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Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science Constantine 7nov

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44 views4 pages

Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science Constantine 7nov

Uploaded by

Benzerogue
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evaluating Pheromone-Based Metrics for

Optimized Path Selection in Video Streaming


over VANETs

Benzerogue Sarra1[0000−0002−8727−1940] , Bounab Rayene2[] , and Sahraoui


Abdelatif3[0000−0001−7254−6828]
1
MISC Laboratory, University of Abdelhamid Mehri, Constantine 2, Constantine,
Algeria
[email protected]
2
LIRE Laboratory, University of Abdelhamid Mehri Constantine 2, Constantine,
Algeria [email protected]
3
LAMIS Laboratory, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, 12000,
Algeria
[email protected]

Abstract. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) face significant rout-


ing challenges due to high vehicle mobility, frequent route failures, band-
width constraints, and excessive control packet propagation during route
discovery. These issues lead to frequent route disconnections, high control
overhead, and inefficient bandwidth utilization, impacting the effective-
ness of the routing process. The dynamic network topology in VANETs,
influenced by the continuous movement and unpredictable joining or
leaving of vehicles, results in repeated route reconstructions, increasing
overhead and resource consumption.
Pheromone-based meta-heuristic techniques, particularly Ant Colony Op-
timization (ACO), offer a potential solution by using swarm intelligence
to improve path selection. ACO is effective for VANETs due to its adapt-
ability and ability to discover efficient routes, though it requires precise
parameter tuning and high computational power, complicating conver-
gence time estimation. Strategies like task parallelization and real test-
bed validation can reduce computational demands and confirm simula-
tion results, enhancing practical applicability.
This study assesses the impact of pheromone-based metrics on rout-
ing efficiency for video streaming over VANETs. By incorporating these
metrics, the proposed approach seeks to reduce route interruptions and
control overhead while optimizing bandwidth use, thereby ensuring more
stable and efficient path selection. The results demonstrate the potential
of meta-heuristic algorithms in addressing VANET routing challenges,
improving video streaming reliability and overall network performance
in dynamic vehicular environments.

Keywords: VANETs · Routing Challenges · Video Streaming · Pheromone-


Based Metrics · Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) · Path Optimization ·
Routing Efficiency · Network Performance · Dynamic Environments
2 B. Sarra et al.

1 Introduction

In VANETs, video streaming plays a critical role in improving road safety and
saving lives. Real-time video feeds from connected vehicles enable quick decision-
making by sharing crucial visual data about traffic conditions, accidents, road
hazards, and the presence of emergency vehicles. This rapid exchange of video
information helps prevent collisions and enhances vehicle coordination, essential
for road safety.
However, achieving reliable video streaming in VANETs faces several chal-
lenges. The high mobility of vehicles causes constant shifts in network topology,
resulting in frequent route failures and unstable connections. These disruptions
hinder the delivery of continuous, high-quality video streams, as data paths fre-
quently break and need reestablishment. Additionally, limited bandwidth and
increased control packet overhead impact streaming quality, often leading to
latency, buffering, and packet loss. Given the dynamic nature of VANETs, se-
lecting a stable, efficient routing path is crucial to ensure uninterrupted video
transmission, especially in critical, life-saving scenarios.
The ACO algorithm is a promising solution that imitates the natural behavior
of ant colonies. Originally introduced by Dorigo et al., ACO is inspired by how
ants find the shortest path between their nest and a food source using pheromone
trails. As ants travel, they leave behind pheromones that attract other ants to
follow their route. Over time, the path with the most pheromone is usually
the shortest and most efficient one. This pheromone-based process is the key
to making ACO effective for routing in VANETs. The pheromone equation is
central to ACO, allowing it to constantly update and prioritize the most stable
and reliable routes based on pheromone levels.
This behavior matches the needs of VANETs well, as ACO can quickly adapt
to changing conditions by reinforcing the safest and most efficient paths in real
time. Additionally, ACO’s strengths—such as simplicity, low overhead, and abil-
ity to self-organize—make it a good fit for VANET routing. ACO uses indirect
communication, known as stigmergy, where each ant works independently and
shares local information, allowing for easy adjustments as network conditions
change.
By applying ACO’s pheromone-driven path selection, VANETs can find sta-
ble routes that improve video streaming, reduce disruptions, and maintain qual-
ity, making roads safer in fast-changing traffic environments.
The paper is organized as follows:

