Components of

Wheatstone Bridge
" A resistor with an unknown resistance
value.
" Two resistors (with known resistance
value)
Variable Resistor (a device like
Rheostat or Preset could work)
Voltage/DC source
Galvanometer (or any device which
indicates the voltage difference or the
flow of current)
Connecting Wires
" Circuit Construction
Construction of Wheatstone Bridge
 CLASS 12th

PRECAUTIONS

GLASSWARE
HEAT HAZARD
SHARP INSTRUMENT HAZARD
ANIMAL HAZARD
HAZARD

FIRE
EYE & FACE
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
HAZARD
CHEMICAL HAZARD
HAZARD

EXPLOsIVE
RADIOAcTIVE HAZARD
LASER RADIATION
BIOHAZARD HAZAROD
HAZARD

connecting wires properly.

Clean the perpendicular to the
Hold the jockey
wire.
should be neat and
connections
All
tight.

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 CIRCUIRT
CONSTRUCTION

A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type

structure having four resistors, three of
known and one of unknown value.

Here R1, R2, and R3 have known values

among which R2 is adjustable and finally
Rx is the value to be measured. Along
with these resistances, a galvanometer
(Vg) is there between B &D, and a DC
supply between A & C.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE
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Now according t
bridge principle if the ratio of the two
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE

Now according to the Wheatstone

bridge principle if the ratio of the two
resistances (R1/R2) on one edge is
equal to the ratio of the two resistances
(R3/RX) onanother edge then there will
be no flow of current between the
midpoints of the two edges of
resistance. This conditionof the bridge
is known as the Balanced Bridge
Condition.

In the Balanced Bridge condition, the

current through the galvanometer is
zero and also the voltage difference
between the points B & D becomes
zero, i.e., at both points voltage level
Would be the same.
Writing equations for the balanced
bridge condition would look like:

R1/R2 = R3/Rx (or) R1 * Rx =R2 * R3

Thus, Rx = R3 ** (R2/R1)

This detection of zero current in

galvanometer is of high precision, thus
depending on the level of precision of
known values, the unknown resistance
can be found with the highest rate of
accuracy and precision.
Inthe Wheatstone bridge experiment,
one resistor should always be variable
in order to obtain abalanced condition.
The Circuit performs at its best when
the regulated voltage source is used,
instead of the current with repelling
characteristics.

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 SUMMARY
" Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s
Wheatstone bridges are one of the
best methods of measuring resistance
due to the basic mathematical ratio
involved.
Accurate standards with sensitive
enough voltmeter, measurements of
resistance within .05% can be
reached.
Many calibration laboratories still use
this method today.
The Wheatstone Bridge are
replaceable; however, for its
simplicity and versatility the circuit is
an indispensible piece of technology
 INTRODUCTION
Samuel Hunter Christie invented the
Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833,
which became popular with the works of
Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843.
An electrical circuit that is set up to
measure the unknown value of a resistor
and creates a balance between the two
legs of the bridge circuit is called a
Wheatstone Bridge. As shown in the
figure below, three resistances are known
(one is variable/adjustable) and the
fourth one has to be found out.
Compared to the other measuring
instruments such as voltage divider, the
concept of Wheatstone bridge is widely
used because of the accuracy in its
measurement of resistance.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES
http://www. www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com

Books
NCERT CLASS
12th Physics
PRACTICAL
Physics
CLASS 12th
 AIM

To study the construction

and application of
Wheatstone Bridge

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 LIMITATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Along with allthese advantages, there

are a few limitations of the Wheatstone
bridge as well, such as:
Readings may be inaccurate under
unbalanced conditions.
The range of measured resistance
varies from a few ohms to mega
ohms.
Susceptibility for high dc current is
not there.

SUMMARY
" Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s
Wheatstone b
best methods
due to the bas
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involved.
Aceurata ctandarde aith concitiso
37 D LIE
Vo) LTE+ l 58%

CONTENTS
7 Introduction
2- Components of Wheatstone bridge
3· Circuit Construction
4-Working principle of Wheatstone
bridge
5. Example Circuit
6 Applications of Wheatstone bridge
7 Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
& Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
9. Summary
70- Bibliography
77- Precautions
 EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

below circuit where

Let us consider the condition
unbalanced
the bridge is in an the voltage
and we need to calculate Volt
difference between Q1 and Q2, i.e.,
R4 needed to
and hence the value of
make the bridge balanced.

P1
R2
R
100 0

100V Vout
80 Q
40 2

R3 R

Example of Wheatstone Bridge

As per the voltage division law,
Vq1 = (R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs ,where Vs
=100volts (voltage source)
Putting values of Download now
ohms, and Vs= 10
Wa1 AA A albo
Example of Wheatstone Bridge
law,
As per the voltage division
where Vs
Vq1 = (R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs
=100volts (voltage source)
R1=50
Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms,
ohms, and Vs= 100 volts, we get

Vql = 44.4 volts

Similarly, V2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs

putting the values, R4 =50 ohms, R2

=100 ohms, and Vs =100 volts, we get
Vq2 =33.3 volts

Thus, Volt can be found as,

Volt = Vq1 - Vq2

So, Volt = 44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts

Now to make the bridge balanced, we can

find a suitable val far DA S dana
below:
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R4 = R2 * (R3/R1
 CERTIFICATE

NISHCHAY
is to certify that has
This class XII-A
SAXENA, astudent of under
completed the project
successfully
Mr.Mukesh Shrimali
the guidance of
During the academic
(Subject Teacher) fulfillment of
partial
year 2019-20 in examination conducted
Physics practical
by CBSE.

Signature of chemistry
Signature of external examiner teacher

Signature of principal
Now to make the bridge balanced, we can
find a suitable value for R4 as done
below:

R4 = R2 * (R3/R1)
putting the values of R1, R2, and R3, we
have

R4 = 100 * (40/50)
= 80 olts

Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value of

resistor which should be used to make
the bridge in a balanced condition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then Iwould
like to thank my principal Mrs.Shalu Babbar
and physics teacher
Mr.Mukesh Shrimali, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success
his suggestions and his instructions has served
as the major contributor towards the completion
of the project.
Then Iwould like to thank my
parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable THANK
suggestions and guidance has YOU
been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project.
 APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Used in Light detecting devices.

For measuring the changes in the
pressure.
For measuring the changes in the
strain of the circuit.
Used for the Sensing of mechanical
and electrical quantities.
Also, photo resistive devices use this
circuit.
Thermometers also use Wheatstone
bridges for the temperature
measurements which need to be
accurate.
Values like capacitance, inductance,
impedance, etc. can be measured
with some variations in the
Wheatstone bridge circuit.