01URLMM Circuit Theory

Computer Engineering
Exercise Book a.y. 2021–2022
Prof. Riccardo Trinchero
2
Chapter 1

Fundamental Laws

3
4

Exercise 1.1
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

−6A 8A
i1 8A

i2 −2A
5A

10A

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.2
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

−6A
i2 4A
−3A

i1
5A 2A

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.3
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.
 5

−3A
5A

1A

i2
−5A
i1

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.4
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

1A
i3
2A i4

1
3A A
i1 3

i2

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.5
Compute the unknown currents ix ,iy ,iz in the circuit.
-1 A

ix

iy

3A iz

-2 A
6

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.6
Compute the unknown voltages in the circuit.

1V

3V v2
v1

2V
v3
4V 2V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KVL

Exercise 1.7
Compute the unknown voltages in the circuit.

−3V
vw

1V 1V 2V
2V
vz

vy

vx

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KVL

Exercise 1.8
Compute the unknown voltages vx ,vy ,vz in the circuit.
 7

-2 V

3V
vx vy

1V

vz

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KVL

Exercise 1.9
Use KCL to compute i1 e i2 .

−18 A

3A

i2

i1

12 A

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.10
Determine the unknown currents i3 , i5 using KCL.
Data: i1 = 4.5 A, i2 = 3 A, i4 = 0.5 A, i6 = 7 A.
8

i6 i1

i4 i5 i2 i3

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.11
Find i4 given: i1 = 2 A, i2 = 0.7 A.

R1 i1 R3

e R2 R4

i2 i4

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.12
Find ib , i6 , i1 , i2 given: ia , i4 , i3 , i5 .
 9

R5 i5

R3 i3 R4 i4 ib

R1 R2 R6

ia i1 i2 i6

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KCL

Exercise 1.13
Evaluate V1 , vad and vbc .

5V
d e b

3V
−2 V

12 V a

V1

f c

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: KVL

Exercise 1.14
Use KCL and KVL to find i1 , i2 , vad and vx .
10

−3 A

e −5 V a
3V c
i2
i1

20 V vx
d
8V

10 A b 8A

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: KVL, KCL

Exercise 1.15
Find v2 and v4 given: v1 = 1 V, v3 = 7 V.

R1 R4

v1 v4

10V v2 R2 v3 R3

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: KVL

Exercise 1.16
Compute the power absorbed by each circuit element.

2A B1

3A
2V B4 B2 4V
B3
 11

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Power

Exercise 1.17
The battery E supplies 100 W of power. Compute v, i and the power absorbed by device B1 .

i 20 Ω

E = 100 V
B1 v

60 V

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Power

Exercise 1.18
Compute the power absorbed by each circuit element.

2Ω

3A 1Ω 4V

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Power

Exercise 1.19
Find the power supplied by each source and the power absorbed by each resistor
Data: e1 = 20 V, e2 = 10 V, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 15 Ω, R3 = 5 Ω.
12

R3

e1 R1 R2 e2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Power

Exercise 1.20
Evaluate the unknown currents indicated in the figure.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10 V 5Ω 3V 6Ω 5V 2Ω 3V 2 kΩ

ia ib ic id

ie if

10 V 2Ω 4Ω 10 mV 4 kΩ 8 kΩ

(e) (f)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 1.21
Evaluate the unknown voltages indicated in the figure.
 13

(a) (b) (c)

2A 3Ω va 4 mA 8 kΩ vb 2 µA 10 kΩ vc

4Ω 2 kΩ

10 A 5Ω vd 2A ve 6 Ω 10 mA vf 4 kΩ

(d) (e) (f)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 1.22
Evaluate the voltage V and the current I.

3Ω I

10 V 1Ω V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 1.23
Determine vx and ix . Data: E = 10 V, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = R4 = 1 Ω.

R1 R3
ix

E R2 vx R4
14

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 1.24
Determine vx and ix . Data: J = 5 A, R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = R3 = 1 Ω.

R2
ix

J R1 R3 vx

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 1.25
Find i3 . Data: R1 = R3 = 25 Ω, R2 = 50 Ω, e1 = 100 V, e2 = 200 V.

R1

e2

e1 R3

R2
i3

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: KCL, KVL

Exercise 1.26
Find i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 , v5 .
Data: R1 = 25 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 10 Ω, R4 = 90 Ω, ig = 10 A, vg = 200 V.
 15

R4

i4
ig
R1

v5
vg R2 R3

i1 i2 i3

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: KCL, KVL

Exercise 1.27
Find VAB , R1 , R2 .
Data: PR1 = 108 W, PR2 = 54 W, PR3 = 162 W, R3 = 2 Ω.

R3
A

ve R1 R2

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: KCL, KVL, Power

Exercise 1.28
Given the following reduced incidence matrix of a circuit:

  Node
1 0 0 1 0 1
A =  0 −1 0 0 −1  2
0 0 1 −1 1 3
Branch 1 2 3 4 5

(a) Draw the associated circuit, indicating all nodes and branches.

(b) Write a maximal set of linearly independent KVL’s.

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Graphs
16

Exercise 1.29
For the circuit below:
1. Write the reduced incidence matrix, assuming node (0) as reference.
2. Write the constitutive equations of all elements in the form Mv + Ni = b, where v and i are vectors collecting all
branch voltages and currents, respectively.
3. Assemble the Tableau matrix and the corresponding right-hand side term.
4. Write the SPICE netlist that describes the circuit.

(1) 2Ω (2) 2Ω (3)

2
6V 3 A 2Ω 12 V

(0)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits, Tableau analysis

Chapter 2

Resistive Circuits I: Basic Analysis

Techniques

17
18

Exercise 2.1
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.

