <2?

a) sin3x=—7 b) sin3x=-1

c) ee d) ie
Z 2 3

: 1
e) tan’ 2x=1 a ee be f) SLU

4. Solvei) 0<x<2z ii) general form.

a) Gives’ b) tan3x=-1

se
c) oe = d) sin2x =-0.4173
ro

e) tan2x=1.7258 f) tanbx=1.7258, b an integer

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 284 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12
5. Solve the equations algebraically; give exact values for x when possible.

1) OS < 27

ii) The general solutions over the set of real numbers.

a) 2cosx+1=0 b) (2sinx—1)(cosx+1)=0

©) /2cos? x—cosx=0 d) 4sin’ x=3

e) sin? x=sinx f) 6sin? x+11sinx-10=0

ee
Se

2) Scos’x+6cosx—-8=0 h) 2cos?x—cosx=1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.3 — Trigonometric Equations # 285

5, i) 2cos x—3cosx—2=0 j) 2tan*x+S5tanx+2=0

k) tan? x—2tanx—-3=0 1) cot’?x—cotx—6=0

m) tanx—2tanx- sinx=0 n) 3sin’ x+4sinx-—4=0

0) sec’ x—3secx+2=0 p) 2cos’x—3sinx-3=0

a aR ae ee
a a
without written permission from the publisher.
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ee
Se
 286 @ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

5S. q) 3cscx—sinx-2=0 Yr) 3sinx= 3 cose

s) sinxtan2x=sin x t) 3sin’2x—2sin2x-1=0

6. Solve by the graphic calculator:

a) tanx—sin3x=1, Vics Soke On

b) sin3x—cos2x=-1, OFSx <7 1t

1
Cc) Bo ena tts ot OFS0x-< 21

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written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.4 — Sum and Difference Identities ¢ 287

Sum and Difference Identities :

Proof of the Sum and Difference Identities for Sine, Cosine and Tangent
We begin by deriving a formula for cos(A-— B).
Draw a unit circle Rotate angle (A — B) to start on x-axis

Thus (RS)=(PO)
(RS) = (PQ)
2 5 2 9 . . 9:
[cos(4— B)-1] +| sin(A- B)-0] = (cos A—cos B) +(sin A—sin B)

cos’(A— B)—2cos(A— B)+1+sin?(A— B)=cos’ A—2cos Acos

B+ cos’ B+sin’ A—2sin Asin B+sin’ B
(sin’?(A— B)+cos*(A— B))+1—2cos(
A— B) =(sin’ A+cos* A)+(sin’ B+cos* B)—2cos Acos B—2sin
Asin B
1+1-—2cos(A-— B)=14+1-—2cos Acos B—2sin Asin B

—2cos( A — B) =-2| cos Acos B+ sin Asin B |

cos(A— B)=cos Acos B+sin Asin B

Recall that cos(—x)=cosx and sin(—x)=—sinx

cos(A— B)=cos Acos B+ sin Asin B

then cos(A—(—B)) = cos Acos(—B) + sin Asin(—B)

cos(A+ B)=cos Acos B—sin Asin B

Recall that sin x= cos ‘— "and cosx = snl

© — "

sin(A+ B)=sin Acos

B+ cos Asin B

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288 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part ID) Pre-Calculus 12

and sin(A+(—B))=sin Acos(—B)+cos A sin(—B)

sin(A— B)=sin Acos B—cos Asin B

sin(A+B) _ sin Acos B+cosAsin B

Gap a cos(A+ B) ~ cos Acos B-s Asin
in B

sin AcosB cosAsinB

= cos Acos B _cos Acos B divide each term by cos Acos B

cosAcosB _ sin Asinb
cos AcosB cosAcosB

tan 4+ tan B
nea
1—tan Atan B

sin (—x —sinx

If sin(—x) =—sin xand cos(—x) = cosx then tan(—x) = ( ine =—tanx
cos(—x) cosx

tan(—B
thus tan(4+(—B))= tan A+ tan(~B)
1— tan Atan(—B)

tan
A— tan B
oA 2)
1+ tan Atan B

We summarize the formulas, each of which is an identity, as follows:

Sum and Difference Identities

sin(A+ B)=sin Acos B+cos

Asin B
sin(A— B)=sin Acos B—cos Asin B
cos(4+ B)=cos Acos B—sin
Asin B

cos(A-— B)=cos Acos B+sin Asin B

tan 4+ tan B
tan(A+ B)=
1—tan Atan B
tan A— tan B
tan(4—
B) =——_—__——_
1+tan Atan B

Even—Odd and Cofunction Identities

with sin(—A)=-—sinA, cos(—A)=cos A, tan(—A)=-—tanA

sin ia =cos A, COs ay = sin A, tan ae =cot A

2 2 2

es (£1) seo we(Ea] ose cot£4) tana

2

enn EE 1 ee ee PTs

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.4 — Sum and Difference Identities ¢ 289

The sum and difference identities, with the even-odd and cofunction identities, can be used to solve a wide
variety of problems in trigonometry. The following examples show some of the ways they can be used.

Find the exact value of cos105°.

Solution: cos 105°= cos(60°+45°)= cos 60° cos 45 — sin 60° sin 45°

D2 Oey 2

v2_6
4 4

¥ N26
4

370
(all == | ea
Simplify 20
370
1+ tan — tan —
20

370
tates Nea GTN ean fe
ene
& Solution: >_<
= en = tan][
—-
5 — |=tan| i—4|=1
=)
1+ tan — tan —
5 20

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290 ¢¢ Chapter
290
0 6 — Trigonometry (Part
Chapter6—Trigonometry (Part)II) Pre-Calculus 12

1+
Solve: inf sil x2 ==], 0<5x<22.

le sin slip4 a
& Solution: sin OBR

; 1 yale 1 Pe =-]
sin x coS—+cosxsin— |+]| x Sin —
sinxcos——cos
4 4 4 4
, 1
2sinxcos— =-l

asna(2 |
=—|]
2

Prove the identity: sin(4+ B)+sin(A— B)=2sin AsinB.

sin(A+ B)+sin(A— B)=2sin Acos B

» Solution:
(sin Acos B+ cos Asin B) +(sin Acos B—cos
Asin B)
sin Acos B + sin Acos B =

2sin Acos B=

same

Find the general form of the solution of 2 tanx + tan(z—x)= V3

» Solution: 2 tanx + tan(a—x)= V3

tan 7 — tan x
De 3
1+ tanz
tan x

— ta
2tanx+ y a axtb)
1+0

fan

= tan'(3)=4, gi
ay
1 : :
x= ea nt, nis an integer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.4 — Sum and Difference Identities ¢ 291

Determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of f(x) = 3/2 sin 2x cos :+ NG: cos 2x sin ;

& Solution: To find the amplitude, period, and phase shift, the function needs to be rewritten as a single
trigonometric function.
eit
f(x= 3V2sin2xeos 7+3 2.cos
2x sin —

= 22[sin2s
cos +00s 2x in”

= ain( 20-2|

=isin2{ +2

Amplitude: BHD Phase Shift: a[x+ =0 or 2x+7=0

Period: ae, ee ili

2 x+—=0 qosihn
8
1
— 1 SS
ae g

Simplify: csc(90°—@) sec (3 60° —0) — tan(720°+ 0) cot (450°-@) .

» Solution: csc(90°— 8) sec(3 60°—8) — tan(720° + 8) cot(450°—8)

ee
sin(90°—8@) cos(360°-6) sin(450°—6)

0 0 1
pe re ee tan-720° + tan 0°cosO + sind50° sind
cos@ 608360" cos + sin360° sin @ 1- 0° tand sin450° cos@— cos450° sin@
1 0 0 1 0

1 1 O+tan@ 0-cos@+1-sinO
cos@ 1-cos8+0-sin@
1—0-tan@ 1-cos@—0-sin@
1 1 sin0
cos@ cos oY eas cos@
1 sin’0
cos?@ cos?@
1—sin’@
cos’0
cos’@
cos’@
1

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 Pre-Calculus 12
292 # Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part IT)

6.4 Exercise Set

1. Find the exact value of each expression.

a) sin15° b) cos(-75°)

SY lla
c) ets
tan5 dg)) cot——
D

e) a f) © ese(= 1052)
|W

2. Simplify each expression.

a) sin24°cos36°+c os
24° sin 36° b) 55°
cos55°cos10°+sinsin 10°

te
5 30 1 23 1 2370s ae
:) == d) sin—cos—-—cos—— sin—
1 1 18 9 18 9
1+ tan — tan —
5 30

20 1
tan —— + tan —
Dalia, iBae ge 9 9
©) “coseaces
4 SIN-asit —— f)
8 8 8 LI ete
1— tan — tan—
9 9

Suet
3
Ores h) cos(4+B)-cosB+sin(A+B)-sinB
CSC X Sec X

i) tan’($—x)-sec’x—sin’($—x)- csc’x D sin(4— x) cos(4+x)+cos(=- x) sin(4+x)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.4 — Sum and Difference Identities ¢ 293

3. Find the exact value of each expression.

; ke So
a) tanx=3, ind tn x4) b) sina 5 xin quadrant find si +)

¢c) cosx= = , x in quadrant I, find cos

x+ 22 d) Ifboth A and B are third quadrant angles,
2
and cos B= -= , what is the value of

sin (A—B) if sin A=-2?

: : Le, as ; Dae
e) Given that sin A= GB is in quadrant II, and f) Given that tan A= 0D is in quadrant III,

See: : SiR ald

sec B = — is in quadrant IV, what is the and cos B= ee is in quadrant IT , what is

value of cos(A+ B)? the value of sin(A— B)?

4. Find the solution, 0° <@<360°, or 0<x<2z7, for each equation.

: : 1
a) cos@cos10°—sin@sin10° = A b) sin@cos12°+cos@cos
78° = =

c) cos3xcosx+sin3xsinx
=0 d) 2 tan x + tan(a—x)=v3

1 1
e) /2sin3xcos2x
=1+ V2 cos3xsin2x f) cos r+] col x2]

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 294 @ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

5. Prove the identities.

sin(A+B) cotA+cotB
a) sin(A+ B)-sin(A—B)=2sin
Bcos A b) cos(A—B) 1+cot AcotB

sin(A— B) i.cos(A—B) sind 1+tan A

c) d) oo
sin B cos B sin Bcos B
in{44
4

e) sin(A+B)sin(A-—B)=sin? 4—sin? B cos(A+ B)cos(A— B)=cos” A—sin? B

sec Asec B
ec(4+ B) = ————_ csc Acsc B
B) seek ) 1—tan Atan B h) esc(A-— B)=
cot B—cot A

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permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.4 — Sum and Difference Identities ¢ 295

6. Simplify

a) cos(90°—A)sin(180°—B) + cos (360°— A)sin(90°—B)

b) cos(4—90°)sin(90°—B) — sin(B— 270°) cos (90°—A)

c) tan(90°—A) tan(180°—A)sec A+ csc Bsin(90°—B)csc(90°—B)

d) sec(180°—A)csc(270°— A) — cot (630°

+ A) tan (540°—A)

7. Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of the following trigonometric functions.

a) y=cos3xcosx—sin3xsinx b) y=-2sin2x cost + 2cos2x sin

ti 1 Enc Te iia) dt Ms 1
c) y= 3sin—xcos—+ 3cos—xsin— dd) yy =—sin— x sin ——cos—xcos —
6 3 6 3 + 2 4 2

8. Consider the expression tan(£+.x). Why can’t

. .
9. Show an] =—cotx5

we use the identity for tan( 4+ B) to express it

as a function of x alone?

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296 @ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part I)
£79
ey © \VRapter 0 — trigonometry art Pre-Calculus 12

Double-Angle Identities

The sum and difference identities may be used to develop several other trigonometric identities.

The sum formula for sine states that

sin(A+ B)=sin Acos B+cos

Asin B

If we replace B with A in this formula, then we obtain

sin(A+ A)=sin Acos A+cos Asin A

sin2 A=2sin Acos A

This is called the double-angle formula for sine. We can use this same process to develop double-angle
formulas for cosine and tangent.

cos(A+ B)=cos Acos B—sin Asin B

Again, replace B with A in this formula, then we obtain

cos(A+ A)=cos Acos A—sin Asin A

cos2A=cos’ A—sin’ A

Starting with the double-angle formula for cosine, and replacing sin’ A with 1—cos’ A, since
sin’ 4+cos’ A=1, we obtain

cos2A=cos* A-sin? A
= cos’ A—(1—cos’ A)
cos2.A=2cos’? A-1

Again, starting with the double-angle formula for cosine, and replacing cos’ A with 1—sin? A, we obtain

cos2A=cos’ A—sin? A
= (sin A= sin 4

cos2A=1-2sin? A

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.5 — Double-Angle Identities @ 297

For tangent, we obtained the following:

“ae yie 2) tan

aaa A+ tan B
1—tan Atan B

Again, we replace B with A in the formula:

fa A tan 4+ tan A
1—tan Atan A

tan2 A= eu Be
1—tan* A

Summarizing the double-angle formulas:

Double-Angle Formulas

sin2 A =2sin Acos A cos2A=cos’ A—sin’ A 2tanA

fan2 A=
=2cos’ A-1 l—tan’ A
=1—2sin?/A

The double-angle formulas have a variety of uses. The following examples show some of the ways double-
angle formulas can be used.

Solve: cos2x =2sin* x, 0<x<27.

> Solution: cos 2x = 2sin’ x

ant on pickick th the best one of the three
double-angle identities for cosine
4sin? x =1

nee
4

sinx = ne
2
. -] ] . —] 1

Thus x=sin |— » Xx=sin- | -—

2 2

Ee
ae aea VE byY special
SP S angles

Therefore, solutions are a ae ey and oe

as
Otol aO 6

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 4 tan 3x
Use the double-angle formula to simplify a) 12sin4xcos4x b) 4— 8cos’ 6x ¢)
1—tan? 3x_

» Solution’ a) 12sin4xcos4x=6(2sin4xcos 4x)

= 6sin 2(4x)
= 6sin8x

b) 4-—8cos’ 6x =—4(2cos’ 6x — 1)
= —4cos 2(6x)

=—4cos12x

A4tan3x 4 tan 3x
1—tan? 3x 1—tan? 3x
= 4tan 2(3x)

= 4tan6x

: : sin6
Prove the identity: eee tan 3x .
1+cos6x

® Solution: Proof —— = tan3x

2 sin3x cos 3x _ sin3x

1+(2cos*3x-1) cos3x
2 sin 3x cos 3x ¥
2cos* 3x
sin 3x
cos 3x

same

Given sinx=—— in quadrant III, find tan2x

al
> Solution: y are 12)1a13" non 2 tan x
a
Z bj =—5
1—tan* x

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.5 — Double-Angle Identities ¢ 299

Power-Reducing Identities

The power-reducing identities are just the double angle identities written in a different way.
If we take the double-angle identity cos2x =1—2sin’ x and solve for sin’ x:

cos2x =1—2sin’x
2sin?
x =1—cos2x

1—cos2x
sin? x=
2

Because the identity expresses a sine function of the second power in terms of a cosine function of the first
power, it is called a power-reducing identity.

Repeat the double-angle identity with cos2x =2cos’ x—1 and solve for cos’ x :

cos 2x =2cos’
x-1
2cos’
x =1+cos2x

2_._ 1+cos2x
cos’ x =
2

: : : sin@
To write tangent we use the identity tan@ = ——., thus
cos@

Cos 2x
bane ue a 2 _! cos 2x
. 2 SS

cos’-x I+cos2x 1+cos2x

Z
l1—cos2x
Ae f= ——
1+cos2x

Power-Reducing Formulas

1-
aes ed eos 24)
2 2

1+cos2A
COs eee tacos 24)
2 2

ee! l1—cos2A
1+cos2A

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 300 # Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

6.5 Exercise Set

1. Simplify each expression.

ere. Si
a) 8sin5xcos5x b) Sy.
4sin—cos—5

8 tan 4x
c) 2sin? 2x —2cos? 2x d)
1— tan’ 4x

e) sec 8x(sin’ 4x — cos’ 4x) 2 sin 6x(cos* 3x — sin? 3x)

g) scot4x(1— tan’ 4x) 1

h) 4 sec 6x csc 6x

sin’ =—2
D 2cos? 8x —1

sin 6x
k) sin4x csc 2x —2cos2x
2 sin 3x

m) sin 4x — (sin 2x + cos 2x)’ n) sin* 3x — cos‘ 3x

0) 4
1—cos8x Pp)
tan 3x —cot3x

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written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12
—————
p Section 6.5 — Double-Angle Identities ¢ 301
— te Gentes <% 2501
2. Solve, 0<7<27

a) sin2x+cosx=0 b) sinx+cos2x=1

C) 3cos2x+2sin’ x=2 d) sin2x =cotx

e) csc’
x =2sec2x f) tanx—cotx=2

g) tan2x+tanx=0 h) 4sin?
x =2-cos’ 2x

i) cos4x+2cos’ 2x =2 j) csc? x =2sec2x

ss rrr ee
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302 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part ID)
Pre-Calculus 12

3. Prove the identities.

4cos* x-2 sin 4x —sin2x _

a) COly tan b=
sin 2x cos4x +cos2x

Me
Yi d) cot x —cosx
ee sin 2x
eee
cotx—tanx l-—sinx l—cos2x

e) core heel 00s2x

_ 1+tanx
2cotx l-sin2x — l1—tanx

Pee er enn he 0 oe
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eee ee
permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.5 — Double-Angle Identities # 303

4. If sinx = - in quadrant III, find

a) sin2x b) cos2x c) tan2x

5. If tanx =—3 in quadrant II, find

a) sin2x b) tan2x ey “sec 2x

6. Write cos3x in terms of cosx. 7. Write cos4x in terms of cosx.

8. Write sin5x in terms of sinx. 9. Write tan* x in terms of a first power.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
SE
eeeeeiigontir(Patth:
10. Write sin? xcos* x in terms ofthe first 11. Write sin* x+cos*x in terms of the first
power of cosine. power of cosine.

12. Find y. 13. Find x.

14. Find Ah. 15. Findx.

PS)

15
(oe) aN Ol

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.6 — Chapter Review @ 305

Chapter Review

Trigonometry (Part IT) — Multiple-choice Review Questions

1. Which of the following is equivalent to: 1—cos2x ?

a) sin 2x
b) cos’ x
c) —2cos’ x
d) _ 2sin’?x

2. Simplify: sin*@—cos*é
a) -—1
b) -cos20
c) cos 20
d) -—cos4@

3. Simplify: cos(90°+
a)

a) -—sina@
b) -—cosa@
Cc) sin &
d) cosa

‘ 1
4. How many solutions are there for the equation Aes =1, 0<x<2n?

a) 0
b) 1
¢) 2
d) 4

5. An equivalent expression for tan(x + y)—tanx tan y tan(x+ y) is

a) tanx—tany
b) tan y—tanx
c) tanx+tany
d) tanxtan y—tan ytanx

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 Me
m
306 @ Chapter e
6 — Trigonom
e e etry (Part II) m
Pre-Calculus 12
: sin 2x
6. ‘Simplify ==
== = =
Buy 1+cos2x
a) tanx
b) cscx
Cc) secx
d) cotx

7. Which expression is equivalent to: siteoh i

sin 3x
a) sin 2x
b) 2cos3x
c) 2sin3x
d) 3cos3x

8. XY ye
Simplify:
plify cos aes
sin=

1 a3
a) —sin—x
DS:

b) 2sin=
5

Cc) Dg s
3

d) tan =
3

9. Simplify: sin? x+cos? x+cot? x

a) csc’x
b) sec? x
¢)s Sane
d) 2sin? x

10. Simplify: —1—cos* x + sin? x

a) -—2
b) 0
c) 2
d) —2cos?x

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h Publishing. No part of this publi
cation may be reproduced without
written permission from the publi
sher,
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.6 — Chapter Review 307

11. Which expression is NOT an equivalent expression for cos(2x +7) ?

aye lem a —t
b) cos’ x—sin’ x
c) 1-—2cos’ x
d) sin’ x—cos’ x

12. If tanx is undefined, then which of the following is correct?

a) sinx #0, cosx#0
b) sinx=0, cosx#0
¢) ‘sinx 40, cosx=0
Qe sinx—0, cosx=0

13. Simplify: cos5xsin3x + sin5x cos 3x

a) cos2x
b) cos8x
c) sin2x
d) sin8x

14. Determine the y-intercept of f(x) =—3sin(7 +x)

a) -3
b) 0
Cs
d) 7

15. Selve: 2 =cotx, 0=7<07

a) 0.59, 3.25
b) 0.59, 31455 3.25
C06 lh 3.27
d) 3.02

16. Solve: cotx—sin3x=0, 0<x<2z

a) 3.14
b) 1.96, 4.33
¢). 2.01,,4:38
d) 1.96, 3.14, 4.33

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 308 ¢ Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part I) Pre-Calculus 12

17. Determine the maximum value of y=—asinx—b, a, b>0

a) -a-b
b) -a+b
c) a-—b
d) ath

18. Determine the minimum value of the function y=asinx— b, a0 0:

a) -a-b
b) -a+b
Cc) a=)
d) atb

19. Simplify: eee

sin’ A

a) cot A
b) -cotA
c) tan A
d) -tan A

20. Simplify, “2 2)*sinG -*)

i tN ei (4

Laniees— COts 6

a) 2
b) 0
c) —2cosx
d) 2cosx

: ee : SCx
21. What is/are the restriction(s) for the expression: 1
cosx
a) cscx4#0
b) cosx#0
c) sinx #0
d) sinx#0, cosx#0

af 5S: Rote RD
22. Simplify: cos—cos—-—sin—sin—
Te arene sees 5
eX
a) sin—
12

b) Fr
IP

c) cos——
1

d) ee
12

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n may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.6 — Chapter Review 309

: 1
23. How many solutions does cos’x =— have, a>1, 0Sx<2z?
a
a) 1
b)2
c) 3
d)4

24. How many solutions does the following equation have over the interval, 0° <@< 360°.

(asin@ —a)(tan° @— b)=0 with b>0

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5

25. How many solutions does the equation (2sin3x —1)(cos2x+1)=0 have over the interval, 0< x <2?

a): 53
b) 6
Cc). 28
d) 10

tna ee
tan x + sin x

a) cscx
b) secx
c) tanx
d) cotx

Din siiphiy yee

l—sinx cosx

a) tanx
b) cotx
Cleiseca
d) cscx

28. Determine the range of y=—2csc es+1, 4<x<6

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310 Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part II) Pre-Calculus 12

29. Determine the general solution for sin2x =1.

1 ;
a) ai+n, nan integer

1
b) Fi+2nt, nan integer

1
Cc) a +n, nan integer

1
d) = +2nn, nan integer

30. Determine the period of the graph of y=1—2sin’ 6x ?

a)

ala
wla
aA
d) 27

31, Simplify; S2—

2 —_

sec x—1

a) 2tan’x
b) 2cot*x
ec) tan*x
d) cot*x

: eee cot x
32. Determine the restrictions for ——————
2+3cosx

2
a) BOS cosx #0

b) OE ee cosx #0

y ,
c) ae sinx #0

4, oe
d) cosx#—-—, sinx+0

33. Determine the number of solutions for (asinx + b)(atanx + a)(asecx—b)=0

where 0<x<2z if 0<a<b
a) 3
b) 4
¢) 5
d) 6

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.6 — Chapter Review @ 311

34, Simplify: 8sin’ 6x—4

a) -—4cos3x
b) 4cos3x
c) -—4cosl2x
d) 4cosl2x

35. For f(x)=cosbx, b>0, find the smallest positive value of x that produces a minimum value for f(x).

a) 0

b
1
ae
) 2b
3
c) b

ae 2b

36. If A=90°-—B simplify sin Acos B+cos Asin B

a) 0O
b) 41
Cc) casZ Bp
d) sin2B

37. Simplify sec(—x)

a) -—secx
b) -cscx
c) csc x
d) secx

38. Determine the range of the function y=—4sin6xcos6x

a) —2sys2
by 20 s37.52
ec) Os ys<4
d) -4<y<4

39. Simplify: eetsishancars

ak sec2
csc” x — sec* x
a) cos2x
b) sin2x
¢) csc2x
d) sec2x

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 312 Chapter 6 — Trigonometry (Part ID) Pre-Calculus 12

_(
40. Simplify: colEo cos Ex]-sin{ Zo sin 2

a) 0
1
b) 5

c)
v3
—
2,
20
d) 2p

41. When y=6sinxcos’x+6sin’ xcosx is changed

g to the form y y= Asin Bx then the values ofA and B are:
a) 4=2, B=2
b) A=2, B=3
c) A=3, B=2
d) A=3, B=3

sin A l—cosA
42.. Simplify: —————_ —
a 1+cos A sin A

a) 0
b) 2csc A
c) 2cscA
2sin A
1+cos A

1 Rae
43. If sin A= 3 and A is in quadrant II, then sin24 has what value?

a) “3
p

Des 2

4/2
¢) vee
9
4/2
oa

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publication may be reproduced without written permission from
the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 6.6 — Chapter Review # 313

3 Sin gh
44. What is the value of sin(A+ B) if sin A= A and cos B= Pe with both A and B fourth quadrant angles?

a) -l
7
b) - a

Cit =

7.
d) =

45. Determine the general solution for tan bx = x3, :

2h ne :
a) ——-+——, nan integer
3 b
2m nt :
by —+—, ran integer
3b. 3b
2 Lnh
C)) >t ———., nan integes
3 b
2
d) ee bnx , nan integer

46. Simplify: cos<P 4= cos= z

a) 0
b) -—2sinx
eye wl sin x
d) 2cosx

47. Solve: 8sin*x+2sin?x-1=0, 0°<x<360°

a) 30°, 150°
by 00; 1207
Cy) ESO ESO. 2 LOC e330"
ad) 60° 120° , 240°, 300°

48. Simplify: (sinx—cosx)° —(sinx+cosx)

a) 0
b) -sin2x
c) sin 2x
d) —2sin2x

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314 ¢@ Chapter
314
(Part) 6 — Trigonometry (Part II)
Chapter6—Trigonometry Pre-Calculus 12

i
49. Determine the general solution for cos2x = wi

1Sane A Dare. f
a) —+—n, ——+—7n,
nan integer
oe ee Sate
1 20 :
b) eee ; Pee n an integer

OTe 1k :
c) —+—n, —+—n, nan integer
iy 2 i 2
51 ths :
d) —+2n, —+2n, nan integer
1 2

50. Determine the general solution of cosx +2cos’ x =0

20 4 :
a) xX=n7, ae arin) fuat! sucact

4 :
b) x= Stnm, x= 24 2ne, x=—"+2nm, nan integer

51 70
Cia, ee i eS See Ra

5 7
d) xattnn, xa 42ne, x= 24 2nm, n an integer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.1— Combinatorics ¢ 315

Combinatorics

Many problems require careful analysis of complex events. Combinatorics’ basic roots are to develop
systematic ways of counting. These systematic counting methods will allow the solving of complex counting
problems that are used in all facets of life.

Fundamental Counting Principle (The multiplication principle)

* If we can perform a first task in a different ways

* If we can perform a second task in b different ways
¢ If we can perform a third task in c different ways, and so on...

Then the first task followed by the second and so on can be performed ina-b-c ... different ways

We formalize the principle as follows:

Fundamental Counting Principle (multiplication principle)

If one event can occur in x ways and a second event can occur in y ways, then both
events can occur in xy ways, providing the outcome of the second event is not influenced
by the outcome of the first event.

The counting principle can be extended to any number of events, providing the outcome of no one event
influences the outcome of another. These events are called independent events.

A man has 4 shirts and 5 pairs of pants. How many different outfits can he wear?

4x5 =20 different outfits

A particular automobile has 4 different models, 3 sizes of motors and 6 colour schemes.
How many different ways could an automobile be ordered?

» Solution: 4x3x6=72 different ways

The first 4 questions on a quiz are true-false questions, while the next 6 questions are
multiple choice with possible answers a, b, c, d and e. How many different possible answer
sequences are there for these 10 questions?

» Solution: The first 4 questions on the quiz can be answered in 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2* ways, and the next
6 questions can be answered in 5 x 5x5 x5x5x5-= 5° ways. So, the total number of
different sequences are 2*x 5° =250 000

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316 Chapter 7 — Combinatorics Pre-Calculus 12

How many telephone numbers are available with the 728 prefix?

» Solution: A prefix in a telephone number is followed by a 4-digit number. Each digit has a choice
of 10 numbers, 0 to 9, for each digit. Thus 10-10-10-10=10000 possible numbers with
prefix 728.

How many different ways can 5 different books be arranged on a shelf?

> Solution: Five events are involved. You have 5 choices for the first spot. The second spot is not
influenced by the first spot since the book has already been chosen, therefore you have
4 choices, then 3 choices, then 2 choices, and then |. Thus, by the counting principle,
there are 5-4-3-2-1=120 arrangements.

Tree Diagrams

A tree diagram is a very good way to visualize and count the number of outcomes of an event in a systematic
way of fundamental counting principle.

How many ways can a three-item true-false test be answered?

» Solution: Method 1 Counting Principle

Two choices for each answer, thus 2:2-2=8 ways.

Method 2 Tree Diagram

First Second Third
Question Question Question Possible Answers
A
Nee eerie i oars
Sie 0 pT Ap ap je

ar qe ae

F 408iet

i eee igh dh 4p
F ah tel
Re
eae iP FFT
F FF OR
8 Outcomes

In the previous problem, using the fundamental counting principle was probably easier than using a tree
diagram. Many complicated problems of the counting principle are much easier to solve using a tree diagram.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.1 — Combinatorics ¢ 317

Don and Pat are in a fishing tournament. The first person to catch 2 fish in a row or 3 fish in
total wins the tournament. How many different outcomes are possible?

ee
& Solution:

Count the ends of the

branches — 10 different
outcomes are possible.

Factorial Notation

The product of the consecutive positive integers from | to 7 is given a special name, n factorial, which is
written n!

Definition of m factorial (n!)

Let n be a positive integer:

nia=n(n—|\n—2)....3°2°1
with 0!=1 by definition

Note: when solving for n, since n must be a positive integer, reject fractions, zeros, and negative solutions.

Simplify 5!

5!=5-4-3-2-1=120

Simplify 86!
Paap 2
! -85.84!
& Solution: eu) = pULSD EDS: = 86-85= 7310
84! 84!

20!—18!
Simplify is

20!-18! 20-19-18!-18! 181(20-19-1) = 20-19-1=380-—1=379

» Solution:
18! 18! ww

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 See
E
318 ¢ Chapter
epi 7 — Combina
Combina
O torics
torics S Pre-Calculus 12

Simplify es :
!

> Solution: Take the largest factorial value and reduce it to the lowest factorial value, then cancel.

(a+)! Se
ae
Gi)! wt!

How many different words can be made using all the letters in abcde?

& Solution: 5 letters, therefore, 5! = 120 different words.

Simplify a so that the solution contains no factorial notation.

(n—2)!+(n—3)!

> Solution: ="! = (n= n= 2(n=3)!_ nn=1n=2)(n—-3))_ AT (n-2) _ ee

(n—2)!+(n—3)! (n—2)(n—3)!4+(n-3)! (n—3)![(n—2)+]] pet

!
Solve for n; —“— =
(n—-2)!

n!
ion:
> Solution =
(nd)! rl

(n—3)(n+2)=0

n=3,—2 reject —2 (not a positive integer), thus n =3

Solve for n: 3!(n+1)!=5!(n—1)!

P Solution: 3\(n+1)!=5\(n—1)!
A (n+ Nino
=5-4- !
ft(pty
(n+1)(n)=5-4
n +n=20

n +n—20=0
(n+5)(n—4)=0

n=4,—5 reject—5, thusn=4

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written permission from the publisher
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.1 — Combinatorics ¢ 319

7.1 Exercise Set

1. Suppose Sam can travel from Calgary to Vancouver by car, train or bus, and from Vancouver to Victoria by
boat or plane.
a) How many different modes of transportation b) Make a list of different possible transportation
can Sam use to travel from Calgary to modes for Sam.
Victoria?

2. There are 4 roads between cities A and B, and 3 roads between cities B and C.

a) How many ways can a person travel from A b) How many ways can a person make a round
to C by way of B? trip from A to C and back to A by way of B?

c) How many ways can a person make a round trip from A to C and back to A by way of B, without
using any road twice?

3. A math quiz consists of 5 multiple-choice 4. A coin is tossed. If it comes out heads, a die is
questions with 4 choices each. How many then tossed once; if a tail appears, the coin is
possible answer keys are there? tossed one more time. How many outcomes
are possible? List these possibilities.

5. Ifa student has a choice of 6 different 6. Ina7 horse race, Bill thinks horses 1, 4, 6 will
computers, 4 different monitors and 5 different be the top 3 horses in the race, but not
printers, how many ways can a person select a necessarily in that order. If Bill is correct, how
computer system? many different outcomes are possible?

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320 @9 Chapter
Sev
NN — Combinatorics
Chapter 7/—Combimatorics Pre-Calculus 12

7. A breakfast consists of the following menu: 8. The maze below is constructed so a novice
Tai , fruit must pass through a series of one-way doors.
VA pee mee Bek od ifferent paths are possible?
Toast: white, whole wheat How many diffe P P
Eggs: scrambled, over easy, poached
Beverage: coffee, tea, milk '

Choose one item from each category. How i

Sek, start | finish
many different breakfast combinations are J
possible? l

9. A license plate consists of 3 letters followed by 3 digits. Determine the total number of possible license
plates if the following conditions apply:
a) there are no restrictions on letters or digits b) no letter or number can be repeated

c) aletter or digit can be used twice d) a letter can be used twice and a number
only once.

10. How many different 3-letter “words” are possible such that the letters of each word are all different, and are in
alphabetical order? (For example, the “word” ADF is in alphabetical order.)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.1 — Combinatorics ¢ 321

Questions 11 to 15 should be done with a tree diagram.

11. List all possible outcomes for the gender of the 12. Bruce plays a game in which he has an equal
children in a family that has 3 children. chance’of winning or losing. He'starts with
$1.00 and plays by betting $1.00 each time.
Ifhe wins, he gains $1; if he loses, he loses $1.
He plays until he has $0 or up to 4 bets. How
many ways can the betting occur?

13. Ray and Ann play in a tennis tournament. The 14. Trisha goes to a restaurant to order either a
first person to win two games out of three wins sandwich or a hamburger. She can use
the tournament. How many outcomes are mustard, ketchup or relish. Trisha never has
ketchup on her sandwich, and never mixes
possible?
ketchup and relish. How many different
combinations are possible?

15. A town has only 3 T.V. stations A, B, C with starting time for different shows listed. If you decide to watch
T.V. continuously from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., how many different combinations of complete shows are
possible? You can’t switch stations half-way through a show, or switch to shows already started.
Time

7:00 + | 10:00
7:00 7:30 = 10:00
7:00 7:30 9:30 10:00 |

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322 Chapter 7 — Combinatorics Pre-Calculus 12

16. Without using a calculator, evaluate:

200! 100! — 98! 100!-98!

a) 991-97)
198!

17. a) Write 20-19-18 - 17 in factorial notation. b) How many ways can 6 different books be
arranged on a shelf?

c) How many different numbers can be made d) How many ways can 7 books be arranged on
using all the digits 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 and 7 ? a shelf if there is room for only 4 books?

18. Simplify each of the following to an expression containing no factorial notation.

(n—1)\n+1)! (Qn-l)iGieiy!
2 (n'y? Y (2n+1)'(n-1)!

(n—-1)!-(n-2)! d) (n—1) (n-2)!

2 (n—1)! n! n!

ni—(n—-1)! n!—6(n—2)!
®) ae v (n—3)(n-2)!

19. Solve:

3(n—1)!_ (2n-1)! |
ema Y, Mees

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.2 — Permutations @ 323

Permutations

Permutation (Rule A)

A permutation is the fundamental counting principle put into a formula. The following three restrictions must
hold to be a permutation.

Permutation Requirements

1. the 7 objects are all different

2. no object can be repeated
3. order makes a difference (for example, ab and ba are different)

A permutation is the arrangement of r objects chosen from n objects with (r <n). The number of permutations
ofn objects taken r at a time is denoted by P(n,r)= P.

Try and follow the following steps in formalizing a permutation:

1St term
2nd term
| 3rd term rth term
Pir) = 1 =n Ron 2) (ner 1))

= n(n-1)(n—2)---(n—r
+1)

Sneha DieGarta n=) (aHr=1):(2)0)

“ (n—r)(n—r-1)---(2)()
n!}
~ (n=7y!

This derivation gives the following permutation formula:

Permutation of n Objects r at a Time

If P(n,r)=, P. denotes the number of n objects taken r at a time r <n then

Telephone numbers are a good example of a permutation. The phone number 538-2783, for example, is
different from 583-2783.

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 by
How many different 3-digit numbers can be made using the numbers 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7
only using each number once?

» Solution: P(7, 3) = us lace ea ia7-6-5=210 different numbers.

eee ay *4!

How many ways can a president, vice president and treasurer be selected from a
class of 25 students?

Zo)
ae =DS e228ok!
=13 800 ways.
= 25-24-23
Cs 22!

How many ways can 4 books be arranged on a shelf if they are selected from
10 different books?

10! POO
OS" F340!
» Solution: P(10, 4) = = =10-9
-8-7 =5 040 ways.
(10-4)! 6! 6!

From 25 raffle tickets, 5 tickets are to be selected in order. The first ticket wins $250, the
second $200, the third $150, the fourth $100 and the fifth $50. How many ways can these
prizes be awarded?

P= 25! = 25! = 25x 24x 23x 22 x 21 = 6 375 600 ways.

» Solution:
(25-5)! 20!

Permutation (Rule B)

So far, all examples of permutations have been distinguishable permutations. What we mean by that is that all
the objects are different from one another. Suppose you had the letters a, b, c, and d and were asked to form all
words using these four letters. Your answer would be

41 4! 4.3.2.1
P(n,r)= P(4,4)= = 24 words
CLA VE
The answer would be different if the letters you had to work with were a, a, b, c. This is an example of a
permutation that is non-distinguishable, meaning that you cannot tell one apart from another. In the 24 words
formed with a, a, b, and c, half will appear the same because we cannot distinguish between the two a’s. Thus,
we can only have 12 unique words.

