PHYSICS FOR ELECTRONIC
APPLIED MECHANICS 1
TEE 1154
Applied Mechanics
•Applied mechanics:
•Static:- scalar and vector quantities, equilibrium, solution of pin
jointed frames, stress and strain, pure bending theory and pure
torsion theory.
•Dynamics:- Kinematics, types and equations of motion, work
done by a constant and varying force, circular motion, rotational
work, power and energy.
Text Books
• Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett,
Physics for Scientists & Engineers with. Modern
Physics, Ninth Edition.
Static Mechanics-Scalar and Vectors
• Scalar quantity: quantity with magnitude only. Examples:
distance, speed, time, temperature etc.
• Distance: length of a path followed by a particle.
• Displacement ≠Distance
• Example: round trip house-work-house distance traveled = 10
km , displacement = 0
• Vector quantity: quantity with a magnitude and a direction
and obeys the parallelogram law for addition. It can be
represented by a vector. Examples: displacement, velocity,
acceleration etc.
The Parallelogram Law for Addition
and the Triangle Law
• The addition of two vectors A and B is defined to be the vector C
that results from the geometric construction shown in Fig. below.
• The operation depicted in figure above , is written as A+B=
• C, is called the parallelogram law for addition. The vectors A and
B are referred to as components of C, and C is called the resultant
of A and B.
• The process of replacing a resultant with its components is
called resolution
The triangle law
• An equivalent statement of the parallelogram law is the triangle
law, see figure below;
• the tail of B is placed at the tip of A, and C is the
vector that completes the triangle, drawn from the tail of A to the tip
of B.
• The result is identical if the tail of A is placed at the tip of B and C is
drawn from the tail of B to the tip of A.
Rules
•
Rules Continued
•
Multiplying or Dividing a vector by a
Scalar
•
Vector Component
•
Components of a Vector
• The components of a vector can be positive or
negative and will have the same units as the
original vector
• The signs of the components will depend on the
angle
Unit Vector
• These are base vectors i, j and k of the coordinate system
• with magnitude 1. No dimensions, no units.
• Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and have no other
physical significance.
• They form a set of mutually perpendicular vectors.
Unit vectors in Vector Notation
•
Adding Vectors using unit Vectors
•
Adding Vectors with Unit Vectors
-Diagram
Adding vectors using unit vectors-
Three directions
•
Example
• Referring to Figure a,
determine (a) the
rectangular
representation of the
position and (b) the
angles between A and
each of the positive
coordinate axes
Fig a
Solution Part (a)
•
Solution Part (b)
•
Example 2
• The pulley shown in Fig. below is subjected to the
belt forces P and Q. Using rectangular
components, determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.
Solution
•
Exercise
• Question 1
• Find the angles between the force F=1200i+800j−1500kN and the
• x-,y-, and z-axes. Show your results on a sketch of the coordinate
system
• Question 2
• The magnitudes of the three forces areF1 =1.6kN, F2 =1.2 kN, and
• F3=1.0 kN. Compute their resultant in the form R=Rxi+Ryj+Rzk.
Vector Multiplication
•
Finding the Angle Between Two
Vectors
•
Determining the Orthogonal
Component of a Vector in a Given Direction
•
Example
• The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. Determine
• a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force acting on the
bolt at A,
• b) the angles qx, qy, qz defining the direction of the
force
Solution
•
Solution Cont’d (directions)
•
Example
• Finding a unit vector: A string is pulled with a force F=100 N as
shown in the Figure below:
• Write F as a vector
Solution
•
Cross Product
• In mechanics, the measure of your pushing is the net force you
apply.
• The measure of your turning is the net moment, also sometimes
called the net torque or netcouple.
• The main mathematical tool here is the vector cross product, a
second way of multiplying vectors together.
• The cross product is used to define (and calculate) moment and to
• calculate various quantities in dynamics.
• The principle of the lever is the basic idea incorporated by
moments and can be viewed as the root of all mechanics.
See-Saw Mechanics
•
Cross (vector) product
•
Left-handed coordinate
system (i×j =–k, etc.)
Right-handed coordinate
system (i×j =k, etc.)
Cross (vector) product cont’d
•
Cross (vector) product cont’d
•
Scalar triple product
•
Scalar triple product Cont’d
•
Example
• Given the vectors
• A=8i+4j−2k N
• B=2j+6k m
• C=3i−2j+4k m
• calculate the following: (1)A·B; (2) the orthogonal
component of B in the direction of C; (3) the angle
between A and C;(4)A×B; (5) a unit vector λ that is
• perpendicular to both A and B; and (6) A×B·C.