6Ω 3Ω

3Ω

4Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.2
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
All resistors have resistance 1000 Ω.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.3
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 15 Ω, R2 = 100 Ω, R3 = 100 Ω e R4 = 5 Ω.
 19

c
A
R1 R2

d e R4

R3
B
f

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.4
Compute the resistance R from terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 40 Ω, R4 = 40 Ω.

R4

R2
R1 R3

A B

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.5
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
All resistors have resistance 1 Ω.

A
20

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.6
Find Req . The resistance values are in Ω.

3 5

Req 6 1/4

3 7 2
1/2 10 1

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Equivalent resistance

Exercise 2.7
Find the voltage V and the current I.

2A 2Ω 3A 4Ω 4Ω 4A V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 2.8
Find the equivalent resistance at terminals ab.
 21

2Ω 1Ω
a

3Ω 1Ω

6Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits

Exercise 2.9
Compute the voltage v(t) generated by the source e(t) = E0 sin(ωt + ϕ).

e(t)
10 Ω 10 Ω 5Ω v(t)

20 Ω

20 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Series-Parallel

Exercise 2.10
Find i.
22

3Ω 6Ω

6Ω 3Ω
3A 6Ω 2Ω 3Ω

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.11
Compute the unknown voltages and currents using dividers.
Data: R1 = 19 Ω, R2 = 30 Ω, R3 = 70 Ω, vs = 60 V.

i1

R1 v1

vs
A
R2 v3 R3

i2 i3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.12
Compute i1 using current dividers.

i0
32 Ω

20 A 60 Ω
i1
10 Ω 40 Ω
 23

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.13
Calculate v1 using voltage dividers.

50 Ω 60 Ω

100 V 100 Ω 40 Ω v1

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.14
Compute vAB .

2Ω 1Ω

10 V A B

1Ω 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.15
Find v(t) given e(t).
24

R 3R

2/9R

e(t) 2R R 2R v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.16
Find i5 .

R1 R3 i5

i1 R2 R4 R5

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Voltage and Current Division

Exercise 2.17
Compute va , vb e vc using superposition theorem.
Data: E1 = 12 V, E2 = 10 V, R1 = 12 Ω, R2 = 8 Ω, R3 = 8 Ω, R4 = 2 Ω.

R3

E2
R4 b
a c

E1 R1 R2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Superposition
 25

Exercise 2.18
Compute i using the superposition theorem.
Data: Rn = n × 10 Ω e En = n × 10 V.

E1 R3

R2
R1 E2 R4
E3 R5
i

E4 R6

Difficulty: ⋆⋆⋆

Keywords: Superposition

Exercise 2.19
Compute va , vb and vc using the superposition theorem.
Data: I = 7 A, E1 = 60 V, E2 = 30 V, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω ,R4 = 10 Ω.

I R1
R3
E1 b c

R2 E2
R4

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Superposition

Exercise 2.20
Find the current i using the superposition theorem.
Data: I1 = 2 A, I2 = 4 A, E1 = 120 V, E2 = 80 V, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 40 Ω.
26

R2

I1 R1
E2
i
I2

E1

R3

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Superposition

Exercise 2.21
Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor R2 .
Data: I = 2 A, E = 80 V, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 15 Ω, R3 = 50 Ω, R4 = 60 Ω.

R2
I

R1 R4
E

R3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Superposition, Power

Chapter 3

Resistive Circuits II: fundamental

theorems

27
28

Exercise 3.1
Compute v using Millman’s theorem.
Data: R1 = 21 Ω, R2 = 31 Ω, R3 = 1 Ω, i1 (t) = 7 A, i2 (t) = 2 A, e(t) = 10 V.

e(t)
i2 (t)

v R2 i1 (t)

R1 R3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Millman

Exercise 3.2
Compute i.
Data: E1 = 2 V, E2 = 4 V, E3 = 10 V, I = 4 A, R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω.

R2

i
E3
I E1

E2
R1

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Millman

Exercise 3.3
Compute v by the Millman’s theorem. Discuss the case in which R → 0. Justify your result.
 29

E A R1 v

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Millman

Exercise 3.4
Find i and the power absorbed by resistor R.
Data: e1 (t) = cos(ωt) V, e2 (t) = 2 cos(ωt) V, e3 (t) = sin(ωt) V

1Ω 1Ω 1Ω i

R = 1Ω

e1 (t) e2 (t) e3 (t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Millman

Exercise 3.5
For the circuit below:

a) find I using KCL at node A and KVL at loops M1 and M2 ;

b) How would the value of I change if R1 were a 7 Ω resistor?

c) Remove R2 and derive the Thevénin’s equivalent circuit at its terminals. Compute again the value of I using this
equivalent.

Data: E1 = 4 V, E2 = 8 V, R1 = 2 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 2 Ω, R4 = 4 Ω.
30

R1

R3 A R4

E1 M1 R2 M2 E2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: KCL, KVL, Thévenin

Exercise 3.6
Compute the value of the current flowing through the resistor R4 , using Thevénin’s theorem.
Data: E1 = 12 V, E2 = 3 V, R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, R3 = 4 Ω, R4 = 5 Ω.

R1

R2 R4

R3

E1 E2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin

Exercise 3.7
For the circuit below derive:

a) Thevénin’s equivalent on the left of terminals a − b;

b) Norton’s equivalent on the left of terminals a − b;

c) The power dissipated by resistor RL ;

Data: E = 12 V, I = 4 A, R = 1 Ω.
 31

E RL

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.8
Evaluate the current i if:

a) R = 15 Ω;

b) R = 10 Ω;

c) R = 5 Ω;

d) R = 0 Ω.