This idea can be generalized as follows:

Permutation with Repetition

The number of permutations of n objects in which n, are alike, n, are alike, etc., is

n!
SS WIS Dn hee een
ee On Pie k

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.2 — Permutations ¢ 325

How many different 4-letter “words” can be formed using the letters in the word WEED?

» Solution: Since there are 4 letters, the total possible ways are 4! = 24 words, but the two “E”s are
non-distinguishable, so eliminate this duplication by dividing by 2!
] !
or z = a = 12 different words.
Oras Thy 52)
The 12 words are as follows: weed eewd deew ewde
wede eedw dewe edwe
wdee ewed dwee_ edew = 12 words

How many different words can be formed using the letters in the word BANANA?

» Solution: The word has 6 letters: 3 a’s, 2n’s, and 1 b

Thus
n!
——————_ = =
Glo 4-3! = 60
Eton wee asa
2toll 3's) 1.1

Thus, there are 60 different ways using all the letters in banana.

How many different words can be formed using the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI?

~ Solution: The word has 11 letters: 1 m, 4 1’s, 4.s’s, and 2 p’s

! ! . Or fas say)
Ths eee ee $-7-f-5 Se 21007
95 34G50
nintenin! Wall 4 £.3.04.04
Thus, there are 34 650 different ways using all the letters in Mississippi.

The Vancouver Canucks have 20 players consisting of 12 forwards, 6 defence, and 2 goalies.
How many ways can you arrange these 3 groups of players?

» Solution: 4
ra ee Oe eG 78 17 1615 Taka wih op apie
ni-ntn! 121-602! i. 6.£.4.4.2.1.2.1
Thus, the forwards, defence, and goalies can be arranged in 3 527 160 ways.

Find the number of different ways of placing 16 balls in a row given that 4 are black,
3 are white, 7 are red, and 2 are blue.

> Solution: We want to find the number of distinguishable permutations of these balls.

! !
Speer eee NO 214 414 400
Bane ale Sha)
| 2)

Thus, the balls can be arranged 14 414 400 different ways.

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 Pre-Calculus 12
326 #@ Chapter
326 7 — Combinatorics
Chapter7—Combimatorics 2

7.2 Exercise Set

Rule A Questions

1. Solve P(n, 2) = 72 using algebra. . A 120-room hotel has reservations from

6 guests for 6 different rooms. In how many
ways can the rooms be assigned?

3. How many ways can the batting order of a . How many different groups of four letters can
9-member softball team be listed? be made from the letters A, B, C, D, E and F if
the letters can only be used once?

5. How many ways can 3 boys and 3 girls sit in a row if:

a) there are no restrictions on where they sit b) all the boys sit together, and all the girls
in the row? sit together?

c) only the boys must sit together, the girls d) boys and girls alternate?
choosing the other seats?

6. Six people line up for a ride on a toboggan, 7. A person must deliver packages to 6 different
but only two of the six are allowed to sit in the locations. If the order is randomly determined,
front position. How many different ways can how many routes are possible if the exact
they be seated? opposite route does not count as a different
route?

ee
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 Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.2 — Permutations ¢ 327
a

8. How many ways can 5 people A, B, C, D and 9. How many ways can 5 people A, B, C, D and
E sit in a row if A must be to the left of B but E sit in a row if A and B cannot sit next to
not necessarily next to each other? each other?

10. How many ways can 5 couples sit in a row ina 11. How many ways can 5 people be seated
movie theatre if all couples must sit together? around a round table so that the relative
arrangements of the people in the group is
different?

Rule B Questions

12. How many different 10-letter “words” can 13. A football team plays a 10-game schedule.
be made using the letters from the word How many ways can the schedule end with
STATISTICS? 5 wins, 3 losses and 2 ties?

14. Nine people apply for a job in which 2 people 15. How many different codes can be made using
are selected to work in an office and 3 in the the letters A, A, B, B, B, C, C, C, D, D if the
workyard. In how many different ways can code must contain all 10 letters?
the selection be made?

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16. How many ways can 5 apple trees, 4 pear 17. In how many ways can 30 teachers be assigned
trees, and 3 cherry trees be arranged along a to 6 schools, with each school receiving an
equal number of teachers?
fence line?

18. a) How many different arrangements are b) How many of these arrangements begin with
there using all the letters in the word the letter C?
ECONOMICS?

c) How many of these arrangements do not d) How many of these arrangements have the
begin with a C? two C’s together?

19. In how many ways can 12 jurors and 3 alternate 20. Point B is 4 blocks east, and 5 blocks north
jurors be selected from a group of 25 prospective of point A. Point C is 7 blocks north, and
jurors? 4 blocks east of point B. How many paths are
there from point A to point C going north and
east only?

21. How many ways can 6 people work at 3 different offices if 2 people are in each office and 2 individuals refuse
to work together?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.3 — Combinations ¢ 329

Combinations |

We now look at the last, but very important, type of counting principle. The distinguishing aspect of a
permutation is that the order of the object is significant (e.g., ab and ba are different). However, in many
situations, order does not matter. For example, a 5-card card hand. The order in which the 5 cards are dealt
makes no difference to the card hand. Therefore, a combination is the arrangement of r objects chosen from n
objects such that

¢ the 7 objects are all different

* no object can be repeated
* order does NOT make a difference (ab and ba count as the same object in a combination but
two objects in a permutation)

Remember, there are _P =r! permutations ofr distinct objects. But this different ordering of distinct objects
are not to be counted separately. Therefore, to get a formula for the number of ways in which r objects can be
selected from a set of 7 distinct objects without regard to the order, we divide _P =r!

This gives us the combination formula:

Combination Formula

n
If C(n,r)= C= represents the number of combinations of 7 objects taken r at a
r
time, then

Note: The only difference between a permutation and a combination is that order makes a difference in a
: ; : «they A
permutation, and order does not make a difference in a combination. is a symbol used in many
-
books to indicate a combination.

How many ways can 2 people be selected from a group of 6 people?

ee :
6 \imee!
= ——
6! 65-4! |,
= — =—— = ]5 ways
pee DGmay) 9Dial eat :
The order of the 2 people selected does not matter.

How many five-card hands are possible in a regular card deck of 52 cards?

52!
> Solution: Cs = 512-5)! = 2 598 960 different card hands.

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330 @ Chapter 7 — Combinatorics Pre-Calculus 12

g Lotto 6/49 (must pick 6 numbers out of

How many different tickets are possible when playin
49 numbers in any order) ?

49! ’ Siero
> Solution:
ion: C(49, 6) = 61(49
—_—_—6)!
_= different p possibilities.
13 983 816 different

teachers must be chosen.

From 6 students and 4 teachers, a committee of 2 students and 2
In how many ways can this be done?

6) {4 6! 4!
» Solution: Pie preecen- 90 ways.

Solve AC, = 66

n!|
» Solution: eT ! = 66
@a2yb2

a
n(n—-1)(n rN!
2)! _ 66%
(n-2)!
n(n—1)=132
n’ —n—132=0
(n—12)(n+11)=0
n=-11,12 reject-11 thereforen=12

A defensive football team has 10 lineman, 8 linebackers, and 5 safeties. How many different
teams of 5 linemen, 3 linebacks, and 3 safeties can be formed?

MOM alee) had

~ Solution: 1G){3= 141120 different teams.
>

An urn contains 6 red balls and 4 green balls. In how many ways can 4 balls be chosen such
that exactly 2 are green?

4
> Solution: Of 4 green balls, you want 2, thus a ; of 6 red balls, you want 2, thus | $
2
4
Therefore, . : =90 ways.
DON 2

If night school offers 100 courses, 8 of which are in mathematics, and you select 4 courses
by random selection, how many possibilities include one mathematics course?

» Solution: If there are 100 courses, 8 of which are mathematics, then 92 are not in mathematics.
Pick 3 out of 92 non-mathematics courses and | out of 4 in mathematics.
92) 18 ety at
; }()= 1 004 640 possibilities include one mathematics course

e eee eee
O
Os UST a PD) Se ree
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.3 — Combinations ¢ 331

7.3 Exercise Set

1. For each of the following problems, tell whether permutation or combination should be used to solve
the problem.
a) How many 5-digit code numbers are possible if no digit is repeated?

b) A-sample of 5 marbles is selected from a bag of 15 marbles. How many different samples
are possible?

c) A combination lock consists of 3 selected numbers from a choice of 60 numbers. From any 3 sets
of numbers, how many combinations are possible?

d) Inahockey tournament of 6 teams, each team must play each other once. How many games
are played?

e) Selecting 3 people out ofa class of 30.

f) Selecting a president, vice-president and treasurer out of a class of 30.

2. Solve ,C; =7n using algebra. 3. How many ways can a committee of 3 people
be chosen from 20 people in the Environment
Club?

4. A sample of 5 people is selected from 5. You have a penny, nickel, dime, quarter,
3 smokers and 12 non-smokers. In how many loonie, and toonie in your pocket. If you pull
ways can the 5 people be selected? out 3 coins, how many different sums are
possible?

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6. Ten college students, including a married 7. From a regular 52-card deck, how many 5-card
hands have exactly 3 hearts and 2 clubs?
couple, are4 eligible to ae
attend a national
conference. Four students can attend, and the
married couple will only go as a pair. How
many different possibilities are possible?

8. Ten distinct points are marked on the circumference of a circle.

a) How many chords can be drawn using the b) How many triangles can be drawn using the
points marked on the circumference? marked points as vertices?

c) How many quadrilaterals can be drawn d) What is the general formula used for n
using the marked points as vertices? distinct points and r vertices?

9. Twelve students, consisting of 5 men and 7 women, 10. A box of 30 flashbulbs contain 5 defective bulbs.
apply for a job. In how many ways can 4 jobs be In how many ways can 6 bulbs be selected if:
awarded amongst the students if:
a) there is no restriction on what bulb is
a) there is no restriction on awarding the job? selected?

b) 2 men and 2 women must be hired? b) only non-defective bulbs can be selected?

c) at least 2 jobs must go to women? c) the selection must consist of 2 defective

bulbs?

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.3 — Combinations ¢ 333

11. Calculate the number of all different 5-card poker hands.

Note: A 52-card deck consists of 4 “suits” of 13 cards called hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades,
numbered I (Ace), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King. The I (Ace) can be low (e.g., 1, 2, 3)
or high (e.g., O, K, 1). The hearts and diamonds are red, and the clubs and spades are black.
a) straight flush (including 10, J, Q, K, 1) — b) four ofa kind.
5 cards in a row, all of the same suit.

c) full house —3 ofa kind plus a pair d) flush —5 cards all of the same suit,
e.g.,44499. e.g. 5 hearts, but not including a 5-card
straight flush.

e) straight —5 cards inarow, e.g.,78910J f) three ofa kind.

(including 10, J, Q, K, 1), but not all of
the same suit.

g) two pairs. h) one pair.

i) high card. j) show that the sum of card hands from

straight flush to high card hand equals
the number of 5-card hands.

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 OS
334
e Chapte
IN ANEr 7 —De
Combin
n atorics er re!
Pre-Calculus 12

Binomial Theorem

The binomial theorem is a method for expanding an expression of the form (x + y)”, where 7 is a positive
integer.

You are familiar with the following: (a+b)'=a+b

(a+b) =a’ +2ab+b’

Building on this expansion, (a+b) would be: (a+b) =(a+b)(a+b)

=(a+b)(a° +2ab+ b’)
=a +3a°b+3ab’? +b?

As the exponent on the binomial gets larger than 3, multiplying out

the expression gets very tedious. Therefore,
in this section we will find a way of expanding a binomial without
having to multiply repeatedly. The following
are two methods.

Pascal’s Triangle Method

The coefficients of the expanded power of x + y can be arrange

d in a triangular form, called Pascal’s Triangle.

0
Pascal’s Triangle Sum of row
(x+y) =)
1 2°=1
1
(x+y) = Xsrey, and =>

ab bts) 2
(x+y) =x" +2xy+y bem =4
2

(x+y) =x9 +3x2y43xy7 4 y?

3

eee oer 1 23=8

(x+y) =2x4 +427 y+ 6x2y? +497 + y4 Me es 7 2 =16
(x+y) =x°+5x4y+10x°y? + 10x7y? + Say + y? 1 5 10" 10MSe den ose
(x+y) =x°+6x5y + 15x4y? + 2027p? + 15x7y* + 6xy5+ y* \
1 us IS 2015, 36 Sao

6 is the sum of 1 and 5 the numbers above.

Note: For each row of Pascal’s Triangle

* always start and end witha 1
* sum of coefficients is 2”
* the numbers in the pattern are developed
by adding the two numbers appearing direc
* the number of terms is n + 1, one more tly above it
than the power of the binomial

Note: For the pattern of the variables

* in (x+y)", x decreases from x" to x°, y increases from y° to y".

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.4 — Binomial Theorem ¢ 335

Binomial Expansion Method

Gry) = tCny, +e1a + Oxy tet Cx y”

Expand (x+y)

» Solution: (x+y) = ,Cx'y" + ,Cxy + Roy + Oy. ex Vs

=x + 4x7?y+6x7y? +4xy? + y*

Expand (2x — ty

> Solution: (2x-1) CO et) tC Ox)(-y + Ceres)

¥ Cx Cs)’
MOIST OAD Si.) |)
II 16x - + +
y y ae peek

Finding a Specific Term of a Binomial Expansion

Many times we may be interested in only a specific term of the binomial expansion. If you examine the specific
terms of the two examples above, or any other binomial expansion, the following formula for a special term
should become apparent.

Specific Term of a Binomial Expansion

Cla bk
For (a+b)" the specific term is ¢,,, = WON

Note: First term t, has combination ,C, not ,C, (common mistake).

Find the 4" term of (x-—2y)'°

> Solution: t,=t,,,, therefore k=3,n=10

!
44 term) f= nce) “Clyne aa (x’)\(-8y’) =—960x’y’

10
Find the coefficient of x* in the expansion of (vx- 2)

P Solution: Weare looking for the term containing x*, so (x?)!°* = x4

Soe
k=2
Then, t,,, = ,C,(x)"* y= C,(x*)*(-2)
=
5 2

t= 180%"
Therefore, coefficient is 180.

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336 Chapter 7 — Combinatorics Pre-Calculus 12

7.4 Exercise Set

1. Expand (x+y) by

a) Pascal’s Triangle b) binomial expansion

2. Expand (x?-—2y)° by

a) Pascal’s Triangle b) binomial expansion

3. Expand Gad by
of

a) Pascal’s Triangle b) binomial expansion

4
1
4. Expand [r= by
2y
a) Pascal’s Triangle b) binomial expansion

ee ee ees wee a ee ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.4 — Binomial Theorem ¢ 337

15

5, Determine the 6" term of (x—2y)’. 6. Determine the 11‘ term of [amat,y -

1 7

7. Determine the next to last term of [=— 1); 8. Determine the middle term of (3a+2b’)°.
Mv

1 6

9. Which term of [=~ 4) is a constant? 10. Determine the value of the constant term of
x
2x2 me :
a

11. The 4" term of [2-2) is —15x’. 12. The 7" term of (2x-1)” is 112x’.
Determine 7.
Determine n.

13. Determine 5, such that (x—b)'° has the 14. Determine b, such that (2x+5)’ has the
term —1875x’. term 1512x°.

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338 @¢ Chapter
338 7 — Combinatorics
Chapter7—Combinatorics 00 Pre-Caleulus #2

Pathway Problems —

One of the most interesting types of problem to come out of permutations and the binomial expansion are
pathway problems. These types of problems are widely used in networking in the communication field.

Most pathway problems can be solved in two ways.

1) Using the permutations principle ai Where, (WHat ad

1°: bsay7y n,-Il

2) Using the pattern from Pascal’s Triangle for the binomial expansion.

How many different ways going down and to the right can a person go from A to B?

a) A b) A

» Solution: | Two methods of solving the problem are presented below.

Method 1 (Permutations)

a) (3 squares across and 2 squares down) x (2 squares across and 2 squares down)
>! 4!
Therefore, by the counting principle x< a
= 60 ways
Be 2s

b) Permutations will not work for rectangles with missing segments.

Method 2 (Pascal’s Triangle)

If you can only move right and down, then at any given node you could have come from up or
left. Add those two numbers for the ways to reach the new node.

NT ea | b)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.5 — Pathway Problems ¢ 339

7.5 Exercise Set

1. How many paths, going down and to the right, are there from point A to point B?
a) A b) rm

‘ SannES

c) A d) A

B B

e) A f) A

: Hoe

g) A h) A

Sor ;

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 Pre-Calculus 12
340 Chapter 7 — Combinatorics

on the dark squares.

2. A checkerboard is an 8 x 8 game board with pieces only able to travel diagonally
for the checker to reach the opposite side
If the checker is placed as shown, how many paths are there
of the game board? (Note: checker can only move forward.)

c) The checker cannot jump over d) The checker can jump over
the X encountered. the X encountered.

permission from the publisher.

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Pre-Calculus 12 ; Section 7.6 — Chapter Review @ 341

Chapter Review

1. How many ways can 6 students arrange themselves in a row?

a) 6
By ENet0
790
d) 46 656
1000!
JL Sinattea eee
implity O58!
a) 2
b) 1.000
©) 999 000
d) 999 999

3. The sum of coefficients in (x+ y)° is

a)—-6
by32
c) 63
d) 64

4. What is the sum of numbers in the 20" row of Pascal’s triangle?

a) 262 144
b) 524 288 aes
c) 1048576 oLteee ee seana
d) 2097 152 :

5. How many ways can 6 students arrange themselves around a circular table?
a) 5
b) 120
c) 714
d) 720

6. How many different eight-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word “CANADIAN?”
a) 3360
b) 6720
ce) 13.440
d) 40320

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 342 ¢ Chapter 7 — Combinatorics
Pre-Calculus 12

de What value is equal to Ca

a) AG

b) n-r C.

oe
d) n ie

1 8

When expanded, what are the first 3 terms of : x= 4 2

ui

a) 8 Sx
= ae
MeOky”
.

b) a ees
|8x Basox’
;
ae
16 ox 28x"
Cc) — ;
ms NY
d) 16 Rx 6K-
a OY

A bag contains 7 white and 5 black marbles. How many ways can 3 white and 2 black marbles be chosen?
a) 45
b) 230
c) 280
d) 350

10. A farmer wants to buy 3 cows and 2 pigs from an auction of 5 cows,
3 horses and 6 pigs. How many
choices does the farmer have?
a) 25
b) 90
c) 120
d) 150

1 License plates in trucks have 4 numbers followed by 2 letters.

If the first number cannot be zero and the
letter “O” cannot be used, determine the number of license plates
that are possible.
a) 5625000
b) 5850000
c) 6250000
d) 6760 000

12. There are 3 roads from town A to town B, and 3 roads from
town B to town C. Ifno road can be travelled
more than once, how many ways can a person travel from town
A to town B to town C and back home again?
a) 12
b) 36
c) 42
d) 81

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of

this publication may be reproduced without written permissi
on from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.6 — Chapter Review @ 343

13. A person has 3 loonies in his pocket and bets $1.00 on the flip of a coin. Ifa coin is flipped 4 times, how
many ways can he end up with 5 loonies?
a) 1
b)2
ey 3
d)4

14. An English test consists of 10 essay questions. You must answer any 3 of the first 5 questions and any 2 of
the last 5 questions. How many ways can you choose the 5 essays you will write?
a) 20
b) 60
c) 100
d) 120

15. Moving only to the right or down, how many different routes exist to get from point A to point B?
& a) 210 b) 240 c) 270 d) 300

16. In the first 15 games of the season the Ravens won six games, lost five and tied the rest. In how many
different ways could the results be played?
a) 120
D)in ull N20
©) 630630
d) 2073600
17. In a standard deck of 52 cards, how many different 5S-card hands contain exactly four hearts?
ay) 30715
b) 17160
c) 27885
d) 669240

18. In the expansion of (3x —2y)’ , determine the coefficient of the term containing x°y’.

a) —20412
ere
c) 972
d) 20412

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 SE
e
344 @ Chapt
EE er ie
7n A natorics nai
— Combi
CC
Pre-Ca , 12
lculus
19. Moving only to the right or down, how many different routes exist to get from point A to point B?

os a) 21 b) 25 c) 29 d) 35

20. Moving only to the right and down, how many different paths exist to
get from A to C going through B?
a) 40 b) 50 c) 60 d) 126

21. How many paths are there for the checker to reach
the spot marked with an x on the checker board?
A checker must stay on the shaded Squares and cannot
move backwards.
a) 35 b) 40 c) 45 d) 50

22. How many seven-digit numbers using all

the following digits, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, are possib
repetition if the first four digits are the prime numbe le without
rs 2, 3, 5, 7?
a)i 72
b) 144
cy” 216
d) 288

23. A test consists of 10 questions of which

the first 4 questions must be answered then
answered. How many ways can the test be taken 2 of the last 6 must be
?
ay 6-15
b) 60
c) 120
d) 360

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No part of this publication may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.6 — Chapter Review @ 345

24. tise gees Ua+2)! te

ni-2(n=1)!

a) n—l
b) n+l
ec) n—n
d) n +n

25. A school student body can elect a president and a vice-president in 14 520 ways. If every grade 11 student
in the school is eligible to run for these positions, how many grade 11 students are in the school?
aye i2t
b) 122
ec) 123
d) 124

26. Fifteen students consisting of 6 males and 9 females apply for a job. In how many ways can 3 jobs be
awarded amongst the students if at least 2 jobs must go to women?
a) 96
b) 120
c) 216
d) 300

ZT. How many different ways are there to arrange the letters in the word “TSAWWASSEN”?
a) 100800
b) 151 200
c) 453 600
d) 3628 800

28. Linda is one of 8 teachers in the Mathematics department. In how many different ways can three of the
teachers be chosen so that Linda is one of the chosen teachers?
ay 2)
b) 35
c) 42
d) 56

29. In n!, the expansion is n(n—1)(n—2)---3- 2-1. What is the ** term ofthis expansion?
a) Ga=yr
b) n+r
cy nr
dad) 2aSr+1

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
30. Determine the middle term of (2a—3b’)’.
a) ,C,(2a)*(-3b’)"
bere (2a) (-3b’)

Caes@) (2ay (—3b’)*

d) ,C,(2a)*(-36*)*

zear nse ak
(n—3)! (n—2)!
a) n—2
b) n+2
©) —2n+2
d) —4n+2
32. Assuming that at least one coin is used, how many different sums of money can be made with a penny,
nickel, dime, quarter, and dollar?
aes!
b) 32
c) 63
d) 64

33. Sam and Bruce play a golf match. The first person to win 2 holes in a row, or a total of 3 holes, wins the
match. How many different ways can a winner be determined?
ay 7
b) 8
oy
d) 10

34. Determine the next to last term in the binomial expansion of (x—2y)°.
a) —240x’y*

b) -192xy
ce) 192xy
Me 2A0ray

35. What is the value of the constant term of the binomial [ — 1)?
x
a) —126
b) -84
c) 84
is E26

a
ree, a ee ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.6 — Chapter Review @ 347

36. When solving for n with | P =20n algebraically, what answers are eliminated because of restrictions
on factorial notation?
a) -—4, 0
b) -3, 0
c) 2, 0
d) -1, 0

37. A bag contains 7 white and 5 black balls. How many ways can 3 balls of the same colour be drawn?
Bi) need
b) 45
ce) 220
d) 230

38. Simplify a
(n—2)(n—-2)!
a) n-1
b) n+l
ce) n-n-2
d) n+n-2
n=2

39. A 5-card hand is dealt from a deck of 52 cards. How many different 5-card hands contain a pair of aces plus
another pair of a different kind?
a) 144
b) 1584
c) 1728
d) 19008

For questions 40, 41 and 42

Ellie has 20 different pairs of shoes — 8 black pairs, 7 red pairs, and 5 white pairs.

40. How many selections of 3 pairs of shoes are possible?

a) 1040
b) 1090
c) 1140
d) 6840

41. How many selections of 3 pairs of shoes are possible if at least one pair of shoes is black?
a) 140
b) 920
c) 1840
d) 5520

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 Pre-Calculus 12
348 @ Chapter 7 — Combinatorics

42. How many selections of 3 pairs of shoes are possible if at most one pair of shoes
is black?
a) 220
b) 228
c) 528
d) 748
most one club?
43. In a standard deck of 52 cards, how many different 5-card hands contain at
a) 270725
bi, Sr TST
c) 1069 263
d) 1645 020
1 must be
44. How many seven-digit numbers using all the digits, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, are possible if the digit
before the digit 7, but not necessarily adjacent to it?
aye nst20
by) 2520
c) 5040
d) 12500

45. How many ways can 4 math books, 3 physics books, and 2 chemistry books be arranged on a shelf if the
subjects must be together, and math books must be to the left of physics books?
a) 144
b) 288
c) 576
d) 864

46. The 10 term of (x? -1)" is —55x*. Determine n.

a) 10
b) 11
cyil2
d) 13
For questions 47 and 48

Jerry and Andy have tickets to share for 10 different hockey games. Since Andy is younger, he gets the first
2 picks, then selections are made alternately, with Jerry getting the last 2 remaining tickets.

47. How many choices does Andy have for his first 2 picks?
ay 10
b) 45
Cir ow
d) 100

48. How many ticket choices would Jerry have altogether?

a) 90
b) 160
¢) 192
d) 384

JOU! eS ae ee er
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Pre-Calculus 12 Section 7.6 — Chapter Review # 349

3n(n—-2)!
49. When solving: =105, algebraically for n, what answer is eliminated because of restrictions
(n-3)!
on factorial notation?
a) —5
b) -—4
c) —3
d) —2

50. How many ways can 6 students arrange themselves around a circular table if 2 people must not sit next
to each other?
a) 60
by) ng
c) 96
d) 120

51. Three boys and their dates have 6 seats at a hockey game. In how many ways can they be seated if each
boy and his date sit together?
a) 12
b) 24
c) 36
d) 48
52. How many ways can 3 boys and 3 girls sit in a row if boys and girls are to sit in alternate seats?
a) 18
b) 36
cy 2
d) 216

53. How many ways can 4 men and 3 women sit in a row such that men and women are seated alternately?
a) 12
by 72
c) 144
d) 288

54. Ten sets of twins (20 people) are applying for 3 committee positions. If no sets of twins are allowed ona
committee, how many ways can the committee be chosen?
a) 960
b) 1920
c) 5760
d) 6120

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350 @ Chapter 7 — Combinatorics Pre-Calculus 12

55. In how many ways can a teacher choose one or more students from 6 eligible students?
a) 31
b) 32
Cj 63
d) 64

56. In how many ways could the six starting players of a hockey game line up in a row if the three forwards
must be together?
a) 24
b) 72
c) 144
ad). 720

57. In how many ways can a flag football team of seven players be selected from 10 boys and eight girls if there
must be at most four players of each sex on the team?
a) 16800
b) 20160
c) 23520
d) 25200

58. If -P =55 440 and C = 462, determine r.

a) r=4
D) 75
c) 724
Dier=120

59. Assuming that at least one coin is used, how many different sums of money can be made from 2 pennies,
2 dimes, and 3 quarters?
a). (55
b) 36
cy) 12h
d) 128

60. Simplify n-1

.C_,+
r-1 n-l
.Cr

a) eG

Dr
) me
G) Cras

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permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions # 351

Solutions

Transformation Solutions

1.1 Exercise Set

1. a) domain b) range c) one-to-one function d) function e) relation

f) x-axis g) y-axis h) vertical, function i) vertical, horizontal, one-to-one function
2. a) function b) neither c) neither d) one-to-one function e) one-to-one function
f) function g) neither h) neither i) function j) neither

3.a) D: -2<x<4 b) D: -2<x<4 c) D: —4,-2,0,2,4 dy) D072.3

(ie RC R: 0S y<4 R: =1,0,2 PELE 2) = 1 oe
F: Yes Whites. F: Yes F: Yes : No
e) D: -4<x<4 ft) Di-4s 7-8 ey Dex? hb) Da —s 5452
R: -4< y<4 Ri Os ys R: All real numbers > -3<ys3
F: No Fe yves F: No : No
NED= 35x 5-1 1seS3" Diet
R: 0s ys4 Ri-3Sy
sp
Fo ves F: No

1.2 Exercise Set

i736 b) undefined c) | d)—16 e) =

1 5
f) “at
4 g) 1 he
) 63

2. a) 2x? +3x+4+4,
all real numbers b) boas eeey x0 Ce, 0) d) 3x, x #0
x
D 2 + =
pO
2(2x-1
py ae yo
Be 2 2 x-1
h) 2x° —x* —2x+1, all real numbers
—x*+6x? + 1
3. a) ea hae x#41,—— b) 0 c) x5+2x! d) x5 +2x'
(x° —1)(2x +1) 2

e) —x°+x° +3x"-3 f) -x° +x? +3x°-3 g) 4x7 -2x @2 h) 0

i) 6x*-3x-3 jy -9

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 Pre-Calculus 12
352 Chapter 1 — Solutions

4.a) (f+g)(x)=x?+x-2 b) (ire) Ga 2x7 = 2 6) (fe gyxave ts, 0

Wa Moax
226 (f-g)(x)=
2x? -2x-4 (f-g)(x)=Vr-=, x30
(fg)(x)=x°
+2x’ —4x-8 (fg)(x) = 2x +x’ -4x-3

(ff)(x)
= x* —8x? +16 (f f)(x) = 4x4 — 42° - 11x? +6x+9 (FN0= x>0
[L]on=x-2, Bea [Z}= L4—3, Le H| (Ff) (x)=x, x20
& 4

BUN eect! ene [LJon=a, x20

[Jo=,. bac ai) &
[EJoo=s5 1
[E}o= x>0 2: )
Xx

d) (f+g)(x)=Vx4+2x2, x20
(f-g)(a)=Vx-x?, x20
(fg)(x)=x?Vx, x20
C= eee

[E)nco= ah x20

b) Cc) d)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions @ 353

1.3 Exercise Set

tray eZ b) x #343 Cyr x A=? d) x <3

eax > 0 f) x21, xs-l gAlsxst h) x 22,.%50

2.a) (feg)(2)= f(g(2)) b) (he j)(-3)=hGi(-3)) ce) (joh\(2)= j(A(2))

= f(2+1) = j(5)
=i)
=2-3°-3-3+1]
=10

y _,{cl-1
d) s(g(O)=s7O+) e) naco=a 1] f su@n=4[ 5)

2Undefined

8) (hegog)3)=h(g(g(2))) bi Choe
ii DasssEy) i) (johe f-3)=J ASC3))
=h(g(3)) = f(F(6)) = j(h(25))
= (4) = (55) = j(5)
=5 = 5886

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 —ej (7(4)
gs)ece
2: Deat k) (fohe j\2)= FAG) Il) f(g FC2)y)
=g(j(2)) : (i(3)] I(i(g 5)
10 i (416)
-<(i7] = f(5) (3)
se! = 36 Nag
Nig 1

“16
3. a)1 b) 2 c) f(3)=4 d) f(-2)=0 e) g()=2
f) g(6)=-4 _ g) f(2)isundefined h) g(0) is undefined

4.2) (fogyax)=V2x-1,
x25 b) (foai(s)= “EAD x41 ©) (foghxax? t4r43,
all real numbers
(go f\(x)=2Vx+2-3, x=-2 (g° f\x)=5—, x#0,2
(go f\(x)=x° —2x+3,
all real numbers

d) (fog\x)=x? +5x43, e-) (fog\(x)=v3x,

x20 f) (fog\x)=|-2x43]-3,
all real numbers (go PG) = Nx 2 42) x S2 all real numbers

(go f\(x)=x° +x-1, (go fx) =-2|x|+9,

all real numbers all real numbers

8) (feg)(x)=3x-12,
x#4 hy (fcee\x)= ps‘|-520

(go f\(x)=——,
3-4
x#0,=43 (ede Neem x#-1,5
|x-2|-3

5. a) f(x)=x’, g(x)=2x-3 b) f(x)=4x, 9(x)=3x?-2 c) fQ=—, g(x)=3x-4

d) foy==, g(x)=x+4 e) f=avx43, g(x=x741 f) f(x)=/x-1, e(x)=3x44

g) f(*x)=3x"—-x', g(x)=2x-3 hh) 2) = 3x ee 2g(x)=2x+4

Ce TO re -e (fog\)=x ai faeyyeey
ees

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 355

mea (g° fk-4)=2(/(-4)) =20)=—3 b) (f°g)3)= f(¢G)= f0)=2

e) (fe f\-2)=fSC2)=FC)=1 DG e2)e)-s(eC)=20)=-3
e) (geof\5)=sf))=2e-3)=5 f) (ge f\(-3)=g(f(3))=2(3)=-3
g) h(k(0))=h(4)=4 h) A(k(-1))=h@)=3.5
i) h(k(2))=h(O)=2 j) h(k(-3))=h(-5)=-0.5
k) k(h(0))=k(2)=0 Il) k(A(2))=k(3)=-5
m) k(h(-4)=k(0)=4 n) k(h(-2))=k()=3

8.a) 2(5)=3- f£(3)=4,80 (5, 4); g(7)=-2> f(-2) is undefined

g(6)=4- f(4)=5, so (6,5); g(8)=0— f(0) is undefined. Thus, fo g = {(5, 4), (6, 5)}.

b) f(3)=4- g(4) is undefined; f(5)=6-— g(6)=4 so (5, 4)

f(4)=5- g(5)=3, so (4, 3); f(6)=7 > g(7)=-2 so (6, -2). Thus, go f = {(4, 3), (5, 4), (6,—2)}.

9.a) f(g(x))= fGBx+5d) g(f(®))=2G6x-2) Therefore,

3(3x + b)-—2=3(3x-2)+b
=3(3x+b)-2 = 3(3x-2)+b 9x+3b-2=9x-6+5b
b=-2

0) ESO Ee ee Z

by SOA) f(x) _ [thy +@th [etx] e4axrnthexth—x—x _Ixhthe +h =2x+1l+h

h h h h

-3(x + hy +2(x+h) |—[ 3x? +2x |a —3x° —6xh— 3h +2x+2h+3x° —2x

c) f(x+h)— f(x) = [|
h h h

BO
2h Fy
2

ge
dy SOP) SOULE See 5.) >!
h h xh(x+h) xh(x+h) x(xt+h)

4 4
e) canara ener feo | oosn ae eRE 8x—4—8x-8h+4
h h h(2x—-I(2(x+h)—-1) A(2x-1)(2(x+h)-1)
=<
~ (2x-1)(2(x+ h)-1)
1 1
feth)-f0)_ veth ve Ve-vxth Vetveth_ x—(x+h)
h h nvix(Vx-+h} Vetveth hf eVrth+ (e+ hve |
=|
Sia erred

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 Pre-Calculus 12
356 # Chapter 1 — Solutions

11. a) r@)=5 b) A(r)=ar° c) caoncn=a( 5]

12.a) f(t)=90-27t b) g(f)=V

f° +90
c) ¥(90- Tt) +90° is the distance the batter is from 2nd base at time f.

1.4 Exercise Set

l.a) y=(x+4)-5 +3
b) y=-(x-2) -3
ce) y=(x-2) d) y=-x’-1

Yas 13146 i Seles) Sy. h) y=v-x44

2. a) The graph is shifted two units horizontally to the left so the point is (—5, 1) or (a—2, b).

b) The graph is shifted two units up vertically so the point is (—3, 3) or (a, b + 2).
c) The graph is shifted two units horizontally to the right and two units vertically down so the point is
(-1, -1) or (a +2, b—2).
d) The graph is reflected about the x-axis so the point is (—3, —1) or (a, — b).
e) The graph is reflected about the y-axis so the point is (3, 1) or a, b).
f) The graph is reflected about both the x-axis and the y-axis so the point is (3, —1) or (-a, — 5).
g) The graph is reflected about the y-axis and then shifted two units vertically down so the point is (3, —1)
or (—a, b—2).
h) The graph is reflected about the x-axis and shifted horizontally two units to the left so the point is
(—5, —1) or (a—2, — 5).

3.a) y=4x b) y=—5a

4.a) y=-4x
2 be. *
I 2

1 3 5)
SA) a b) y=-4x

1
6. a) y=-2|x| Bes |

7a) y=ovex b) y=—7v-x

1 1

8.a) y=2x3 b) y=-x3

9. a)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 357

9. d) f)

10. a) The graph shifted one unit horizontally to the left, so the point is (—3, 4).
b) The graph is reflected about the x-axis then shifted one unit horizontally to the left, so the point
is (—3, —4).
c) The graph is shifted one unit horizontally to the left, then reflected about the y-axis, so the point is (3, 4).
d) The graph is shifted one unit horizontally to the left, and then shifted vertically up 2 units, so the point
is (—3, 6).
e) The graph is shifted three units horizontally to the left, so the point is (—S, 4).
f) The graph is shifted horizontally one unit to the left, then reflected over both the x-axis and the y-axis,
so the point is (3, —4).

12. a) The graph is compressed vertically by a factor of z> ,so y= 4 /f(x).

b) The graph is compressed horizontally by a factor of +,so0 y= f(2x).

c) The graph is reflected about the x-axis, so y =—/f(x).

d) The graph is expanded horizontally by a factor of 2, and compressed vertically by a factor of +,

so y= 5 f (5%).
e) The graph is compressed both horizontally and vertically by a factor of +, and reflected about the x-axis,
BOiVae 2x)

f) The graph is retained, and reflected about the x-axis, soy = +f (x).
g) The graph is expanded vertically by a factor of 2, and compressed horizontally by a factor of 5,
soy =2f(2x).

h) The graph is expanded both horizontally and vertically by a factor of $,s0 y=3 f (2.x)

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 Pre-Calculus 12

1.5 Exercise Set

1. a) No b) Yes c) No d) Yes e) No f) Yes

2. a) croavon=7{3x)=2{ 3+]=» b) (fog\x)= f(x+3)=43-3=x

(go f\(x)=2(x=3=x-343—%
(ee f10)=9{ 3x]=3{ 2x] Yes

Yes

c) (roena)= s{5) =3-4 Jas d) (fog(x)= fWxt2)=(Wxt2y -2=x

(go f\(x)= g(x -2)=¥ (x -2)+2 =x
Seay
(go f\(x)=¢G3-4x)= 4 Yes

Ves

e) (fogy(x)= f0? +N =vVx? +1-1= V9 =|x| S (feog\(x)= f(xt) =x! =|x|

(g° fx)=¢(Wx-1)=(vx-1) +1=x (go fyx)= ex) =x) =x
No, (f °g)(x) not equal to x. No, (f° g)(x) equal to x.

