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Chapter2 8

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15 views17 pages

Chapter2 8

Uploaded by

hoangngocphanduy187
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8: Structures

Contents

8.1. struct data type


8.2. Accessing struct members
8.3. Copy a struct with typedef
8.4. Array of structs

Nguyen Thi Thu Huong - SoiCT - HUST 2


8.1. struct data type

• Arrays require that all elements be of the same data


type.
• It is necessary to group information of different data
types: list of students (studentid, name, gpa…)
• Structures can store combinations of character, integer,
floating point and enumerated type data. Name of the
data type : struct.

3
Structures (struct)

• A struct is a structured data type composed of members


that are each standard or structured data types.

• A single struct would store the data for one object. An


array of structs would store the data for several objects.

• A struct can be defined in several ways as illustrated in


the following examples:

4
Declaring Structures (struct)

Reserves Space Does Not Reserve Space


struct student struct student
{ {
char studentid[8]; char studentid[8];
char name[40]; char name[40];
float gpa; float gpa;
} var_student ; } ;
/* The name “student"
is called a
structure tag */

5
8.2. Copy a struct with typedef

• User Defined Data Types (typedef)


• typedef and struct

Nguyen Thi Thu Huong - SoiCT - HUST 6


User Defined Data Types (typedef)

• typedef : for creating synonyms for previously defined


data type names.
Example:
typedef int Length;

Length is a synonym (alias) for the data type int.

• The data “type” name Length can now be used in


declarations in exactly the same way that the data type
int can be used:
Length a, b, len ;
Length numbers[10] ;

7
Typedef & Struct

 Often, typedef is used in combination with struct to declare a


synonym (or an alias) for a structure:

typedef struct /* Define a no-name structure */


{
char studentid[8];
char name[40];
float gpa;
} student; /* The "alias" of no-name structure is student*/

student var_student ; /* Create a struct variable */

8
8.3.Accessing struct members (Fields)

 Individual members of a struct variable may be accessed using


the structure member operator (the dot, “.”):
var_student.studentid ;

 Or , if a pointer to the struct has been declared and initialized


student *myptr = &var_student;
by using the structure pointer operator (the “->“):
myptr ->studentid
which could also be written as:
(*myptr) .studentid;

9
Sample Program With Structs

/* This program illustrates creating structs and then declaring


and using struct variables. Note that struct personal is an
included data type in struct "identity". */
#include <stdio.h>
struct date /*Create a second struct that is included in the
first one. */
{int day, month, year;} ;
struct student /*Create a struct but don’t reserve space*/
{
char studentid[9];
char name[40];
date birthdate;
float gpa;
} ;

10
Sample Program With Structs

int main ( )
{
struct student js = {"20239048","Joe Smith"}, *ptr = &js ;
js.birthdate.day = 7;
js.birthdate.month = 3;
js.birthdate.year = 2003;
js.gpa = 3.67;
printf ("%s %s %d/%d/%d %1.2f\n", js.studentid, js.name,
js.birthdate.day, js.birthdate.month, js.birthdate.year,
js.gpa) ;
printf ("%s %s %d/%d/%d %1.2f\n", ptr->studentid, ptr->name,
ptr->birthdate.day, ptr->birthdate.month, ptr->birthdate.year,
ptr->gpa) ;;
}

11
8.4. Array of structs

• An array whose elements are of type struct is called array of


structs. It is generally useful when we need multiple
structure variables in our program.

Nguyen Thi Thu Huong - SoiCT - HUST 12


Declaration of Array of Structures
struct structure_name array_name
[number_of_elements];
Example:
struct baby /*Create a struct but don’t reserve space*/
{ char Name [40];
int BirthYear,BirthMonth,Sex;
float Weight;
}B[10];
Or
struct baby /*Create a struct but don’t reserve space*/
{ char Name [40];
int BirthYear,BirthMonth,Sex;
float Weight;
} ;
struct baby B[10];

13
struct array example

• Read month M (1 ≤ M ≤ 12) and year Y (2015 ≤ Y ≤ 2019)


• Display information of babies that were born in month M of year Y with the
following format:
Name Weight Sex
Suri Cruise 3.45 F
Romeo Beckham 4.35 M

• Name is displayed in a 40 character space, left justified


• Weight is displayed using ten characters with two digits after the
decimal point, right justified.
• Sex is displayed with ‘M’ and ‘F’
• Write message “No baby was born in the month M/Y” if no baby matches.
14
struct array example

int main ( )
{
int n,i, M, Y;
struct baby B[10];
do
{printf ("Input number of babies:");
scanf("%d",&n);}
while( n<1 ||n>10);//check n between 1 and 10
for(i=0;i<n;i++) //Input babies’ information

15
struct array example

{printf("\nEnter information of baby No %d: ", i);

fflush(stdin);

printf("\nName");

gets(B[i].Name);

printf("\n Birth month, Birth year");

scanf("%d %d",&B[i].BirthMonth, &B[i].BirthYear);

printf("\n Sex (1 for boys, 0 for girls)");

scanf("%d",&B[i].Sex);

printf("Weight");

scanf("%f",&B[i].Weight);

} 16
struct array example

printf("\n Input a month");


scanf("%d", &M);
printf("\n Input a year");
scanf("%d", &Y);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(B[i].BirthMonth==M && B[i].BirthYear==Y)break;
if(i<n)
{for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(B[i].BirthMonth==M && B[i].BirthYear==Y)
printf("\n %-40s %10.2f %c
",B[i].Name,B[i].Weight, B[i].Sex?'M':'F');}
else printf("No baby was born in %d/%d", M, Y);
}
17

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