Data: R1 = 10 Ω, E = 10 V, I = 1 A.

R1 R1 a

E I R1 R

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.9
Plot the voltage-current characteristic of the circuit, i.e. write the equation v = f (i) and plot the function.
32

4Ω 2Ω i

8V 3A 2Ω v

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.10
Derive the voltage drop v.
Data: R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 3 Ω, I1 = 4 A, I2 = 5 A, E = 6 V.

R2

I1 R1 R3 v
I2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin

Exercise 3.11
Compute the current i flowing through RL as a function of its resistance.
Data: E = 10 V, I = 5 A, R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω.

R2

E R1 RL I

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Norton
 33

Exercise 3.12
Derive the Norton’s equivalent circuit.

10 Ω 10 Ω

50 V 1.5 A 20 Ω

10 V

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Norton

Exercise 3.13
Derive the Thévenin equivalent on the left of terminals ab. Use the result to find the current i.
Data: I = 1 A, R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, R3 = 6 Ω, R4 = 8 Ω.

R3 i

I R1 R2 R4

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Thévenin

Exercise 3.14
Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalents at terminals (a,b).

2Ω 2Ω
a

4A 2Ω 3V

Difficulty: ⋆
34

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.15
Determine the Thévenin and Norton equivalents at terminals (a,b).

3V
1Ω
a

5A 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.16
Find i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 .

i3

10V 10 Ω 10V

10 Ω
i1 i2
i4

5Ω 15V 20 Ω 20V

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton, Millman

Exercise 3.17
Replace the one-port element AB (at the top) with its Thévenin equivalent circuit, and calculate i.
 35

2V 1V

1Ω 2Ω 3Ω

5Ω 5Ω

A B

10 Ω 3V
i

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.18
Find i using Thévenin or Norton representation.

6V

10A 3Ω 4Ω 2A

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Exercise 3.19
Using the Thévenin representation of the one-port connected to the resistor R, find the current iR .

2Ω A iR R B

10V 2Ω 4Ω 5A
36

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Chapter 4

Circuits with dependent sources

37
38

Exercise 4.1
Determine vx and ix . Data: J = 10 A, R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, α = 2.

R2 ix

J R1 vx αvx

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.2
Determine vx and ix . Data: J = 5 A, R1 = R2 = 2 Ω, rm = 3 Ω.

R1

vx
J R2 rm ix

ix

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.3
Determine vx and ix . Data: E = 10 V, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, gm = 2 Ω−1 .

ix R1

gm vx R2 vx E

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

 39

Exercise 4.4
Find the equivalent resistance at terminals ab.

2Ω
a
ix

2ix 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.5
Find the equivalent resistance at terminals ab.

3ix

a
ix

2ix 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.6
Compute v.

2Ω
2A 1Ω
v
â = 2ix
10 V
ix
40

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.7
Compute i.

2Ω 3Ω
i ix

12 V 3A
4Ω â = 4ix

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.8
Evaluate iR as function of R1 using Thévenin’s theorem.
Data: R2 = 2 Ω, I1 = 10 A.

4i2

iR

I R2 R1

i2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.9
Compute v2 .
 41

5v1
2Ω

4A v1 1Ω 4Ω v2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.10
Compute v.

ê = 4ix

ix 8A
2Ω 2A
v 3Ω

10 V

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.11
Build the Thévenin equivalent for the circuit of terminals A-B.
Data: R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 1.5 kΩ, R3 = 5 kΩ, V0 = 0.1 V, hfe = 50.

R2
A
ix
R1
R3
â = hfe ix
V0

B
42

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.12
Compute i using the Thévenin equivalent for the subcircuit in the box.

1Ω 2Ω

3Ω i
vx
10 V 1Ω 5V
ê = 2vx 3A

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.13
Compute the equivalent resistance for the circuit of terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 1.5 kΩ, R2 = 50 kΩ, R0 = 1 kΩ, ê = hre · vx , â = hfe ix , hre = 5 ∗ 10−4 , hfe = 50.

R0 R1
vx
ix â R2

V0 ê

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.14
Evaluate the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals A-B.
 43
vg
(A)

µvg

vs R

(B)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.15
Evaluate Req .

3ix
(A)

ix

2Ω 2ix

Req

(B)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.16
Find i. Data: R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω, R3 = 4 Ω, i1 = 3 A, v0 = 12 V.

i R1 R2 i3

v0 i1 R3 4i3

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

44

Exercise 4.17
Find v. Data: R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 1.5 kΩ, R3 = 5 kΩ, R4 = 200 Ω, hf = 50, v0 = 0.1 V.

i1 R2

R1

v R3 hf · i 1 R4

vo

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.18
Find ia and v.

4Ω

4Ω

e a 2Ω k ia

ia

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.19
Find vu = vu (e) given â = hf e ib .
 45

Rs

e Rie â vu Ru

ib

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.20
Find vu given â = hf e ib .

Rs 1 ib

hie â
2
vs Rb RL vu

Re

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dependent sources

Exercise 4.21
Determine the Thévenin and Norton equivalents at terminals (a,b).

2Ω 2Ω 1V

1Ω

1Ω vx

3vx

b
46

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Thévenin, Norton

Chapter 5

Automatic methods of analysis

47
48

Exercise 5.1
Write the system of nodal equations.

10 Ω

IX 10 Ω 10 Ω

10 V VX 10 Ω 10 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.2
Write the system of nodal equations.

10 Ω 5Ω

5Ω

10 V 2A

15 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.3
Write the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 1 kΩ, Is1 = Is2 = 100 mA.
 49

R1

R2 R4

R3

Is1 R5 R6 Is2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.4
Derive VX , IX and find the power dissipated by R2 by solving the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 20 kΩ, R3 = 30 kΩ, R4 = 40 kΩ, RX = 3 kΩ, e VS = 10 V.