5x—-15+6x+15
3 EAIpal es ees) Bhs11 eee
g) ° x) =
(fog\( cig) )
(23 weie aia Ix+5—2x46 7 iE

2x+5 2x+5

5x+3 5x+3-3+4+6x
Be * a Rea ee llx
(go f\(x=8 -=—j=2
2 EP 2 aaa
tosane
5x+3

1—2x o[Ses }es eres 11

1-—2x

Yes

h) fie -)= Yoo -)+1=V9 =x

(feghx)=
(go f\x)=e@xt1)=@/x+1)P -1=x+1-1=x
Yes

3. a) x2>0o0rx<s0 b) x20orx<0 c) x=>2orx<2 d) x=>-lorx<-l

a mere
pO
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 359

Der j=v2x-1, x24

Ff y=2x—3
Jrex=2y3 fe ic=.|2y—1
2y=xt+3 5 ey
_x+3 oD ye Tcl
3
pauee.
Z
x+3 Ifrange of f has y>0, the domain of {7 has
Therefore, f '(x)=
A one-to-one function. x20. Therefore, pi@-2H e200"
A one-to-one function.

ee)
= 7 cel dy 7x)= FS, FQ)#0
3x-2
Peie ee
fits fiy=
3x-2

-y? =x-1 —1,

aes
=
3y-2
:y=tvx-1
:x(3y-—2)=1
/3xy -2x= 1
Because y=+Vx-—1 is nota function,
soxy =2x+ 1
we cannot write f'(x)=+Vx-1. rs 2x+1
Not a function.
Shs
2x+1 2
Therefore, f'(x)= Ree Onin (a) a
A one-to-one function.
2x-1 2
= ee

voy
+ 2y=2y—1
foxy tox =2y—1
raxy = 2y=—27—1
1V(Bx=2)=—2x—1
Ls!
8x =z
—2x-1 y
Therefore, f-'(x)= He gp Therefi
erctore, 7 (x)=
(x) ae) Mae ead3
x+1
A one-to-one function. A one-to-one function.

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 360 Chapter 1 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5. f(x)=2x-1 l
g(x) =—x+3
5
Jaen—|

ea Dy 1
gy:y=-—x+3
5

Theretore, f~ (x)= =

:y=2x-6

Therefore, g(x) =2x-6

a) (f °g\(x)= f"(e(x)) b) (eg of Yee (fa)

=1(Je3|

eeu
2.

alae
4

(go f\(x)=g (f(x) d) (fog \(x)= f(g"(x))

=e(22) = f(2x-6)
=2(2x-6)-1
=4x-12-]
= 4x —13

2) (fog "x)= f(g" (2) ) y=(feay'@)=(s(¢(x))) =

ae
any ies (2x = 6)

_ 2x-641
oe
-(s(}e+3}} -
=(x+5)!
hee)
5) x=y+5

y=(fog) (e)=x=—5

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hing. No part of this publication may be reprod
uced without written permission from the
publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 361

6. a)

Spot

Cc) 2 f

f-, not a
function

56
ts

—6

e) f' f)

44
2 f, nota
function

ail ek (aie r T Arar alias

Pe OE) 2 fo 6 | 34 4 6
1 L9

4 444

~6 =5—

7. a) If f(a)=b, then f'(b)=a. Therefore, the point is (2, —-1) or (0, a).
b) If f(a-1)=5, then f"(b)=a-—1. Therefore, the point is (2,—2) or (b, a— 1).
ce) If f(a)=b-2, then f'(b—2)=a. Therefore, the point is (0,—1) or (b — 2, a).
d) If f(-a)=-b, then f'(-—b)=—a. Therefore, the point is (2, 1) or —b, — a).

e) If f(-a+1)=—-b, then f-'(-b)=-a+1. Therefore, the point is (— 2, 2) or (- b,- a+ 1).

f) If f(a)=(b-1), then f-'(b-1)=a. Therefore, the point is (1,— 1) or (b— 1, a).

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 362 # Chapter 1 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12
8. a) By TI-83 Calculator.
Enter equation, y= 2x-1, under <Y =>, press <<><<> to move the cursor to the left past the equal
sign. Press < ENTER > repeatedly until the bold line symbol appears for equation Y,. (We are doing
this to distinguish the function f from f7' on the graph). Set appropriate window.

To graph the inverse function, press <2nd><DRAW>. Press cursor down repeatedly (or press 8) until it
reaches 8:DrawInv, then press <ENTER>. Enter equation, 2x — 1, then press <ENTER>

ij
DrawiInw 2-1] =
i f A one-to-one
function

x[-5,5] y[-4,4]
Note: When finished drawing inverse for one equation, the next step is very importan
t in order to
clear the graph.

Press <2nd><DRAW>. The cursor will highlight 1:ClrDraw, press <ENTER> <ENTER>.
This
ClreOraw
Dore

b) Follow same steps as problem 8 a) for par ae

ee 3 afz Not a function

eed

x[-5,5] y-4,4]

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of this publication may be reproduced without written permiss
ion from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 363

8. c) Follow same steps as problem 8 a) for y=x°-1.

=I
Yi
A one-to-one
function

x[-5,5] VE 3:4 |
d) Follow same steps as problem 8 a) for y=Vx° —4

ie

_1] Nota
ies A function
(5734 y[-4,4]

9. If f-\(6)=—2 then f(-2)=6 f(x) = a(-x? —x+2)

f(-2)= a(-(-2)’ - (2) +2) =6
1I2a=6

1
a=—
2

10. The inverse of a point in quadrant I must also be a point in quadrant I because an inverse is a reflection
over the line y= x. The inverse of a point in quadrant II must be in quadrant IV so the inverse must be
in quadrants I and IV.

11. (FoCKa)=F |3(F-39)]=2| 5¢r-39))+39= #-32432=F

5\ 9

(comyay=c{ 30432) =F 2c+32-32]=5{2c~ C

5 9\ 5 9\ 5

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BeavaGhabier Solutions
=
= 1 f Wn) x= lye!
12. (fogyx) ite
° 1
= f| —x—3 g ;
(x):x=—y-3 Shee
eC
eae
1
S—y=x+3
oe
: _x-l

sy ax+ 12
=5x-5
—]
I ere poe ae
}=4[554
CFP Sal Pe Mie
' =2x-2+12

me =2x+10
-y=2x+10

Yes, it holds for all one-to-one functions.

1.6 Exercise Set

la) N b) C c)H d) F e) D pa E g)A

h) G i) K j) M k)I l) E m) B n)J
2. a) Shift graph horizontally 1 unit to the right, and vertically 3 units down.
Points are (5, —5) and (a+ 1, b—3).
b) Reflect graph about both x and y-axis, and shift graph vertically | unit up.
Points are (—4, 3) and (—a, —b + 1).

c) Reflect graph about x-axis, and shift graph horizontally 2 units to the left, and 1 unit down.
Points are (2, 1) and (a—2,—b-—1).

d) Graph is compressed horizontally by a factor of 5, and the y-value must be greater than or equal to zero.
Points are (2, 2) and ( 5 a, |b|).

e) The graph is compressed vertically by a factor of >, and shifted horizontally 1 unit to the right and
vertically 4 units up. Points are (5,3) and(a+1, +b+4).

f) Reflect all parts of graph that are above the x-axis to below the x-axis then shift graph horizontally 2 units
to the right. Points are (6, -—2) and(a+2, —|b|).
g) Reflect graph about y-axis and expand horizontally by a factor of 2, then shift graph vertically 1 unit up.
Points are (—8, —1) and (—2a,5+ 1).

h) Reflect graph about both x-axis and y-axis and shift graph horizontally 1 unit to the right.
Points are (—3, 2) and (-a +1, —5).

i) Reflect graph about the line y=x which interchanges x and y, then shift graph vertically 2 units up.
Points are (—2, 6) and (6, a +2).

j) Reflect graph about the line y=x which interchanges x and y, then shift graph horizontally 1 unit to the
left. Points are (—3, 4) and (6 — 1, a).

3.4) f(x+2)=(x+2)-1 b) f(-x)= (4x)? -14 12497

€) -1]+2
—f(x-1)+2=-[(x-1)’ d) 2f0-x)43=2 (-xy-1143

=—(x-1)'+3 pee =e as
2
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions @ 365

3.e) 3 f(x) =3(x? -1) Ds) =Ga) —)

= 3x7 -3 =1 x’?-]

2 2) 2 2

Mea Ale |2 = 36 D)icdx? +|-— | =36 OQ) Asie Yel a6

2 3 5 :
Mit ys = 36 4x’ +(3y) =36 16x" Tie = 36

4x? +9y? =36 _256x2 +9y? =576

5. a) f(n=-5x42 b) fx)=—5x-2 c) fy=-5 a) f(y=-5x+6

7. a) Method 1: Note: [fusing method 1 in all problems of question 7, do only | or 2 changes at a time,
not all steps at once! Refer to example 2, page 42 of this book.
The graph is stretched horizontally by a factor of 2, and shifted vertically up 1 unit.
Method 2: Note: [fusing method 2 review transformation formula on page 13, example \ of this book
and plot key reference points, then draw the transformed graph. My key reference
points for all problems of question 7 are (—3, —1) , (—1, 1), (0, 0), (1, I) and (2, 1).

y=f(ix)+1 has d— 1 b=5, G= 0) and d=

M+ c,an+d)

340, 1--1+1) = (-6, 0)

a + = — — a — ll |
N N
—
See
SS

Graph of y= f(5x)+1

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7. b) Method 1:
horizontally
The graph is reflected about the x-axis, and stretched vertically by a factor of 2, then shifted
2 units to the left and down vertically 1 unit.
Method2:

y=-2f(x+2)-1 face a=). bele jic——2itané od =—1

| | | | ll |
=a
N cs — jot
N Nn
Sa
Sees

| | N —
| _— II | | oS)
bd aoe)
Ss
Sa

=) (cs | | N oS | II | | iat
N pa N
— es ~~”

Sa

{—| | i) _| — II |
—
| eS) Graph of y=—2f(4+2)=+1
eee
SS

| | N
| i) |
ee _— ll Oo Go
a —
—-|oO
malo
—ise
Se

c) Method 1:
The graph is expanded horizontally and vertically by a factor of 2, then shifted horizontally 2 units to the
right, then shifted up vertically 1 unit.

Method2:
y=2f(ix-1)t1
> y=2f{k(x-2)]+1 has a=2, b=1, c=2 and d=

(ye an+d)

le +2, 2-141} II | cSS | —

—

|at+2, 2-141) i =)
ZS
\eS)
Se

0, 0) (9+2 2-041] ll NOy

oy
—
——

|142, 2-141}
2
= (4, 3)
Graph of y=2f(Zx—-1)+1

|vase 2-141] = 16 3)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 367

7. d) Method 1:
The graph is reflected about the y-axis, and expanded vertically by a factor of 2, then shifted horizontally
1 units to the right and up vertically 2 units.
Method2:
y=2f(I-x)+2> y=2f[-(x-1)]}+2 has a=2, b=-l, c=1 and d=2
(m, n) (4+c,an+d)

+ — N | —+ N II So
-
—w Se
aes

| i) N lI &
He
| N
— — + —
oe +
——— — —

SS

+ — NO i=) + i) lI = Nw
— ———

a,

1 2-142] = (0, 4) Graph of y=2f(1-x)+2

aaa
\
ita.
Cm
lmao

(@1)
rel
(24, 2
—-+1, 2°14+2
242) = (44)
= (-l, 4

e) Method 1:
The graph is reflected over both the x-axis and y-axis, and compressed horizontally by a factor of + then
shifted 1 unit horizontally to the right and down vertically 2 units.
Method 2:
y=—f(2-2x)-2 > y=-f[-2(x-1)]-2 has a=-l, b=-2, c=1 and d=-2
(m, n) 4t+c,an+d)
fon

|bs
|
afi i
| — | —
| N ll
—
~ n
| — -
——
\<
$Y
is)

— | —
| N II |
Rey
Js + cS _— — Nn WwW
— —— | ——— ee j{ \ =)yp
sf}
es
eee
ne =

lpi 11-2) Srl (uivuceh Graph of y=—f(2-2x)-2

aS
REE
iy
a

(2, 1) [244 11-2) = (0, -3)

f) y=-2fC tx =) +l=-2f(-
tO $2) F1
The graph is reflected over the x-axis and y-axis, and
horizontally and vertically expanded by a factor of 2,
then shifted horizontally 2 units left and vertically up
1 unit.

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 368 Chapter 1 — Solutions
Pre-Calculus 12

1.7 Chapter Review

Transformations — Multiple-choice Answers

joe) Sb £5: cd 22. d 29. a 36. d 43. b 50. a Silene 64. Cc

2a) oO pea) IGy c 25 C 30. c 37-40 44. a Sheed 58. a 65. d
Seo aC 10. d 17. a 24. a 31. a 38. b 45. c S25; ab are
4. b | Fare ss) d 2Ssa eC 32. b SR) 46. d Doo. wd 60. b
Samra 122.0d 193 a 26. d 33. a 40. d 47. c 54. a 61. d
6. b 1Sa4c 20. d 27. a 34. c¢ 41. d 48. b Soraeb 62. a
Tse 14. d 7A 28. d Jd.» OD 42. b 49. 56. d 63. a

Transformations — Multiple-choice Solutions

Ll FG2)- 22) 210e2}-4 3(-2) — 1]— [2(—2) + 3] = -3-(-1)

=-2.. Answer is a.
. Set x+1=0— x=-1, therefore, shift to left 1 unit; +2 shift vertically up 2
units. Answer is d.
- y=af(x), a>1 hasa vertical expansion factor; y =— f(x) has
a reflection on the x-axis. Answer IS ¢:
_ . Set x-2=0—
WN
Ww x =2, therefore shift to tight 2 units; set y+3=0—> y=-3,
therefore, shift down 3 units.
Answer is b.
5. For the graph of y= f(x), the graph of y=— f(x)
is a reflection on the x-axis. Answer is a.
6. y= f(ax), 0<a<1 hasa horizontal expansion
factor. Answer is b.
7. y=af(bx), a>1 has a vertical expansion; b
> | has a horizontal compression. Answer is c.
8. y=| f(x)| will change the range, but not the domain
. Answer is b.
9. The absolute value |—3|=3 with the range positi
ve up to 3. Answer is b.
10. Reflection on the line y=x is an inverse relation; change every x to y, and
every ytox. Answer is d.
11. x= f(y) is an inverse of y= f(x), therefore switch
x and y. Answer is c.
12. y=—/f(x) isa reflection on the x-axis, and vertic
ally down is negative two. Answer is d.
13. x+1= f(y—1) is an inverse relation; switc
h x and y, (9, —2), then shift horizontally left
(x = 9 — 1) and
vertically up (v =—2+1). Answer is c.

[4)a= WO) ez ee
14. oa e hi re s Tes
Mat)’ ;, restric
restricti
tions are calculated before simplifying, x #—1,0,1.
Answer
is d.

: ;
15. The inverse is STA x+3
Mee a are Answer is d.

16. Reflect in the x-axis has y=— f(x), therefore y=-(x3 2 y4 I) y==x° +x? +x=1. Answer is c.
17. Reflect in the y-axis has y= f(—x) therefore Vax
) Ga) = (-x)+1> y=-713 — 7? 4 x41),
Answer is a.

18. y=x°-1> x=y'-15 Yb=xt1>5 V=\

x41. theinverse is a reflec
on the
ti line
on y=x. Answeris d.

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uced without written permission from the publis
her.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 369

19. If f(x)=x’ —4 then y=| f(x) |=4—x* when -2 <x <2, therefore y-intercept is 4. Then y=-2| f(x)|
reflects inthe x-axis and expands by a factor of 2, therefore y-intercept is —-8. Answer is a.
20. The only one not symmetric in the y-axis is d. Answer is d.

, 1
21. Expand graph horizontally by a factor of 2 and compress graph vertically by a factor of a

Answer is Cc.

22. Change y= in + | to'y= inlF(a

+ |, therefore, graph is shifted horizontally 2 units to the left.

Answer is d.

23. If a<0, then graph is shifted horizontally to the right; if b< 0 then graph is shifted vertically downward.
Answer is c.
24. y=—a f(x) is a reflection on the x-axis, 0 <a < 1 compresses graph vertically. Answer is a.

25. (fcog\(x)=
f(g(x)) = f(W4—2’ ), thus ¥4—x7 =./(2—x)(2+x)
20, -2<x<2. Answer isc.

26. y= f(x) reflects values on the line y =x, quadrant II reflects to quadrant IV and quadrant III reflects
to itself. Answer is d.
27. Change y=sin(2x+4) to y=sin[2(x+2)], shifting graph 2 units right is y=sin2x. Answer is a.

28. Shift graph 2 units left is y= f[-(x+2)], then down 3 units is y= f[—(x+2)]—3, then simplify.
Answer is d.
29. y=| f(x)| has point (-2, 6); y=-—2| f(x)| has point (—2, —12), then shift point vertically up 3 units to
point (-2, —9). Answer is a.

30. This graph is a reflection on the line y=x, which is an inverse relation. Answer is c.
2

31. A horizontally expansion by a factor of 2 units is y= (5) +8, then simplify. Answer is a.

32. y= f(—x) reflects on the y-axis, therefore, point is (1, —2), y=| f(x)| of this point is (1 , 2).
Answer is b.

33. y= f '(x) is an inverse relation, therefore, switch x and y values to (4, —2), then shift graph horizontally
to the left 1 unit to (3, —2). Answer is a.

34. y= f '(x) is an inverse, therefore, switch x and y values to (4, —2), then y= f(—x) reflects graph on the
y-axis to (—4, —2). Answer is c.

2D 2

35. Expand horizontally by a factor of2 is y=ie , then shifted down

2 units is y= is-{5| = Lis

64—x? 5
then simplify to y= 16-~--2 = —2 => 64—x° —2. Answer
is b.

Beene (ean nt
36. fn)
f(—n)=1- a a ore ie sare =———,
; “An swer isis d.

n+l nel

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 Pre-Calculus 12
370 # Chapter 1 — Solutions

ay ye
37. Compressed horizontally by a factor of :is 3x, and expanded vertically by a factor of 2 1s a then simplify
2

Ox): +32] = 36> 81x? +2y? =36. Answer is d.

: 1
38. The graph, y= f(x), has been reflected on the x-axis, and compressed vertically by a factor of 7 to

1
Vie -5f(x), then reflected on the y-axis, therefore y= ee ae . Answer is b.

l
39. The graph is reflected on the x-axis, so, y=— f(x), then compressed by a factor of 5 to y=—f(2x), then

shifted horizontally to the left 2 units, so y=—/[2(x+2)], then simplified to y=—f(2x+4). Answer is a.

40. The graph is expanded vertically by a factor of 2, therefore, y= 2 f(x), then shifted horizontally 2 units left
y=2f(x-2). Answeris d.

41. f(x)=x?—9 then y=| f(x)|=9-x?, -3<x <3 therefore |f(x+2)|=9-(x+2). The y-intercept has
x=0,so 9-(0+2) =5. Answer is d.
42. y=2f(x)9 4s ys2R>, y=-2f(x)9 2s ys4, y=-2f(x)-4- -6S y<0. Answer
is b.

43. y=-2 f(x) will reflect the graph and expanded vertically by a factorial of 2 but the x-intercept will not
change since y=0. Answer is b.

44. f (x) = 2x° —3x = x(2x-3) has x-intercepts 0 and2; f(x)=2x* +3x =x(2x+3) has x-intercepts 0 and —3.
f (x) = 2(-x) —3(-x) = 2x? +3x = g(x); f(—x) is f(x) reflected in y-axis which is x =0. Answer is a.
45. Step | has point (4, —-6) ; Step 2 has point (4, 6) ; Step 3 has point (4, 18) ; Step 4 has point (18, 4).
Answer is c.

46. Reflect on the x-axis is f(x) =—f(x)=-(x° —x* +x-1)=—x° +x? —x+1, reflect on the y-axis is
f(x) = f,(-x) =-(-x)’ + (-x)’ -—(—x) +1, simplify to y= x? +x? +x+1. Answer is d.
47. Reflect on the y-axis is y= f(—x), then shift horizontally 2 units left is y= f[-(x + 2)], then simplify.
Answer is c.

48. Change y=Va—x to y=./—(x—a) , the graph is reflected on the y-axis, then shifted horizontally to the
right. Answer is b.

49. f(x) is x= xG3y-l=y > 3xy-x=y > 3xy-y=x > yGx—-N=x > = hs
3y—1 3x—-1
Answer
is b.

ie; : 2y x
50. aff (x) 1S x=— — x(l-y)=2y > x-xy=2y > xy+2y=x > y(x+2)=x- y=—.
l=y x+2
Answet
is a.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 1 — Solutions ¢ 371

51. f(x)= is a.
g(x)=5x+2, check f(g(x))= f(Sx+2)=—— —. Answer
penesiaay
(5x oe (5x+2)°
52. f(x)= a(x +3)(x)(x-2)
fd-x)=a(0-x+3)1-—x)1-x-2)=a(4-x)d—x)(-1-x), zeros 4, 1,—1. Answer is d.
2( 2x-1 )a) 1 4x—2—x+2 3x -

SR (Fe Ne)=S/@) =[25= Sse PS oaroree x-2 x-2

—z=vx. Answer is a.

54. Change to y= 5fil —1)]—2. Reflect on y-axis is (—3, —4), vertical compression by a factor of ; is

(—3, —2) then shift horizontally to the right 1 unit and vertically down 2 units to (—2, —4) or use method
used in example 1, page 41 of workbook. Answer is a.

. y= f(x) has point (4, —2), then reflect on both x- and y-axis is (—4, 2), then shift vertically down
2 units. Answer is b.
56. Graph is reflected on x-axis is (a, —b), then shifted horizontally 3 units right and vertically up 1 unit is
(a+3, —b+1). Answer is d.

Sie y=-f(x) reflects graph on x-axis is (m, —n), then shifted horizontally to the right 2 units and vertically
up | unit is (m+2 , —n+1). Answer is b.

58. Change y=2f(4-x)-1 to y=2/[-(x-4)]-1. y= f(—%) reflects graph on y-axis is (—a, b),
y=2 f(x) expands graph vertically by a factor 2 is (—a, 25), then shift graph horizontally 4 units to the
right and vertically down | unit is (-a+4, 2b—1). Answer is a.

59. fQ@)Hx’, x= vos yadx thus f= x

Gig ee = (512) =2. Answer is c.

1
60. f(x) =3x+1 has intercept of 1 so does y= =1. Answer is b.
SQ)
aac 3(0) +1
61. f(g (x)= f(2x+l=(2x+1); f(g (a) =(2a+));
flg(x)I- flg(a@]__ (2x+1)° -(2a+1)’ _ 4x? +4x+1-4a° -4a-1 fiA(x? —a’)+4(x-a) _
x-a x-a i. x-a ’ x-a a
A(x — a)(x +a) +4(x-a)
=4(x+a)+4=4x+4a+4. Answer is d.
x-a

2(=4) oS Seager ee iets Ww 2x? 42-5x7 +5 2

62. (2/2) =2f@)= (% ‘t).3(sH)+4 Sees Ixa—l Z es e
. Answer is a.
a = x

63. A horizontal expansion by a factor of 3 is 2) +y=l.

A vertical compression by a factor of of ; is x’ +(2y) =1, together simplified is a +4y?=1.

Answer is a.

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OPtaGbamendesolutions
372 # Chapter 1 — Solutions EESPre-Calculus 12

64. y= f(4—2x)-1> y= f[-2(x-2)]-1

: :
Method 1: The —2 compresses x-value by a factor of >? and reflects in the y-axis, (2, 8)

The x — 2 and —1 shifts graph two units right, and one unit down (4, 7). Answer is c.
65 The graph is reflected on the x-axis, therefore, a=—1. The graph is compressed horizontally by a factor of

7 therefore, b=2. Answer is d.

Polynomial Solutions

2.1 Exercise Set

1. a)continuous b)7v,0,n-1 c)n,l1,n—-1 d) solution or root; x — a, x-intercept or zero

e) descending

Polynomial, Leading Special

Equation Yes / No Degree Le Coefficient Name

b) V2x* —V3x +2 No, Vx exponent is a

fraction

c) —4,? shia! = Dx No, V2 not real

d) 3x+2 Yes linear

Yes 0 5 constant

3. Graphs a), b), and d) are polynomials.

4. a) A real zero is where the graph crosses or touches the x-axis. Therefore, the real zero is x =—3.
b) Real zeros occur at —2, 1, 3.

5. a) Maximum number of solutions is the degree of the polynomial, which is 5. An odd polynomial must
cross the x-axis at least once because an odd polynomial either starts up and ends down, or starts down
and ends up. Therefore, minimum number of solutions is one.

Maximum number of solutions is the degree of the polynomial, which is 6. An even polynomial either
starts up and ends up or starts down and ends down. It doesn’t have to cross the x-axis, so the minimum
number of solutions is zero.
b) An odd polynomial must always cross the x-axis. Therefore, one is the minimum number of zeros if 7 is
an odd number. The maximum number of zeros is the degree of the polynomial. Therefore, “n” is the
maximum number of zeros if 7 is an odd number.

An even polynomial does not have to cross the x-axis. Therefore, zero is the minimum number of zeros
if nis an even number. The maximum number of zeros is again the degree of the polynomial.
Therefore, m is the maximum number of zeros if 7 is an even number.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 373

6. a) polynomial, 4 b) No, exponent nota whole number _ c) No, exponent not a whole number
d) polynomial,0 —_e) polynomial, 3 f) No, exponent not a whole number
g) polynomial,3 —_h) polynomial, 2 i) polynomial, 2
j) No, exponent not a whole number
7. a) falls to the left, rises to the right b) rises to the left, falls to the right
c) rises to the left, rises to the right d) falls to the left, falls to the right
e) falls to the left, rises to the right f) rises to the left, falls to the right
g) rises to the left, rises to the right h) falls to the left, falls to the right
i) falls to the left, rises to the right j) rises to the left, falls to the right

8.a) f(x)=-3x° _b) g(x)=2x° ~~ e) A(x) =2.3x* dd) k(x) =-2.4x° (Answers may vary.)

9.a) x=-2,2;-—2 of multiplicity 1 b) x=4;4 of multiplicity 2 c) x=0,2;0 of multiplicity 1

2 of multiplicity 1 2 of multiplicity 2

d) x=0;1+ V2 of multiplicity 1 e) x=-4,0,5;—4 of multiplicity 1 f) x=-1,1;—1 of multiplicity 1

: 0 of multiplicity 2 | of multiplicity 1
5 of multiplicity 1

g) © h) x=-5,4,5;—5 of multiplicity 1 i) x=-3,-—2,2;-—3 of mult. 1

4 of multiplicity 1 —2 of mult. 1
5 of multiplicity 1 2 ofmult. 1

j) x= -1,1,5;-1 of multiplicity1 k) x=-1,1;-1 of multiplicity2 lI) x=- eT A

1 of multiplicity 1 1 of multiplicity 2 => ,-L,1, V2 of multiplicity 1

5 of multiplicity 1
m) x=0,2;0 of multiplicity 2 n) x=+2,-—1,1,2;

2 of multiplicity 2 —2,—1, 1, 2 of multiplicity 1

2.2 Exercise Set

1. a) 4 turns, therefore degree 5 b) 3 turns, therefore degree 4 c) 3 turns, therefore degree 4
d) 4 turns, therefore degree 5 e) 4 turns, therefore degree 5 f) 6 turns, therefore degree 7
2.a) 3; between -4<x<-—3, between 3<x<4,at x=-2

b) 3; between —2<x<-l, at x=2, between —1<x<0

3.a) P(x)=a(x+2)(x—-1)(x—3) , with y-intercept —2

P(0)=a(0+2)0-—1)0-—3)=-2
6a=-2
a=—+, therefore, P(x) =—1(« +2)(x —1)(x—3)

b) P(x)=a(x+2)(x—1)(x—3), with y-intercept —3

P(0)=a(0+2)(0-1) (0-3) =-3
—6a=-3

a= 5, therefore, P(x)=+(x+2)(x—-1)’(x-3)

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Biieiayeeomins
3.) P(x) =a(x+1)\(x+0)(x—3)’, with point (1, -4)
P(1)=a(1+1(? (1-3) =-4
—l6a=—+4
a=1, therefore, P(x)=1x°(x+1\(x- SNe
d) P(x) =a(x+2)°(x-1)?(x—3)’, with y-intercept 8
P(0)=a(0+2)(0-1)°(0-3)’ =8
72a=8
a=1, therefore, P(x)=+(x+2)'(x- 1)’ (x-3/

4. a) atlas b) 14420 c) Ce Eg
3 2 16
x <0 x >-8 = 16
25 aa) —2<xs2

d) x = 10 e) aay oe) f) 9x-x° 20

pa x? (x—-2)(x+2)20 x(3-—x)(3+x)
20
5a | TSI SONI Bees Js xs-3, 0O<xsS3

Qh =x 31 +107 >0 h) Ke
Ay = Ay 0) i) x(x+1)?(x-2)(x-4)
20
—x(x+5)(x-2)20 x (x—4)(x4+1)20 x=-l, O<x<2, x24

Yas Ss 2 Cooly = 0A

j) x’ (x+1)(x-1)20
=r Oye |

(All of the answers to question 4 can easily be seen by graphing the polynomial function.)

5. a) yA b) Y

>X

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 375

7.a) P(x)=a(x+1)(x-2)
P(0)=a(0+1)(0-2)=—4
—2a=—4
a=2, therefore, P(x) =2(x +1)’ (x-2)

b) P(x)=ax?(x-1)?(x—-2)
P(-1)= a(-1)’ (-1-1)°(-1-2) =12
24a=12
l
a= 7 therefore, P(x) = Be (x—1)'(x-2)

c) P(x) =a(2x-1)(3x+2)
P(0)=a(2:0-1)(3:0+2)° =-3
—-4a=-3

a= . therefore, P(x) = 22x —1)(3x+2)

d) If the root —+ has multiplicity 3, then it must have (2x + 1)° as a factor.
If 2x? —x—1 is a factor, then it factors into (2x +1)(x—-1).
Find the L.C.M. of these 2 factors (2x+1)° and (2x+1)(x—1), therefore, P(x)=a(2x+1)(x-1)

e) P(x)=ax(x—2)(x* —2x-—5)
P(3)=a-3(3—2)(3° —2:3-5)=12
—6a=12

a==-2, therefore, P(x) =—2x(x—2)\(x*=2x=5)

f) If the graph is symmetric to the y-axis, it must also be tangent at (— 3, 0).

So P(x) =a(x+3)(x-3)

P(0)=a(0+3) (0-3) =27

8la=27
l
ae therefore, P(x) = s(t+3)°(x-3)

8. Minimum number of real roots is 2.

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 Pre-Calculus 12
376 Chapter 2 — Solutions

2.3 Exercise Set

oy 18 4x? +2x4+]
1. a) x—3)x° 8x? 3 +2 b) 2x-1)8x°+0x? +0x-1
aires 8x° — 4x?

—5x? —3x 4x?

—5x* +15x 4x°

=2x
—18x+2 2x—]

—18x +54 2x-1

=52 0
x? —8x? —3x+2=(x—-3)(x’ —5x—-18)—52 8x° —1=(2x—1)(4x7 +2x +1)

joo ey) os 52
Co oe eS =4x? 42x41
x-3 x-3

LOO | x? -2
Cy +1)x8 42x48 tx? 3x44 d) x =1)x4 + 0x9 3x? + 0x +8
5 3
Os Xx t= x?

=O 8

Di nme 2 =e 2,

— 2x > — x? —3x 6
—2 > — tas x* —3x* +8= (x? =1)(x? —2)4+6
4 2
—x°-x+4 —3x° +8
x -] x -]
-x° - 1

=D

x 42x7 — x +x° -3x4+4= (x7 +10 +2x? -2x-1)— x45

5 4 3} aD
x +2x°-x +x°-3x4+4 —x+5
ey x ye —1
x +1 xt

TT EP AE a eee eee eee

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 377

x+6 x+2
1. e) x? -4x-12)x? +2x? -13x+10 f) Roe ie On 5x eI

x= 4x? — 10K lle

6x° + F716 2x* —5x

6x0 = 24x72 24 AX
23x +82 yal

x° +2x7 —13x+10= (x? —4x—-12)(x+6)+

23x +82 x —5x+ l= (7 —2x)(x+2)-—x+1

ot 2x ho 10 23x +82 Sa —x+]

se Se est 5
=k, fiat oe SO aera as apa
x —4x-12 x —4x-12 x —2x x —2x

x+6 Pact) ey)

g) y e3c 42 4 Oxee ie e h) ix? = 3)x4Oy = 4x 90x43

yee Srey x — 3x7

Ox Se 44 9x? —2x* —32x

6x° + 18x+12 9x? 27x

8x1 —14e 12 —2x° -5x+3

=2x? +6

—5x-3
x* +6x° + 11x? + 6x = (x? +3x+2)(x+6)+8x*
—14x-12 x* +9x° —5x? —32x+3=(x?
—3)(x* +9x—-2)-—5x-3
x' +6x> +11x+6x mn Sy tae 12 x 9 = 5x*=32x43 Soyo
+6+ 5 Vane ot
eae eae) x 43x42 x -3 x=

Bea)
2) 1 2 -3 ea hye a0. O—42a°
27810 a 2 3

PAs Sh
O(x)=x° +4x+5 O(x)=x° +axta
R=11 R=0
¢ = 4 0 5 -=3 adult 0 -5 0 © 10
-8 16 -42 1 1-4-4 -4
4 -8 21 -45 11444 | 6
O(x)=4x’ -8x+21 O(x)=x*+x° -4x°-4x-4
R=-45 R=6

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 378 # Chapter 2 — Solutions
Pre-Calculus 12

2 Wel OREO.) f) 1] AT Oe Oe Ome

0.21 0.441
On 0.21 0.641
OMe 01440271 O(*) said=x" an—x° eae +x? oe -—x4+1
R=0.641 R=0
ema Vea, 23. h), 3| =O ees
Sian Onn Ob) 1 O94 OS
Sh Gee ee 2 0° SORT RO
O@)== R=? O(x)=x°+1,R=0
note. multiply divisor by 3, divide quotient by 3
note: multiply divisor by 2, divide quotient by 2

it) 0.8) Ae 0 _7 3 i) OA} “SIR=3 is 2h ges |

-2.4 0.32 -4.256 3.4048 2.87616 12 0.72 0.512 -0.9952
3 -0.4 532-4256 3.5952 0.12384 3-18 1.28 -2.488 0.0048
O(x) = 3x* —0.4x° +5.32x? — 4.256x— 3.5952 U(x) = 3x —1.8x" + 1.28x— 2.488
— 3 2

R=-0.12384 R=0.0048
k) x? —L=(x—1)(x+1)
1) i =X = 6= (1s)
Ce Se ee |1 ee
te fedee ees. 3 = 26 4 20 0
Pili eee sO 3 1) 3 So aries
ieens
e aes. 3°
Hats 5 — OR
10th fg
Oe ns
ae |Saar
i> S0e a en
O(n =x 35% =3
O@)=x 245
R=0
R=0

3. a) -2]} 4 -7 -11 5 b) all 6: ==)Geel een

—8 30 -—38
deer ae
seats 33 6/1 Om
4x! — Tx? — 11x +5 = (x+2)(4x? - 15x +19) —33 6x’ — 16x? +17x—-6 = (x—2)(6x? 12x +9)
= (3x -2)(2x? — 4x + 3)

e)i ai P07 0) =64 d) +] 4 16 23 15

4 16 64 eee
Dire Oe 0 4: 1S tale
x ~64 = (x-4)(x? +4x416)

4x° + 16x? — 23x +15=(x-1)(4x? +18x—-14)+

8
=(2x—1)(2x? +9x—7)+8

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publis

hing. No part of this publication may be
reproduced without written permission from
the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 379

Br ree aT els 0 -4 0 f) Dein 3, Us 10 -8

ay ee Coe Bee 3oe 42 8
10 TENSE ee es eee Ose 4. 0
edn ac 14 3a = ee eee) oe 3 A 3x4 (2 = V2 )x 842)
g) 5| 1 -4 -15 58 -40 h) D1) SS A) SOS
5. 5 60 46 POOL 8
ember C3) ae igtcas ep <i |i) MO agtee hae amr
x — 4x — 15x? + 58x40 x? —2x* +x° -S=(x-2)(x*
+x? +2x4+4)4+3

(x—5)(x?
+ x” —10x +8)

i) x°4+3x4+2=(x+2)(x4+1) Wy) x? —4=(x-2)(x+2)

SAIS Box 2 1 9 -5 -36 4
=2 -8 ~6 2 22 34 =4
2s ee ae eae Tan
2S —2 -18 Z
Ea a9) 1 0

x? +6x° +1 1x? +6x =x(x° + 6x? +11x+6)

x* + 9x? —5x? —36x+4=(x?
—4)(x* +9x-1)
= x(x+3)(x? +3x +2)

k) -4| 1 16 64 64 3) 1 -9 27 -27
3 -18 27

Payee ly 60k 1 b) Al 1, =1) %k -8

2 4 2k+8 4 12 4k +48
POiD Bear 3 et kere 9.0

14+2k+8=-3 —8+4k+48=0
k= -6 k=-10

Cleo 0n ek3 5 d) =) Pale 10% ink 6

4 48 2k+16 4k+26 =) 4 —2k—-8
pega ial a any. iGo 1 22 k+4 4
5+4k+26=3 6-—2k-8=4
k==7 k=-3

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 380 # Chapter 2 — Solutions
9)
n r Pre-Calculus 12

4 EOE BD fy) 1] kon ~2

ei Sh Ch | k m+k m+k+]
1 Bole K—1 5 kK mt+k m+k+1 6
—7+k+1=5
—2+m+k+1=6
k= 11 m+k=7
Reese ory -2| k m 1 ~2
—l ee
—2k —2m+4k —2+4m-8k
Ps mat ie: k m-2k 1-2m+4k 12
Remainder is 3 —2-—2+4m-8k=12

4m-8k=16

m-—2k=4
Thus m+k=7
m-2k=4
Sk= 3
k=1,m+1=7
m=6

gp lh ee 0 —m 15 h) {| 2+ GSE 0 |
1 k+1 k+] —m+k+]
Bmp AS k+3 k+3
1 K+1 k+l -m+k+] 0 3 BSu Se pote k+10
15-m+k+1=0
2| 1 0 0 a
—m+k=-16
2 4 8 2k +16
~3| | k 0 —m 15 l 2. » AY CORES penis
pe nS Ok 27 3m—27k+81 Thus k+10=2k
1 eh 8)
oeee) —m+9k-27
410
0 Pe ss
15+3m-—27k+81=0

3m—27k =—96

m—9k=-—32

Thus —MN-Hk=—16
m—9k =-32
~8k =—48
k=6,-m+6=-16
Hi

5 45)SsSy,0a=>- © NRS S S on< © |LeeOQ anfe}oQ3 ee)oO t2°)Q = v f=]a = EB: 5 ge Za,fo) no}2 a ° 2 > 5. t= 3 = 2
:
oo

Ss x.2) i=} | pe)ae oaoO }Lex3 3 a.=I fo)oO a. = = io)< =

io ieotay 3 as} E. n Z. 5 > 3 SS ° KS)< 2 = = s
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions # 381

2.4 Exercise
Set

Pepaye P(-2) (2) 3-2) 7a DE PG 202) — 2) 2

=8 =-16
e) Pd4V2)=-204+V2) +404V2)+3 d) P(a)=a°-5a°+4a°
= (VIN? $2) aC es =U
=O) 4a a eager
=1

2. a) P(2)=2'+k(2)+1=-3 b) P(4)=4-47 +k(4)-8=0

2k =-12 4k =—A0
k=-6 k=-10
Cyn Q)=2.2°+
4-27 -3(2)45=3 d) P(-2)=(-2) +k(-2)+6=4
4k =-28 ~2k =6
k=-7 k=-3
| PCl=(-ly
+kCly -2-)-7=5 f) =P(l)=k
(1) +m(1)2 +1-2=6
k=11 k+m=7

P= 1 2iidy 20-723 P(-2)=k(-2)'

+m(-2Y -2-2=12
Remainder is 3 —8k+4m=16

2k-m=-—4

k+m=7 k+m=7
2k—m=—4 => « l+m=7
3k =3 m=6
k=1
g) P(l)=l'+k(1)—m()+15=0
k—m=-16 k—-m=-16 k-m=-16

P(-3) = (-3)' + k(-3)' — m(-3)+ 15 =0 —9k+m=-32 > 6-m=-16

27k + 3m = —96 a ae cates
~9k+m=-32
h) P(1)=3(1)'+k(1 +7=R
f(2)=(2)' +k(2)-4=R
Therefore, 3+k+7=16+2k-4

10+4=12+2k

k=-2

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 Pre-Calculus 12
382 @ Chapter 2 — Solutions

3. a) Ifa polynomial is divided by (x — a), its remainder is P(a) (Remainder Theorem)

b) P(3)=18 means the point (3 , 18). Frequently, students get this concept wrong.

