MICROPROCESSORS 8051 & ARM
Author: Bharat Acharya
Sem V – EXTC
Mumbai 2018
PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051
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8051 has 40 pins.
The function of these pins is briefly explained as follows.
These are connected to the crystal oscillator.
XTAL1 The typical operating frequency is 12 MHz.
& In Serial communication based applications, the operating frequency is
XTAL2 chosen to be 11.0592 MHz, in order to derive the standard universal baud
rates. This will be discussed in detail in the further chapters.
It is used to reset the 8051 microcontroller.
On reset PC becomes 0000H.
Reset This address is called the reset vector address.
From here, 8051 executes the BIOS program also called the Booting
program or the monitor program. It is used to set-up the system and make
it ready, to be used by the end-user.
It is used to enable the latching of the address.
ALE The address and data buses are multiplexed.
Address This is done to reduce the number of pins on the 8051 IC.
Latch Enable Once out of the chip, address and data have to be separated that is called
de-multiplexing.
This is done by a latch, with the help of ALE signal.
ALE is “1” when the bus carries address and “0” when the bus carries data.
This informs the latch, when the bus is carrying address so that the latch captures only address and
not the data.
It decides whether the first 4 KB of program memory space (0000H… 0FFFH)
EA will be assigned to internal ROM or External ROM.
Enable External If EA = 0, the External ROM begins from 0000H.
Access In this case the Internal ROM is discarded.
8051 now uses only External ROM.
If EA = 1, the External ROM begins from 1000H.
In this case the Internal ROM is used. It occupies the space 0000H… 0FFFH.
In modern FLASH ROM versions, this pin also acts as VPP (12 Volt programming voltage) to write
into the FLASH ROM.
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MICROPROCESSORS 8051 & ARM
Author: Bharat Acharya
Sem V – EXTC
Mumbai 2018
8051 has a 16-bit address bus (A15 – A0).
PSEN This should allow 8051 to access 64 KB of external Memory as 216 = 64 KB.
Interestingly though, 8051 can access 64 KB of External ROM and 64 KB
Program
of External RAM, making a total of 128 KB.
Status Enable
Both have the same address range 0000H to FFFFH.
This does not lead to any confusion because there are separate control signals
for External RAM and External ROM.
RD and WR are control signals for External RAM.
PSEN is the READ signal for External ROM.
It is called Program Status Enable as it allows reading from ROM also known as Program Memory.
Having separate control signals for External RAM and External ROM actually allows us to double
the size of the external memory to a total of 128 KB from the original 64 KB.
These are power supply pins.
Vcc 8051 works at +5V / 0V power supply.
&
GND
These are 8 pins of Port 0.
We can perform a byte operation (8-bit) on the whole port 0.
P0.0… P0.7 We can also access every bit of port 0 individually by performing bit
operations like set, clear, complement etc.
The bits are called P0.0… P0.7.
Additionally, Port 0 also has an alternate function.
It carries the multiplexed address data lines.
A0-A7 (the lower 8 bits of address) and D0-D7 (8 bits of data) are multiplexed into AD0-AD7.
In any operation address and data are not issued simultaneously.
First, address is given, then data is transferred.
Using a common bus for both, reduces the number of pins.
To identify if the bus is carrying address or data, we look at the ALE signal.
If ALE = 1, the bus carries address,
If ALE = 0, the bus carries data.
These are 8 pins of Port 1.
We can perform a byte operation (8-bit) on the whole port 1.
P1.0… P1.7 We can also access every bit of port 1 individually by performing bit
operations like set, clear, complement etc. on P1.0… P1.7.
Port 1 also has NO alternate function.
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These are 8 pins of Port 2.
We can perform a byte operation (8-bit) on the whole port 2.
P2.0… P2.7 We can also access every bit of port 2 individually by performing bit
operations like set, clear, complement etc. on P2.0… P2.7.
Additionally, Port 2 also has an alternate function.
It carries the higher order address lines A8-A15.
These are 8 pins of Port 3.
We can perform a byte operation (8-bit) on the whole port 3.
P3.0… P3.7 We can also access every bit of port 3 individually.
The bits are called P0.0… P0.7.
The various pins of Port 3 have a lot of alternate functions.
P3.0 (Rxd) and P3.1 (Txd): They are used to receive and transmit serial data.
This forms the serial port of 8051.
P3.2 ( INT0 ) and P3.3 ( INT1 ): They are external hardware interrupts of 8051.
If they occur simultaneously, INTO is by default higher priority.
P3.4 (T0) and P3.5 (T1): They are used timer clock inputs.
They provide external clock inputs to Timer 0 and Timer 1.
P3.6 ( WR ) and P3.7 ( RD ): They are used as control signals for External RAM.
8051 can access 64 KB External RAM from 0000H to FFFFH..
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