IX

R1 R2

VX

VS
RX

R3 R4

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.5
Derive VX , IX and find the power dissipated by R1 by solving the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 20 kΩ, R3 = 30 kΩ, R4 = 40 kΩ, e Vs1 = Vs2 = Vs3 = 10 V.
50

Vs2

R1
IX R3
Vs1

VX R2 R4

Vs3

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.6
Find va and vb .

2Ω

4Ω 4Ω

va 9A vb 2A 4V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.7
Write the Nodal Analysis system.
 51

R1

iA R4
2
1 3

R2 R3 iB R5

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.8
Find the nodal voltages through Nodal Analysis. Then calculate the current i.

20 Ω i 20V

20 Ω

10 Ω 10 Ω
1 3
2
10 Ω

10 Ω 5Ω

20V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.9
Write the Nodal Analysis system, given ê = rm i. Use only the voltages of nodes (1) and (2) as unknowns.
52

2Ω i 1

12V 10 Ω 10V

2Ω
0 3
1Ω 2 3Ω
4Ω
ê

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.10
Write the Nodal Analysis system, given â = hf e ib . Use only the voltages of nodes (1) and (2) as unknowns.

Rs 1 ib

hie â
2
Vs Rb RL

Re

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.11
Find va and vb .
 53

1Ω

1/4 Ω

10A

2V 1/5 Ω va 0.1 Ω vb

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.12
Determine the current I using nodal analysis.

2A

1Ω I

3A 2Ω 3Ω 4A

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.13
Determine the current I using nodal analysis.
54

2Ω

I ix

2ix 1Ω 1Ω

4A
1V

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Nodal analysis

Exercise 5.14

Write the MNA equations.

(1) 2Ω (2) 2Ω (3)

2
6V 3 A 2Ω 12 V

(0)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits, MNA

Exercise 5.15

Write the MNA equations.

 55

2i3
(3) (4)

v1 5 kΩ

(2) 2V 3 kΩ 5 mA

i4
10 V 3v1
i2
i3
(0) (1)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits, MNA

Exercise 5.16
Write the MNA equations.
1
1 2 Ω 2

v2

1
2 cos(t) 3 Ω 2v2
1
4 Ω

3 1
5 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits, MNA

56
Chapter 6

Resistive multi-terminal elements

57
58

Exercise 6.1
Derive vu = f (vi ).

R3

vi vu

R1
R2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.2
Compute v0 (t).
Data: R1 = 100 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, a(t) = 0.5 sin(500 t) mA.

R2

a(t) R1
v0 (t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.3
Compute vu .
Data: R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 9 Ω, R3 = 9 Ω, vs = 3 V.
 59

R3

∞
vs
vu

R2
R1

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.4
Compute the equivalent resistance Req .

R1

Req
R

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.5
Compute the equivalent resistance at terminals AB.
60

A B
R1 R2

vs
∞

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.6
Derive vu /vs . Also, derive the power absorbed by the load RL and the power generated by source vs .
Data: vs = 3 V, RL = 3 kΩ.

vs RL
vu

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.7
Derive vu = f (v1 , v2 , v3 ).

v1 R1

v2 R2

v3 R3 R

vu
 61

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.8
Find the expression of vout in terms of v1 and v2 .

v2
v1
R3 ∞
∞

vout
v0
R2 R4
R1

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.9
Find the voltage gain.

20 kΩ

V1 80 kΩ v0
24 kΩ
1 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

62

Exercise 6.10
Find v0 .

4Ω

1Ω

5V v0
4V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier, Superposition

Exercise 6.11
Find v0 /is .

1Ω

is
v0

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.12
Find V0 .
 63

80 kΩ

40 kΩ
10 kΩ

∞
∞

5V

20 kΩ
V0 40 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆⋆⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.13
Find R such that vu = 10 V.

i = 100 mA

R vu

9 kΩ
1 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.14
Determine la output voltage Vout .
64

10 kΩ 20 kΩ

3 kΩ

10 V 2 kΩ 2 kΩ Vout

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.15
Determine the output voltage Vout .

3 mA
5 kΩ

4V 10 kΩ Vout

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Operational amplifier

Exercise 6.16
Write the MNA equations.
 65

5 kΩ 20 kΩ
(1)

v1 (t) (−)

(+) (o)
10 kΩ
vo
(2)
2 kΩ
(3)
v2 (t)
v3 (t) 5 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Resistive circuits, MNA

66
Chapter 7

Dynamic elements

67
68

Exercise 7.1
Determine the characteristic equations for a) and b).

A A

L1 b

a) b) L1 L2

L2 b

B B

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.2
Determine the characteristic equations for a) and b).

A A

C1 b

a) b) C1 C2

C2 b

B B

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.3
Determine the voltage v(t) for the two elements a) and b), corresponding to the current i(t) depicted in the graphs.
 69

i
i(t)

a) C v A

T t

i
i(t)

b) L v A

T 2T 3T t

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.4
The voltage across a 5 mF capacitor is indicated in the figure. Plot the waveforms of current, power and stored energy as
functions of time. Quote all axes.

v(t) [V]

100

50

1 2 3 t [s]

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.5
Derive the equivalent capacitance.
70

6mF 12mF

9mF 4mF

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.6
Derive the equivalent inductance.

2mH

5mH 20mH

3mH

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.7
The current through a 10 mH inductor is vanishing for t < 0 and i(t) = 5 1 − e−t A for t ≥ 0. Calculate and plot the

voltage, power and energy stored in the inductor.