P(x)=x° —rx? 4+3x+r’

P(3)=27-9r+9+r =18

r’?—9r+18=0 > (r-6\(r—-3)=0 > r=3,6

©) f(x)=x"+x-8
f(2)=2"4+2-8=10 > 2"=16 > n=4

d) Remember, if a polynomial is divided by (x + a), its remainder is f(—a).

P(x)=x" +5x—2

P(-a) =(-a) +5(-—a)-2=8

+65
a’ —5a—10=0, therefore by quadratic equation, a= ee

e) Please do not try to do this question by synthetic division!

Remember, if a polynomial is divided by (x + a), its remainder is P(—a).

Therefore, P(x)=kx°+2x*°+4x+7
P(-D=kCl1)” +2(-l)” +4(-l+ 7 =23
Ko oD —-4 +7=23
k =18

f) If P(x)=2x°+3x?+kx+m

P(1)=2(1) +3(1)Y +k()+m=8 P(-2)=2(-2) +3(-2)' + k(-2)+m= —13

De kp 8 —16+12-2k+m=-13

k+m=3 2k—-m=9
k+m=
2k—-m= 9
3k =12 4+m=3
k = 4, n= 1

4.a) 1} 2 —7 2 3 b) 2] 1 3 —10 24
Dies tats 3 2 =) 24
2 = See 0 1 Sy ma) 0

(x —1)(2x* — 5x —3) (x-2)(x? —x-12)

(x —1)(2x + 1)(x — 3) (x —2)(x —4)(x +3)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 383

4. c) -l] 1 1 -9 -9 a) a2 a7 os 71
= OF 2a 4° 1
re i) 2-5 4 -1 0
x(x +1)(x? —9) 2-3 1
x(x + 1)(x —3)(x +3) (C=
2°]
2-1 0
therefore, (x —1)* (2x —1)

2] 2 5 =11. =20 (192 f) x —3x+2=(x-2)(x-1)

25) ; 45 18- a(Be Oi 25 ©3828 1-8
| 10 6 De A 26 = DA? 18
2 5 =; 0 eb =6° 11370512), 4,_ 0
(x? —4)(2x* + 5x — 3) fees oe gat
(x* — 4)(2x —1)(x +3) ets esc 4 0
1 -4 4
AS eC ree
ed
1 -—2 0

therefore, (x —2)*(x—1)°

5. a) Use synthetic division.

2) 3 1 20) Fi? therefore, the other roots come from

6 14 3x7 +7x-6=0
Be 615 jae) (3x-2)(x+3)=0

es ae
3
b) If P(x)=—4x°+2x? -—2kxt+k?

P(1)=—4(2)'+2(2) -2k(4)+# =0
ke -k=0
k(k—-I(k +1)=0
laea0aNbag—d

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5. c) This isa very important concept: If x=c, then x—c must be a factor of P(x).

d) P(a)=2a
-a-a’ +(1-a’)a+5=0
2a —a +a—a +5=0
a=—5

e) If(x+1) isa factor, then f(-1) = 0, therefore, put —1 into the equation and set it equal to zero.
f(x) =2x* +(k+1)x? -6kx411,
f(-1) =2(-1)* +(k + 1)(-1 — 6k (-1) + 11=0
2+k+1+6k+11=0
7k=-14
k=-2

f) Factor each known factor:

x’ —4=(x-2)(x+2)

x —2x=x(x—2) Find the common denominator.

x +x—-2=(x+2\(x-1)

The lowest degree polynomial P(x) = ax(x—2)\(x+2)(x-l)=ax*+ ++

Therefore, the lowest degree is 4.

g) f(k)=2k —k-k? +(3-k’)-k-6=0

2k? —k’+3k—-k -6=0
3k =6
k=2

+ 12
Se?” 14 Ze 12
6
=] 0 7 =O
igen Ones 6 0

| I -6 0 therefore, (x +2)(x + 1)(x-1)(x? +x-6)

(x +2)(x + I(x -1)(x + 3)(x- 2)

hg iifere) ME So (2 ae
i EE
a 1 2 2 6 3 0 — now guess 2" (x—1) factor
1 -l -3 3
a ioc3 * 0 = now guess 3" (x—1) factor
1 QO -3
1 One 0 therefore, (x —1)°(x? —3)
(x—1)(x-V3)\(x4+-v3)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions 385

7. j) f(x) = +x? +axtb, g(x) = x -x°?-axt+b

x—1 isafactorof f(x) ~ fC) P+?+a()+b=0 > atb=-2
x—1 isafactorof g(x) > g(J) f-1-—a(l)+b=0 > —a+b=0
2b=-2 a+b=-2
b=-1, a-—l|=-2
a--

2.5 Exercise Set

V =x(12—2x)(15—2x) =162
2x3 —27x? +90x-81=0
Test3.093 27ax

= 0081
6° =26307 fot
realy 27 0

(x —3)(2x?
—21x +27) =0 reject 1.5, less than 2
(x—3)(2x=3KXx—9)=0 reject 9, makes length negative

Must cut corner 3 cm wide.

Zz v=x(1252x)d5—2x)=150

xe 27x +90x—75=0 This does not factor; use graphing calculator.

EEE x =1.27 reject, less than 2

value
zero
Mini Mur = 3.29 ok
4: Max 1M
at init.cake = 8.93 reject
6 cere
red aes ey EERE ©SY makes length negative
Calculate zero.

Must cut corners 3.29 cm wide.

Tae
cylinder re
hemisphere
=—
eB Vtotal =nrh+=—nr°
3
12-r
= mr(2=r)+ Sar = 3607

MGSEH, 325, Ossce r° —36r? +1080 =0

6| 1 -36 0 1080 (x -—6)(x” — 30x —180)=0

6 -180 —-—1080
30+ /(-30)° — 4(1)(-180 Fs5.12, reject,
i negative payee |
tea30. 180 0 x= 30 Fy E30)" 4-180) eS
2 35.12, reject, makes height negative

Radius is 6 cm.

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 Pre-Calculus 12
386 @ Chapter 2 — Solutions

Test 2, 3,4
4. h +x? =(x+1/ ee
4| 2 1 O -144
h x+1 h? =2x+1 :
8 36 144
6=5xV2x41
29820 0
144 =x?(2x
+1)
2x? +x? -144=0
-9 + [81 4(2)(36) =_-9+V-207 _o,
(x—4)(2x* + 9x + 36) =0 x=
4 4
Sides are 3, 4 and 5 cm long.

5 Var
W en V =(x4+1)(x+2)(x+3)=6x10 Test 2, 3,6

=p! (ode) x +6x° +11x—54=0 2| 1 6 11 -54

2 16 54
=6m

(x —2)(x* +8x+27)=0

_ SSS 848-4027)
4127 _5 Increase sides by 2 m.
2

6. V=L-W-H V =(x4+1)(x4+1I(x+2)=2x6 Test

1,2,5
=e lien KeEAX?
5x 10=0 1 e435 10
=2m° Lae 510
1 SSK stor +1
(x—1)(x? +5x+10)=0

_S#V5'-400) _
eos ,) =

Increase sides by 1 m.

V=x(S—2x)8—2x)=14 — Test 1, 1, (4, 7) reject, bigger than 2

2x* — 13x” +20x-7=0 A Aion I omy eee
(x —4)(2x? —12x+14)=0 Wee On). vi
elope alte 0
(2x —1)(x? —6x+7)=0

1.586 accept
2 4.414 reject, makes length negative

The cut out squares must have either 0.5-inch sides or 1.586-inch sides.

8. Profit= R(x)—C(x)>0
Break even must have C(x) = R(x)
(100x
—x?)— (4x? — 6x’ +89x +100) >0
—13°+5x° +11x-100>0. 2ereo
H=3.9236387? Y=0

Does not factor.

Use graphing calculator and find zeros.
Makes a profit from 3.92 to 15.89 units or 4 to 15 units.

gl ec a ess te i pi a
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions 4 387

9. {6-x Volume = cube + prism

; =x’ +1(x)(6—x)(x) = 80

i x + 6x? —160=0
Difficult to factor. Use graphing calculator and find zero. Zero is 4.0.
Sides of shed are 4.0 m.

10. To find maximum volume, must use graphing calculator.

V =x(9—2x)(15—2x)

‘
i
Raximum
Ares=a H=L.B208499 ¥=110.81908

Maximum volume is 110.8 inches3.

ee V=x'y, 4xt+y=120 Test 1.3)5,.15) ...

y y=120-4x 15| 1 -30 On 3375
aS
eee 15s
V = x*(120—4x) = 13500
ee he 0
x x 30x? +3375=0
y (x —15)(x? —15x—225) =0 pene Ke)
2
==9 27, reject
= 24.27, accept
Length of base could be 15 cm or 24.27 cm.

12. To find maximum volume must use graphing calculator.

Vay y

= x°(120—4x)

Haxiraur
HCO, Y=1LeOo0

Maximum volume is 16 000 cm? when x = 20 cm and heighty= 40 cm.

ee ee
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Cie Ghdmm sums
2.6 Chapter Review

Polynomials — Multiple-choice Answers

jee 6. Cc tod 16. b ib. 26 ae, SU bee 41. a 46. a

Lee pax: 12. a 17. 0 pip Rees Dies Sia a 332 ce 4 id 47. b
348 Sa 1325 c¢ 18. d Soma 28. bn 0. :33u: tdile N38 43. a 48. d
4. c vs ae 14. c¢ 19. a 24. a 29244 34. c By ore 44. c¢ 49. ¢
> a 10. a 15. a 20. c 25556 30. a 35.- b 40. b 45. b 50. b

Polynomials — Multiple-choice Solutions

1. The graph is shifted down 2 units. y= g(x +2)>(x-1)

y-intercept (0, —2) becomes (0, —4) P27(0+2)(0- 1) =—4

a=)

y=(x+2)(x-1) Answer is b.
2. Test—1, 1,—-2,2,-3,3,-6,6 —I| 1 (ie aes (x +1)(x? —x-6)=0

a Sa ae (x+1\x—3)\(x+2)=0
1 -1 -6 0
x=-1,-—2,3 Answer is d.

. By definition, answer is a.
. a<0, d#0. Answeris c.

. Graph is shifted 2 units to the left. Answer is a.

x? +2x? —5x—-6=(x—2)(x’ +4x+3). Answer is c.
. Has 4 turns thus degree 5. Answer is d.

P(x)=x°=-1 P(1)=(1)? -1=-1-1=-2. Answer is a.

» y= f(x) =-a(x+2)(xt+I(x-]), y=x f(x) =-ax(x+2)(x+1)\(x-1). Graph is c.

10. Graph shifts 2 units left and up 1 unit. Answer is a.

11. Graph is above x-axis when x >1. Answer is d.
12. By definition, answer is a.
13. By graphing calculator, answer is c.
14. Graph is shifted 1 unit right, then P(x) is doubled. Answer is c.
15. By definition, point is (-3, 4). Answer is a.
16. Use graphing calculator. Zero is—1.89. Answer is b.
17. x =0,x
=3 are the two real zeros. Answer is b.

18. f(2)=k(2-1(2+
2) (2-3)=5 3 -16k=5 > k=-—., Answeris d.

19. f(x) =4@4+2)G—-Ia—3) > (0)=a(0+2) 0=1\03)=12 S 124512 5 wel Answers at

20. a>Oande<0O. is c.
Answer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions # 389

x? —3x+3
21. 3x eax Ox He —3

x4 =a

= 8x OK ek

ase +9x

—8x +6 Answer is b.
22. Four turning points, therefore degree 5. Answer is c.
23. (-2) -(-2) +k(-2)+5=1 > -8-4-2k+5=1 > -2k=8 ~ k=-4. Answer isa.
24. By definition, P(—3)=0. Answer is a.
25. By definition, P(S)=0. Answer is c.
26. P(x)=xf(x)+k > P(0)=0f(0)+k > a=0+k > k=a. Answeris a.

20. P(x)=—x° +--+ with double zero at -4, triple zero at 4. Answer is c.
28. If P(—3)=5, then —3 could not be a zero. Answer is b.
29. The zeros will not change, therefore zeros are —2, 2,4. Answer is a.

30. The zeros are -2x=0 > x=0 and x*-2=0 > x°=2 > x= v2. Answer
is a.
SUE An odd degree has | to solutions. Answer is b.

Pte)
32. x +x-1 \x3—2x*+0x+6

xt
3
x°- x
= 3574. x6

81 ono

4x'+3 Answer is d.

33. P(3)=(3-—3)q(x)+r=r. Answer is d.

34. Shift graph 5 right and 4 up and find zeros or an easy way by shift vertical axis 5 left and horizontal axis
down 4. Zero is 1. Answer is c.

35. y= f(x)-3=a(x+2)(x-1) with y= f(0)-3=-6 > a(0+2)(0-1)=-6 > a=5

y=SOr42)0(x-D). Answer is b.

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 sc easomio
e0vGhipe
x +7
36. xP 43x—2)x4 430° + 5x? + 210-13
x" +3x° — 2x?

7x* + 21x-13
Tx? +21x—-14

1 Answer is a.
37. f(x)=1 occurs at x=—5,—1,5. Answer is c.

380e AO ee te 12
4 Rey TD x —2x-—3=0
tee a 0 (x-3)(x+1)=0 Answer is b.

39. aX2=6 > a=3 b+3=-1 > b=-4 Answer isc.

40. k(-1)* +2(-1)” —4(-1) -6 = 23 + k—-2+4-6=23 — k=27. Answer

is b.

41. y=-x*+---—3, starts down touches x-axis at —1, and goes through at 1 and 3. Answer is a.

42. x°+V2x? —4x-4V2 =0

x?(x+V¥2)-4(x+¥2)=0
(x? —4(x4+V¥2)=0
(x—2)(x+2\x+V2)=0 x=-2,2,-V2 Answer isd.
43. -I| 1 0 a b =) Mw 0 a b -a+b=1
Lie 0) a ae Ro es pains ae
Duetieaciy .0 oer are ee =e
b-a-1=0 b-2a-8=0
—a+b=] —2a+b=8 Answer
is a.

44. P(x)=ax’
+x? -13x+6 ee 1) 18566 2x? +5x-3=0
P(2)=a-2?+2?-13-2+6=0 4) 10 58 G43)
ny a0
pines ae a
a=2 x=-3,9 Answer is c.

45. P(x)=x'+4x°
+ax’ +bx-3 0209
P()=1 +4 +a+ b-3=-25
5 atb=-45 5 _4a+2b=
PO ieeeb= 3= 465 Apt 2h=1 eu
a=), b=-95 Answer is b.

46. 8x° +ax? +16x+3=(4x—3)(2x*

+ bx+1)+6 4—3b=16 9 @=40 36

=8x>+(4b—6)x” +(4—3b)x+3 b=-4 =4(-4)—6

=-22 Answer is a.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 2 — Solutions ¢ 391

47. P(x)=a(x-1\(x-2)(x-c)
P(0)=a(0-1)(0—2)(0—c)=10 > -2ac=10
ac=-—5
P(5)=a(5—1)(5—2)(5—c)
= 480 > 12a(5-—c)=480 rr

5a—ac= 40 ae

5a+5=40 5
c=—
a=7 Th Answer
is b.

Alte Or a. 43 eel ON ea 3
16 teh ae =e et oe 8
1 1 a+l at+4 1 —2 at+4 -2a-5

(a+4)y =-2a-5
a +8a+16=—2a-—5

a’ +10a+21=0

(a+3)at+7)=0 > a=-3,-7 Answer is d.

49. P(x)=x*+ax’? +bx—-5

P(2)=16+4a+2b-5=4a+2b+11
P(-l)=1.,+a-=b-5= a- b-4
Thus 4a+2b+ll=a-—b-—4+4+12
a+b=-1
3a+ 3b =-3
2a—b=10 Ret
CR! 4s G 3+b=-1
P(-2)=16+4a-2b-5=31 Bes AEBS)

2a—b=10 Answer
is c.

50. First slice V = x°(x—1) Test 1723.4

Second slice V = x?(x—-1)—x(x-1) Alle dl 536
ia = 8 36
x —-x° -x° +x=36
1 9 0O
x — 2x’ +x—36=0

x°+2x4+9=0 x=
Petey
ie
5
40) 2

Therefore original cube is 4° =64cm’*. Answer is b.

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 Pre-Calculus 12
392 ¢ Section 3 — Solutions

Radical and Rational Function Solutions

3.1 Exercise Set

1. a) radicand b) radical c) index ad) Vx e) square

f) cube g) even, negative h) negative
DREN Vas b) © c) 2 d) —2 e) +1
f) © g) 2 h) —2
3. a) 2x b) —2x c) 3x d) —3x
4. a) all real numbers; all real numbers b) x20; y20 ce) xSihy20 d) x21; ys0
Cera tas ly 22 a) nel. y2-3 h)x2—-2; ps3 2
1D) Ve
j) x22, x<-2;y20 Kaze 2 < 25750 Wises ess esi
5. a) J b) E ¢) ib d) G e) M f) A g)Kk
h) D i) C j) B k) N I) I m) F n) H

6. a) b) c) d)

Domain: all real numbers Domain: x 20 Domain: all real numbers Domain: —2<x <2
Range: all real numbers Range: y20 Range: y<4 Range: 0< y<2

e) f) g)

Domain: all real numbers Domain: x <-3,x >3 Domain: all real numbers Domain: x <2
Rangey y2-3 Range: y20 Range: all real numbers Range: y20

3.2 Exercise Set

1. a) radicand Dx =7 c) extraneous

2.a) x=—2 Dy Z c) x=-2

3.8) ox-4=0 ; f(0)=V2-0-4 D) ¥4xr42=0 ; f(0)= 44-042

V2x=4 ane V4x =-2 =e
2x=16 ReneS
x=8 x=-2

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions # 393

3.¢) V4x-3-5=0 ; f(0)=V4-0-3-5 qd) ¥2x-1-4=0 ; f(0)=%2-0-1-4

4x-3=5 f(0)=2 4 = ae
4x—3=25 no y-intercept ee = 6d 5

hs 2x=65
ua x= 32.5
&) Jox+4=0 ; £(0)=V2-0+4 De 0 Oy 40-2
Ny es Ly V4—x =2 =2-2
2x = 16 4-x=4 =)
ras x=0
Check

V2:8+4#0 nox-intercept

Ce 41a =O me (OO te) neo

=4=0" f(0)=N0'+6-0—4
ee CA high =f tT x°+6x =4 =—4

cela Ay) x’ +6x =16

i =16 x’ +6x-16=0
x=it4 (x+8)(x-—2)=0

x=2,-8

Ne Aerie 0 2 f(0)= 0a D Vx =5x-6=0 ; f(0)=V0?-5-0-6

Vx-1=2 =o x’ —5x =6 =—6
x—-1=16 no y-intercept 5x = 36
x=17 x —5x—36=0
(x-9)(x+4)=0

x=—4,9

4.4) J13-x-x+1=0 Cheek /13 (23) =(-3)+

1=0
Vi3—x =x-1 4+3+1=0
13-—x=x°?-2x+1 8#0 reject

x?-x-12=0 V13-4-4+1=0
(x—4)(x+3)=0 3=-4+1=0
x=-3,4 0=0 accept
Answer
(4, 0)

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 394 # Chapter 3 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

4.b) V2x-3+x-3=0 Check \2-2-3+2-3=0

ee 3 50
2x-3=9-6x+x? 0=0 accept
t= 8e+12=0 N26
2346=3=0
(x—2)(x-6)=0 3+6-3=0
XH 26 640 reject

Answer
(2, 0)

c) N OES oe Check x=-4 Check = 1

tg 5 pe J5—5(-4) +(-4) =1 J5-5(1) +1=1

(5—5x)? =(1-x)? V25-4=1 Or ie
5—5x=1-2x+x° Jail Argh Gere
x 43x-4=0 1=1 accept Answers (-4, 0), (1, 0)
(x+4)(x-1)=0
x=-4,1

d) 2x-84+Vx+41=0 Check a 24)-8+ tr <0

vx+1=8-2x 10.5-8+2.5=0
x+1=64-32x+4 4x? 5#0 reject
4x 335% 63=0 NG aRa)
(4x —21)(x-3)=0 6-8+2=0
a
21
0=0 accept

Answer
(3, 0)

e) eS a= 0) Check js Gaye en
Vx+3=x43 ee i

(Vx+3)? = (x43) 0=0 accept

x+3=x7+6x49 38=(a0
3
x°+5x+6=0 0+3-3=0
(x+2)(x+3)=0 0=0 accept
Fea Answer (—2, 0) and (-3, 0)

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reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions ¢ 395

4.f) Vx+5—-x+1=0 Cheryl 15 =) +120

MoS ee ALL=0
(Vx45) =(x-1) 440 reject

CSS x? Ir V44+5-4+1=0
xi 3x 34=0 3—4+1=0
(x=4)\(x+1)=0 0=0 accept
IEA Answer
(4, 0)

Ba (x)= Vasco. b) f(x)=¥2x4+142

x y Vy

DN == 0.65 3/2(-5) +142 =-0.08

IS 3-017 24 | 33(-4)+1+2 =0.09
De <3 —-S5<x<-4

ec) f(x)=V2x+6-x d) f(x)=Vx+2-2x

iG y My

63 = 046 Vo+2-2(0) =14

AWN 4e 6-4 =—0.26 | ie 71) ==03
3<x<4 O=ax.<|

e) f(x)=V4—x-x ) f(x)=V10-x-x-1
y x y
V4-1-1 =0.73 Aswan Ocde1—1asal
Dewi tnd Oneae 20159 Dane? 2-1 = 0.17
eo cee hese

6.a) 2x-3-3=0 coon b) Vx+4+1=0

3 3 Sara
cS
2x-3=9 ; x+4=-]
2x=12 it pes . et x=—S as a a DL + '

x= 6 Ps zetb is fel0). 7e6 is (5, 0).

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 Pre-Calculus 12
396 Chapter 3 — Solutions

6. c) Vv1—2x+3=0 d) x+8—-V4-3x =i)

x+8 = 4—-3x
x’ +16x+64 =4-3x

x +19x+60 =i0)
J1—2(-4) +3=0 (x+15)(x +4) =)
No x-intercept
=—4,-15
Zero is (-4, 0).
34+3=0 x

6#0 Check -4+8-./4-3(-4)=0

©, no zero 0=0 accept

~15+8—./4-3(-15)=0
—1440 reject
or V1—2x +3=0
x=-4
v1l—2x =-3 stop; square cannot
equal negative number.

e) vx+1l-x-1=0
Check V0+1—-0-1=0
Vxt+l=x+1 0=0 accept
x+l=x’?+2x+1
V¥=1+1+1-1=0
x +x=0 0=0 accept
x(xt1)=0
Zeros are (0, 0) and (—1, 0).
x=0,-1

3.3 Exercise Set

1. a) ratio, denominator b) polynomial, rational c) denominator, zero

d) vertical asymptote e) horizontal asymptote f) x=2,y=0

2. a) Domain: x 4-3 b) Domain: x#2 c) Domain: x #-2,3

x-intercept (3, 0) x-intercept (—3, 0), (—6, 0) x-intercept (—1, 0), (9, 0)
y-intercept (0, —+ y-intercept (0, 2 y-intercept (0, +
d) Domain: x 40 e) Domain: all real numbers f) Domain: x #—3,3
x-intercept (—1, 0), (1, 0) x-intercept (—2, 0) x-intercept (—2, 0), (2, 0)
y-intercept © y-intercept (0, +) y-intercept (0, —4
g) Domain: x #—4 h) Domain: x #-2,2 i) Domain: all real numbers
x-intercept © x-intercept (—3, 0), (3, 0) x-intercept (—2, 0)
y-intercept (0, 7 y-intercept (0, 2) y-intercept (0, 5

j) Domain: x#-1,4
x-intercept ©
y-intercept (0, —1)
hole at (—1, —1), (4, -1)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions ¢ 397

3. horizontal asymptote a) y=0 b) y=0 c) y=1 d) y=2

vertical asymptote x= 0 el 1) 30
x-intercept D O (= , 0) 7,0)

y-intercept D 7) 7) g

horizontal asymptote e) y=-4 Devaa! ey -9 h) y=0

vertical asymptote x=0 x= x==1 x=-1
x-intercept (-1, 0), (4, 0) D D D
y-intercept Q © (0, ol) (0, —2)

horizontal asymptote i) y=3 1Mae

vertical asymptote x=1 y fa
x-intercept
y-intercept
1,0)
(0, 1)
(-1-V2 , 0), (-1+ V2, 0)
(0, -1)

1 ZX
aa) Ss De xy) =
eae
x
vertical asymptote: x =0 vertical asymptote: x +3 =0
horizontal asymptote: f(x)=0 x=-3
horizontal asymptote:
2x
De og 2 2 2
Wl Speers Meo oe Teor
1 i
x i co

1 x2
c) I(x)= d) SLpa ee cosas
Ke oy
vertical asymptotes: x° -7x+12=0 vertical asymptotes: x> -9=0
(x -—3)\(%-4)
=0 (x—3\x+3)=0
i oe, x=—9,3

horizontal asymptote: f(x) =0 horizontal asymptote:

x?
; ot
ee
I i a ee ee oe A-0- 126

3
3
e) ex = De) eas
eel ©) x =—x-20
vertical asymptote: x* +1=0 vertical asymptotes: x* — x -20=0
Ka = = (x —5)(x
+ 4) =0
Lea O x=-4,5
horizontal asymptote: h(x) =0 horizontal asymptote: power of numerator higher
than power of denominator, therefore no horizontal
asymptote.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
398 # Chapter 3 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

x? +3x-1
4. g) Aha rae

vertical asymptotes: 4— x7? =0

(2—x)2+x)=0
ae

LS 1
fee3y— ee
ae ole 22 = KG 2 Se eee
co ootae _1+0-0 =
horizontal asymptote: pDin=—
4—x’ x 4 nas Om
a D

Dy ASK
h) m(x)= —m

9 % =o — 4x
vertical asymptotes: x°—3x*-4x=0 > x(x? -3x-4)=0 > x(x-4)\(x+1=0
x=-1,0,4

De A18% ) 18 ) 18
2x° —18x SSE a eee 2-0
horizontal asymptote: m(x)=—
orizontal asymptote: = os =—~__4___
ae = ica
<= 2
aed = aia =2
a Se Re x x nee

ee :
) Fone iG Bs vertical asymptotes: . 2x° 3 +7x° ae _
—4x=0
2x +7x° —4x x(2x° +7x-4)=0
Baeeae ee) x(2x-1N(x+4)=0
x(2x —1)(x + 4)
s=055-4

a3 ata3 ies
ay ;
horizontal asymptote: n(x) = —_.*—+ ie Se ee =(0
ae ae alee QEQ=Al
x ‘aii
eal g <ooo
Ae 3%
n(x)=0

DOK :
D7) vertical asymptote: 2x+3=0
4x°-9
__+3(2x-3) BSS
(2x —3)(2x +3) eee

2x +3

7 0% 9 6
2 oy 2 As

horizontal asymptote: ¢(x) = ~ een. 00

9 a: =O
x?
x x 3 '

s(0)=0 [3.-4)

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% 4
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions # 399

l6x-x°
4.k) r(x)= vertical asymptote: 2x -1=0
eo) 2x) +7x° —4x
yous 4yxt+4) aes
x(2x —-1)(x +4)
eer 4)
2x-1
weet 4
2x-1

. 3 —
oa he AC ot
3 x? eo x? oe 0 vee 1 1
horizontal asymptote: r(x) = Pe x or Te = ah aa a
ie ee
xe oF Mats coh es
1
r(x)=- 5

hole in graph: x =0,x+4=0

x=—-4

(0, a 4), (-4, = S

S ;
) s(x)=1-— vertical asymptotes: x -1=0,x+1=0
x2 —
=—] 1]
x’ -1-3 e j
x -1
EH 2\x 2)
(x-1)(x4+1

3
3 oe 0
ymp
horizontalasymptote: (x) =1-
s(x) i Se _=|-——_=]
=]-—__+_ ee
Neu
s(x)=1

3.4 Exercise Set

1. Domain a) x#l b) x#-2,2 ¢) x#—-3,1 d) all real numbers
vertical asymptote x=] ew) x=-3,1 nil
horizontal asymptote y=2 y=0 y=l y=3
x-intercept (—2, 0) nl (-1, 0), (2, 0) (0, 0)
y-intercept (0, —4) (0,1) ~ (0, 0.7) (0, 0)

Domain e) x#-2,3 f) x#-3,3

vertical asymptote x= =2,3 x =-3,3
horizontal asymptote el V2

cet
y-intercept
(1, 0)
= (0,-0.2)
~ (2.8, 0), (-3.3, 0)
(0, 2)

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 Pre-Calculus 12
400 ¢ Chapter 3 — Solutions

2a) y=x+2Z b) y=x-1 d) y=—x+2

y y
of

Hole at (3, —6) Hole at (—2, 4)

Ca
Hole at (2, 4) Hole at (—1, —2)

iO)
300
| As x > 1", from right f(x)
As x1,
>©
from left f(x)
> -—

ae ee 1000
|
eee 00 | -1000 As x 3, f(x)
3 0°
|-0.0297 —0.003 As x 3-0, f(x) > 0"

0.5 | -0.1 | 01 |-0.01] 0.01 | As x90", from right f(x)

>—<
») ay | 97 | -97 |-9997|-9997| As x0”, from left f(x)
>—

10 100 | 1000 -100 | -1000 | As x3, f(x) 33°

2.99 | 2.9999 /2.999999/ 2.99 | 2.9999 |2.999999| As x0, f(x) 93°

' x Paes | 19 | 24. [199 | 2.01

om As x 2*, from right f(x)
>%
f(x) 19> 2) |=199 As x > 2°, from left f(x)
> —00

x 10 | -100 |-1000 1000 | As x30, f(x) 31"

0.83 | 0.98 |0.998 | 1.25 | 1.02 |1.002; As x>--, f(x) 91

4. a) a b) 3
ae. 3
c) lea)
x-2 :
(= 2Kx+2) _ 9 eae) x-3-3=0
TITS) y (x-1)(x+1=0 £=6
x—2=0 x=-1,1 (6,0)
x=2 Ae Ove 0)

(2,0)

ad)) =
—l+ a
i —
0 e
) 1+ ai =;
0 f) x 7+8=50
+
oes
—x*-14+4=0 x +14+4=0 so

x’ -3=0 x#0 x2

ea No solution (2,0)
No zero
(-V3, 0), (V3, 0)

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions ¢ 401

5. a)E b) H c) J d) I e) A nae g) D
h)B i).G j) F

ye —1.99 |.—2.01 0 —1000} 1000 -3 —| A

Domain «+ —2- |) pe aT 666 et. ee

ee
SS ee
Vertical asymptote: x =-—2 a
Horizontal asymptote: y=—l mite
x- and y-intercepts: (0, 0)

a he ec Le .
Domain: x #1
Vertical asymptote: x =1
Horizontal asymptote: y=1
x-intercept: (—2, 0)
y-intercept: (0, —2)

pot = ee
) x OD e201 eet 1000 5
Cc

Domain: x #-2,2
Vertical asymptote: x =2
Holévat (—2, +

Horizontal asymptote: y=1

x-intercept: (—1, 0)
y-intercept: (0, —+)

© [70 [== [= [|
Domain: x #-3,0,3
Vertical asymptote: x=-3 and x=3
Hole at (0, 0)
Horizontal asymptote: y=0
x-intercept: no x-intercept
y-intercept: no y-intercept

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402 Chapter 3 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

3.5 Chapter Review

Multiple-choice Answers

Multiple-choice Solutions

a . The domain of a is all real numbers, therefore answer is a.

x°-4 (x-2)(x+2)
1) SS SS SS SS SS x—2, therefore c has a hole at (—2, —4), not a horizontal asymptote.
I@) x+2 x+2
Answer
is c.

Domain is all values except 1, —2, -3. Answer is d.

An odd root radical always has a solution. Answer is d.

In most cases, a radical has 1 solution, but some have two. Look at Section 3.2 question 6e. Answer is b.

. To make the answer positive, x must be negative. Answer is b.

. Simplifies to-—2x. Answer is b.
. An even power must be greater than or equal to zero. Answer is d.

. 4-x* >0,(2-x\(2+x)
205 -2<x<2. Answer isc.

. Vl—x 20, therefore f(x)-3<0-—

f(x) <3. Answeris d.

11. 3x? —3x-6=0—- 3(x+1)(x-2) 20> x=-1,2. Answer is b.

12. x°-a’ 203 (x-a\(xt+a)2>0>5xS-a,x2a. Answeris b.

13. y=-Va-x-—b> y=-\/-(x- a) —b, x—a is quadrant I, IV, —b is quadrant III, IV, thus quadrant IV.
Answer is a.

14. f(x)
(x-3)(x+3) x+3 3+3 3
*(x)=— Se
ae ee , therefore hole is |3, ——
341 |=| 3,—].
5 A nswer
is d:

x4 ;
15. f(x)= pie =-—1 has holes when x =2,—2. Answer is a.
—x

see ax 2 Be Z Be2
16. = =~ _4=-_4=-__“=15'A is c.
IO)> 5 aap +=
ote 24>3 24+ >3 cap te
No -oih BP oo
17. To have a horizontal asymptote of y=0,n<m. Answer is d.

18. By definition, answer is c.

19. By definition, answer is c.
20. Symmetry about the y-axis requires an even power of x. Answer is c.
21. The only function with a horizontal asymptote of y=—2 isa. Answer isa.

oe eae ere rie a it iia Sie.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 3 — Solutions # 403

22, 23, 24, 25. If h>0, graph in quadrant I, IV; if k >0, in quadrant I, II.
If a>0, graph opens up; if b>0, graph opens right.
22. Answer is d.
23. Answer is a.
24. Answer is c.
25. Answer is a.
26. By definition, answer is b.

30 120
27. Volume =x*y=30— y= al, Surface Area x7 +4xy =x? FAK = x” +——. Answer is d.
x A Ps
25 ;
28. Cost/km = 0.20 + Rental Cost per x km = 0.20+— Answer is d.
bi

0)+b
29. x-intercept: ae =0>5 ax+b=0>5x= ce y-intercept: f(0)= cs = a . Answer is b.
ex+d a c(0)+d ad

sae id Glae s ar 2
30. Horizontal asymptote: f(x) = an eee eee te tO
cx+d ‘cx da di -e+0: -¢€
——+— c+t— c+—
oa x oo

Vertical asymptote: cx+d=0—7cx=-d7 x= —. Answer is d.

Cc

Logarithms Solutions

4.1 Exercise Set

{yo 7 he ‘
ie) (3'] (3 hs ora By el pele b) (4x7) y (-4) Mey ne —y*
j 9 3 ae 205 ay? mat 64x°
axl I= 2% 3 ((3x= 1) 2(= 2) 9x3 2-4
125 ee) ae 'D = 5 i Soli = 59% 3+ 2 Art De 3 5ix-4
\ 3 5-1 Gx 3) 3 5243
5

9x4 .3°* — 43.3% 4 Dee ae (x-2)

d)
Gx o x? (x-2) a

e) (4° 8) = 472% .Q2* — (2?ik (2° ie = 2-4 .96* — g-Art6x _ 92x _ gx

2°(2'+2*)—2"(2°-27) 2a eee
= = ee
a ns 2 Se8

ae has 4 SA yl ey Oe ej 0 5 = 0,1
Bs 93 5 33 oe es2 9 =0-5
(x+2)(x-1)=0>x=-2, 1

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404 # Chapter 4 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

ogy 1=3x— 29 (2ve+ 1)=(3x-2) >

2 2
2.) 41
A
28-2 ,
NT L982
16)= 0 x= 0, mi
16 :
Check, reject'0; =: aire
16
A (x+1)= 9x?- 12x+ 4 x Ox-
9x’- 16x= 0>

d) gel = 25 gg? 4 [xt 223 [xt l|=2 9x4 1=2 or xt1=—2>5x=15°-8

e) Atti gt4 Ly per) a 3-4) ay Qt? 932 _, 47 42=3x—-12 > Sle a el4 ees

porta LY 5 s0-12309) 5 2far-1)=-alr42) $ Ar-2=Br-6 3 Tees eed

x+2 f 4

ZT a

3.4) y=-ab* =— f(x) will reflect the graph b) y=ab* = f(—x) will reflect the graph
over the x-axis. over the y-axis.

y BY.
Xx

/ “4
4. a) Graph y=3* —3 is shifted left two units and down three units.