Solution (Parts 1,2,3)
•
Solution Part 4
•
Solution Part 6
•
Example
• Three ropes are attached to the post at A in Fig. below. The forces
in the ropes are F1 =260 N, F2 =75N, and F3 =60N. Determine (1)
the magnitude of the Force R that is equivalent to the three forces
shown, and (2) The unit vector λ in the direction of R
Solution Part 1
•
Part 2
•
Principle of Moments
•
Principle of Moments Examples
Varignon’s Theorem Principle of
Moments
•
Vector and scalar methods
•
Rectangular Components of a Moment
•
Rectangular Components of a Moment
•
Example
•
Example Cont’d
•
Example
•
Scalar Solution
•
Example
•
Moment of a Force about an Axis
•
Moment of a Force about an Axis Cont’d
•
Vector and Scalar Methods
•
Example
•
Part 1
•
Part 2
•
Example
•
Example Cont’d
•
Example
• A uniform horizontal beam with a length of , L=8.00 m and a weight
of Wb =200 N is attached to a wall by a pin connection. Its far end is
supported by a cable that makes an angle of 𝝓=53.0° with the beam
figure below. A person of weight Wp=600 N stands a distance d =
2.00 m from the wall. Find the tension in the cable as well as the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the wall on the
beam.
• This is a rigid body at equilibrium. the farther the body moves
outward, the larger the torque applied about the pivot and the
larger the tension in the cable must be to balance this torque.
Solution
•
Elementary truss analysis
• Pin jointed frames bring about trusses. These can be found on
riverted objects and structures to with-stand loads eg on bridges.
• They can also be used to design sturdy light structures.
• An ideal truss is a collection of bars connected at frictionless joints
at which are applied loads as shown in fig a. below:
• Each bar is a two-force body so has a free
• body diagram like that shown in fig b, with
• the same tension force pulling away from
• each end. A joint is acted on by bar
• tensions and from applied loads, see fig c.
Pin jointed frames Cont’d
• A truss is held in place with supports which are idealized in 2D as
either being fixed pins or as a pin on a roller.
• The forces of the outside world on the truss at the supports are
called the reaction forces.
• Our goal is to find the reaction forces and the tensions in the bars
(sometimes called the ‘bar forces’) on pin jointed frames.
• Free body diagrams of the whole truss are drawn and the various
parts of the truss, the equilibrium equations are applied to each
free body diagram, and the resulting equations are solved for the
unknown bar forces and reactions.
• The method of solving free body diagrams is sometimes subdivided
into two sub-methods: method of joints and method of sections
Method of Joints & Zero force members (Bars)
• Determine the force in each member of the truss and state whether
the force is tension or compression.
• Free-body diagram of entire truss.
Method of Joints
• Calculating the reactions is a •
good starting point.
• This can be used in the
equilibrium equations
Method of Joints
• •
Method of Joints
• • the analysis of the
entire truss :
Example
• The truss shown in the figure is •
made up of five horizontal and six
inclined rods. All inclined rods are
1m long and at right angles to each
other. The truss carries two vertical
loads, F1=4 kN and F2= 1 kN as
shown. Find the tensions in rods CE,
DE, and DF.
• The free-body diagram of the entire
truss is shown in fig below :
Example Cont’d
• •
Example Cont’d
•
Trusses: Method of Joints and Zero-Force Members
• Determine the force in each member of the truss and state
whether the force is tension or compression.
Trusses: Method of Joints and Zero-Force Members
•
Trusses: Method of Joints and Zero-Force Members
•
Trusses: Method of Joints and Zero-Force
Members (Cont’d)
•
Trusses: Method of Joints and Zero-Force
Members (Cont’d)
•
Method of Joints and Zero-Force Members
(Cont’d)
•
Method of Joints and Zero-Force Members
(Cont’d)
• All remaining bar forces follow from symmetry.
Method of Sections
•
Method of Sections
•
Method of Sections
• Step 2
• Cut the truss. The cut must pass through a member you are
• solving for . The cut does not have to be vertical, or even straight,
but it should pass through the fewest possible members. In this
problem, a single cut passes through members ID and CD.
• In some problems, you may need to make more than one cut to
calculate all the required forces.
Method of Sections
• Step 3
• Draw one portion of the cut truss. Draw cut members as if they
were external forces acting on the cut portion.
Method of Sections
•
Method of Sections
•
Alternate Solution
•
Assignment Questions
• Question 1
• Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of
the truss shown in Figs. below. Indicate whether the members are
in tension or compression.
Fig1 Fig 2
Questions
• Question 2
• Show that all diagonal members of the truss carry the same
force, and find the magnitude of this force.
Elastic Properties of Solids
•
Example
•
Elastic Properties of Solids
•
Young’s Modulus (Y): Elasticity in Length
• If a long bar of cross-sectional •
area A and initial length Li is
exposed to an external force
perpendicular to the cross
-section, internal molecular
forces in the bar resist
distortion but stretches to
some length (l)
Stress-versus-strain
curve for an elastic solid
• Initially, a stress-versus-strain curve is a straight line. As the stress
increases, however, the curve is no longer a straight line.
• If stress exceeds the elastic limit, the object is permanently
distorted and does not return to its original shape
• Ultimately the material breaks.
•
Example
•
Shear Modulus (S): Elasticity of Shape
•
Bulk Modulus (B): Volume Elasticity
•
Typical Values for Elastic Moduli