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆
 71

Keywords: Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.8
Plot the current i(t) and the energy E(t) stored in the capacitor (C = 5 F).

i(t)
e(t)

10 V

e(t) C

−1 1 2 3 t, s

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic elements

72
Chapter 8

First order circuits

73
74

Exercise 8.1
Find the time constant of the circuit.

1 kΩ 1 kΩ

0.1 µF 10 kΩ 1 kΩ

5 kΩ 1 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.2
Find the time constant τ of the circuit.

R R R = 1Ω
L = 21 H

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.3
Find the time constant τ of the circuit.
 75

R
R C

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.4
Find the time constant τ of the circuit.

L R t=0
i

2i 2R E0

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.5
Find the time constant τ of the circuit.

2R L1

L1 = 3 H
4R L2 L2 = 4 H
R R = 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆⋆
76

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.6
Find the time constant τ of the circuit

C1 = 4 µF
C1 3R C2 C2 = 6 µF
R = 2 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Time constants

Exercise 8.7
Find the time constant τ and the initial condition iL (0).

3 kΩ 1 kΩ t=0

2H

10 V iL 1 kΩ

2 kΩ

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Time constants, initial conditions

Exercise 8.8
The switch in the circuit has been open for a ”long time” and is closed at t = 0. Find:

a) the value of vC (0);

b) the value of vC (t) for t → ∞;

c) the time constant of the circuit;

d) the expression of vC (t) for t ≥ 0.

Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a ”long time” and opens at t = 0.
 77

t=0 R1

VA R2 C vC

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.9
The switch in the circuit has been open for a ”long time” and closes at t = 0. Find:

a) the value of iL (0);

b) the value of iL (t) for t → ∞;

c) the time constant of the circuit;

d) the expression of iL (t) for t ≥ 0.

Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a ”long time” and opens at t = 0.

t=0 R1 iL

VA R2 L

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.10
The switch in the circuit has been open for a ”long time” and closes at t = 0. Find the expression of vC (t) for t ≥ 0.
Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a ”long time” and opens at t = 0.
78

R1

t=0

VA C vC

R2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.11
The switch in the circuit has been open for a ”long time” and closes at t = 0. Find the expression of iL (t) for t ≥ 0.
Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a ”long time” and opens at t = 0.

R1 iL

t=0

VA L

R2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.12
The switch in the circuit has been in position A for a ”long time” and changes to position B at t = 0. Find the expression
of vC (t) for t ≥ 0. Repeat this exercise if B is the initial position of the switch, which moves to A at t = 0.
 79

A
R

VA B

C vC
VA

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.13
The switch in the circuit has been in position A for a ”long time” and moves to position B at t = 0. Find the expression
of iL (t) for t ≥ 0. Repeat this exercise if B is the initial position of the switch, which moves to A t = 0.

A
R

iL
VA B

L
VA

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.14
Determine the current i(t) for t > 0.
80

t=0
i(t) 3H

10 V 2Ω 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First order circuits

Exercise 8.15
Find the voltage v(t) for t > 0.

t=0
2Ω

10 V v(t) 3F 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First order circuits

Exercise 8.16
Find the initial condition vL (0+ ) and the steady state condition vL (∞).

t=0
R R R = 1 kΩ
E0 = 20 V
L = 1 mH
E0 vL L

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions, steady state

Exercise 8.17
Find the initial condition vR (0+ ) and the steady state condition vR (∞).
 81

t=0

R/2
E0 R vR R = 1 kΩ
E0 = 3 V
C = 1 µF

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions, steady state

Exercise 8.18
Find the voltage v(t) for t > 0.

C
R 3R

E0 = 12 V
t=0 E1 = 12 V
R = 4 kΩ
E0 v R R E1 C = 1 µF

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.19
Find the current i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
R R i

E1 = 12 V
E2 = 20 V
E1 L E2
R = 4Ω
L = 2H

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Transients
82

Exercise 8.20
Find the current i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
R L

E0 i

2L E0 = 6 V
R 2E0 R = 3 Ω
L = 3H

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Transients

Exercise 8.21
Determine the voltage v(t) fort > 0.

t=0
iL (t) 3H

10 V v(t) 2Ω 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First order circuits

Exercise 8.22
Determine the current i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
i(t) 2Ω

10 V vC (t) 3F 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆
 83

Keywords: First order circuits

Exercise 8.23
Calculate and plot ix (t) for t > 0, discussing the result.

3ix t=0
2Ω

3A 2Ω 1/4F 10V

ix

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.24
Calculate and plot iL (t) and ix (t).

ix 2Ω 1Ω

t=0

5V 2ix 3H

iL (t)
Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.25
Find v(t) for t > 0.

10 Ω 20 Ω

20V t=0

v(t) 0.5H

10V
84

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.26
Find i(t) for t ≥ 0.

1Ω 2Ω

v
4/5H

80V i 2Ω 10A

3v · u(t)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.27
Find and plot iL (t) and i(t).

2Ω 3H 4Ω

iL
t=0

12V 2Ω 5V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.28
Find and plot vu (t) for t > 0, given is (t) = u(t) A.
 85

1Ω

is (t) 2Ω vu (t)

2H

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.29
Find and plot vu (t) for t > 0, given vs (t) = u(t) V.

2Ω ix

1/2F

vs (t) 2ix vu (t)

2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.30
Find and plot vx (t) for t > 0.

t=0

1/3F
2Ω 2Ω

vx 1Ω 2A

2vx 10V
86

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.31
Find v(t) for t > 0.

t=0
1Ω 1.5H

E v 1Ω 1Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.32
The switch opens at t = 0 and closes at t = 0.4 s. Find v(t) for t > 0.