Domain: all real numbers

Range: y > —3
x-intercept: —1
y-intercept: 6
Asymptote: y = -3

b) Graph y=3~+2 is reflected about the y-axis and up two units.

Domain: all real numbers
Range: ay > 2
x-intercept: no x-intercept
y-intercept: 3 y=()" +2
Asymptote: y = 2

€) Graph of y=-3™ is reflected about both the x-axis and y-axis.

Domain: all real numbers

Range: y < 0
x-intercept: no x-intercept
y=-3~*

y-intercept: —1
.

Asymptote: y = 0

a ee ee ee eee ee
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions ¢ 405

5. a) D b)C c) F d)A e) E f)B

6.a) y=b* > 3=b 4 b=.

b) y=b" > 27=8' 3 b=27' > b=(3') ab=F 3 d=9

ae
2

y=y > p=6'0-()) > b= (37)? > b=3 3 b=27

Me Cp 2a 4= Cn) oA yA 2564-2” 3 64=2"*

2° =2"* 5 12k= 6-9k= =, therefore, y=4-2™" ony =27 1x42

8. When y=2" and y=3* has x<0, 2* >3*

When ov=:2” :andyyis3" hasx.>Ost > 2°

xo
|-

10°?
9. a) ——= 10°°= 316 times as strong
LO”

b) 1000 = 10°. A 4.9 earthquake is a 10*° measure. So the San Francisco earthquake has a
10*” -10° =10*°** =10”° ora Richter scale measure of 7.9

ec) A=P(1++)" — A=1000(1+2%)"" - 4=1000(1.015) > 4 = $1610.32

4x8

d) A= A(x)" > A= 84(4)4 — A = 1.56 grams of argon-39 remains

e) A= P(1+4)"—> A = 12 250(1+208)?*!= $31 871.31

f) 4=P(1++)" — 4=30000000(1+
2%)” -» 4=30000000(1.019) = 54789223 =
1x32

55 million to the nearest million.

4.2 Exercise Set

1 1 3
1. a)4°
) =16 b):) 34:84 c)) 6° =—zene)
d) 10° =—~
wom 325 =8 f) 8! =8 g) ei
2 me: 1
h) 10°=1000 i) 8° =4 sae

2. a)log, 16=4 b) log,64=2 c) 1082-5 d) log,==-2 e) log, 1=0

81
flog,,0.01=—2 —g) log,5=1 27=>3
hh) log, ); log,16==Aas j) log, = -4
3

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 406 ¢ Chapter 4 — Solutions
Pre-Calculus 12

3. a) f (x)= log, 8 b) f(x) =log, 16 ©) f(x)=log, 2 d) f(x) =log,.4

2” =8 a6 8 =2 16” =4
2” =2? 4? = 4? Pe =O) APY = 4!

V=o y=2 Soya 2y=1

es

e&) f(x)=log,1 f) f(x) =log,7 8) f(x)= log a

Sy — 1 Te ==
a =a
Sy =5° ae =7!
Gag

y=l
) f(x)=log, 5 D f(x)=log,0
ba by Sn= 0
y=—4 undefined

log cannot be zero

4.a) 33=27 b) y=43 ¢) 10° =1000 d) ,'=8

x = 3° ] Oe;
x=— as
w= 64 y= 3

f) 9* =
il) 327 =8
Di),
j))
g) x? =p), h) x=4°

a ee ees 1
Das

2 a pS
Su 3
x=5 (reject x=-y32) 3
x=-—
5
k ) geal 35 J n4?cs= 0.25
]
aces 8 n) ie 0)
NS
e |
= (2)
1
4
sb
= (27) i
= (3?)*
=) 4* =4! = 72+
he
n= 8 x=-|] m= 16 x=9
P) (3x)? =36 Ue ee Dag ots
S) x74+24=7?
9x? — 36 LS r Me
22 =32 32 = 3
x° =25
x =4
Sess ar5)
i) 4 5t=2
(reject x =—2)
x=8 a

x=1.9 or 2.1

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No part of this publication may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions # 407

Ba) x—l1>0 b) x>0 ax 0, 2-7 Al d)oi—x=0

x1 =xS 2st! x<0

Mie: Sara

e) y=log (x-2) x+1> ase

Theb 0 and x+141 ~. x> -1 and x40.
The log term is (x—2)> 0 so x> 2.
Take the intersection of x >—1,x #0 withx> 2 whichis x>2.
Therefore, the domain of y=log ,(x-2) isx>2.

f) y=log,_,(x+1) The base isx—-2>Oand x-2#1

x>2and x#3
The log term is x +1>0
x>—!
Take the intersection of x >—1 with x >2 whichis x>2.
Therefore, the domain of y=log, ,(x+1) is x>2,x#3.

6. a) E b)B c) C d) F e) A f) D

7.a) y= log, a =—f(a) will reflect the graph over b) y= log,(-a) =/f(- a) will reflect the graph over
the x-axis. the y-axis.

y 3
A

a >a
l es

c) y= log, a = —log , 4, which makes the graph the same as 7 a), above. (See question 10 as to why

y=log, a=—log,a
b

8. y=S" and y=log, x are the inverse of each other

Therefore, if (a, b) is a point on y=5* then (4, a) must be a point on y= log, x
Two other points on y= log, x are (5, 1) and (1, 0).

9. f(x) = log, x — —f\x) = —log, x : —f(@) is reflected over the x-axis.

So putting a negative in front of a logarithmic statement reflects the equation over the x-axis.
The point (1, 0) is on the x-axis, so the point will not change, therefore the answer is (1, 0).

10. If y= log, a then o-(5| =b”, thus

aie #F —y=log,a— y=—log,a
b

So if (c, d) is a point on the graph y= log, a then (c, — d) must be on the graph y= log, a.
b
Two other points on y=log, a are (+,1) and (1, 0).
b

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 408 Chapter 4 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

Il. a) log1253

log 1000
= x > 10* = 1000; log10 000
= x > 10* = 10000
HOO: 107
=10°
e=8 ree Thus 3 < log 1253 <4
b) log0.025
log 0.01= x —10* =0.01; log0.1=x 310" =0.1
10a 102 = 10°
Ya) x=-1 Thus — 2 < log 0.025 <—1

12. Graph y=log(2- x)

y Asymptote
A [ x=2
1] log2=0.3

IS. aiy=Se > fi x=8? log,x=y-2 > y=2+log,.x 3 (1@) =2 + log, x

Dif eee e > f 27 =5? "+6376 = 5°" > log. (x- 6) =4y-1 3
4y =log.(x-6)+1 > f(x) = flog, (x-6) + 4

c) f: y+ l=log,~-2) > f': a tl=log (yo) y=0= 3s

y= Qe ») ES f'@= Cyan Bi 9)

d) f(x)=2+log(5x-3) > f(x): x=2+log(Sy—3) > x-2=log(Sy—3)5

x-2
VO NO 510" 3-5 pul ees peal poe
x-2

5
4.3 Exercise Set

1. a) log6 = log(2-
=log23)
+log3 b) log 12 = log(2? 3) =2log2+log3
c) log 72 =log(2°-3”)=3log
+2log
23 d) 1og3200=log(2°-
=Slog
1002+2
)
36 eS
e) loglog 0.36= log
Oe 00— = log}
oe ——
100 |=2]oe2+2] -
og2+2log3—2

f) log, 216=log, (2°3°) =3log, 2+3log, Bate ee

* log2
3
g) log5.4= log =log2+3log3-1

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of this publication may be reproduced without written permissi
on from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions # 409

1.h)Ppoe,
log, 180=
log180__ log(2-37-10) _ log2+2log3+1
i) log,,2160=
log(2°-3°10) 31082 +310g3+1
log 6 log(2-3) log
2+ log3 log(2-3") log2 + 2log3

j) log,, 0.1081, IE }tos, 108-1, 1000=

log108—1og1000 _ !0g(2”-3°)-3 210g24+310¢3—3
1000 log 12 log (2°3) 2log2+log3

2. a) log, 81= log, ie 4log,3=4 b) log, 3 = log, 2° =-5 log, 2=—S

c) log, ‘/8= log, 2 =310g,2=7 d) log, VI25= og,5? = 3108,5=3

e) log, 277? =2.2 log3° _ 6.6log3 _ ae ) 1 log2° -Slog2_ -5

log3 2 2log3 08,
32. oy
log? os
Zilog? oe 2

log?” Jog2° _(3log2)(Slog2) _ 15

g) (log, 8)(log,, 32) = log2’ log2* (210g 2)(41og2) 8

b) log,,81 _ log3" logs’ -($285|Bees) 8

log,125 log3> logs’ | 3log3 3log5 no
5
log2 , log2 _ log2 , dlog2 _ 1
i) log, 2+log,32= = ~
iD) los, S 2iog2 log? Dlog2? “toe?” 2

log 2" 4log2

i)
j) log.log, 16—2log, g, 2 = —-—
log? - 2log,
2, 2 = —>—_
210g3 - 2log,
g, 2=2log,2—2log,2=0
Z, .

3. a) log100x*y° =1og100+
log x’ + logy =2+2logx+3log y

x3
b)) loge000"
———= logg x’ —log1000—log
g gyy* = 3logx—2log
g gy y—3

2 a\ ie 2 3 Au 3
c) log (x tay = 4log(x +y d) log (x +y cannot be expanded

5 2S,

e) log, abe = log, 25+ log, x’ + log, y’ — log, z= 2log, x + 3log, y— log, z+2
zZ

1 1
f) log yx?(x
+2) = 5 log| x*(x +2) = 5 logs” +>
log(x+2)= logx+5log(x+2)

g) 4log, (2x)? = 48log, 2x = 48]log, 2+ log, x |=48+48log, x

xytl 1 5 sa 2 3
h) log, J = >[log, (2 ytl)-log, a [os los, ae

: ty) = log(x’ 3 + yy 3 —logx° 3 = 3log(x" 3 + y)—3logx

i) log———
xX

| 3 3
1
j) log? ee =< log =—[logx +3log y-6logz |= ~logx + log y—2logz
Z, 3 Z . 3

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410 # Chapter 4 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

m6
4. a) log,
x— log, 25= log, aE

b) log, x —2log, 27 = log, x — log, x — log, Nee Ve ac

(3°) = log, 759

3 1 33

c) log vx + log x? = logx? -x? =logx’

ee —]
d) log(x” —1)—log(x
+1)-logx = eeu =) = {0 EAD tog(2)
Cea) vis meleeay
(3x +1)(x —2) 1
e) log(3x” —Sx—2)—log(x* — 4)— log(3x +1) = log (x—2)(e + 2)(3x +1) =| oe(
—5]|=log1—log(x+2)=
g g(x +2)

—log(x +2)

52D) og sea
f) log,(2x—3)—log,(2x* — x —3)+ log, 3(x+1)= os (2x —3)\(x +1)

] ]
g) 2[log(x” —1)—log(x +1)-log(x- 1)|= 2g] EVE) |2logl1=0

h) Xies Ax* — ie y® = log(4x*)? —log(y°)? = oe |

2 2 y

i) {[log? — 4)—log(x— 2)]-logx = =log (re NOW) aii ie ete

4 x-2 x

j) log(x? —4)-[ log(x -2) + log(x

+2) | ae oNae 1=0

log,.a loga logx loga

5. a) log, x = log a-log,x = : = = |
Es By logx logb logb gk
20
b) x1°8s20oe.4
We
ra lo Als
= y!8:5 = 5 (rule 47, p. 176)
logl inias nemaOe2 aeaee
c) (log, 10\log 48 log3) = 28" . tog 16 =
log2 log 2 log2

2logx! x’ _logx! _ Slogx _8

ayMemnoaa. (&ttlosx
log x° — log x° | Ae logx* ~ 3log x 3
ae

MeiHaa logobey
x’ +logx°
oBe " 3logx +Slog x E 8logx _ 8
logx’ —logx 6logx—3logx 3logx 3
log0.5 log0.2 log0.5+log0.2 log(0.5)(0.2) log0.1 —|
aye A Kee eae (Re ee 2, Sie ae.
b b b b b Ray, ee

SS
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions @ 411

5.f) Method 1: 47° =x > log,

x =—2log,3 > log,
x =log,3° > x=3° x= a
9

Method 2: 4'%3° = 3? »y= +. (ule #7, p. 176)

By lOlosei2fogte = 22 eg e 101 oss 121 = 101 ogx 121

I2logx _
log 4 log8 log2 log2 2log2 3log2
Slog, x —4log, x = log, x

2 (3\2 i
h) Method 1: jog
Vv
+ tog? + Log —tog
be Ae
=10g wenee >
3
ve |Jeveso=
4 2 10 B10 a10

Method2: logz + log V2 —log z + log V3 — log V2 —log V3 + log10 = log10 = 1

A 3 3 (1-x’) (1—x’)
i) logdi— —
x )—log(l+x+.x°)-log(1—x) = log (ined
— — — — ———. aaq_i“iwwe——
» =—
og (1-2)
] —
log 1 —
=0

logx logx
log,x log,
x loga loga _ logab logb _ logat+logb—logb_
loga
logab logb

1
k) ar = log at+log b = log ab (rule
#8, p. 176)
log,x log,x 5 : :

Pee meed
Di iee49) flog7)°(ines) + log5 Noa, 4 lees”
WeeD ee log3 _2loe
log3 log7 log3 log3

4.4 Exercise Set

fay log
2x =1)> log, (¥=—2)4=18= "log (2x2 ir?) le (x= 2) = oe

De 5042 = 5 =. 2x — 5x3 0 (Ox Ge) ene or os 8

1 1
Check: (2x-1) > 2{- —l=-2 , logarithm must be positive, therefore, reject x = <3

G2) > 3-2="1,. ok, (20) e235 5, o.k. .Therefore,x = 3

b) log, (2—2x)+log,(I-x)=5 > log,(2-2x)(1-x)=5 > (2-2x\(1-x)=2? >

2-4x+2x"
=32 > 2x’-4x-30=0 > x?-2x-15=0 > (x-5)(x+3)=0 9 x=5, -3
Check: (1-x) ~ 1-5 =-4 logarithm must be positive, therefore, reject x = 5
(l-x) — 1-C3)=4 0.k., (2—2x) > (2-—2(-3)) o.k. Therefore, x = —3

1 5
€) 5 log,,(x~3)= log,,x log,, ++ log,,(x-3)=> log,.x(x-3) => 5 mx—3)=167 =>

x —3x-4=0 > (x-4)(0+)D=0 > x=4, -1 Check and rejectx =—1 Therefore,
x= 4

d) log, (3x +1) + log, (x—-1)=log,(10x+14) > log, (3x + 1)(x-1) = log, (10x +14) >
(3x+1)(x-1)=10x+14 > 3x*-2x-1=10x4+14 5 3x?-12x-15=0 > x°-4x-5=0 >
(x—5\x4+1)=0 — x=-1,5 Check and reject x = —1 Wherefore, x = 5

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 Pre-Calculus 12
412 Chapter 4 — Solutions

Gr-al\Ge=2) aaidy
1. e) log,(3x° —5x—2)—log,(x-2)=1 — log,
(x—2)
(3x +1)@—-2)
=4 +> 3x+1=4 > 3x=3 - x=l Check and reject. Therefore, answer is @
(x-2)
f)logx+log(29-x)=2 — logx(29-x)=2 > x(29-x)=10° >
~x? +29x =100 > x? —29x+100=0 — (x-25)(~-4)=0 — x=4 and 25
Check answers, both work. Therefore, x = 4, 25
= =s
g) log,.(x—1)+ log,
(x +3) = log, v7 — log,.(x—1)(x+3)= log, 7= 2

(x—1)(x+3)= 257 => x°4+2x-3=5 > x°+2x-8=0 > (x+ 44-2)=0 ©

= —4,2 Check and reject -4 Therefore, x = 2

h) 2 log(4—x)—log3 = log 10—x) > log

(4—x) = log(l0-x) >

(4—x)° = 1027 > 16 38ers BOSH 3x Sear —Sr 14: =.0)—

3
(x-7)x#+2) =0 > x = -2,7 Check and reject 7 Therefore, x = —2

+2) ay
i)) 2lo
2log, (x ++ 2)—2)—log,(3x-2)=2-
log, (3x — 2) lo 82 AE)
(3,2) i
= ME ye? a
(3x —2)
x’ —8x+12=0-— (x-6)(x-2)=0, x=2, 6 Check answers,
both work Theretore.% =... 6
a
2) == oS
j) 2log, x + log, (x—2)—log, 2x =1— log, ss =4- x°-2x-8=0>

(x-—4)(x+2)=0, x=-2, 4 Check and reject —2 Therefore, x=4

a) log— — logx’-logy’ — 3 logx—2logy > 3a—2b

log81_
og81 _ log3*
log = 41 OES og, 8=4
b) log, 81=
logl16 log2” 4log2

Cc) ee eae 1
= log3? —log25? = 2log3—— log 25 =2a-——b
5 Ss 2

d) log— = log5’ —log3’ = 2log5—2log3= 2log-~ — 2log3 = 2(log10

—log2) —2log3 =
21 =a) 2h e-Pa ed

€) @ log—; =log A-2log B=2-2(3)=2-6=—4

(ii) (log AB) = (log A+ log BY =(2+3) =25
log 12 log2?-3_ 2log2+
og2+log3_2a+b
f) log, 12=—2— = 22 _= =
logs log logl0-log2 1-a

Boe ae (oe A=12. Therelore, Ae te

ee eae. eA 48 —> log

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions @ 413

1 1(log63—log5) 1 (log3?-7—logs
+7—log5) _
3
2. h) log, ¥12.6 =log, (#)' _ 3flog63—log5)_ (log3
log2 log(12)
;(2log3 + log 7 — logS) a 1 Ox tzry) _ 2x-yrz
log10—log5 1=y 3-—3y

log3 log5
i) a=log,3 ~ a= , b=log,5 > b=
logs log3
log3 log5
_ log5
Therefore, ab =
log8 log3 logs
so log5= ablog8 = ablog2’ = 3ab log2 = 3ab log =3ab(log 10 — log 5) = 3ab(1 — log 5) =

3ab—3ablog5, so, 3ablog5 + log5 = 3ab > log5 Gab + 1) = 3ab > log5 = =
ab+

10"
BUA eses 38 log C5 A= lop ~ ity —> B= eel
G C 3

AB % AB co
b)
) 1 +logg (AB)
(4B) ==logC
log > og(AB)log(4B)—logC
— log =-1 > log]
(4 —| ==1 > 10'=—GC +A= 10k

¢)3 log A+ los B=logC > log 4 +logB—log C > log A-B=losC 4 A°B=C > A=
Sisy
3i—

B B B\ [B
d) log A = log B— Clogx — log A= log B—log x° — logA=log — ~ v= 25x-[4) onl 7
6

4.a) 2% =5*' — log2” =log5” | — 3xlog2=(x—-l)log5 >

3x log2 = xlog5—log5 > xlog5—3xlog2=log5 > x(log5—3log2)=log5 >
logs l
= —————- (acceptable answer) > x= ae =log;5 (better answer)
logS—3log2 log 55 8

b) 77°71 =17* > log7*" =log17* > (2x—l)log7=xlog17 — 2x log 7-—log 7=xlog17 >
log7
2x log7—xlog17=log7 — x(2log7—log17)=log7 —~ x =———>———_ r x = logy7
2 log7 —log17 17

oe. ae)

c) 3° =9-10' > 3 =10* > ; =10° ~ 3*° =10" > log3** =log10* >
(x —3)log3
=x log 10 > x log3-—3 log3 =x — xlog3-x=3
log3 7
log 27 x log 27 i log27
x (log 3- 1)= log?’ > x= r. log; 27
log3-1 log3—log10 logs 10

d) 77° =2:5'* — log7** =log2-5'* — (x—1)log7=log2+(1—2x)log5 >

xlog7 —log7 = log2+log5—2xlog5 — xlog7+2xlog5=log2+log5+log7 >
_ log2+log5+log7 : log70
x(log7+2log5)= log2+log5+log7 > x r or log,,, 70
(log 8°) ; : log7+2log5 log175

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414 4 Chapter 4 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

1 1 ih Duke
5, a) log, (log, x)= <1 my dogyx =.27 > log,2)= 5 = 8 OY ys aie 2/2

b) log, (log (log,27)) = -1 —> log (log,27) = 2° — log, (log,3°) = yee

-l 3 =

log, 3(log, 3) = s7 log.3 = +3 == oo 9

c) log, (log, (log, x))=1 — log, (log, N=5 — log, x= 4? =Dees y=Qe=4

Dee =-—=]2
ae
2
a)?
d) logx = 210g27 +2 log? —log3= log A me
3

e) logx =log2+3log — y—log2z=log2+ logy” —log2z >

6 log V10
3

logx =log2+ ee —log2z =log2+2logy —log2z >

5 log
10
6 6

log x = log2 + log y® — log 2z = log 3x

Z Z
4

f) Der lors alos b+ Alon > log =Togar+ og + ton * >

c c
: 3 3 2
jogs? =toga 6 (4) ~ ete 3) x=, 2 ; y= [Pcbea _ bua
Cc ac AIG aa=G ac’

a a2
6.a)x = Rie Ok a 085 > ex = 2loga—3
logb— + loge
Be? be?

ab bic? bic?
Dy) eee ne a 0k x = log —>"-> logx = 310g b +9! log ca ings
Cc? a a

a? bs Bobs
2
5
¢) x=—_— > log x = log —_— — logx =4loga—2logb—Lloge
Co Cc?
ies at oe See
d) x= ab? ad ard? 5 Z
mee = log — > logs => log.4+ “lode toepetions
cd be bc’ : . ;

Fa) log 16s ge tS)=5 9)ge6 5 2? MR) 9a te 4 eR) eres

lo
b) log, ,x+log,x+log,x=1 > hi + log,
log, 16 Se 4 lop 7 > parcial
4 og 2 +log,x=7 =>

7tog,x=7 — log.x=4 > x=2'=16

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions 415

log, x log, x
7.c) log. x+ 3log.x=7 ~ ——+3log.x=7 > 2 +3log. x=7 >
©) 108s = log, 9 3 log, 3° Bs

log,x+3 logx=7 > Flog,x=7 => eee aio Fi =e t=

3 =9

d) 2log,x—3log
4=5 > 20g é =5 + 2(log,
x)’ -3=Slog,x >
O 4

2(log, x)’ —Slog,x-3=0 > (2log, x+1)(log, x-3)=0 >

log, x=-5 > x=4 => and log,x=3 > x=4°=64 Therefore, x = ;or 64

loga log2a logx _

log, g, 2a)(1
e) (log, a)(lo 2a)\(log,, =log,a’ x)=loga, > log4 loga -
log2a

NEG. I§ log,x=3 > x=4 > x=64

log4

Vlog x = log Vx > Viogx -1ogx=0 > views {1-4Jioex |=0

logx =0 or 1-—Jlogx =0

logx=0 or logx=4

x=10° or x=10", therefore,

x = 1,10000
8. a) In step 6, you are dividing by log+ which is a negative number, therefore, the direction of the inequality
must be changed.

b) When you multiply by log> in step 2, the value of two positive numbers is changed to two negative
numbers, without changing the direction of the inequality.

4.5 Exercise Set

1. A=A,(x)’ — 10000 = 40000(0.85)' — 0.25 = 0.85’ > log,,.0.25 = 1

log 0.25
sete = 8.53 It takes 8.53 years to depreciate to $10 000.
log 0.85
nt 4t

2. a) a= (1+ |— 1 000 000 =10 000 [1422] — 100=1.03%>

n

fos 100 2475 7 oe rene

: 41og1.03
b) A= Pe’ +1000 000=10000e"'” > 100 = e*'* > In100 =0.12t 5
ae In 100
= 38.38 years
0.12

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 Pre-Calculus 12
416 # Chapter 4 — Solutions

nt Di 15 30 ,
ey Pfs ‘) 3 Ping P fi ‘) ee [i‘) > I+ a 3
n 2
Ale iL
5 330_ 1 »r= 2(33)— 1) =7.46%
In3
b) 4=Pe"-53P= Pe” +3=e" peer a Gee

30
if r “ 30
4.Method1: A=A)(x)? 30.8=1 ) (if20% lost , 80% remains ) > log, O85 ee-5

me

= a0 Sg MLD = 93.2 hours

log, 0.8 log0.8 log0.8
: log +

Method2: 4=Ae*' > 0.8 = 1-8*? > In0.8 = 30k ak =

eeae |a
t
enea
0s-a0lIn 0.8
: 2 30
Sy eae 93.2 hours
In0.8
5. Remember, the smaller the pH values of an acidic solution, the stronger the acidity. The larger the pH
value of an alkaline solution, the stronger the alkalinity.

a) 4.8—2.1=2.7, then 10°’ =501, therefore, lemon juice is 501 times more acidic than black coffee.

b) 10°=75 — x=log75 — x=1.9, therefore, 4.2+1.9=6.1is the pH of milk.

th 3
6. A= A,(x)? — 400 000(1.02)'
=300 000 (1.03)' > 1.02! = (1.03) =>

loz 102" = log (1.08)= log +log .03 =

3
Og Eee a0 > t (log .02~ log].03) = log aa

= 29.5 Surrey catches up in population to Vancouver in 29.5 years.

nt 0.08 365t
Ee 3 Fee pees
| eis7= og3 log3
1.8) A=sPiere oe Cats
n 365 log(1+ 928)
365
er 365log(1+ 9%) :
b) 4=Pe Ble 1nd
=0.08 > t= SS = 13.73 years

Ingi2s
RS Ca8e) 2S iO0a se SN seit 03.1.<hin 12.5) See = 8.42°C
0.3
t = 8.42 degrees Celsius

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions @ 417

9. P(t) = 4000000 e°!2 * ~, 6400000 = 4000000 °°? * 41.6 = e202! _,

ne 0. 5 peo
0.012
Therefore, in year 2039 the population will reach 6 400 000.
is £ 250 a
10. Method1: A= A,(x)" > 100000 = 1200(2)* > =— = 24 >
4log 2
log can Uhey) 5 5 days
2324 log2
f if 2 In 2) ¢
Method 2: A=Aeki 522 Le * 52 =4k Dk= > = reve ae
in2) ¢ 250 In2) ¢ 250 In 2
100 000 = 1200 e "| > = J) i a le
3 3 4
4 In( 222
ae stanley) = 95.5 days
In’ 2

fee | = POMS os ese = In= 0.5

2 5570
= t faa
A= Ave = 500 e = 366.3 grams

Bete g eee) HithI= 10" Sea oe a 0

log? 130402457
Substitute q = (10 —1
— 499152051.5
_y
But 10" has n + 1 digits so q has 9 152 052 digits.

(By the way, printing this number would take about 1500 pages!)

4.6 Chapter Review

Logarithms — Multiple-choice Answers

ea 8. d 15. b 225 b 29. a 36. b 43. a 50. b Si ya 64.

> | Bre 16. a 23. a 30. a 3h a 44. b = aiid) 58. b 65. a
Sec 10. c 17 ead 24. c ok a 38. a 45. c ze dd 59. d
4. b 11. a 18. << z5.-¢ O22 pd Bk Pe 46. b 53.0 60. d
57410 12-25 19S 5C 26. Cc 33. cd 40. b 47. d 54. a 61. d
6. d 13. a 203) b 27. 4b 34. d 41. c¢ 48. c¢ 55 iid 62. a
vero 14. a 2c 23, ¢ 35.°7C 42. b 49. c¢ 56. a 63. a

Logarithms — Multiple-choice Solutions

1. Basic definition. Answer is a.

x x ,
2. log5=logx—log2 — ere, — a — x=10. Answer is d.

3. x—2=0 — x=2. Answer

is c.

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418 Chapter 4 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

log10" _ xlogl0_ log10=1. Answerisb.

102" a
#
Note: Ifyou don’t understand that 10'°* = x , review Helpful log rule #7, p. 176.
5. y=logx then y+2=logx+2 = logx+log100=log100x. Answer is b.

VA VA | is d.
g B. Answer
6. xx=—
3B — = log—
l1ogx=log 3B a 5 g A—log3—log
log gxx=—log g

7. If log 2=5 then a’ =2 and if log 5=d then c’ =5, therefore, a’-c* =2-5 =10. Answer is d.

8. 4loga’ — 2loga = loga® —loga’ = log—; = loga®. Answer is d.

a
9. Basic definition. Answer is c.
10. 2-—x>0 — -x>-2 — x<2. Answer isc.

11. goss | — 3% =3° — logx=-3 — x=10° > ae ee Answer

is a
27 1000
2x-1

12: =) =277* 4 Z°CREV IPC) _, _4x4+2=6-3x > -x=4 — x= -4. Answeris b.

13. 4X 2x — glx = 92G?-2x) _ 931-2) ae Oy Ar 335 aids I an = (2x -—3)(x+1)=0 =

3
aoe , —1. Answer
is a.

14. x-intercepthas y=0 — x=log,(0+5)-2 — x= 28-2 — x=-0.535

og
y-intercept hasx=0 — O=log,(y+5)-2 — log,(y+5)=2 > y+5=3? > y=4. Answerisa.

1 1 1
15. y=—log,(x+8)+5=0 > log,(x+8)=— > x+8=4? > x+8=2 > x=-6. Answerisb.

16. y=log,(0+8)—3 > y=log, 8-3 > y=log, 2’-3 > y=3log,2—3=0. Answeris a.
17. x+2>0—x>-2. Answer
is b.

18. y=—3-2*'+4 has the basic graph y= 2" reflected in the x-axis and shifted up 4,
therefore, range is y <4. Answer is c.

19. 2log, a =2log. x?= —log x=—1. Answer is c.

B
10°

20. 10
=10°’ =5.01. Answer is b

1
21. er = pe Ged — logx == loga—logb—2loge. Answer
is c.

2 nN. The inverseof y=oe{ =|is += oe{2 — ve — y=2-10*. Answer

is b.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 4 — Solutions @ 419

loga’ _ gloga oY —a :
23. log, (Va)"= foote logl—loga
a aS 1
= es Answer is a.

24. The restriction on y=log a is a>0, x>0, x#1, therefore, y= log(x +2) has restriction x+2>0
and base x >0, x #1 — x>-2 and x>0, x#1, the intersection is x >0, x #1. Answer isc.

x+5
z. 1og,(x+5)—log,(+—-3)=2 => os, 2 as 3
aaah > x+5=9x-27 —
x-3 ee
—§x =-32 —~x=4. Answer isc.

10005
26. 3-2logat+logh — log1000—loga’+logb — log 2
. Answer is c.
a

27. If (m, n) ison f(x)=log, x, then (n, m) is on h(x)=a",so h(x)=a™ reflects the graph on the
y-axis, therefore point is (—n, m). Answer is b.

logx log3_, 7 logx log3 _, a logx jog3 _, = log x =.

28. ((loLy X)( log.3)=1 —
g; ) log9 log5 = log5 ti
log 3” 2log3 log5 - 2 logs

log,x=2 > x=5° — x=25. Answerisc.

1
29. f(x)=2™ has inverse x=2°” — log,x=-y — y=-—log,x — y=log, xo y= os, }
Xx

Answer is d.

30. 27°88 =x 5 Bl =x x=5. Answerisa.

31. The inverseof f(x)=6""!-2is x=6""'-2 3 x4+2=6'"! | log2, (x+2)=y+1l

y >
y=log.(x+2)—1. Answer is a.

32. The inverseof f(x)=log,(x—-1)—2 is x=log,(y—1)-2 > x+2=log,(y-1) — y-1=5*" >

y=5" +1. Answer is d.

33. log, x=a — C=

ol =o

log,, x = log, (3°*) = 4alog,, 3= 4alog,, 273 = = . Answer is d.

wid
1

ke
i| te ] 14

34. 4 4,(3] —> 4=s0{ 5 . Answeris d.

nt 4-5

35. a= P(1+2| = }000= of

14922) — 1000= P(1.03)” — P
_ 1000
= fae Answeris c.
nN

36. 10°=240 — x=log240 > x=2.4,807.3—2.4=4.9. Answer

is b.

Stee 0e. = Pp=30e0 9100), ap eres te Anew er is d.

38. A= 4, (3)I> > 200= 4,(3))t + 4,=—-.

0
200 Answer isa.
L
35

wn
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 Pre-Calculus 12
420 #@ Chapter
420 4 — Solutions
Chapter4—Solutions

39 . 9.8 —8.2 = 1.6, therefore, 10'° = 39.8. Answer is c.

40 10°=160 > x=logl60 > x=2.2, therefore 8.7 + 2.2 = 10.9. Answer is b.

41. log, (<]= log, a—log, 9— log, b° = log, a— log, 3° —2log, b= log,a—2-2log, b. Answer is c.

42. log, (2)= log, =a = 2log, 5—3log, 2—- 2 log, 3= 2a—3-2b. Answer is b.

43. 1-log=—loge= log10—log=— loge = log-—=

ae
log
10 105 . Answer is a.
b

44, y=ab > a es v=toe,(2] Answer is b.

a a

45. log, (a—3)=b-

a-3=2’ >a=2'+3. Answeris c.

B V4 al se a
46. log| — |=log| — |=log| — |=—log4-—2log3=—-—2b. Answer
is b.
(2) {5 [S| ie Se
47. log,a hasrestrictions a>0, b>0, b#1, therefore, 2-x>0 — x<2;x4+1>0 — x>-l;
x+141 — x#0, therefore, -l<x<2,x#0. Answer isd.

48. 2log(3—x)=log2+log(22-2x) — log(3—x)’ =log2(22—2x) — (3-x)’ =2(22-2x) —

9—6x+x? =44-4x — x’-2x-35=0 > (x-7)(x+5)=0 — x=7,-5, reject 7. Answer isc.

12 12 ; 5
49. log 12 -log (x—1)=1 — log, ar =l1—- eae a > x -x=12 > x -x-12=0-
*\ x- x=
(x—4)\(4+3)=0 — x=-3,4, reject —3. Answer isc.

50. log,(2x+1)=1—log.(x+2) — log,(2x+1)+log.(x+2)=1 — log.(2x+1)(x+2)=1 —

(2x+1)(x+2)=5 — 2x°4+5x+2=5 > 2x7+5x-3=0 > (2x-1)(x+3)=0 >
1 ;
5 , —3,reject—3. Answeris b.

ry IG a=3log,c — 57 108 ¢ eres ts 202

b=log,d — d=4 b — d=2 2b AE CS

aie ee so . Answer
is b.

aye, x=2*, y=a,inanswerd,

y=log,x — a=log,2° > a=alog,2 — a=a. Answerisd.

5S: log, [log,(log, 8)]=-1 > log,(log,8)=3'=— — x3=log,8 > x}=log,2?=3log,2=3 >
it Jt

1
x3=3 > x=3?=27. Answer isd.

JE ee en ee EEE ERE ET ce
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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter
4 — Solutions @ 421

54. log4=x — log2?=x — 2log2=x > log2= >

logs= y — logl-log3=y — log3=-y, log6=log(2-3)= log2+ log3=>— y. Answer is a.

55, 2*'=3* — log2*'=log3” —, (x-llog2=xlog3 — xlog2-log2=xlog3 —

log2
xlog2—xlog3=log2 — x(log2—log3)=log2 — ta a BaP Answer
is b.

1 1
56. a=log2 — a=log4? — IS ES — log4=2a

2 b
b=log9 — b=log3’ — b=2log3 — ers

b
gee eee Answeris a.

3 Mas 1
“IE —log 27=2 — log 3-—log 27=2 — ‘log —=2 —> x =— — x=-—. Answer isa.
log, x J : OF S) 3

§8. log,3=x > 4°=3 > 2%=3; log, 7=y — 8 =7 2 =7

log, 21=10g43-7 = log, 2-27 =log,2" =(2xr sy)log, 2=2x+3y.. Answer is b.
a
gerre P1OOT= 100 5i08
log0.15
t
t
59. A=ats A,(0.99)" T > 0.15=1(0.9
=
9)'" 100 — Leeies Hla
a3
= 18 876. Answer is d.

' |
40

2 logs esT _, 7249 10829

a A
0 9) |e 075-11 7 1 = 96.38. Answer is d.
log 0.75

61. log,(2—4x)—log,3-x)=23 oe, =) =25 2-4x = 3? > 2-47 =27-9x 5 5x =255

3- 3-x
x=5, check solution, 5 rejected. No solution. Answer is d.

62. 3a"! = b* > log3a*' = logb* > log3+(x—-l)loga=xlogb—> log3+xloga—loga=xlogb—>

xloga—xlogb=loga—log3— x(loga-—logb)
= loga—log3> poe CES Answer is a.
loga—logb
Ss :
63. 2log,(—x) =2-log,
4 2log,(—x)+
log, 4=2 > log, 4(-x)’ =2 > 4(-xy =3 > x =t7

; : 3 3 :
check solution, reject 3? accept eat Answer is a.

nt 12 x 10 120
r if r iF alle iF a.
4a Plt |) >.
3P =P | 1+ — ee eee hea 31) 51)
—1
n 12 12
1
r=12 G6!"—- 1)>r =0.11036
= 11.0%. Answer
is d.
10 10

65. A=
L
A,(x)’> 200= 600
Ae e e i
5 =| ie
le ee
= ee log!
1) 10
a = > f= ——___—
10 log(+)
6.3. Answer isa.
|
2 t

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422 Chapter 5 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

Trigonometry (Part I) Solutions

5.1 Exercise Set

1. a) I b) Ill c)IV d) I e) 612° — 360° = 252°, II

f) -537°+2 x 360° =183°, Ill g) 1100° —3 x 360° = 20°, I
ape? ew OS25 tt 1.360: — 205, I i) 810°-—2 x 360° = 90°, not in quadrant
360°
j) —900° +3 x 360° =180°, not in quadrant

2. a) 45° b) 72° ¢)300° d) 405° e) 504° f) 420°

M4 31 At on 132 llz
35,a) — De C= d) — e) = a5
) 3 ) 2 ) 3 ) 2 ) 6 4

4. a) 150° +360° =510°, 150° —360° =—210° b) —150° +360° = 210°, —150° —360° =—510°

c) 314° +360° =674°, 314° —360° =—46° d) —314° +360° = 46°, —314° —360° =-674°

e): 612° —360°=252°, 612°-—2 x 360° =-108° f) —537° 4:2: 360°= 183°, 537" 3007.

g) 1100° —360° = 740°, 1100°-—4 x 360° =-—340° h) 6325° — 360° =5965°, 6325° —18 x 360° =—155°

i) S105 = 2:x360'=90". 810° —3 x 360° =—270° j) —900° +3 x 360° =180°, —900° + 360° =—540"

Note: There are an infinite number of possible answers for each question. List above represents just one
possible answer for each question.