2 Related Work

This section reviews several approaches that leverage ACO for optimized routing
in VANETs. Each approach is tailored to enhance specific aspects of the network,
such as route stability, QoS, and the hybridization of mobility metrics with
QoS metrics. These approaches address VANET-specific challenges by modifying
and expanding ACO’s foundational principles to suit the unique demands of
Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 3

high-speed, high-mobility vehicular environments. Below, we examine the core


methodologies and outcomes of these ACO-based approaches in three primary
categories:

2.1 Mobility Metrics-Based Optimization: Original ACO Approach


This approach utilizes the original concept of ant colony optimization, which
inspired by the social behavior of ant colonies, ACO draws on how ants identify
and follow the shortest path (minimum distance) between a food source (vehicule
destination) and their nest (vehicule source), efficiently adapting to potential
disruptions along the way. As ants traverse between these points, they release a
chemical known as pheromone that represented by an mathematic equation. This
pheromone attracts subsequent ants to follow the trail, compelling them to se-
lect paths with higher pheromone concentrations (minimum value of pheromone
equation), which typically represent the shortest routes. This instinctive strategy
facilitates efficient path finding in complex environments.

P hi,j = Di,j (1)

XD
P h(p) = min( P hi,i+1 ) (2)
i

The routing protocol by Tripp-Barba et al. (2019) is a location-based approach


tailored to the dynamic nature of VANETs, utilizing real-time GPS data to en-
hance routing reliability and efficiency. By equipping each vehicle node with
GPS, the protocol enables precise, location-driven route adjustments, which
helps to mitigate common issues in VANETs, such as frequent route discon-
nections and high overhead from route recalculations. It focuses on identifying
the shortest and most stable paths between source and destination, ensuring
that data packets follow routes that are both efficient and robust against disrup-
tions. As vehicles continuously move, the protocol dynamically adapts to these
shifts in network topology, maintaining stable connections and reducing interrup-
tions in data flow. This adaptability makes the protocol well-suited for VANET
environments, where rapid adjustments to changing conditions are crucial for
maintaining network performance.
the follow flowchart explain the Original-ACO steps:

2.2 Quality of Services Optimization Metrics-based


QoS-aware multi-path video streaming for urban VANETs using ACO algorithm
(QoSM-ACO) A scheme for forwarding video data that enhances video quality
delivery through the application of the ant colony optimization algorithm in
urban vehicular networks. This QoS-aware multipath approach utilizes ACO to
identify primary and secondary paths, thus enhancing the QoS of the routing
path. Furthermore, this study employed the user datagram protocol (UDP) and
4 B. Sarra et al.

transmission control protocol (TCP) expected transmission count for inter-frame


and intra-frame transmissions, respectively [?].
add the pheromone equation
add algorithm or flowchart

2.3 Hybrid Optimization of Mobility and Quality of Service


Metrics-based
Multi-Path Transmission Protocol for Video Streaming over Vehicular Fog Com-
puting environments(MPTP-VS): this approach based on add the pheromone
equation
add algorithm or flowchart

3 Comparative Analysis of ACO-Based Routing


Protocols for Video Streaming in VANETs
Acknowledgments. A bold run-in heading in small font size at the end of the paper
is used for general acknowledgments, for example: This study was funded by X (grant
number Y).

Disclosure of Interests. It is now necessary to declare any competing interests


or to specifically state that the authors have no competing interests. Please place
the statement with a bold run-in heading in small font size beneath the (optional)
acknowledgments4 , for example: The authors have no competing interests to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article. Or: Author A has received research
grants from Company W. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company
X and owns stock in Company Y. Author C is a member of committee Z.

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4
If EquinOCS, our proceedings submission system, is used, then the disclaimer can
be provided directly in the system.

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