3Ω 2Ω

v
10V 0.1F

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.33
Find i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
i

A R1 C R2
 87

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.34
Find v(t) for t > 0.

t=0 1F

5V 2Ω 3Ω v

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.35
Find i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
3Ω i

15V 6Ω 1/2F 3Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.36
Find and plot ix (t).
88

t=2
ix 2Ω

3ix

2A 2Ω
1Ω 2H

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.37
Find and plot v(t) and iL (t) for t > 0.

3Ω

t=0

5V 2Ω 3H v

iL
Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.38
Find and plot v(t) and iL (t) for t > 0.

t=0
3Ω

2A 2Ω 2Ω v 6H

iL
Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

 89

Exercise 8.39
Find and plot v(t) and iL (t) for t > 0.

t=0
2Ω 3Ω

10V v 2Ω 2H

iL

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: First Order Circuits

Exercise 8.40
Find and plot vC (t), discussing its behavior for varying R. Calculate the energy stored by the capacitor during the time
interval t ∈ [0, T0 ].

e(t)

e(t) C vc (t) V0

0 T0 t

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Transients, multiple switching

Exercise 8.41
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0− and t = 0+ .

R1 R2
R3
R4
E
t=0 C
L
90

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions

Exercise 8.42
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0− and t = 0+ .

t=0 5Ω 1Ω

t=0
2Ω

10 V 1F 10 V

3H

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions

Exercise 8.43
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0− and t = 0+ .

4H
2Ω 6Ω

10 V 3F t=0 18 V

3Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions

Exercise 8.44
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0− and t = 0+ .
1
Data: R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, R3 = 2 Ω, L = 5 H, C = F, E = 8 V, I = 4 A.
6
 91

R2 R3
t=0

L C

R1
I

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Initial conditions

92
Chapter 9

Second Order Circuits, State Equations

93
94

Exercise 9.1
Write the state equations and the output equation for the voltage v.

R1 R2
iL2

L2

e1 L1 v

iL1 e2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Dynamic circuits, State equations

Exercise 9.2
Determine the inductor current and the capacitor voltage for t > 0.

t=0

iL (t)

1 3
2 A 4 Ω vC (t) 12 F 2 H 4Ω

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Second order circuits

Exercise 9.3
Determine the inductor current and the capacitor voltage for t > 0.

t=0 1H
4 Ω iL (t)

1
10 V vC (t) 3 F

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆
 95

Keywords: Second order circuits

96
Chapter 10

Sinusoidal steady-state I: foundations

97
98

Exercise 10.1
Convert the following sinusoids into phasors expressed in polar and rectangular coordinates:

a) v(t) = 20 cos(150t − 60o ) V;

b) v(t) = 10 cos(1000t + 180o ) V;

c) i(t) = −4 cos(3t) + 3 cos(3t − 90o ) A.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.2
Convert the following phasors into sinusoidal waveforms:

a) V̂ = (169∠− 45o ) V, f = 60 Hz;

b) V̂ = (10∠90o + 66 − j10) V, ω = 10 krad/s;

c) Iˆ = (15 + j5 + 10∠180o) mA, ω = 1 krad/s.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.3
Convert the following phasors into sinusoidal waveforms at 200 rad/s.

10 + j 10
a) V̂1 = V
2 − j3
o
b) V̂2 = (3 − j 8) · (5 e−j 60 ) V
10
c) Iˆ1 = A
1 + j3
1 + j3
d) Iˆ2 = A
1 − j3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.4
Given the waveforms v1 (t) = 50 cos(ωt − 45o ) and v2 (t) = 25 sin ωt, use phasor analysis to determine v3 (t) such that
v1 + v2 + v3 = 0.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors
 99

Exercise 10.5
Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression of the waveforms v1 (t), v2 (t) and v3 (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t).

V̂1

5V ℜ
45o
V̂2
10 V

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.6
The phasor V̂1 = (2 + j 6) V is rotated clockwise by 60o . Express the resulting phasor in rectangular coordinates.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.7
Find the frequency at which a load consisting of a 10 Ω resistor R connected in series with a 0.01 µF capacitor C produces
a phase shift of 12.5o between voltage and current.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.8
Two sinusoids at 50 Hz are described by phasors V̂1 = 20∠10o V and V̂2 = (9 − j17) V.

a) Which one has greater magnitude?

b) Calculate v1 (t) − v2 (t) at t = 0.

c) Find the first instant t∗ > 0 such that v1 (t∗ ) = 0.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors
100

Exercise 10.9
Evaluate:

2 − 3j 4. (1 + j )2 − j 8. ej π
1.
4−j 2π 2π π
5. 1 + ej 3 + e−j 3 9. e−j 4
3 − 2j
2. 1+j
1 + 2j 6. ∠
1−j
5 + 5j 20
3. + 7. ej 2
π
3 − 4j 4 + 3j

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.10
Express in exponential form.

1. 2 − 2j
√
2. −1 + j 3
√ √
3. 2 2 + j 2 2

4. −j

5. −4
√
6. −2 3 − j 2
√
7. 2
√
3 3
8. −j
2 2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.11
Find magnitude and phase.

1. 1 − j

2. −j

3. −3

4. −1 − j
√
3 j
5. − +
2 2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors
 101

Exercise 10.12
Find the phasors associated to the following sinusoidal signals.
 π
1. x1 (t) = −3 sin ωt +
6
 
2π
2. x2 (t) = − sin −ωt +
15

3. x3 (t) = sin2 (ωt)

d3  π
4. x4 (t) = sin ωt +
dt3 6

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.13
Find the effective (RMS) value and the phase of the following sinusoidal signals.