5a) |45° eee ee het see ay ison 22 hy 0 eee

180° 4 180° 2 180° 6 180° 3
1
eis ee57 wer 3609 1
22x A05?Se1 Aon eed 1 VE
) 180° 3 180° 8) 180° 4 ) 180° 3
jee) ose x
180° 2 180° 2

Gay 10 ‘ ee4 le TS” 5 & —Ws"= 0.654 ce) 130° x 1

= 2.960 90°
ue a: 1
180° 180° 180° i ae Sere
Ae Col 1 1
6)) 400° ino = 6981 f)
f) 527° x 180°
== 9.198 g) 2048 Sich
ee 4.328 h) 718 tails
Ses 12.531

Does 17 800 1-13.49" —— = 93,544

A 5 4 é Tv

180° 180°

x 180... 5 180° 150° 32 180° — 135° liz 180° ~= 330 3 0°

FEW ) aglage
ie, es EE De
) é c) ell
Fee 135 d) Un
aes

Fe172 _ 180°EN : 21m 180° BY

5 SA } nl Oe 0 rs Fo
eee py UE 0
6 1 - 3 1 3 1
° . 23 180°
Tyg eos0 Ne =1095"
6 1 4 1

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions ¢ 423

180° 180° 180°

8. a) 3 Sli b) -4~x = 229.2” Chee ex = 1549/5

(0) 1 0° Oo

d) -1.2~x 13) = —68.8° e) 82x 2 = 469.8° f) -12.8~x use = —733.4°

1
1 1 18
9. s=r@ > 3=r-30°- — > 3=r-— Dr = — FD £5.73 cm
180 6 1

fee
=70" > 6 = 15-130) Se 4 Om
180 6

11. s=r0 —> 5=6-0. LAM ALD 5 aye NY ee ee

180° 30° z
12. a) The minute hand makes one-half of a turn in one half an hour so the radian value is 7.

b) The hour hand makes one twenty-fourth of a turn in one half hour so the radian value is 53po
12
13. s=r0 > s=(4m)(22x15)=1202 ~377m

14. 12rpm= bree radians per second = = x = = 72° per second. Thus zi
. per second = 3 seconds

15. s=r@ > s=6400x

27 in one day. In8 hrss = 6400 x27 x = = es =13404 km

16. Ue eres s=r0 > s = 6400. == 2234 km

5.2 Exercise Set

1, a) © =5 +12” by) = 27+? wea 177-15"

owls CES b=8

0 =¥-(af}
a=1
ee) 2 D=3
2. a) sin@>0 in quadrant I, II, psi 0 f quadrant I, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant I.

b) tan@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, cos@>0 in quadrant I, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant IV.

c) csc@>0 in quadrant I, II, cot@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant II.
d) cos@ <0 in quadrant II, II, csc@ <0 in quadrant III,IV, therefore, answer is quadrant III.

e) sin@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, tan@ <0 in quadrant IJ, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant IV.
f) cot@>0 in quadrant I, III, sec@ <0 in quadrant II, III, therefore, answer is quadrant III.

g) tan@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, csc@>0 in quadrant I, II, therefore, answer is quadrant II.

h) cos@ and sec@ are reciprocals of each other so it is impossible for one to be negative and the other positive

i) sin@ <0 in quadrant III, IV, cot@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant IV.

j) tan@ <0 in quadrant II, IV, sec@>0 in quadrant I, IV, therefore, answer is quadrant IV.

Ee aD
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pets
3. All trigonometry values are reciprocals of each other.

1 3 | eS 06 eee 4

4. All values are 90°—@ or a of each other.

a) 60 ° b) 25 ta) c) 65 ° d) ua
; e) a5 f) a6

, ‘ 4 3 4 5 5
Sar Oe Oe
N42 sind ==, cosO=—, tanO=7, CON Se Oa esc =

b) r=
2
(-v7} +37 =4, Re fea
ah tan@=—=,
s -V7
cot@=——-, secO=
=a : monn!
4 4 NG: 3 = 3

Cc) r= (V3) +(-1) =2. sind ==, ee ian = coto = V3, secd= csc
9 = —2

Ne

a) r=4|(V5} +(-2) =3, sind==, cos= 28,ian = cotg= >, secd=—, ese ==

e) r= 0? +(-4) =4, sin0d=-1, cos@=0, tan@=undefined, cotO@=0, sec@= undefined, csc@=—1

6. a) x +5? =13’

i= 2

12 5
x cosO=—, tand=—, eee neces ostoeee
13 {2 5 12 5

b) r’ =(8) +(-15)
aM

~15 7 .
x sind=—, Co ie oie cot@=—, sec@= , esc@
=—

Cc 2
) eee) Sic ann men sind =——, cos@=—

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions 4 425

csc x >O in quadrant I, II, tanx <0 in quadrant II, IV, therefore, answer
in quadrant II.

' 1 =
Geen eee sind =~, cos =?

tag tenet SO | Core ta ei eer gmc NA

w2 4 a2 4
é) fete
D 7D) 2
pe ag = = 24 12
=

r=2.6 26, 13 2.6 13

ene Se ea eh Pe ee
2.4 12 12 5

? + (—0.238) =1 - Le
» y+ Fe eee onl, tad ae = 4081.
y= 7007! 1 —0.238

= —1.030
—0.971

7. a)

PAIS = 2 ay 2 we a

b) ie Nee ae 2) Ci al Ae een
e218 Vi3 Vi3
_ = —vV1
me Seo ee soteict gy ae eal,
3 3 2 3 2

DY) te fe 2
c) a v5) sin@=—— , cos@=—
B= 3

tan@ =—— , pose secO=—, csc@ = —=

V5 V5

d)

snO0=-1, cos@=0, tan@=undefined, cot@=0, sec@=undefined,

cscO = —]

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 Pre-Calculus 12
426 @ Chapter 5 — Solutions

3" therefore point is (—4, 3) withr =5,

8. a) Ifsind= - in quadrant II, then a? +b’ =r ,
if r= 10, then point is (—8, 6).

b) If tan@=1 in quadrant III, then r? =(-1)°+(-l)’ , therefore point is (—1,—1) with r = V2 :

r=2 ify =3, then poimtis |—=, =|.

=3 =3
Fz V2
c) Ifsec@=2 in quadrant I, then 17+? =2° , therefore point is (1, 3 ) with = 2;

pan if r= 8, then point is (4, 4V3).

ay, therefore point is (—12, 5) with r = 13;

d) Ifcsc@= ai in quadrant II, then a? +5° =13° ,
—96 40
=~
a=-12 ifr = 8, th en poinintiss(
ier |——,—
3 2)|:

1
9. csc B= —, cosO0—B)=snB=a
a

Se wc TE
10. sec P=—, sin] ——P |=cosP=)b
b 2

11. a) 2x—y=10 3G) ty =5 1 =3 (Ay

3x+y=5 y=-4 Kes
aX =tS 4 3
=
558) sind=—,
5 cos0
= —
5

b) y=xt+4x Vea
-4) 16
y=—4x-16 =0
x? +4x =-4x-16 r= (-4)' +0°
x? +8x+16=0 LA
(x+4) =0
sn0=0, cos@=-1
x=-4

12. sin@=cos@ where the opposite = adjacent. Sine and cosine are both positive in quadrant I and both
negative in quadrant III. Thus @ = 45° and 225°.

13. If 1+sin@=3sin@, then sind ==; tan@ <0 is in quadrant Il, a=-—J2?-1? aan NS
2

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions @ 427

+X
hcota—d=hcot B
cot B=—
14.
COLOi=
h h(cota—cot B)=d
x=hcota-—d x= neot Bp di
~ cota—cot B

Q
15. ae hcota=d—hcotB
cota =— corp=
h h h(cota+cot B)=d
x=hcore x=d-hcotB x d
a ~ cota+cotB
x d-x

5.3 Exercise Set

1 ees b) 30° )46° d) 46° e) 72° f) 3°

i) 90° 1 a
g) 20° h) 25° j)
j) 0° k)se
— Iay—

Nl 37 a
Vs 1
m) ) —: nD) ) : 0)—
P) 5

ee hy cis
2. a) sin120° =sin60 =e b) cot 135° =—cot45° =-1

c) cos330°
F =cos30 Wane
=i d) tan660° = tan300° = —tan60° =—V3

e) esc1125° = csc 45° = V2 pyete ealanrans

6 2 3

g ) sin Be 4 5lee
5 Pe eos 3
6 a 3

i) Pe I og a
) ee
6 6a : 3 Revi aring

k) cot(—240°) = cot 120° =—cot60° = cm

3

n) tan =t pe gs NA
3 6 (Sew erie

0) sin
; (=) =sin— 4n NB
= —sin — = —— ) esc] — = eee bloat
3 F 7 oe 20S See See Oe
3. a) never b) never c) 90°, 270° d) 0°, 180° e) 90°, 270° f) 0°, 180°

To
4. a) never b) never c ee d)) 0, z e)) —,
oe— f) 0, 7
pee!
5. a) 210° b) 120° c) 240° aesS: e) 120° f) 150°

40 51 5a ay51 31 20
6. a) ) — Lh) 6 ) 4
Ci ) 6 e) Sake
Fi f) ats3

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428 ¢ Chapter 5 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5
7. a) v3 b) ¥3 c) 1 d) 1 e) |
2 2.
1
8) 5 h) )3 i) v3
51 1 70 By
8. a) ) —6 b)) — ¢)) —6 i)

11x 51 1
) —6
9. a) b)) — c) ) —é d)' ==

71 31 Sm 1
10. a) ) —6 b)) —7 c)) —P d)) —3

: ae. Wie
11. a) cosx >0 in quadrant I, IV, therefore, by special angles, answers are 6° Ae

: ; To AZ
b) in quadrant III, IV, therefore, by special angles, answers are ge se

Syme 9
c) tanx <O in quadrant II, IV, therefore, by special angles, answers are er

; (ae Spe
d) cscx >0 in quadrant I, II, therefore, by special angles, answers are 6 76:

: 3
e) secx <0 in quadrant II, III, therefore, by special angles, answers are —, a

310
f) sinx =-—1 by special angle at 5h

g) cotx= undefined by special angles at 0, z

h) cosx =0 by special angles at = =

i) cscx = undefined by special angles at 0, z

j) secx =—1 by special angles at z

k) cotx <0 in quadrant II, IV, therefore, by special angles, answers are othe ai
Sas
I) csex <0 in quadrant III, IV, therefore, by special angles, answers are 5a 71
—, ——
4 4

12. a)
) 0,0 b)pale1, =1— 1,-=1
c)a d)0s
VU
ae
es

13.a) 3 0, a3 |
) 1,1 Da
Daze c)Js = asi
DAs
14. sin(-0) =—sin@
15. cos(—@) = cos@

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions ¢ 429

5.4 Exercise Set

. 7)fG@)=Ce 2g(x)
= D,- h(x) >ARI@) Ste GO) SB eke)
= £.

Zo aye b)D c) B d) A

1 1 3
3. a) Re
3 Tl, 6
7c —l b ) ay oe 7 aaa) 4 1 )
Cc 4, 6, il 2

1 2, 3 1
d
BG 1 Su t= 3) 0
2 3, vp AO
3 2
D4 Bp US
4
rite as 0

4. a) 37 b)2

mart Lor 37 une

5. a) Pe Ss b) De) c) y=4sin2 ore d) De a

1 1 1 s W) VIE
y = 3cos—(x-1
a ) y =2cos—|aex-—=| y =4cos 2x y = 2cos—|a.
x-—=)

2 ae 20 3 182 137 ee) 30

e) y =msin—(x-10)
iB ae = 2sin—|alas
x-= 2) y =sin—|eligatica
x-—— | h ry = 3sin—|
ml x-—
Fe

y= moos16=(x-1) y beh ascael

x ri y yee:
uae x 5 y ee oe x len7
3 51 vial
i
Wise 4 Soinsin| a=4 i
ined = 2sin—(x-72
= )

y= eosa{r-71| “ala:
ie T
at 3 =2
y=2cos 2 x -2|
=cos—| x -—

6. y=—dsin 5(x+2 )+1 , amplitude =|—3|=3 , ae

1
5

phase shift = Fe +2)=0—x=-2 , vertical displacement = 1

1g y=2eos{ Ex+n)-1 , amplitude=2 , period= mall =4,

1
2

phase shift = te+m=0 x=-2 , vertical displacement = —1

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430 ¢ Chapter 5 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

8. If it has a maximum point (2 , 3) and a minimum point of (6 ,— 7), then it has one half period of 4, or a
—7+3 Siar vies”
period of 8 ; a vertical displacement of a allie —2 ; and an amplitude of Ree 5

ee
So, ees ae pee iherciore, yi— Sil
v= >
b b 4 +
9. Same maximum and minimum points as question 8. The period of the sine and cosine equation are both 8
with amplitude 5 and vertical displacement —2. The cosine equation is just a shift of two units to the right.

Therefore, the equation is y=5cos wae= 2)=o (Other possible answers)

10. a) This graph has a period of 12; an amplitude of 2; a vertical displacement of 1. The phase shift depends
on where we start; there are an infinite number of possibilities.

i) Period = 7 >12= = > b= , vertical displacement = 1, amplitude =2.

If a> 0 then the graph must start at 4+12n, n being an integer; let’s use 4.

Therefore, y =2sin a(x-4)+1

ii) If a<0 then the graph must start at -2+12n; use —2, therefore, y= -—2 sin =(x +2)+1

b) i) Ifa > 0 then the graph must start at 7+12n; use 7, y= 2eos=(x—7)+1

ii) Ifa <0 then the graph must start at 1412; use 1, therefore, y=-—2 cos (xA)
Note: The four graphic equations in 10a and 10b above represent the same graph.

5.5 Exercise Set

1. Peo: D
ees
2
eee
:
O<x <8 has 2 periods.
,
Cosine equals zero at ae ate lie
oe Dea ne.
2
Thus eee Lee te Lea's
2 2 2: D 2

The spring passes through the origin at | sec., 3 sec., 5 sec., and 7 sec.

2. a) Amplitude is 4. b) 30 cycles/second

Period: 2 = 607

b= ah second
30

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without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions @ 431

It is below zero on the first 49 days and

last 32 days of the year.

Therefore, below zero from

Yres=5 FSyBBLGs09 Y=0 November 30' to February 17%,

ia
4. Sales will reach zero when S = 200+ 200 cos|
Ee+ »|SI OROT cos|
2 (t+ 2|=—]

1
Cosines equals —1 at 2 by special angle Pau +2)=%

t+2=6
t=4
If January is t= 0 then May is ¢ = 4.
2 Pas
5. amplitude: 3; vertical displacement: 12; period: 2 = 365 b= ; phase shift is the days from

me
January 1$'to March 21S: 80 days. Therefore, H(t) = sin] 2 so)12

84 : 2
6. amplitude: = = (0.42 ; vertical displacement: 0.42 + 0.08 = 0.50; period: ee=44 b= a

If the start is breathing in, then L(t) =-—0.42 cos +0.50, O0<t<8 has two periods.

: Res Tt Tt Tt
Maximum capacity is when cos 2)=—1; eas ut —t=2 or ee 3% > t=6

Air capacity is maximum at 2 seconds and 6 seconds.

= D= 120%

E=110cos (12072)

8.a) Period = og = 3 seconds

20

D)Ps= ca 3 Hi le ef
b b 3

Vertical displacement = “oS = 19 cm, Amplitude = “ eiivem

y=acos(bt) +c > y= 11
os|22)nigaAY,

9.a) Vertical displacement = 25+1 = 26m

Maximum height = 51 m
Minimum height = 1 m
Amplitude = radius = 25m

Ak Z
Period =~ 2594.5 oe a pe phase shift=0 H = 25sin ey P06
b b 12 12

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432 Chapter 5 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

9. b) = 25sin(# 6]Gs 435 i

c) Graph y=25 inl | +26 and y = 35. Find the intersect of these two equations.
They are (1.40668 , 35) and (10.59332 , 35). Therefore, the time above 35 m
is 10.59332 — 1.40668 = 9.1866 seconds on each rotation.

11.8—4.2 11.8+4.2
10. a) Amplitude: Fee = 3.8 m, Vertical displacement: mes = 8

Phase shift: 4.5 hours

ody 20 1
Period: (11.5 — 4.5) - 2 = 14 hours, P= we > 145 rs > b= 7

F338 cos [Fu-49) eR on f= 3.8.5 [Zu-»

Ww
es

b) 1:15 p.m. = 13.25 hours

= 3.8 cos (=(13.25-4.5)) + 8 > H=10.69m or

H = 3.8sin [Eas25- +s > H=10.69 m

11. a) Amplitude: 1.1m Vertical displacement: 1.6 m

2 Zz
Period: 1.0 seconds P= = ESOS Seis b=2n

H = -1.1 cos (271f)+ 1.6

b) = —-l.lcos(2m- 2.3) + 16 ~ H=1.94m

12. a) Vertical displacement: 6m
Maximum: 6+8 = 14m
Minimum: 6—8 = —2, _ therefore, zero height of water

b) Amplitude: 8m, Vertical displacement: 6 m

Period: 16 minutes ~ P = = > 16= a > b=

ola

S = gent ar ¢
8

c) Since the period is so long, a person in a boat would hardly notice the tsunami.

5.6 Chapter Review

Trigonometry (Part I) — Multiple-choice Answers

| ee! 5. € ey ee 135 Cc Uwe PATS No) 2a 29.55 S334 aes uen cc

2. d 6. d 10. a 14. c Som De aoe a 26. b 30. d 34. d 38. c
Bh UG fee Il. c¢ 152 a AOC 23. a Zia a RHE Xe 35a 0d 3950 ¢
4. d 8: ¢ 123) b 16. d 205d 245 0a 28. a 32. .D: “SGae 40. a

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions # 433

Trigonometry (Part I) — Multiple-choice Solutions

1
1. Amplitude |—2|=2, period —-=4. Answer is d.
2

Phase shift ops m=0 — =x=n — x=2, vertical displacement 3. Answer is d.

3. Period = =3. Answer is c.

4. a=ré, a= arc length, r = radius, 9 =angle in radians

12=60 — @=2 radians, degree angle 2-——-=115°. Answer is d.

1
Se Cosecant is negative in quadrant III and IV, tangent is negative in quadrant II and IV therefore, solution
is in quadrant IV.

by Pythagoras Theorem (-V3) Sig =) basa SAL butea Shin

2 2
pees nee eee
opp 3
quadrant IV, therefore, cosx = gel Answeris c.
hyp 2

V1
By Pythagoras Theorem r* =27+(-3)° > r= ae , seco = gen SIS) Answer is d.
adj
Ts The smallest negative angle for cosecant is in quadrant III. Answer is c.

8. 10-2 = 573° — 360° = 213°. Answer is c.

9.

CSC eS
2 2,
TO reese ANSwer
|
IS a.
3 -¥3 -v¥3 v3 3

17% 17% 4
10. cot— =cot re = cot— in quadrant II cotangent is negative. Therefore, reference angle is

1
—cot— =—-——=-
V3= Ne Answer is a.
6 l

11. secO <0 in Quadrant II, III, tan@>0 in quadrant I, III, therefore quadrant III. Answer is\c.

7%
12. Positive angle is ——-—=2 me = , reference angle is 7— = = _. Answer is b.

1 .
a3. Seco = ep Ee = —. Answer is c.
adjacent a

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SeayCapterS* Seta
14. Amplitude |—a|= a, displacement =—b therefore maximum value a—b. Answer is c.

15. Start at vertical displacement value of —b then go down a. Answer is a.

16.

by Pythagoras Theorem, (37 +b =5S — b=-4, tanB= es . Answer is d.

ne Iigge ND
17. secx <0 in quadrants II, III, by special angles, reference angle is 6. therefore answers are a a

Answer Is c.
18. Set calculator in radian mode, set window Xmin=0, Xmax =60, Ymin=0, Ymax = 55

Graph Y, = 25 sin (x —10)+76 and Y, = 40 and find intersection points

(34.32, 40) and (15.68, 40), difference 34.32 —15.68 = 18.64 sec. Answer is b.

; 20 21 oa ] ‘ 1 :
19. Period = 1b ,b>0 — P=— Therefore minimum value occurs 5 a period away at ee Answer Is c.

1 1
20. cscx =—1.325, determine reference angle sinx =——— —> x =sin ||—— |=0.855
bE320 25

cosecant is negative in quadrant III, IV therefore 27 —0.855=5.43 and 27+0.855=4.00. Answer is d.

21. Tangent negative in quadrant II and IV, cosine negative in quadrant II and III, therefore, quadrant II

CSG = Answer is b.

22. tan@<0 in quadrant Il andIV , sec@>0 in quadrant I and IV, therefore, quadrant IV

a=x° +d’
2 2 2 a :
XY =a —D cos 8 = ———_—_. Answer is a.

R= a —

Answer is a.

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 5 — Solutions ¢ 435

24. If the maximum point is (2, 16) and the nearest minimum point is (7, 4), then its half period is 7-2 =5

and the period is 10; a vertical displacement of aro =10; and an amplitude of ety = 6, therefore,

peep. b= , phase shift = 2

So y=acosb(x-c)+d — y= 6008 (x-2)+10. Answer is a

25. All equations except “a” produce reciprocal graphs of the diagram. Answer is a.
2 1
26. cor = 0.325. Answer is b.
5 20
tan —
»
1 —| =] —] ry .
27. sec0 =—2.202 > = —2.202 > cos@ = ——— > 8=cos | ——— |=117°. Answer is a.
cos 0 2.202 2.202
28. 3 units to the left is f(x)=cos(x+3). Answer is a.

29. area of circle is mr* = (10) =100z,, therefore = x 1002 =105. Answer is b.
1
l 1
30. sec >0 in quadrants I, IV. secx =3.45— cosx =—— > x=cos | —— |=1.28 and 27-1.28=5.01.
3.45 3.45
Answer is d.

31. cscO= ESS # . Answer is c.

opposite b

On. minimum value is vertical displacement — amplitude = d—a. Answer is b.

1 1 T <nit
53. y=tanx has asymptotes at x = 5 +n7 therefore y=tanbx has asymptotes bx = a +n > x= or + 77

Answer is d.

34. vertical displacement is 25; amplitude is 20; period is a =105 b= E therefore h=—20 oT fF

Answer is d.

35. Graph Y¥ =3.9sin0.167(¢—3)+6.5 and Y, =8. Set windows X(0, 24) and Y(—2, 12). Find difference of
intersects of two intervals. Answer is d.
: 20 1 : .
36. Amplitude is 25, p= 7 =80 — b= iD , vertical displacement is 25 + 2 = 27 , start upside down

from standard cosine, therefore, /=—25 cos 7|+27. Answer is c.

37. Set calculator in radian mode, set window X(0, 60) and Y (0, 55).

Graph Y =-25 cos|F"+27 and Y, = 35, and determine the 1“ intersection point. Answer is c.
1 .

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38. If the maximum depth occurred at 4:00, and the minimum depth occurred 6 hours later, then the period is

12 hours. Therefore P= Zn >12= > b= 4_ If the maximum depth is 8 meters and minimum

depth 2 metres then the displacement is 5 meters with amplitude 3 meters.

SG
The only equation that fits these parameters is d(t) =3sin a —1)+5. Answer isc.

39. Graph ¥ = 3sin =(x-1) +9 set windows X [0, 13], Y[-1,10] Oncalculator enter ¥= 12, gives Y=3.5

1
or ee ys acne ese —— |+5=3.5. Answeris c.
6 6 2

40. Graph Y = 3sin =(x —1)+5 and Y, =7; first intersection is at Y= 2.394 hr 42:24am. Answer is a.

Trigonometry (Part II) Solutions

6.1 Exercise Set

1. a)F b) C c) B d) A e) E f) D 2)H

5 3sinx —8 b) ] i ie 2
28a) ae
SS es
hs c) tanx(1+ tan x) d) cot’ x

e) cscx f) 2csc’?x g) 2secx h) —cotx

3. a) (l—sinx)(1+sinx) pb) (secx—tanx)(secx+tanx) ¢) gin?x d) sec*x

e) sin’
xtan’ x f) cscx+] g); csc’x h) cos’x
i) sin’ x—cos’ x =(sinx—cosx)(sinx
+ cos x) j) tan’ x(secx—1)
4. a) 1+2sinxcosx b) cos’x c) cot?x d) 4sin?x e) 1 yl
ee, 1 1
3. a) 2sin ual D) = c) d) sinx
1—sin’ x 1—sinx
(ie 2
6. a) 1—2.cos? x ) = ¢) cos?x Hise
COS: x 1—cosx
sin x 1+cosx COS x 1+ Sint x i
Te or - b ©) i aa
l—cosx sin x ) l—sinx COs x Cys ea a cosx
8. Note: expression is undefined whenever sin @ or cos @ has a zero value in the denominator.

cot x COS x Hhereforen ne eG {r0 37

2 Sar ee , SINX ea be or < OSx<2n, x40, 7, raat?
5
l+sinx — sinx(1+sinx)
sec x 1
b Sei ECECLOre, COSX-* 0. 1: f < we 3a
) 1—cosx cos x (1—cosx) >I, for OSx<2n, x40, —,
Z

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permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions @ 437

1 1 1
iG eae
wees See ce pineretore, cosx #— .,—-l\;
2cos’x+cosx—1 (2cosx—1)(cosx
+1) 2

1 51
for OSes A —, Ts
3 3

cosx sin x :
a)cotx. + tax = — , therefore, sinx # 0,cosx #0
sin x cOSx

1 370
fOr OS, 6 nO, ei
2 2
9.a) (sec.x-cse.x—cot x)(sin.x —csex) =

1 l cos x : 1 1 cOSx COSx :

_—_ - — sinx -— = _—_ - —_ sinx— — =
COSRGNSINEXS | |Sitiec sin x COSH= SINDEN USING COSK sinx

1—cos* x sin’ x — 1 sin’ x cos’ x

. . 2

aaa : a te -_— = —cosx

sin x cos x sin x sin x COS x sin x

cotx+1 ; cotx+1l—cotx
b) cot x = cot x eee
cotx—1 ' cotx —l1—cotx —l
cotx cotx

tan’ x tan’ x tan? x sin? x 2 ae

Cc) ; os, SS ee eee Tao cos’ x =sin" x
cos x+sin° x+ tan”x 1+tan° x SeCaey cos’ x

cosx:-tanx+sinx cosx ieee OSx }

a) =
—— SX: +sinx |= ——-2sinx=cosx
2 tan x 2sinx cosx 2sinx

1- sec? XxX 5) QD D 2 QB Ser sin? 2.8 2

e) = 008,74 — Cos x |e tan x)—cos x= cos x] ———— |-cos’ x=
sec’ x cos x

—sin’ x —cos’ x= —(sin? x+cos’ x)=—I

1—cos’x
—cosx a , ; ho : 5
f) SECX —COS.¥ cosx Nicos cen Cl COS) SiN ee (SIN: X) SiN.X * aie SIX sheeas
esc x — sin x l Bent 1—sin? x (1—-sin’?x)cosx (cos’x)cosx cos x
sin x sinx

CcOsx nx cosx{ sinxcosx+sinx

- sinx + - ;
) cotx(sin.x + tan x) sin x cosx sin x cosx sin x(cos x +1) ;
g = = = = Sine
csc x +cotx 1 cos x 1+cosx 1+cosx
sinx sinx sinx

1—cos’ x
sec x=—COSx COS Xxyeas a, co Zs 1—cos’ x sin’ x
h) ————_ = —OOSX_ = Wn = = = sinx
tan x sin x sin x sin x sin x
cOsx cOsx

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 1 1 sin x 1 sinx
el hes: a a
9. i) sec’ x(1+cscx)—tanx(secx + tanx) _ cos x sinx } COSX\COSX COSX] _
csc x (1+sin x) 1+sin x
sinx

a
sin x 1
5
sinx +1
=
sinx(1l+sinx)|
5
1
ay)
sin’x
1 seni)
1l—sin°x cos
2
x ig
en Res Sac ee aa OES De te B re a
1+sinx] cos?x\ sinx cosx\ “cosx COS2y COS COS* cos’ x

1 1
Caeser
__ nee ’ x
x +sin’
cos
j) ———— = Sn x _cos X= sinx:COSx = ——————— = CSCX -SeC x
csc x-secx 1 1 sin’ x-cos’ x sinx -cosx
sinx cosx

4,S08% sinx-cosx+cosx
cosx : nx + 1)
cosx+cotx va i
sina = :
sinx EA cosx(si
: ree,
1+cscx An 1 sinx +1 sinx +1
sin x sinx

1 1 1
I S€C xX we COS xX a COSxX : COSx = sin x -COSX ns sin x

tan x —cotx sinx ‘ cosx sin? x +cos’ x 1 cosx

COS*¥) “sinx sin x-cosx sin x-cosx

6.2 Exercise Set

1. a)
sins x— Cos;Doe Ly) x—1
x= 2sin° 2 «SIM i ME COS COL=I
CSC

a7)
Siew Satie 72
> (l= Sing x) = gin‘ Scos cosx 1
: sinx sinx
sin? x -1+sin?
x=
~ sin’ x +cos’x
se

2sin° x-l= aS
=" =o
sinx
1
sinx

3 staat 1 ;
; —cosx= 4. ———<=cgcex-sinx
COS X COS x sec x tan x
1—cos’ x _ COS‘ aaa .
aecosxela cos x: — = — ~sinx
sinx sinx
He s |
sin’ x _ o
cos x _ 1—sin’x
cosx sinx sinx

B08 x
sinx

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of

this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions # 439

cos* x—sin* x ‘ sec’ x—1

BY, a Oe =2+ tan’ x
1—tan’ x tan? x

cos’ x—sin‘ x sec’

2
x —1)(sec’
2
x +1
ee Es sec <1
he sin’ x tan” x

cos’ x tan’x (sec?

x +1
Es)
; rei
cos’ x—sin‘’ x tan” x

cos’ x—sin‘ x sec’? x+1=

cos’ x

cos’ x

7 sin x +cosx ! cosx+sinx _ 1+tanx

: ——— =sinxcosx 8. =
csc x +sec x cosx—sinx 1—tanx

sinx + cos x sinx

1+
1 1 =
scosx.
sinx cosx i sinx
COSx
sinx +cosx
cosx+sinx
cosx+sinx
COs x
sin x COS x
cos x —sinx
sin
x COSx =
cos x

cosx+sinx
cosx —sinx

9. sec x _ secxt+l 10. sin@+cos@-cot@ _ 2. 0

l-cosx sin?x cos@csc@
secx 1+cosx_ : cos@
sin6+cos@-
l-cosx 1l+cosx sing ___ |
seox tly cos@ cos@

1-cos?x sin@

secxt+1_ sin’ @+cos’@ sind _

sin’ x sin@ cos@

a
ee
ee

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 Pre-Calculus 12
440 @ Chapter
440
200 6 — Solutions
Chapter6—Solutions

sec x 1+sinx
11. Buadaek Aine: 12. l-sinx cos’x
sin@
+ tan
1 secx(1+sinx) _
1+
COS Omi. (1—sinx)(1+sinx)
sin8 sec.x
(14 sim)
sin@+
cos@
1—sin’x
cos@+1
Secx
(1 sin) um
cos @ as
cos’x
sin@ - cos@8+sin@
cos@ LSI ae

Cos Flin |
cos?x
sin @(cos@ + 1)
cscO=

Base [= 2sin? x tan x _ l-cosx

13. x= 14. : Ge Wes
1—tan’x tan x + sin x Sine x

_ 1=2sin*x sinx
she,
sin xX
ites
Sin, 2. 1—cos’x
cos’ x +sinx
cosx
= 2.sinedy
2 an e2 sinx
cos x—sin x
2
COS Xx
sinx+sinxcosx (l—cosx)(1+cosx)
_ cos’ x(1—2sin’ x) cosx
cos’
x —sin’ x sin x 1
.
coss(
2
l= 2s
oo
x) sinx(1+cosx) 1+cosx
(=sin?x —sin’ x 1
_ cos’ x(1—2sin* x) 1+cosx
1—2sin?x

= cos’x

L—cos0’ 1 sec x secx+1

15; 16. Enema oa
sin@ csc8+coté l-—cosx sin’ x
1—cos@ (1+cos8) ] secx 1+cosx
sin@ (1+cos@) Pecos? 1-cosx 1+cosx
sin@ sin@ secx+1
IcossO 1—cos?x
sin @(1+cos@) ~ 14+cos0 secx+1_
sin@ sin’ x
sin’ 6 _ sin@
sin O(1+cos@) ~ 1+c0s0

sinO
1+cosO —

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions @ 441

sin’? x — tanx : cot

x — tan x
ee ; = tan’ x (S0c0s 1 — sin x =
COS™ 4 = COLX cotx+ tanx

ine sinx cosx sinx

sin* x — pi)
cosx _» sin’ x “VSsins. - COSX
5 cosx cos’ x COSX + SIN
cos’ x —-
sinx sinx cosx
2 1D
sin’ xcosx—sinx cos’ x — sin* x
cos x sin
x cos x
1) 2
sin xcos’ x —cosx sin’ x +cos’ x
sinx sin
x COS x
2 12
sinx(sinxcosx—1) sinx else re sil,
cosx(sinxcosx—1) cosx sin’
x +cos’ x
2 Pd
sin’x — COS y= Sil, %
2
cos’ x

sinx 2cos* x-1

19. cscx -———— = cot x 20. Cts = tan, = —
1+cosx sin x cos x
1 sin x _ cosx cosx sinx m
sinx l+cosx sinx Silas COSx
1+cosx—sin’
x_ cos’ x — sin? x
sin x (1+ cos x) sin
x COS X

cosx+cos’ x _ cos’ x—(1—cos” x) _

sinx(1+cosx) sin xCOS x

cosx(1+cosx) _ 2cos’x—-1_
sinx(1+cosx) sin
x cosx

COSX_
sinx

1—sinx 5 COS x COSxX

21. ——— =(secx—
tanx) 22. = an
1+sinx escx+l cscx—-1l
: 2
1 sin x cosx(cscx—1)+cosx(cscx+1) 2sinx
COSX COSX esc’ x —1 cosx
COSX CSCX —COSX
+ COS X CSCX
+ COS X
(1—sinx)
csc? x—1
ier
2cosxcsc x
(1—sinx)’
cot? x
ee . o>
DCOSe ESitiny
(1-sinx)’
sinx cos’x
~ (l=sinx)(1+
sinx)
2sin x e
Bel siti c
COS X
1+sinx

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442
ate Chapter 60— Solutions
Y Chapter SOmmuOns
Pre-Calculus 12

Baie: CSC 5 COLT ae ee

23. tan x(csex+1)=———— 24. tanx+sinx

Ose
deleee COLT (csex +1) rel cone
cotx (csc.x —1) (csc.x +1) =
sInx 14
+sinx
cotx(csex +1) COS x
ese? x-1 1+cosx
cot.x(cscx +1) ___sinx =
[> ae [snstsinseoss
col x
cOsx
_ esex+]
aS 1+cosx_ COS x iz
sinx sinx(1+cosx)
cscx-cotx=

S 5 ee 2
35. ESS cosy |sinx—siny _) 26. es'( Zn)-1= tan x
sinx+siny cosx+cosy 2

cos’ x—cos’ y+sin? x—sin’ y _ sec’ x—-l=

(sinx + sin y)(cosx + cos y) anne

(sin* x + cos’ x)—(sin? y+cos* y) _

(sinx + sin y)(cosx + cos y)
1-1 a
(sin x + sin y)(cos x+ cos y)
G2

6.3 Exercise Set

1 q 20 D ) e IK x In
. a) 3° 3° ai, nT, + 2nt D) te c) =, —; —+1+nn
4 Gh Glo
an 4n 1 ame SO Sa
d)) 3a
oe
ae
3
TE e) —,
RG—; +—+2nn
n f) ase
PO g
aegt nn, aed ann
3
1 E cheate s
g) tS eel Pong: La ee h) 7 7+2n70 i) 2 ee Egham
6 6 6 6 De ? forraeo
:
en TE Ole) IE 3x 5a 3x 1 4n 5n 42 51
Di ernest
ta ee
Neg
Pa
cece
AES =A
ann, —-+2nn l) —,3? —; —+2nn, a—+2nn
9. "ais

2. a) sinx >0 in quadrant I, Il, x=sin'(0.6234)=0.673, x=2—0.673=2.469.

x=0.673+20n, x=2.469+27n, nan integer

b) cos x >0 in quadrant I, IV, x =cos (0.4821) = 1.068, x=27%—1.068=5215"

x=1.068+2an, x=5.215+27n, an integer
n

c) tanx >0 in quadrant I, III], x = tan '(1.7258) = 1.046 > X=7+1.046=4.187.