1. x1 (t) = cos(ωt) − sin(ωt)

d10  π
2. x2 (t) = 10
sin −3t +
dt 4

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.14
Find the sinusoidal signals associated to the following phasors.

1. X̂1 = 10
2. X̂2 = j 10
3. X̂3 = 10 − j 10
π
4. X̂4 = −5 e−j 3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.15
Write the following sinusoidal signals in canonical form.
   
2π 2π
1. x1 (t) = cos(ωt) + cos ωt + + cos ωt −
3 3
d  π
2. x2 (t) = 3 cos(t) + sin t +
dt 6

Difficulty: ⋆
102

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.16
Provide the graphical representation of the phasors associated to the following sinusoidal signals.

1. x1 (t) = 3 cos(ωt) − 2 sin(ωt)

 π
2. x2 (t) = −4 sin ωt +
6

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.17
Calculate the impedance Z and express it in polar and rectangular form.

j 150 Ω j 900 Ω

Z −j 25 Ω 300 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.18
Convert the circuit in a series equivalent that exhibits the same input impedance.
Data: R = 100 Ω, XL = 50 Ω.

R j XL

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆
 103

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.19
The current flowing through a 12 mH inductor L is iL (t) = 20 cos(106 t) mA. Determine:

a) the impedance of the inductor;

b) the phasor voltage across the inductor;

c) the corresponding voltage waveform.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.20
Knowing the two currents i1 (t) = 2 cos(πt) A and i2 (t) = −2 sin(πt) A, find the time instant t when element Z3 is
equivalent to an open circuit.

i1

Z1

Z3

i3 i2 Z2

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.21
a) Given |V̂1 | = 1 V e |V̂2 | = 1 V, find the effective (RMS) value of V̂ . b) If the RMS values of V̂1 e V̂2 were 1 V, what
would be the RMS value of V̂ ?

V̂1 V̂2

R L

V̂
Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors
104

Exercise 10.22
Find the equivalent impedance at ω = 100 rad/s.

100 Ω

Zeq
100 mH

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.23
72 √
Find the equivalent impedance at ω1 = 103 rad/s, ω2 = 102 rad/s e ω3 = 100 10 rad/s.

100 Ω 100 mH

Zeq
100 µF

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.24
Find the equivalent impedance at ω = 100 rad/s.

5Ω

Zeq
10 Ω 100 mH

Difficulty: ⋆
 105

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.25
Knowing the equivalent impedance Zeq,1 = (1 + j 6.28) Ω at frequency f1 = 1 MHz, find the equivalent impedance at
frequency f2 = 1 kHz.

Zeq
L

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.26
Knowing the equivalent impedance Zeq,1 = (716.975 − j 450.457) Ω at frequency f1 = 100 kHz, find the equivalent
impedance at frequency f2 = 1 MHz.

Zeq
R C

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.27
Find the conductance and the susceptance corresponding to the impedance Z = (50 − j 100) Ω.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.28
Given the inductance L = 100 mH, find the corresponding reactance, impedance and admittance at the frequencies
f1 = 50 Hz e f2 = 0.5 MHz.
106

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.29
Find the equivalent impedance at ω = 100 rad/s.

100 mH

Zeq
20 Ω 100 µF
10 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.30
Find the admittance of the one-port AB (the component values denote resistances and reactances in Ω).

10 10

10 20 15 30

A B

10 −20

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.31
The current flowing through a 20 pF capacitor C is iC (t) = 0.3 cos(106 t) mA. Determine:

a) the impedance of the capacitor;

b) the phasor voltage at the capacitor terminals;

c) the corresponding voltage waveform.

 107

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.32
Evaluate i(t). Data: f = 50 Hz, e(t) = 100 sin(ωt + π) V.

10 Ω

i(t)

e(t) 31.83 mH

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.33
Derive v(t) using phasors.
Data: is (t) = 0.8 cos(1000t − 20o ) A, R = 80 Ω, L = 0.15 H.

is (t) v(t) R L

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.34
Compute i(t).
Data: sinusoidal steady-state with frequency f = 60 Hz, V̂s = 230∠0◦ V, R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, ZL = j 37.7 Ω, ZC =
−j 53.1 Ω.
108

i(t)

R1 R2

vs (t)

L C

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.35
√
The circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state with vA (t) = 10 cos(ωt) V, vB (t) = 10 sin(ωt) V, i1 (t) = 2 cos(ωt+135o) A
and i4 (t) = cos(ωt) A. Using KCL and KVL, find the phasor representation of all voltages and currents.

V̂A Iˆ2 V̂B Iˆ4

Iˆ1 Iˆ3

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.36
Evaluate the input impedance Zin for ω1 = 2π10 rad/s and ω2 = 2π104 rad/s.
Data: R = 2.2 kΩ, C = 4.7 µF, L = 1 mH.

Zin
R C
 109

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.37
Determine i1 (t) and v(t) using phasors, assuming e(t) = E0 sin(ωt).

R1
i1 (t)

e(t) C R2 v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.38
Determine the capacitance value C so that V̂u lags V̂e by 120o.
Data: R = 1 kΩ and f = 10 kHz.

R
V̂u C

V̂e a b

R R

(0)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.39
Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit at terminals a,b.
110

j 50 Ω −j 20 Ω
25 Ω

j 100 V a b

−j 30 Ω
j 50 Ω j 10 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.40
Draw the phasor circuit.

3H
2 Ω i(t)

1
10 sin(2t − 30◦ ) V 8 F

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.41
Determine the voltage v(t).

2H 1H
4Ω

1
10cos(2t) V 8 F v(t) 2Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

 111

Exercise 10.42
Determine the current i(t) using the Thévenin equivalent defined at nodes (a,b).