Because of tangent symmetry, x =1.046+7n, nan integer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions ¢ 443

2. d) cot x>0 in quadrant I, III, x=tan"'(=15)=0.944,

0.7238
x=2+0.944= 4.086.
Because of cotangent symmetry, x =0.944+7n, nan integer

e) sec x >0 in quadrant I,IV, x=cos” (<5) =He2500" x = —1.250=5.033

x=1.250+20n, x=5.033+27n,n an integer
, wen]
f) csc x >0 in quadrant I, , x=sin ( )=0.716, x=n—-0.716 =2.426.
x=0.7164+20%n, x=2.426+27n,n an integer

g) sinx <0 in quadrant III, IV, reference angle is x = sin” (0.4173) = 0.430 ,
therefore, answers are x =2+0.430=3.572, x=2m-0.430=5.853.
B= SIZ+LEN, X=0.000+ 20h, nan imiecer

h) cos x <0 in quadrant II, III, reference angle is x = cos '(0.4821) = 1.068,
therefore, answers are x =7—1.068=2.074, x=7+1.068=4.209.
x=2.0744+20n, x=4.209+27n, n an integer

i) tanx <0 in quadrant II, IV, reference angle is x = tan '(0.3124) = 0.303,
therefore, answers are x = 27—0.303=2.839, x=27-0.303=5.980.
Because of tangent symmetry, x =2.839+7n, n an integer

j) cotx <0 in quadrant II, IV, reference angle is x = tan’! (1.1482

, 2 Ose,
therefore, answers are x =7—0.717 =2.425,.. x=22-0.717 =5.567.
Because of cotangent symmetry, x = 2.425+7n, nan integer

k) sec x <O in quadrant II, III, reference angle is x =cos '(5) == 12020"
therefore, answers are x=7-—1.020=2.122, x=7+1.020=4.162.
x=2.122+30n, x=4.162+270n,n an integer

I) csc x <O in quadrant IIJ,IV, reference angle is x =sin'' (st) = (0.447;

therefore, answers are x =7+0.447=3.589, x=2m-0.447 =5.836.
X=3.589+20n, x=5.836+ 20 7n, n aninteger

3. Remember, every time you go from 0° to 360°, or from 0 to 22, each trigonometric function is positive in
two quadrants and negative in two quadrants. But if the trigonometric function is a maximum or minimum
value it can have one or two solutions.
Example: cos@=-1 only at 180°, but cos@=0 at both 90° and 270°.

a) sin3x=—. Sine has a value of —4 in quadrants III, IV. Since the period is **, to go to
27 requires multiplying * by 3, therefore, 2 x 3=6 solutions.

b) sin3x=—1. Sine has a value of —1 only at **. Since the period is #*, to go to
27 requires multiplying ~* by 3, therefore, 1 x 3=3 solutions.

c) sin;x=4. Sine has a value of 5 in quadrants I, II. Since the period is #*=47, to go to 27

requires multiplying 47 by +, therefore +the period, solutions in quadrants I, II, so 2 solutions.

d) cos+x=4. Cosine has a value of 5 in quadrants I, IV. Since the period is ##=47, to go to 27
2

requires multiplying 47 by 5, therefore, + the period finds a solution in quadrant I, so 1 solution.

TT
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444 4 Chapter 6 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

3. e) tan? 2x =1— tan2x=+1. Tangent has a positive or negative value in all 4 quadrants. The period
1 :
of 5 gives a positive and negative value of tangent, 5 x 4=2n would give 2 x 4=8 solutions.

1 1 : wieght
f) sinbx= ma! Sine has a value of 5 in quadrants I, II. Since the period is cra to go to

27 requires multiplying = by b, therefore, 2 x b= 2b solutions.

; 3 mr Bis 1 20
4. a) sin2x= om Sine has a positive value of Py in quadrants I, II at a and au

The period is = =7; since 2m requires multiplying 2 by 2, therefore 2x 2=4 solutions.

7 20 87
Therefore, yee ayes np pag 2x =— +20 =—
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 7% AT
x=— = 6 ee x=—
6 3 6 3
Mien 1 is
The general solution is 2x = B See Lk = = OTE

6 T F
cores ie ot aN

b) tan3x=-—1. Tangent has a negative value of —1 in quadrants II, IV at “ and = ;

apes ; et See!
The period is oe since 27 requires multiplying by 3, therefore 2x 3=6 solutions.

Be ae ey es a TE 5 oe A
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 71 lla 5a 197 231
ee x=— x=— jy
4 12 12 4 12 12
ont? B
The general solution is 3x = a +n

ww H. :
Mage in ae integer
4
Ds
c) sec =-—-——. Secant has a negative value of een in quadrants II, II at aL and gL '
2 ee 3 6
1 ET eB,
The period is —-= 47; since 47 requires dividing by 2, therefore 2 x sa=1 solution.
2
2

Bath: 5
The general solution is “= - +2nt

5a :
La a + 4n7, nan integer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions @ 445

4, d) sin2x =—0.4173. Sine has a value of —0.4173 in quadrants II, IV. Radian values are 3.572, 5.853

The period is = = 7; since 2m requires multiplying 7 by 2, therefore, 2 x 2=4 solutions.

Wneretore, 24 =3.5/2, 2v =), S50 = = 9.890, 24 = 5.8534

27 = 12.136
X= 17 86,.5 G= 29205 x= 4.928. x = 6.068
The general solution is 2x =3.572+27n, 25 = O00 5+ 210N
x=1.7864+2n, x=2.926+7n,n an integer

e) tan2x =1.7258. Tangent has a value of 1.7258 in quadrants I, III. Radian values are 1.046, 4.187

The period is = = 7; since 27 requires multiplying 7 by 2, therefore, 2 x 2=4 solutions.

Therefore, 2x =1.046, 2x=4.187, 2x=1.046+27=7.329, 2x=4.187+27 =10.470

x= 0523.) i= 2.0945 x = 3.664, x =5.235
The general solution is 2x =1.046+7n,

x=0.523+ .n,n an integer

f) tanbx =1.7258 Tangent has a value of 1.7258 in quadrants I, II]. Radian values are 1.046, 4.187
Therefore, bx =1.046, bx=4.187%, bx=1.0464+27=7.329, bx=4.187+22 =10.470
1.046 4.187 hed22 10.470
x=, X=, ==, = ie <20
b b b b
The general solution is bx =1.046+ 77,
1.046
X= eralInvern
b b

= : 2m An
5. a) 2cosx+1=0 > cos ae cos x <0 in quadrant IJ, II, by special angles at Te ao ane

20 40 ,
oe eee ee i or

1 5
b) (2sinx-1)(cos x +1)=0 —> sinx =— at ski at cos x=-—1 at a. Therefore, (ee:
2 6 66 Oe 56

x= i+ 2an, x=" +200, x=1+2n,n an integer

Cc) V2 cos? x— cos x=0 — cos x(v2 cos x-l)=0 > cos x=0 at a =.

Cosex
= — =r at ae 1 Therefore, ete Bah am
oe a A aye oa
1 1 70% :
B=, X= s+ 20, = = en, n ananteger
2 4 4

; 3 SN AS 4m 5
i 4cm-x=3) > sin x= 7 > sinx=——— is found in all 4 quadrants at is = zat a
1 256 ;
aera ear eR an integer

ee
ES
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446 ¢ Chapter 6 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

= sinx > sin’x —sinx = 0 > sinx(sinx-1) = 0 > sinx = 0, sinx =1

5.e) sin’x
1
sinx = 0 at 0,7, sinx = | at . Therefore, answers are x = 0, 5 0

1 ,
x=n, ak oe

2 5 ; 5
f) 6sin? x+11sinx—10=0— (3sinx-2)(2sinx+5)=0- BLES 2 ror sue x=@

sine is positive in quadrants I, II. So, x = 0.730, x= mw—0.730 = 2.412

x =0.730+2an, x=2.412+27n, nan integer

4
g) 5cos’ x+6cosx-8=0 > (Scosx—4)(cosx+2)=0— Oe > x=60
—-2, cosx=—2

4
Cosine is positive in quadrants I,[V. x=cos"' 2)= 0.644, x = 27 —0.644 = 5.640

x=0.6444+22n, x=5.640+27n, n an integer

1
h) 2cos”? x -—cosx -1=0 (2cosx+1)(cosx-1)=0— oS aE ]

cose at zis a and cosx=1 at 0

, Sais
4 2
Because of the symmetry of 0, =, a k= eas n an integer

i) 2cos’ x—3cosx—2=0 > (2cosx+1)(cosx—2)=0 3 cosx==5, 2

Le
cosx=2— x=, cosine has a value of ao in quadrant II , III. Radian values are aS ue
3
20 47
ae ee mee ee an integer

j) 2tan? x+S5tanx+2=0 > (2tanx+1)(tanx+2)=0 > tanx=——, =o

1 ay (ay
a — x=tan A =0.464 > x=7-0.464=2.678, x=22-0.464=5.820

tanx=-2 > x=tan'(2)=1.107 > x=a-1.107=2.034, x=2m-1.107=5.176

x=2.678+7n, x=2.034+7n,n an integer

k) tan? x-2tanx-3=0>5 (tanx +1)(tanx-3)=05 tanx =—l, 3

tan x=—1 in quadrants II, IV. The special angle values are ag ‘ig
4 4
tanx =3 in quadrants I, I. x=tan'(3)=1.249, x=2+1.249=4.391
3
xa T+an, x =1.249+7n,n an integer

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions ¢ 447

5.1) cot”?x—cotx—6=0> (cotx-3)(cotx+2)=0—> cotx=3, —2. cotx=-—2 in quadrants II, IV.

= COly (2)= tan’ )- 0.464, x=27-0.464=2.678, x=207—-0.464 =5.820

1
cotx =3 in quadrants I, III. x= cot” (3)= tan” 3)0322 9x = 4+0322=—3.:463

x=2.678+70n, x=0.322+2n,n an integer

570
m) tanx—2tanx-sinx=0 — tanx(1—2sinx)=0, tanx=0 at 0,7, sinx= 7

: 1 5a
K=in, naninteger, x= ra+2tn,naninteger, x= vs +27n ,n an integer

: 2
n) 3sin’ x+4sinx-4=0—> (3sinx-2)(sinx +2)=0> Seay =o. Sinx=—2
> X= 0

p
sinx = ; in quadrants I, II. x =sin™ 2)= 0.730, x=2x-0.730=2.412

x=0.730+20n, x=2.412+27n,n an integer

5
0) sec? x—3sec x+2=0 — (sec x—1)(sec x—2)=0 > sec x=1 at 0, sec x= 2) at i 2h,
ae ae
1 By :
2 Tie ae saan eC integer

p) 2cos’ x —3sinx—3=0—2 (1—sin’ x)—3sinx-3=0— 2-2 sin’ x—3 sin x-3=035

my ; f ; : 1
2sin'x+3sin x+1=0—- (2sinx+1)(sinx+1)=0— sin as » 1

: ft it dive A : 31
sinx=—— at —, —, sinx=—1 at snx=-1 at —
6 6 2
7X llz 37 :
ee era iL se een integer

q) desex-siny=2=0-9{ 2 ——sins=2=0 fsx 3- sn? x 2sinx-=0->sin’x+2sinx=3=0

sinx

(sinx-1)(sinx+3)=0> sinx =1, —3. sinx =-3- x=@, sinx =1 at >x= 7 +2nn,nan integer

sin x 1 (bia Nu E
r) 3sinx = V3cosx Fae at x= a x=—+70n, nan integer
c OSx 6 6 6

s) sinxtan2x =sinx > sinxtan2x—sinx

=0> sinx(tan2x-1)=0> sinx
= 0, tan2x=1
5
Tangent equals |at sae at (es eee eee a a 5 1
4 4 4 4 4 4
8 570 on 137
x=—- X=— ZX=— (————
8 8 8 8
Joa SIC on 137
sinx=0 at 0, 7. Therefore answers are 0, 2, —, 2 :
8 8 8 8
a TT tT 1 ;
te a Tn, nan integer

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448 Chapter 6 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5. t) 3sin°2x—2sin2x-1=0—> (sin2x—1)(3sin 2x +1)=0 sin2x=—3, 1

=5.943
Sine has a value of aed in quadrants III, [V. Radian values are mz+0.340 = 3.481, 27 —0.340
3
Therefore 2x=3.481, 2x=5.954, 2x=3.481+2m, 2x=5.943+ 20
x= 7/4) m= 2 O77 x = 4.883 x= 6.113
Ve 1 ua 1 _ Son SE
a value of| at —5 , therefore 2x =—5 >x =—4”
Sine has 2xx =—+
5 Fx =a
=—520

a0
Therefore, answers are 1.741, 2.977, 4.883, 6.113, Fe and eri

1
2x =3.481+27n 2x =5.943+27n Lege a

Se lial Pun, L291 +n, xattan, n an integer

ey Y = tanx—sin3x-1

The solutions are where the graph crosses the x-axis.

Therefore, the solutions are x = 0.9306, 3.4113

x [0, 27] y [-8, 8]

b)
Y =sin3x—cos2x+1

The solutions are where the graph crosses the x-axis.

Therefore, the solutions are x = 0, 3.1416, 3.8510, 5.5738

x [0, 27] Valls)

c) heey |
1g = + tan0.5x
tan 2x
The solutions are where the graph crosses the x-axis.
ae Therefore, the solutions are x = 1.0472, 5.2360

x [0, 27] y (+4, 4]

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions ¢ 449

6.4 Exercise Set

ie Wee De 4 4

b) cos(—75°)
= cos 75°= cos (45°+ 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° — sin 45° sin 30°= Ceres
BD aN ppNORIOis 62ND
a2

+ RE
c) in =n Z4Z|=— 48— nZvunt6 1+
ae th3+ I ES 4+2y3 aa

e) sec ve + z) ! = : = : =
ie : : (4242) see eee oe V2 al (ee 3 V2
4 3 é Peed ety
1 1 4 (vo+2} 4 6+y2] 45

2 ve We-s2 WoW (VexN2) = = BoSN

4 IG 2

4 4 4

Aiesege1
CSC (— Usey =—
= eacl0st= = SS a a = a ==
sinl05° sin(60°+45°) —sin60°cos45°+cos60°sin4s° 4/3 J2 1 V2
Dp 2 ted 2
s Bila ~4( Vo- v2)
v2)
= 2-6
os Se +
ee
4° “ 4

. a) sin24°cos36°+cos 24° sin 36°= sin(24°+36°) = sin60°=

nN

tan — tan Ps rs
c) 30 _ [£-2)=tmZ=

14 tan tan

1 1 2370) 7G 71 1
d) sin cos — — cos —— Sin—= sin] —— —— |= sin — =-——
18 9 18 9 18 9 6

71 1) fae 3 30 J2
e) cos—cos—
+ sin— sin —— = cos] —-—— |=cos—
= ———
8 8 4 2

Te Se Se Ee a a a

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 Pre-Calculus 12
eave aprenowioimtons
Ly ela ene
LD 2 20 1
= tal 24 tan = V5
1— tan — tan—
9 9

sin3x cos 3x = sin3x-sinx —cos3x-cosx = —(cos3x-cos.x—sin3x-sinx) = —cos(3x +x) = —cos4x

CSex.. SCCX.
h) cos(A+ B)- cosB+sin(A+B)-sinB — cos(A+B-B) —> cosA
°
i) tan’ (4—x)-sec’x—sin’(£—x)-csc’x
: 2
= cot’x2 sec’x—Cos’x
2.
csc’x
2, ee
=
cossx I at i Cosa2 l-cos'x 2
_sin’x
ees
_ |
“oa hE Or ae aati eysin’xee URI a sin’Tcx |
sin’x cos’ x sin-x Asin’ * sin’ x
j) Remember: sin( A+ B) = sinA-cosB + cosA-sinB

Therefore, sin(4—x) : cos(=+ x) of cos(*—.x] sin(=+ x) = sin{ (£-x)+(4+x) |= si =

1
tan x + tan—
taxes) Oa
a) an(x4) a eae)
7 pee SER
Feet es

f 4. 3
b) sinx = 5 in quadrant I, then cosx = = by Pythagorean Theorem

sin|
ry.
x +—
t ee ule 3 4a 1 #3) SABus
6
|}=sinxcoS—+COoS
6
x Sin — = —siInx +—cosx
Ge 2
= —--—+
2 5
“=
aD 10

ion ’ 5)
c) cosx= B in quadrant I, then sinx = 4 by Pythagorean Theorem

20 SY e ae Oe aa
cos} x + — |=cosxcos— — sin x sin — = —— cos x —-—sinx = ——-—_ —- —-
3 3 3 2 2 OE Sa 2 als 26

d) If sin A=—< and in quadrant III, then cos A=—4 by Pythagorean Theorem.
If cosB=— and in quadrant III, then sinB=-—= by Pythagorean Theorem.
sin(A— B)=sin Acos B— cos Asin B= (—3)(-2)
-(—4)(- 4) = 8-2 =18

e) If sin A=+4 in quadrant II , then cos A=—= by Pythagorean Theorem

If sec B= + in quadrant IV, then cos B=4 and sin B= —2 by Pythagorean Theorem
cos(A+ B)= cos A-cos B-sin A-sin B= (3)(4)-(4)(2)= tea

f) If tan A= 12
in quadrant III, then by Pythagorean Theorem the hypotenuse is 13
and sin A=—3, cosA=—13
If cos B=—2 in quadrant II then by Pythagorean Theorem the third side is 4 and sin B= 2
So sin( A— B) = sin A cos B— cosA sinB = (-9-))-G2)4)=8+4=8

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions @ 451
UTS ae Roeaht Sinclll e eeeam e PESTE G S RE e e a er eR catien ech

1
4. a) cos 8 cos 10°— sin@ sin 10°= > — COs FOS 53 therefore, 8+10°=60° — @=50°

and, 8@+10°=300° — 6@=290°.

b) sind -cos12°-+c0s0.con78°= 2 = Sule DSN SN

V3
ares

sin(o129)= 2,therefore, 90+12°=60° — 0@=48° and, 8+12°=120° — 6@=108°

1 370
c) cos3x cos x + sin 3x sin x =0— cos(3x-—x)=0—
cos2x =0 oe ope 3

5a 370 70
Therefore eae eee oa en 2x =— +27 =—
a 2) D 2 2 2
1 370 570 71
x=— x=— x=— x= —
4 4 4 4

tan —t 4
d) Dane tanta 22) =N3 2 a tan e— tan = 13 tan x = V3, ee Bi
1+ tan7z tan x Sins:

: 1 |
e) V2 sin3x cos 2x = 1+ V2 cos3xsin2x— sin3xcos2x —cos3x sin2x = as Boe a
2 Z

iribpaiewta lei mee

370
ci ex. r=sin“| 3 a es

1 1 ee ike ek o OOee
f) cos a +cos en ea eg XSI ate?

1 V2 1 ue A Use MEL
2cosx-cos—=1—
2:—cosx =l— cosx =—= x=cos | —~], x=—, —
4 D V2 V2 Aad

5. a) sin(A+ B)—sin(A—
B)=2sin Bcos A
sin Acos B+cos Asin B—sin Acos B+cos Asin B =

2sin Bcos A=

b) sin(A+B) _ cotA+cotB
cos(A—B) 1+cot AcotB
sin AcosB+cos AsinB |
cos Acos 8+sin
Asin B
sin Acos B é:cos Asin B
sinAsinB sin AsinB a
cos AcosB |sin Asin B 2
sinAsinB sin AsinB

cotB+cotA _
cot AcotB+1_

enn en ee ee OR
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 452 ¢ Chapter 6 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5. ¢) sin(A~B) | cos(A~ B) _ sinA

sin B cos B sin Bcos B
sin Acos B—~cos AsinB | cos Acos B+sin Asin B _
sin B cosB
sin Acos’ B—cos Acos Bsin B+ sin Bcos Acos B+ sin Asin” B_
sin Bcos B

sin Acos’ B+sin Asin® B_

sin Bcos B

sin A(cos’ B+sin* B) _

sin Bcos B
sin A tf
sin Bcos B

d) ee) sin(A+ B)sin(A—

sin’B)=
4—sin’ B
a 4
+ 4 (sin Acos B+ cos Asin B)(sin Acos B—cos Asin dye

sin? Acos’ B—cos? Asin? B=

1+tan A 4
7 sin’ A(1—sin? B)—(1—sin? A)sin? B =
tan A+ tan —
co OF)
4 sin’ A—sin’ Asin®
se rit)
B—sin*
Ty I) .
B+sin? Asin B=
tes tan 4 tan? sin’ A—sin? B=

1+tan A x
tan A+]
1—tan A

l-—tan A=

f) cos( 4+ B)cos(A-— B)=cos* A~sin? B

(cos Acos B—sin Asin B)(cos Acos B+ sin Asin B)=

cos” Acos” B—sin? Asin? B=

cos’ A(1—sin? B)—(1—cos? 4) sin? B =
cos’ A—sin? Bcos” A—sin? B+sin? Bcos? 4=

cos’ A-sin? B=

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No part of this publication may be reproduced
without written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions ¢ 453

sec Asec B csc Acsc B

Sy sec (A+ B) = ———— h CSC WAS) See
8) ( ) 1—tan Atan B ) ( ) cot B—cot A

aD eke” co} eet

! _ __cos'A cos B. l __ sin AsinB
cos(A+ B) i sind sinB sin( A— B) cosB_ cosd
cosA cosB sinB sin A
1 1
l a cos Acos B l — sin Asin B
cos Acos B—sin
Asin B cos Acos B—sin
Asin B sin Acos B—cos Asin B sin Acos B—cos
Asin B
cos Acos B sin Asin B

of 1 a 1
~ cos Acos B-sin Asin B sin Acos B—cos
Asin B

6. a) cos (90°— A) sin (180°—B) + cos(360°—A) sin(90°— B)

sin A(sin180°cos B—cos180° sin B) + (cos 360° cos A + sin360° sin 4)cos B
sin A( 0 + snB )+( 1-cosA + 0 )cosB
sin Asin B+cos Acos B

cos(A-— B)

b) cos(A-—90°)sin(90°—B) — sin(B— 270° )cos(90°—

A)
cos— (90°—A)sin(90°—B) — (sin B cos 270°—cos B sin 270° )cos(90°— A)
sin Acos B —( 0 + cosB )sinA

c) tan(90°—A)tan(180°—A)sec 4+ csc Bsin(90°—B)csc(90°—B)

[tan180°—tan A
———— |sec 4+csc
Bcos B-sec B
1+ tan 180°
tan A

cos A . sin A | ie 1 .
sin A cosA )cosA sinB cos B

1 1
cosA sinB
—sec A+csc B

a
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 Pre-Calculus 12
454 @ Chapter 6 — Solutions
tan(540°—A)
6. d) sec (1 80°— A) csc(270°—A) — cot (630°+A)

l 1 c0s630° cos A—sin 630° sin A Isin540° cos A—cos540°sin 4)

| sin 630° cos A +cos630°sin 4 )\ cos540°cos A+ sin540° sin A
cos180°cos A+sin180°sin A |sin 270° cos A—cos270° sin A ~
sin A : sin A
1 1
a —cos A —cos A
—cos A —cos A

1 sin’ A
cos’ A cos’ A

NS sin’ A
cos’ A cos’ A
1—sin’ A
cos’ A
cos’ A
cos’ A
1

7.a) y=cos3xcosx—sin3xsinx
= COS (3x1)
21 ait 3
= cos 4x Amplitude: 1, Period: ve = i Phase shift: 0

b) y =—2sin2xcos~ + 2cos2xsin—
3 3

= -{ sina
cos cos 2x sn]

=-2sin( 20-5
3
: 1
=-2sin2{x] Amplitude: |-2|=2, Period: san, Phase shift: o{x-2} 0

1
x=—
6

c) y=3sin= xcos + 3cos~ xsin=

6 3 6 3
IN 1 MW 5
= 3] sin— xcos—+cos—x sin—
[ 6 3 6 |

2A 9E 1
=3sin| —x+—

be UE :
=) Amplitude: 3, Period: “*=12, Phase shift 7 (x+2)=0
us 6
6 x=-2

Pek ee ee Se a TN
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 7. d) ae sin” sin — cos x cos—
e Rint ty ys as
1 Teh
=—]| cos— xcos— + sin— x sin—
4 2 4 2

ACS
= —cos (x= Amplitude: |-1|=1, _ Period: = =8, Phase shift: ne E=0
4 i ,

8. Cannot use tan(4+B) since A =7 and tan is undefined.

sin} +x]
7 sin 7—cos x + cos die
— sin x
Z Z cos x
9. tan} —+x |= ———_—~ = —4—\_+—_
= ——_ = -cotx
E 1 1 B igri —sinx
cos} —+x| cos—cosx-—sin—sinx
2 2 2

6.5 Exercise Set

1. a) 4sinl10x_ b) 2sinx c) —2cos 4x d) 4tan8x e) —1 f) sinl2x

12
g) cot8x h) 3 z i) —2cosx j) cosl6x k) cos3x I 0

m) -1 n) —cos6x 0) csc’ 4x p) —2 tan6x

2. a) sin2x+cosx =0 b) sinx +cos2x =] c) 3cos2x+2sin?

x =2
2sin x cosx+cosx =0 sinx +1—2sin’ x =1 3(1—2sin? x)+2sin’ x =2
cosx(2sinx+1)=0 sinx(1—2sinx)=0 A4sin? x =1

cosx =)
= : x haf
sin = 5 :
sinx = 0 .
SBS BEl ]
sinx = 45

a
22 Che
(a ee
6° 6
m6 Sk In Mn
ilkeG 2G 6
d) sin2x = cotx e) ese’? x=2sec2x f) tanx—cotx=2
; 1
2sinxcosx = S* =< peek? tan x — =2
sin x six. 1 =2sin’ x tanx
2sin’ xcosx—cosx=0 4sin? x =1 tan? x—1=2tanx
2sin? x-1)=0
cosx(2sin° x—1)= ,
eee 2t ae nes
1 C 1—tan* x
=
cosx=0 inx =+—=5
sinx=+ n Sn In ibe a |

n 3a 0 3m Sm Tm
ae DD ? Te 4 > 4 ? 4
pectarnt, £ 3n Tn lin 15m
8 8 8 8

i
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
 Pre-Calculus 12
456 @ Chapter 6 — Solutions

—tan? x
et tan =0 cos’ 2x 2(1-2sin’
2x == 2cos’ x) I 37
cos? 2x a e a Fi
2tanx + tan x— tan? x =0 ao, ;
COS ZX = T 510 IT
tan x (tan? x-—3)=0 X= — +10 =e ae ee
2 Z 2
tanx =0 tanx =+V3 51 10
x=— x=—
mR Qn 4n 5K 4 4
sa ae i
0, MU gras teint sbane aaa.

A A aes

3 1 51
i) cos4x +2cos’ 2x =2 eae or gecesi i"

cosar-a{ Hemet | peut Te 13a 19% oH lin lin 230

2 ee ee pace Boe:
1 ae Tae 13s, E90 50
ee
ine lia 232
cos4x =— =—, : ‘
Z C2 Qe Oy TD [ares 12 12

A ie se
j) csc x = 2sec2x 5 ae me eras
3 3
2. dee
Tco0s2x cos2x a1 SOUR 51a ONG
1—cos2x =cos2x oe 3 3
Too 5a 11x
il 2 Se os er D Mea ae
cos2x = — 6 6 6 6
2

x—-2 ; ae
ay A tee
4cos*
2 b) <iSi22
Suni hs ae
sin 2x cos4x+cos2x

Cony sit, | 2(2cos"

x=1) 2sin2xcos2x—sin2x sinx
SiG COSEY sin 2x 2cos?2x-—1+cos2x cosx
cos’x—sin’x 2cos2x sin2x(2cos2x—-1l) _
sinx COSx sin 2x (2cos 2x —1)(cos 2x + 1)
cos 2x io 2 sin x cos x a
7 sin 2x (2cos’ x—1)+1
ZOOS IX i 2 sin x COs x in
sin 2x 2cos* x
sinx
COS X

an aA AAA ee PREM DLL UNA a LLL SS See

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions ¢ 457

2 cot x—cosx sin 2x

3.¢) tan2x =——————_ d) =
cot x —tanx |—sin x 1—cos2x
sin 2x 2 COSx
= — — COS x sj
cos2x cosx sinx sin x _ _+S8INxX COsx
sinx cosx 1—sinx 1-(1—2sin?x)
= ®) cosx—sinx cosx
_ 2sinx cosx
cos’ x —sin? x sinx(1—sinx) 2sin’ x
sInx COS x cos. (li—sinx) cosx
_ 2sinxcosx sinx(1—sinx) sinx
i 2 5
COS + — Silex, cotx=cotx
_ sin2x
cos 2x

cot? x-1 cos2x ~

1+tanx
eye = =—————
col .
2cotx l—sin2x 1-—tanx
cos2x _ tanx/ cos” x Sue
sine 2 | gin’ x Ss
sin x
| ba aoe (=
__Sinx | cos’ x—sin’ x cos x
Le)
2cos.x ML og cosx+sinx
_ cos’ x—sin’ x COSX
2sinx cos x LSD ES
COS x
_ cos2x
o. x —sin x)
_ (cosx +sinx)(cos
(cosx— sin x)(cos x — sin x)
2 a9)
ir: cos’ x—sin’ x
cos’ x —2sinx cosx+sin’ x
_ cos2x
1—sin2x

4 y a +(-3) = §2 : “ Peet)
: = a) sin2x =2sinxcosx b) cos2x =1—2sin’ x

x == 42 ae
=1-2|-=|> ==USHwee
oe
a=-— 22

525
x =

me) 5 5)
5)
2 tanx
c) tan2x= :
1—tan" x

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458 ¢ Chapter 6 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5. y? =(-1)'
+3 9) sin2x = 2sin x cosx b) cos2x =2cos’ x-1
2

ales) 45] -1=-3

De
Sake cos 2x

aie
era

6. cos3x =cos(2x+ x) 7. cos4x=cos(2x-t

2%)
= cos 2x cosx —sin2x sinx = cos2x cos 2x —sin2x sin2x

= (2cos’ x—1)cosx—2sin’ xcosx = (2cos’ x—1)° —(2sinxcosx)’

= cosx(2cos’ x —1)—2cos x(1— cos’ x) = 4cos* x—4cos’ x +1—4sin’
xcos’ x
= 2cos’ x—cosx—2cosx+2cos’ x = 4cos* x —4cos’ x +1—4cos’ x(1—cos’ x)
= 4cos’ x -—3cosx = 4cos* x—4cos? x +1—4 cos” x +4cos* x
=8cos* x—8cos’ x +1
8. sin5x =sin(x+4x)

= sinxcos4x +cosx sin4x

= sinx(1—2sin’ 2x)+cos x(2sin2xcos2x)

= sinx —2sinx sin’ 2x + 2cosxsin2x cos 2x

=sinx —2sinx(2sinxcosx)’ +2cosx(2sinxcosx)(1—2sin? x)
= sinx —8sin’ x(1—sin’ x)+4sinx(1—sin’ x)(1—2sin’ x)
= sinx —8sin’
x +8sin° x + 4sinx—12sin’
x +8sin° x
= 16sin° x —20sin®
x +5sinx

9. tan’ x= tan’ x- tan’ x 10. sin* xcos* x

2

ESSE (ie 1+cos2x )

1+cos2x oe 2

_ 1-2cos2x+ cos’ 2x (1—cosx)(1+cosx)(1+2cos 2x +cos’ 2x)

1+2cos2x + cos’ 2x 4
1+cos4x
1=doosar a{MeS4e) (eons + 0089{ 1+
2e0s23-+ #2054)

1+ 2oosane[ 12084) :
1
=(1—cosx)(1+ cos x)(3+4cos2x + cos 4x)
_ 3-—4cos2x+cos4x 8
~ 344cos2x +cos4x

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 Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 6 — Solutions # 459

1—cos2x ; 1+cos2x a 12. ang0°= tan 15°=

11. sin‘ x+cos* x -|
5 + I asec) 1%
‘ s =—y+12tan30°, x =12tan15°
1—2cos2x+cos 2x+1+2cos2x+cos 2x _
4 md =y=F
12tan30°=12 tan 15°

Ba eos De Hla a{Host y =12tan30°-12 tan15°

]= 73+ 0084s)
4 A p =3.71

9 35 h h
13. . tan tan2@=—=3
3 tandan =— 3 14. tan 20 = —A tan@ =—“G

20 = tan, (3) x =3tan@ h=4tan20 h=12tan@

Wiles Om = Sita eon 4 tan 20 = 12 tan@

6 =35.78° = 2216 ee aoe

1—tan* 0
3tan* @—tan@ =0
tan @(3tan? @—1)=0, reject tan@ =0
I
tan@ =+—-=, reject tan@
= -——
1
V3 iB
h=124an0=12{ +:ESv3_S An 3: 6.93

fe - 40 ° 15 Solve for tan0

preaih,, Ceo 20 Sy 40-40tan?@ 15
etal = — t =—

40 15 2 tan@ tan@
= Py Y=

tan 20 tané 40 — 40 tan’ 6 = 30

pa eel 40 tan?
6 =10
tan2@ tandé
> ]
40 15 ey
2tan@ )tan 1
1—tan’ @ tanO=-, reject
——

iio ee
Oy et
2
6.6 Chapter Review

Trigonometry (Part IT) — Multiple-choice Answers

ad 6. a ililes, Me: 16. b 21. d 26. a 31.4ad 36. b 41. c 46. b

Zeb Toa 12 Ee xe 22. d 2Is"3 Sie d Si: ta 42. a 47. Cc
ae) a 8. a RSspod 18. a 23. od 28.-~-¢ 33.---b 38. a 43. Cc 48. d
4. b Ona 14. b 19 24. b 29. a 34. Cc 2b ie as 44. a 49. b
Shu ae 10. d | 20. b 255 5C 30. a 32. Cc 40. b 45. b 50,

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 Pre-Calculus 12
460 #NdChapter
DTN 6 — Solutions
aaa AA ZntA SAI rue

Trigonometry (Part IT) — Multiple-choice Solutions

. 1-cos2x =1-(1—2sin? x) =1-1+2sin’ x =2sin° x. Answer is d.

. sin’ @—cos* @ = (sin? 6 + cos” 6)(sin? @ — cos” @) = I (sin @- cos’ @) = —(cos’ @—sin* @)=—cos2@. Answer is b.
3 cos(90°+ @) = cos 90° cosa — sin 90° sina =0-cosa@—1-sina =—sin@. Answer Is a.

‘ Nisetas =l> oo = i . The period is ae= 47 , therefore, 47 requires dividing by 2, therefore

4 il
2

u
2-—=1 solution. Answer is b.
2
. tan(x+ y)—tan x tan y tan(x+y) = tan(x+ y)(1— tanx tan y) = (ans Ae ian tanx+tany.
1—tanx
tan y

Answet is c.

sin 2x 2sinxcosx — 2sinxcosx _ sinx

=tanx. Answer is a.
" 1+cos2x 1+(2cos*x-1) 2cos?x cosx
sin6x _ 2sin3xcos3x
; = : =2cos3x. Answer is b.
sin 3x sin 3x

I
. sin2A=2sin Acos A, therefore, cos] sin = A sin = . Answer is a.

. sin? x+cos’ x+cot? x =1+cot?x=csce?x. Answer isa.

. -l—cos’ x+sin’
2: ray?
x =—cos’ x—cos*
2 D,
x =—2cos’
2
x. Answeris
:
d.
. CoS(2x + 1) = cos2xcosz —sin2xsinz =cos2x(—1)-—sin2x(0)=—cos2x
2sin° x-1=—cos2x, cos x—sin’ x =cos2x, 1—2cos* x =—cos2x, sin? x—cos’
x =—cos2x Answeris b.
nD 2 see 2 5 6

} 1 32 ;
. tanx is undefined at a and =s , OS x < 27, at these terminal values sinx #0, cosx=0 Answer is c.

. cos5x sin3x + sin5x cos 3x = sin(5x +3x)=sin8x Answer is d.

. f(x) =—-3sin(a +x) =—3sin(z + 0) =—3sina =—3(0)=0. Answer is b.
1
. Graph y=2* = A300 on calculator and find zeros (mode radian X (0,27), Y(—10,10)). Answer is a.

| ;
. Graph y= Te sin 3x , find crossings of x-axis (zeroes) (mode radian X (0,2), Y(—-10,10)). Answer is b.

. Amplitude |—a|=a, displacement =—b therefore maximum value a—b. Answer is c.

. Start at vertical displacement value of —b then go downa. Answer is a.

cos A—cosA _ cos A(cos' 4-1) _ -cosA-sin? A _ —cosA |

sin’ A sin’ A rg | snd COtA- Answer is b.

sin| x-— |+sin) —-x | sin] —| —-x ||+sin}| —-x

20. Pans ee é 2 _~cosx+cosx 0 | :
tan? x — cot’ x = = = — =0. Answer is b.

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission
from the publisher.
 CSC xX 1 ' ;
Pale = , denominator must not be zero. Answer is d.
cos x sin
x -Cos x

. > > co .

Answer is d.

23. cos’ x= S — cosx= + ; Each trig. function is positive in 2 quadrants and negative
a a
in 2 quadrants. Answer is d.

24. (asin@—a)(tan°@-—b)=0 — sinO=1 or tanO=WVb, sin@=1 at De one solution, tangent is

positive in quadrants I and III, therefore, 3 total solutions. Answer is b.

. 1
25. (2sin3x—1)(cos2x+1)=0 — sin3x= 5 of cos2x=—1

; As 173 : ee
sin3x =—. Sine has a value of — in quadrants I, II. Since the period is —,, to go to
2 3
; Pe Le Oe
27 requires multiplying oe by 3, therefore, 2 x 3=6 solutions.

; ee
cos2x =—1. Cosine has a value of —1 only at 2. Since the period is = =7, to goto

27 requires multiplying 7 by 2, therefore, 1 x 2=2 solutions.

Total of 8 solutions. Answer is c.
i 1 cosx +1
Le secx cosx +1 ] :
26. = = COSX _ = ie. ar
£O5% ae = — — = — =cscex. Answer is a.
tater Six ASX» F sin x + sinx COs x sinx(1+cosx) sinx
+ si x
cosx cos x
cos.x | cos’ x-l+sinx —sin’x+sinx — sinx(1—sinx)
22 . . . . .

27. eee = —= = tan. Answer is a.

l-—sinx cosx cos x (1—sin x) cos x(1—sinx) cos x (1—sinx)
28. A cosecant graph is a reciprocal of the sine graph, therefore, where sine equals zero, cosecant is undefined.
1 20
For y=—2 Co: +1, Period= an 8, Amplitude of sine: |—2|=2, Vertical displacement = |.

: Nei ¢ Graph is undefined when x=0, 4, 8.

4 ¢ Graph has a maximum of —1 when x=2,
2 and a minimum of 3 when x =6, but x #6
0 nal CG . * Therefore, the range for 4< x <6 is y>3.
F (iy Answer is c

29. sin2x =1 , sine equals | at Sue therefore; 2x = Fi 2nmt > x= 4+n7,nan integer. Answer Is a.

30. By the double angle identity, y=1—2sin?6x = cosl2x , P= = ace . Answer is a.

6

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 Pre-Calculus 12
Se tert ems
1 ; 1-sin? x p
escox—-1
: _ ; x fy
gin? ei
See C082 COS 2 tO Say Sucottie A newren etal
é
31.
1 1—cos’ x sin?x sin’x sin x
. . 2: .

sec’ x—1 1
cos’ x cos’ x
cotx cos x Oe 2 ;
32. , therefore, restrictions are sinx #0, cosx# 2) . Answer is d.
2 OCOSx < sin x(2+3cosx)

' Ds, b :
33: asinx+b=0—sinx=—-—,since 0<a<b, —>1, therefore no solutions
a a
atanx+a=0-— tanx =—1, therefore 2 solutions
potas b
asecx—b=0—secx=— since 0<a<b, —>1, therefore 2 solutions
a a
for a total of 4 solutions. Answer is b.
34. 8sin? 6x -—4=—4(1—2sin’? 6x) = -4 cos2(6x) =—4cos12x . Answer is c.

! 20 20 Te 1
35: Period = 1b],b5>0 > P=— Therefore minimum value occurs S a period away at eal Answer is c.

36. sin Acos B+ cos Asin B=sin(A+ B)=sin(90° — B+ B)=sin90° =1. Answer is b.

i 1
37. sec
(4 = x) = ——_——— = =—secx. Answer is a.
cos(w#—x) cosmcosx+sinwsinx —cosx
38. y =—4sin 6x cos6x = —2sin2(6x)=—2sinl12x, amplitude |-2|=2 therefore range is -2< y<2.
Answer is a.

l i cos’ x+sin° x
2: Sy asd

cst X-Esce X cin’ x costxie Sil cos x .. cos a-+sin’x l ;

2 2 os . A) .

39. se epee aa; See a >= =sec2x. Answer is d.

csc” x — sec” x i 1 cos x—sin°x cos x—sin’x cos2x
sin’x cos’x sin’ x cos’x
° 2 .

40. cos(A+B)=cosA-cosB-sinA-sinB

Answer is b.
41. A=3, B=2.
y=6sinxcos'x+6sin’xcosx = 6sinxcosx(cos’+sin’ x) = 6sinxcosx=3sin2x
Answer is c.
sind | l=cosA © sin’ A—1+cos’ A _ fey
42
I+cos4 sind sin A(1+cos A) sin A(1+cos A) = 0. Answer is a.

Beat 37 => aa oN pi then cos 4= 282

Therefore, sin24=2sin Acos 4 = Olea = ~4V2 . Answer is Cc.

3 3 9

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 = 4.
44. sin A= 2 , therefore, by Pythagoras Theorem, cos A= 5 in quadrant IV

3 ; —4.
cos B= e> therefore, by Pythagoras Theorem, sin B= Fe in quadrant IV

AA
sin(. BY= sinAdi
) == sin coe +
-cos cos cocaine
asin = eta
|i
5 jels 5 | 5 fet8?
Siitme rece
05°95 1 le Ancwer: wer isisa a.

21 5a ee :
45. Tangent has a value of £3 at 5 and a which is 2 distance apart.

Therefore, bx = mais+nt > x= ae + me . Answer is b.

3 SUE WL

46. cos| x +— |—cos| x-— | = | cosxcos——sinxsin— |—| cosxcos—+sinxsin—

= GO vis) thos bil Oy at sin x)

= —2sinx. Answer is b.

} : I ; —] ;
47. 8sin*x+2sin’x-1=0 — (4sin’ x-1)(2sin°x+1)=0 — sinx= +> sinx = + (reject)

; [= :
sinx=+— at..30°.. 150.3 2007 os ci = qe @ . Answeris c.

48. (sinx—cosx) —(sinx+cosx) = (sin? x—2sinxcosx+cos’ x)— (sinx? + 2sinxcosx+cos’ x)

= 1-2sinxcosx—1—2sinxcosx =—4sinxcosx =—2sin2x .
Answer is d.

: l 20 4n 20 4n
49, cosine has value -— at —— and — , therefore, 2x =——+2nz , 2x=—+2n7
ve 8} 3 3 a}
1 21
y= —+ 10 ; 2S semis Answer
is b.

50. cosx + 2cos’

x =0— cosx(1+2cosx)=0—
cosx =0, -;

i
cos x= 0" at stn, eS at 4 2nn and SE 2am. Answer is b.

Combinatorics Solutions
7.1 Exercise Set
1. a) 3 ways from Calgary to Vancouver;
2 ways from Vancouver to Victoria.
Therefore, 3 x 2 = 6 ways altogether
b) car—boat, car—plane, train—boat, train—plane, bus—boat, bus—plane

2. a) 4x3 = 12 ways from A to C via B

b)4 x 3x3 x _4 = 144 ways from A to C and back to A (via B both ways).
going retum

Ce 4x3 x QE x3 Se
: Y
going retum
— one less route on return trip

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
464 @ Chapter 7 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

Ba A SAA x 4 = 4° 21024 ways

4. TT, TH, H1, H2 H3, H4, H5, H6 = 8 possibilities
5. 6 x 4 x 5 = 120 different ways
6. Horses 1, 4, 6 can come in 3-2-1 = 6 ways
There are 4 non-winning horses. They can come 4-3 - 2-1 = 24 ways.
Therefore, 6 x 24 = 144 different ways in which the horse race can end if horses 1, 4, 6 take the first 3 places.
J. Juice—3 choices, | Toast—2choices, Eggs—3choices, Beverage —3 choices
Therefore, 3 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 54 breakfast combinations are possible.
8. 4 x 3 x 2 = 24 ways
9. a) Each letter has 26 choices, and each digit 10 choices.
26 -26-26-10-10-10=17 576 000 license plates
b) The first letter has 26 choices, the second letter has 25 choices, and the third letter has 24 choices.
The first digit has 10 choices, the second digit has only 9 choices, and the third digit has just 8 choices.
26-25 -24-10-9-8=11 232 000 license plates
c) There are 26 license plates with all letters the same, and 10 digits with all three numbers the same.
You can only use a digit twice and a number twice, so you have to subtract the possibilities that use
the letters and digits three times.
(26 - 26 - 26 —26)-(10- 10-10-10) =17 374 500 license plates

d) (26 - 26 - 26 — 26) - (10-9. 8) =12 636 000 license plates

10. There are 26 - 25 - 24 three-letter words in which all letters are different. Each of these three-letter words
can be arranged in six ways.
Example: ABC — ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA Only 1 out of 6 is in alphabetical order

26-25-24
Therefore, aa] = 2 600 three-letter words in alphabetical order.

11. Eight possible outcomes.

B —> BBB
<eig
GE aBBG
B
B + BGB
anc

G > BGG

B -/GBB
a?

é G 34GRG

Bie> .GGp
Sl

G2 GGG

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permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 465

12. Eight possible outcomes.

5
4

0 3

1 5
2

2 2 il
0

1
2

13. Six possible outcomes.

R

R
R
A

A
A

R
Sa

14. Ten outcomes, counting plain sandwiches or hamburgers: S, SM, SR, SMR, H, HK, HM, HR, HMK, HMR
M

K
MK
H M
MR
R

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
15. Fourteen different combinations of complete shows.

ae
9A

OB

o<—
TA OA

9B
9A
8A =a
OB
7:30 B
9A
8B see es
7B

7:30 C——————— 8:30C 9:30C

9A
8A re
OB
7:30 B
9A
ss ae
He OB

T3IO0C = BC

200! 200 199x198!

= 200
x 199 = 39 800
198! 198!

MOOV Ole LOOX 99X08! 98 !

b -= 100x99-1=9899
) 98! 98!

LODE
1 ORI
BDO !
I8XIT! | _199¢98
=9800
99! 971 991x97!
!
17.2) 20.19,
18 = oo
16!
b)6! = 6-5-4-3-2-1 =720 ways
c) 7! = 7-6-5-4-3-2-1 =5040 diffe
7-digit
rent numbers
fh
4 Qe 524 sat
9ae6. AS!
=7-6:5-4=840 arrangements
3! 3!

18. a) (m=1)in+ I)! (n=1in+ Int_ nt

(n!) ni - n(n-1)! n

- (2n-1)'(n+1)!_ (2n-1)'(n+1)(n)(n-1)! eee

(2n+1)!(n—1)! (2n+1)(2n)(2n-1)(n—1)! 2n(2n+1) 22n+1)

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from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 467

(eo 1)(n= 2)! (ne2)h (nat) =I n=

18. c) (#-1)!-(n=2)!
(n-1)! (n-1)(n-2)! ah n—1

(m1)! (n—2)!_ (n—1)(n—2)!+(n—2)!_ (w-1)t1_Il pn I

4) n!} n! i" n(n-1)(n—2)! n(n-1) n(n-1) n—-\

i n!-(n-1)! r n(n-1)!-(n-1)! ie@is. n=l

(n+1)!-2(n-1)! (n+1)(n)(n—1)!-2(n-1)! n(nt1)-2 Ww +n-2

(n—1(n+2) n+2
ni-6{n-2)! _n(n=I)(n-3)(n—2)!
(n—3)(n—2)!
(n-2)-6(n-2)! n(n(n-3)=6_nP=n—o_
n-3
(-3)(
(n—3)
n+2)_
19. a) etd 8 8 Heeee ere te PO
(n—-3)! z (n—3)!

n —3n-10=0-(n-5) (n+2)=0-n-5=0 or 2+2=0—n=5, reject —2

(2-1)! SD eae ae aca nhl) 253

21(2n—3)! 2(2n—3)!

2n* —3n—9 =0->(2n+3)(n—3)=0 to ra

> 2n+3=0 or n-3=0-n=3, reject S28

7.2 Exercise Set

-1 !
ee ade Han =72 > n(n-1)=72 3 n’ —n-72=0>
n—2)! !

(n—9)(n+8)=0>n=9

120!
hd bal 120-6): = 120-119-118-117- 116-115 = 2.63 x 10” possible room assignments.

Ge. 9! = 362 880 possible batting orders.

!
4. P= lan = 360 possible groups of 4 letters.
(6-4)!
nn. a) 6! = 720 possible seating arrangements.
b) We can sit the boys and girls in 2 ways: BBBGGG or GGGBBB.
The boys can sit 3! ways and the girls 3! ways.
Therefore, 3! x 3! x 2 ways = 72 ways.
c) We can sit the boys together in 4 ways: BBBGGG, GBBBGG, GGBBBG, GGGBBB.
The boys can sit 3! and the girls 3!
Therefore, 3! x 3! x4 ways = 144 ways.

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468 # Chapter 7 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

5. d) Alternate the boys and girls can sit two ways: BGBGBG or GBGBGB
The boys can sit P(3,3) and the girls P(3, 3)
Therefore, P(3,3)x P(3,3)x2=3!xX3!x2=72 ways

6. The two people in the front can sit P(2,1)=2 ways

The four that sit behind can sit P(4, 4) = 24 ways
Therefore, 2x 24=48 ways
7. The delivery man can travel 6! ways. Since opposite routes, e.g., ABCDEF and FEDCBA, count as the
6! .
same route, there are a = 360 different routes.

8. If there are no restrictions, then 5 people can be seated in 5! ways. A is to the left of B for half of these
!
ways. Therefore, > = 60 ways with A to the left of B.

9. If there are no restrictions, then 5 people can be seated in 5! ways. If AB sat next to each other, consider
them one person, so they could do this 4! ways. But they can also switch positions BA, which also has
4! ways. Therefore, they cannot sit together in5!—2 x 4! = 72 ways.
10. Method 1:

The first couple has 10 choices of seats in which to sit.

The second couple has 8 choices of seats in which to sit.
The third couple has 6 choices of seats in which to sit.
The fourth couple has 4 choices of seats in which to sit.
The fifth couple has 2 choices of seats in which to sit.
Therefore, the couples can sit 10-8-6-4-2 = 3 840 ways.

Method 2:

The 5 couples can sit together in 5! ways, e.g., Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee. Each couple can switch, e.g., aA, bB;
there are 2° ways of this happening. Therefore, the couples can sit 5! - 2° = 3 840 ways.

11. One person can sit at any position around the table. The other 4 can arrange themselves in 4! ways = 24 ways.
!
12. 1) = 50 400 ten-letter “words.”
Siesta!

!
13. use ge 2 520 ways.
5) 3

9!
14. = | 260 ways.
2) 31-4!

10! ‘
15. —————. = 25 200 different ten-letter codes.
21 BY 3ty2)
!
16. as 27 720 ways.
51:43)

17. There are 30! ways of arranging 30 teachers. Each school has 5 teachers, who have 5! ways of
being arranged.

30!
= (8.88 «10° ways.
(5!)
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without written permission from the publisher.
 9!
18. a) = 90 720 arrangements.
22!
b) If the first letter is a “C,” then there are only 8 letters left, including two “Os.”
!
Therefore, xs = 20 160 arrangements.

8!
c) First letter an “O” then 8 letters left with two “Cs”, thus I x ry

First letter not an “O” then 5 choices for first letter with 8 letters left with two “Os” and two “Cs”,
! !
thus Sey Total is (Seoese seen 560 ways.
pos 2 212!
or answer 18a) — 18b) = 90 720 — 20 160 = 70 560 ways
d) Consider the two “Cs” as one letter; there are 8 letters, including two “Os.”
!
Therefore, - = 20 160

25!
19. ———— = | 487 285 800 ways of selecting the jury.
12!-3!- 10! ae ee
20. 4 blocks + 5 blocks + 7 blocks + 4 blocks = 20 blocks
4 blocks east + 4 blocks east = 8 blocks east
5 blocks north + 7 blocks north = 12 blocks north
'
Therefore, wi = 125 970 different routes.

21. If everyone gets along, there are = 90 ways. But 2 people cannot work together in any of the
PROP AIOS,
3 offices. So, consider the 3 offices as 1, 2, 3, and the workers as A, B, C, D, Eand F. When A and B are in
office 1, then office 2 and 3 can have workers:

CoD |
ehe
ONE: Der
CLE DLE
BoE CxD
DAE: Coe
DE CE
for six arrangements. The same combinations of CDEF are possible when A and B are in office 2 or 3, for a
total of 6x 3 = 18 ways that don’t work. Therefore, 90 —- 18 =72 possible working situations.

7.3 Exercise Set

1. a) Changing the order of the 5 digits results in a different number; use permutation.
b) The order of selecting the marbles is not important; use combination.
c) A combination lock of numbers 20-30-15 and 30—15—20 are different combinations so order is
important; use permutation.
d) The order you place each team is not important; use combination.
e) There is no difference in the selection of the 3 people; use combination.
f) The three positions are different, so order matters; use permutation.

I
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470 # Chapter 7 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

of 0 1hn-2) =>
AO OI: D
De Cain t 3)!ia
c'( 6
n—

n —3nt+2=42 3 n? -3n-40=0 (n-8)(n+5)=0

>1n=8
3. Order is not important.

E(20553)— eS gi ways.
31(20-3)!
4. Total people equals 3 + 12 = 15. Order is not important.

i) !
= proven 3 003 ways.
5) 51(15-5)!
5. Total number of coins is 6. Order is not important.
6!
C, = ———~ = 20 different sums of money.
> 31(6—3)! :
=). If the couple does not attend, there are 8 students left.
'
Sowc
g eS
*~a(g—4)! = 70 ways.

If the couple is selected, then only 2 can come from the other 8 students.

8!
S090. t= ae > WAYS: Total = 70 + 28 = 98 ways.
o7 -21(8-2)! * ;
7. A card deck consists of 13 hearts, 13 diamonds, 13 clubs, and 13 spades.

1
So be for the 3 hearts and G] for the 2 clubs. Therefore, C) x 4 = 22 308 card hands.

8. a) Order is not important. A chord needs 2 points on the circumference.

10!
So C(10, 2)=————_ = 45 chords.
21(10-2)!
: 10!
b) A triangle has 3 points. So ,,C, =—~——____ = 120 triangles.
31(10—3)!

c) A q quadrilateral has4 p points. : So Ale 1

A ~ 4i(10—4): = 210 quadrilaterals.
quadri

!
d) General formula C = cis
me r'(n—- r)!

9. a) If no restrictions, then 12 students try to get 4 jobs.

!
So. .,C Sim EIet 495 ways.
pes 4i(12-4)!

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 471
_—— OY OL

9. b) 2 men out of 5 is C(5, 2), 2 women out of 7 is C(7, 2) .

SOC(on2) OCC(/,2) = 10x. 21 = 210 ways:
c) At least 2 women means: 2 women +2 men, or 3 women + | man, or 4 women and no men.

So z ore Peay : = 2Fx10 +35x5 + 35x] = 420 ways.

DIN 2 Syl 4)}\0

30!
10. a) If no restrictions, then select 6 bulbs from 30. Therefore, ,,C, = 61(30-6)! = 593775 ways.

b) If there are 30 bulbs with 5 defective ones, then there are 25 non-defective bulbs.

25!
(25, §)= S556) = 177 100 ways.

c) If we must have 2 defective ones, then there are 4 non-defective bulbs selected.

! !
x 2 eye oe x oie 10
x 12 650 = 126500 ways.
2 4 21(5—2)! 41(25-4)!

11. a) A straight flush consists of 1, 2,3, 4,5, to 10,J, Q, K, 1 of the same suit, or 10 x 4 suits = 40 hands.

b) For 4 ofa kind, out of 4 cards, you want all 4, so ,C,, and this can be done for 13 numbers.

The fifth card is 1 out of the 48 cards remaining.

4)(13\(4
Therefore, ( I| = 624 possible four-of-a-kind hands in a 5-card hand.

4
c) For 3 of a kind 0 , with 13 different choices ( ?

{4 12 F
For a pair 5 with 12 different choices ' (one number is used up with the 3 of a kind).

4\( 13) (4 )\f12

Therefore, al al q ) = 3744 different full house possibilities in a 5-card hand.

3 of a kind a pair

d) A flush consists of 5 cards all of the same suit | and there are 4 suits. We have to subtract the

straight flushes, which is 4 x 10 = 40.

13
Therefore, 4 {é }-
40 =5 108 possible flushes in a 5-card hand.

e) There are 10 different straights from (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) up to (10, J, Q, K, 1); each of the 5 cards can be a club,
diamond, heart or spade.
5
Therefore, 10- (Ao, , but this includes card hands that have all 5 cards of the same suit (straight

flushes) so subtract 10 different card hands times the 4 suits = 40

5
10- rer) — 40 = 10200 possible straights in a 5-card hand.

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seeGepiend Soins
2

11. f) For 3 ofa kind a , for two single cards Ui, there are 13 choices for 3 ofa kind, then 12, then 11,
3
for the 2 single cards, but order does not matter for the 2 single cards so divide by 2i'Therefore;
2
tee 4 : 13
5 zt = 54912, Method 2:
*)it yPeateaLt for3 ofa kind Blof 13 suits you want one )for
Bay Nk !
2) 2
12 AY) O13) (4a feh2
2 single cards i", of 12 suits left you want2 so |therefore LIf ) a ; = 54 912

possible 5-card hands with 3 of a kind.

4) 4 , there are 13 choices for the first pair, 12 choices for next pair
g) For 2 pairs, , for the 5" card
2
and 11 choices for the single card, but order for the two pairs does not matter so divide by 2!.
Zi Pe
“De 4
Therefore a A So = 123 552 , Method 2: for 2 pair ie, of 13 suits you want two

2D
4 11 4) (13)/4)/ 11
w , for asingle card i , of 11 suits left you want one itherefore ea *) a = 123 552

different 5-card hands with 2 pair.

3
4 4)
h) For a pair a , for 3 single cards ‘| , you have 13 choices for the pair, then 12-11-10 for the

3 single cards, but order does not matter, so divide by 3!. Therefore,
3
4\(4)
a 13-12-11-10
4 oa 4
=1098 240, Method 2: fora pair b , of 13 suits you want one [?), for

3 3
4
3 single cards a , of 12 suits left you want 3 of them ee therefore iB| i ] = 1098 240
Dy Nek 1 3
different 5-card hands with a single pair.

13 j
i) Of 13 different cards, you want 5 of them [; , with 4 suits for each different card pick (i, but
1
5

we must subtract straights, flushes, and straight flushes, so we — 10 200—5 108-40 =1 302 540
Sl
or 52 choices for the first card pick then 48 for the next, then 44, then 40, then 36. But order does not
matter, so divide by 5!, and subtract straights, flushes, and straight flushes, so

52-48-44-40-36
e —10 200-5 108-40 =1 302 540 different 5-card hands with a high card.

SD)
j) 5-card hand : |:
2 598 960. Sum of different 5-card hands are 40+ 624+3 74445 108+

10 200+54 912 +123 552+ 1 098 240+1 302 540 =2 598 960

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Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 473
RT a

7.4 Exercise Set

1. Method 1 (Pascal’s Triangle) ac

(x+y) =x°+5x4y+10x°y? +10x7y? +5xy* + y" lh (oe

Method 2 (binomial expansion)

5
(+a)=(SJeora(Phety' [Serv 5
s(S)ev ms)
[Sota 52)

=x°+ 5x4y+10x*y? +10x7y* + 5xy" +y>

2. Method 1 (Pascal’s Triangle)

(x?-2y)° =1(x?)’ +6(x7) (-2y)' +15(x?)' (-2y)’ +20(x*) (-2»)' + Ea A

| RE IS aes
2 2 ¥. 4 2 1 "e 5 2 0 . 6 l 4 6 4 1
15(x”) ( 2y) +6(x ) ( 2y) +1(x?) ( 2y) WR any <1

= x —12x"°y4+ 60x* y? —160x°y* + 240x*y* -192x’y? + 64y° is’ eee itl oe Uae esSan 0 pea

Method 2 (binomial expansion)

(2s) =(]er)+[ Per) anys Sle) ands Soe) an?

ESoeV any" «(8]le) Cann {ley ean)
= x? 12x" y+ 60x*y? —160x°y’ + 240x*y* -192x’y? + 64y°

3. Method 1 (Pascal’s Triangle)

[2-4] =1(2x) +5(2x)'{-+] vro(2x)(-4] " |||

80x* 80x? 40x? 10x 1

——— + A a 64O.+ Boe s\n C10:
my Bs 5ieee aes

3) -(erton-
a)-sbt-a] ers)
Method 2 (binomial expansion)

Shes -Ghory Us80x*

2
80x> 40x? , LOxa
ie = OO a
1
PIG
y MY ay

SS. eS nee ee

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 474 ¢ Chapter
a
e r 7I
— Solutions Pre-Calculus
rsrrerrr le 12
4. Method 1 (Pascal’s Triangle)
1
; 4 1 1 1 2)
4 3 2 1 i
3x? -— | =1(3x7) +4(3x?) |-— | +6(3x? ak Le ae
[> al
ay 3) ()(-35) (3) 2y Say i 8
a(x 5AifSW+) + 1(3sNOIell|
3 4

8
6 4 2

eae
Dee ae ,2ie Lhe nese

ba] ber (eats) Shera oa

Method 2 (binomial expansion)

a LO xe oy"

t, = 5C,(x°X-2y
a
)’ os
= 126(x*\-32y5)6 = —4032x4y4.5

“
=3003(3x) Je1
10 10

t= C (3x)" silat = 3003-243x5 7297295

eee
2y 2y 1024y 1024?

1
7. Remember, [ _ 4 has 8 terms, so the next-to-last term :
is the 7th term.
By,

Ve eae)1 x

oO. Remember, (3a+2b*)° has 7 terms so the middle term is the

4) term,
=: n-k k
fa eae

1 =a) (204 )= 20a) "2by = 20.978 p 4320a°b°

nS n-k k
Dot pe ON ey,

We want x”*-y*=1 | ive. the resulting exponent must be zero.

k
Gy (x)Gok (4
ali Si 2k (x) af = k=
ltt 1 ., “ _ 0
xi23k
Xx

Equating exponents, 4,,,=12-3k = 0 > 3k =

12 » ik = 4, therefore, » ¢4, == 1, theo th terms:
4

C (eey(4)= 15, a constant.

x

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No part of this publication may be reproduced without
written permission from the publisher.
re ae Oe i ag
k

We want x”*-y*= 1 ,i.e. the resulting exponent must be zero.

k
go (2x°)10-k (3)
1 = feke a 4
PES ay ee
Phey?
2
x
Equating exponents, ¢,,, =30-3k-—2k =0 — 5k = 30 — k =6, therefore, ? 1,“641 =t,,
the 7 term.

a2 |a(pal
6

7
(-£] = C,°2*
10m 6
=3360 x

Meet CX"
n 3
1
If the 4) term of [+-4] is —15x’ then ral »(-3) =—]5x’

3
]
Equating exponents ofx, n—3 = 7 — n= 10, check: a=(3he [-2) =1203'(-2]=-15v

Maric
k+1
xy
If the 7%term of (2x—1)" is 112x? then ,C, -(2x)"°(-1) =112x? > ,C, -(2x)"° =112x?
n-6 n-

Equating exponents ofx,n—6 = 2 + n= 8, check: ¢ -(éIex7 (-1) = 28(4x*) =112x?

13. The 4" term has x’ , therefore, f= xb =1875x'

120b° = 1875
Bu a1025
b=15.625
b= 2.5
PAuine 3 term has x , therefore, 7,3 = C,.Qx) b =1512x°
2 (25)be 1512%°
672b° =1512
b* =2.25
b=) 225
b= 15
7.5 Exercise Set

1. a) b)

if

28

56 ways 84
4 LOR? Oi '5
1 210 ways
Sa 15ye 5 BO «126 B

Solution 2: 3 rows and 5 columns Solution 2: 4 rows and 6 columns

8! 10!
——= 5131 = 56 ways aan
a 210 ways

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476 # Chapter 7 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

1. c) d)

24 60 120 B

4|\ 7A 6! 6! 2!
i 2:ane
Solution eae ees 210 ways
Fie Aa Solution
olution 2: TET MEET + TT = 200 ways
y

e) f)

19

43
1 82 ways
5 15 39, 5B
g) I

2e

103 ways

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written permission from the publisher.
Pre-Calculus 12 Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 477
TTEE

7.6 Exercise Set

Combinations — Multiple-choice Answers

Cc To Gl 13d 19. c esp a ot. Cc 37. b 43. d 49. a 55. c¢

c 3. Cc 14. ¢ 20. *¢ 26. d 32.8 38. b 44. b 50. b 56. c
b 9. d 15. a 21244 2d eed 30.00 39. d 45. d 51% d S72 Lb
b 10. d 16:--¢ 226 aD 28. a 34. b 40. c 46. b ays 58. b
b Lissa 7px Bin” B) 29a id 28% 16 41. b Als 15 53. C 597 a
ee
Se a 125, 6 18. d 24. d 30. a 36. b 42. d 48. c 54. a 60. a

Combinations — Multiple-choice Solutions

1. 6!=720 Answer isc.

! ; : '
Ne = VOUT =1000-999=999000 Answer is c.
" 998! 998!
. The sum of coefficients in (x + y)” is 2” =2° =32. Answer is b.

. The sum of numbers is 2” = 2'? = 524288. Answer is b.

. One less than the number of students, 5!=120. Answer is b.

!
. By the counting principle, nis = 3360. Answer is a.
3! 2!

C.= .C., .)..Answer is d.

ee (x?) (-+)PEC (x?)(-+)art G4 (x?)(-+)Se ye 8x" + 28¥ Answer is Cc.

BA My

S gC, % Hee =350 Answer is d.

Ae x 6C, = 150 Answer is d.

- 9-10-10-10-25-25=5625000 Answer isa.

-AtoBtoCtoBto4=3-:3:2-2=36 Answer
is b.

- To end up with 5 loonies when starting with 3 loonies, you must win 3 times and lose 1 time,
!
therefore, = =4. Answer is d.

14. ve, x EC, =10x10=100 Answer is c.

nats 7! 4!
15. By the counting principle, 4 x iro 210. Answer is a.

16. By the permutation with repetition rule, = 630630. Answer is c.

6!5! 4!
17. P(4 hearts and | non-heart) = 13C4 X 39C, = 27885. Answer is c.

18. The term containing x°y° implies ¢, = ,C,(3x)°(-2y)? = 20412. Answer is d.

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478 # Chapter 7 — Solutions Pre-Calculus 12

Answer is c.

4% 9a lia 29
6! 3! ;
20. By the counting principle: to B, “
[a to C, aa = 60. Answer Is c.
x [p

Answer is a.

22. By factorial notation, 4! x 3!= 144. Answer is b.

23. By the combination principle, ,C, x ,C,=15. Answer is a.

(n+2)! _ (nt 2)nt Y=)! _ Ca) Ue) eR ee Neue

24.
n!+ 2(n-1)! n(n—1)!+ 2(n-1)! (n—1)!(n+2)

! —1)\(n—-2)!
25, 14520" BE 4500 <> sera NGIS 0 — n(n—1)=14520, could use reasoning
z (n—2)! (n—2)!
or n” —n—-14520=0 > (n—-121)(n+120)=0, n=121. Answer is a.

26. 2 women, 1 man or 3 women

9% 6G +,€, = 300 Answer is d.

DZ OMet ets uss. 2) AS 228 WS’, 3 single letters: ener =151200 Answer is b.

28. If Linda is one of the teachers selected, then ,C, =21 other choices. Answer is a.

29. The first term isn, the second term is n—1 , the third term is n—2, therefore,
the rth term is n—(r—-—1)=n-—r+1. Answer is d.

30. (2a—3b’)* has 9 terms so the middle term is the 5‘ term.

ti=
k+l
Anas yrot 3}
= ,C,(2a)*(-3b’)* Answer is a.
(See n! GH V—2)n—-3)! nin—-Im-2)!
31. = (n—1)(n-2)-n(n-1) =
(n-3)! (n-2)! (n-3)! (n—2)!

n —3nt+2—n’ +n=—2n+2 Answer isc.

32. There are two choices for each coin, use the coin in your sum of money or don’t use the coin. So the
number of subsets is 2-2-2-2-2—1=31 (you subtract one because you have to have at least one coin),
answer is a.

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Pre-Calculus 12
Se
Chapter 7 — Solutions ¢ 479

33. B ;
B =. S Ago S Past Count the ends of the branches.
e . 10 different outcomes are possible.
B ee
: aa
5‘
:
Answer is d.
S ee. : Z at S

34. This binomial has 7 terms, so we want the 6" term.

ie
k+l
Cre -y" so t= C.-x'-(-2yy =-192xy° Answer is b.

1
35. If the binomial is to the 9‘ power, the variables (x* )and (2)have powers (9-4) and k.

6 6
3 (| ASI .
By inspection, (x’) x +) gives aconstant. Therefore ¢, = ,C (x*) 2) =84. Answer is c.
a4

by n(n—1)(n—2)(n—-3)!
36. P=20n= =20n — n(n-1)\(n-—2)=20n — reject solution n=0
(n-3)! n—3!

n’ —3n+2=20 > n’-3n-18=0 > (n—6)(n+3)=0, n=-3,0,6 reject —3,0. Answer

is b.

37. 3 white or 3 black = ,C, + ,C,=45. Answer is b.

38 Ma Ana 2) yo. nua l\n= 2) 22 ne n—n—-2 by (n=2)(n+)) _ ay

" (n-2\(n-2)! (n—2)\(n—2)! n—-2 n—-2 pT ee
Answert is b.

39. The pair of aces can be selected ,C, ways; the pair can be selected ,C, x12 ways; and the single card
,C, X11 ways, therefore ,C, x ,C, x ,C, x12 x11=19008 ways. Answer is d.

40. Three different pairs of shoes are 20

,,C,=1140. Answer is c.

41. All the pairs of shoes minus no black shoes = at least one black pair, therefore ,,C,— ,C, x ,,C, =920
ways or P(1 black)+ P(2 black)+ P(3 black) = ,C, x ,,C,+ ,C, x ,,C, + ,C, x ,,C, =920 ways.
Answer is b.
42. At most | black pair of shoes means 0 or | black pair ,C, x ,,C,+,C, x ,,C, =748 ways. Answer is d.

43. At most 1 club means 0 or | club, therefore ,,C, x ,,C, + ,,C, x yo C, = 1 645 020 ways. Answer is d.

44. The seven digits can be arranged in 7!=5040 ways. The digit | is before the digit 7 half the time so

5040 +2=2520. Answer is b.

45. By the fundamental counting principle 4!x3!x 2!= 288 , but 3 items can be arranged in 3!=6 ways
with half of these 6 ways having math books to the left of physics book, therefore 288 x 3= 864.
Answer is d.

46. t... = OR a -y*. Ifthe 10" term of es -1)’ is —55x* then We aC. 9 eae (-1)’ = 55x
equating exponents 2(n-9)=4 — n-9=2 — n=11. Answerisb.

DD a Ee OEOEOE—E——————— El
Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
GEOINT
47. Andy’s first two choices are a combination ,,C, =45. Answer is b.

48. Jerry has 8 choices, then 6 choices, then 4 choices = 8X6X4=192. Jerry has no choice for his last two
games. Answer is c.

Sn ania -2Xin—3)! 3n°-6n-105=0 =>

49. =105 > 3n(n—2)=105 >
(n—3)! (n—3)!
nw —2n—-35=0 — (n—-7)(n+5)=0,n=7 ,—5, reject —5. Answer is a.
50. Six students can arrange themselves in 5!=120 ways around a circular table. Two students could sit
together in 4!= 24 ways x 2=48 since AB and BA are different. Therefore, not sitting together is
5!—2 x 4!=72. Answer is b.

51. The three boys and their dates can sit 3! ways with each boy and girl sitting 2! ways, therefore,
3! x(2!) =48. Answer is d.
52. The boys and girls can each sit 3! ways, therefore, 3! x 3!=36, but we can sit boy then girl or girl then boy,
so 36 X 2=72. Answer is c.

53. A man must be in the first seat, therefore, 4!= 24 ways for men and 3! = 6 ways for women = 24 x 6=144.
Answer is c.
54. There are 20 first choice, 18 second choice and 16 third choice, but order does not make a difference,

20x18x16
therefore, divide by 3!, = 960. Answer is a.
3!

6 6 6 6 6 6 }
=)NnA + + + -- + =1+6+15+20+15+6=63 Answer isc.
6 5 4 3 D 1

56. Consider the three forwards a one player, then the four players can line up 4! ways. Also, the three forwards
can line up 3! ways. Therefore 4! x 3! = 144 ways. Answer is c.
57. The team must consist of 3 boys and 4 girls, or 4 boys and 3 girls.

Therefore 1
,,C, X ,C, + )C, X gC, =20160 ways. Answer is b.

n!}
P (n—r)! 55440
58. z ee therefore, =r!— r!=120 — ,
r=5 Answerisb
n!
r\(n—-r)!

59. In your total, you may use 0, 1, or 2 pennies, 0, 1, or 2 dimes and 0, 1, 2,3 quarters but you must have at
least one coin, therefore, 3 x 3 x 4—1=35. Answer is a.

i cone ae (n-1)! Fe CEA er (n-1)! 2 Gi) es

ee wae iW) (7-1)! arl(n1=F)! (r-I)!(n-r)! ri\(m—-r-I)! )
ea a is (n-1)! = He+a) Gare
(r-1)!(n-—r)n-r-l)! rv7-)!(n-r-))! r(n—r\(r—-1)\n-r-1)!

n(n-1)! n!
r(n—nr-Din—r-)!ria—yt or Answer isa.
& .
SSeS

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
aaa ane
Index ¢ 481

A Horizontal Translation, 29 S
Amplitude, 237 Solving Radicals, 80
Angles, 209 I Special Angles, 226
Arc Length, 212 Identities, 259 Sum and Difference Identities, 287
Asymptotes, 129 Inverse Functions, 39 Synthetic Division, 86

B L T
Binomial Expansion, 335 Leading Coefficient, 70 Transformation, 27
Binomial Theorem, 334 Line Test, 7 Translation, 27
Logarithmic Application, 188 Tree Diagrams, 316
C Logarithmic Equations, 180 Trigonometric Equations, 275
Change of Base, 175 Logarithmic Functions, 163 Trigonometric Functions, 216
Combinations, 329 Logarithmic Graph, 165 Turning Points of Polynomials, 72
Combinatorics, 315 Logarithmic Properties, 171
Combined Transformations, 48 Long Division, 84 U
Composite Functions, 17 Unit Circle, 235
Compound Interest, 157, 189 M
Compression, 31 Multiplicity of Polynomials, 72 Vv
Constant Value, 71 Vertical Asymptotes, 130
Coterminal Angles, 210 N Vertical Compression, 31
Natural Logarithms, 175 Vertical Displacement, 239
D Vertical Expansion, 31
Decomposing Functions, 21 O Vertical Line Test, 7
Degree Measure, 209 Odd Index, 115 Vertical Translation, 27
Degree of Polynomial, 70 One-to-One Function, 6
Division of Polynomial, 84 Xx
Double Angle Identity, 296 P x-intercept, 132
Pascal’s Triangle, 334
E Pathway Problems, 338 Y
e, 188 Period, 237, 241 y-intercept, 132
End Behavior of Polynomials, 69 Periodic Application, 245
Equation of Polynomial, 79 Permutations, 323, 324 Z
Estimating Zeros, 80 Phase Shift, 238 Zeros of Polynomials, 71
Even Index, 115 Polynomial Applications, 100 Zeros of Rational Functions, 141
Expansion, 31 Polynomials, 67
Exponential Application, 188 Polynomial Shape, 68
Exponential Equation, 181 Power Reducing Identity, 299
Exponential Function, 155, 163 Power Rule, 172
Exponents, 155 Pythagorean Identities, 261

F Q
Factorial Notation, 317 Quadrantal Angles, 225
Factor Theorem, 94 Quotient Identities, 260
Finding 0, 228 Quotient Rule, 171
Functions, 5
R
G Radians, 211
Graph of Inverse Functions, 42 Radical Notation, 113
Graphing Radicals, 122 Radicals, 113
Graphing Rational Functions, 137 Rational Function, 129
Growth and Decay, 158, 190 Rational Root Theorem, 95
Reciprocal Identities, 259
H Reflection, 30
Horizontal Asymptote, 130 Reference Angles, 227
Horizontal Compression, 31 Relations, 5
Horizontal Expansion, 31 Remainder Theorem, 93
Horizontal Line Test, 7

Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.
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