1
3 F 2Ω
2Ω
a
i(t)

1
2 sin(3t + 60◦ ) V 1H 6 F

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.43
Determine the voltage v(t), assuming the circuit at steady state.

1H
4Ω

1
10 cos(2t) V v(t) 16 F 10 sin(4t − 45◦ ) V

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.44
Evaluate v(t), assuming steady-state conditions.
Data: E0 = 10 V, f = 1000 Hz, e(t) = 2 sin(ωt + 30o ), L = 1 mH, C = 0.5 µF, R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 2200 Ω.
112

R1
C

E0
R1

e(t) R2 v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.45
Evaluate the angular frequency for which the two-terminal element (A,B) is purely resistive.
Data: C = 100 µF, L = 0.1 H, R = 5 Ω.

C
R

A B

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.46
Represent A-B by its series (Thévenin) equivalent.
Data: ω = 314 rad/s, is (t) = 10 sin(ωt + 30o ) A.
 113

1Ω 2F
A

vx 2vx
is (t) 1F

Difficulty: ⋆⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.47
The circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state, with vS (t) = 35 cos(1000t) V:

a) represent the circuit in the phasor domain;

b) derive the phasor of current i(t);

c) derive the phasor of voltages at all element terminals;

d) write the time-domain waveforms corresponding to the above phasors.

Data: R = 50 Ω, C = 10 µF, L = 25 mH.

R C L

i(t)

vs (t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.48
The circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state, with iS (t) = 50 cos(2000t) mA:

a) represent the circuit in phasor domain;

b) derive the phasor of voltage v;

c) derive the phasor of currents through all elements;

114

d) write the expression of the waveforms associated to the above phasors.

Data: R = 500 Ω, C = 1 µF, L = 0.5 H.

is (t) C v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.49
Find an expression for currents i(t), iC (t), and iR (t), knowing that vs (t) = 100 cos(2000t) V, L = 250 mH, C = 0.5 µF
and R = 3 kΩ.

i(t) iC (t) iR (t)

vs (t) C R

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.50
Both circuit sources operate at ω = 5000 rad/s. Find the steady state voltage vR (t) using phasors.
Data: V̂1 = 100∠0o V and V̂2 = 120∠30o V.
j 10 Ω j 30 Ω

V̂1 V̂R 20 Ω −j 10 Ω V̂2

 115

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.51
Determine the current iL (t), knowing that vs (t) = Vm cos(ωt) V.

iL (t)

vs (t) L R

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.52
Determine the voltage vR (t), knowing that is (t) = Im sin(ωt) A.
R

is (t) C R vR (t)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.53
Determine the impedance seen by the voltage source and the voltage vX (t), knowing that vs (t) = 5 cos(1000t) V.
500 Ω 0.25 H

vs (t) 2 µF 600 Ω vX (t)

116

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.54
Derive the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the left of load RL , using phasors. Use the circuit you have obtained to find
v(t) and i(t).
Data: vs (t) = 30 cos(ωt) V, RL = 500 Ω, ω = 106 rad/s.

1 mH 1 kΩ

i(t)

vs (t) 500 pF RL v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

Exercise 10.55
For the circuit in figure, it is required that i(t) leads vs (t) by 55o .

a) What is the unknown component?

b) What is the value of this component?

c) What is the peak value for i(t)?

d) If the frequency is doubled, what would be the phase shift between i(t) and vs (t)?

Data: vs (t) = 120 cos(120πt) V, R = 10 Ω.

i(t)

vs (t) ?

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Sinusoidal steady-state

 117

Exercise 10.56
Find v(t) knowing e(t) = 2E0 cos2 (ωt).

R L

e(t) R v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.57
Find the current i(t) supplied by the voltage source at steady state. Data: e(t) = 20 cos(100t) V, a(t) = −3 sin(100t) A,
R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = (20/29) Ω, L1 = 10 mH, L2 = (1/58) H.

i(t) R1 L1

R2

e(t) a(t)

L2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.58
Find v(t) at steady state. Data: e1 (t) = 100 cos(1000t) V, e2 (t) = −100 sin(1000t) V.

10 Ω 10 mH

e1 (t) v e2 (t)

50 µF
118

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.59
Find V̂ .

18 Ω

V̂ 12 Ω

−30 Ω −20 Ω

36V

12 Ω
Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.60
ˆ
Find I.

XL = 15 Ω

j 80V 30 Ω XC = −30 Ω

Iˆ

25 Ω 15 Ω
Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.61
√
Find the Thévenin equivalent of the one-port. Data: Ê1 = 10 2e−j π/4 V, Ê2 = 10 V.
 119

Ê2
10 Ω

−5 Ω

Ê1 10 Ω

5Ω
Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.62
√
Knowing vC (t) = 283 2 cos(500t + π/4) V, find the expression of the voltage source vg (t).

3 mH

2Ω

vg (t) vC (t) 1000 µF

4 mH

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.63
Find i(t) knowing f = 60 Hz and V̂s = 230 V.

Iˆ

20 Ω 10 Ω

V̂s

X1 = 37.7 Ω X2 = −51.2 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆
120

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.64
A direct measurement provides |V̂ | = 100 V e |Â| = 4 A. Find XL .

V̂

Â

10 Ω XL

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.65
ˆ = 40 A and |IˆR | = 32 A, find R.
Given |I|

R IˆR

Iˆ

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆ −5 Ω

Keywords: Phasors

Exercise 10.66
Evaluate i(t) and i1 (t) at steady-state.

2Ω i1 (t) i(t)

1Ω

10V 1H 1/3F 3 sin(2t)A

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Phasors
Chapter 11

Sinusoidal steady-state II: applications

121
122

Exercise 11.1
Calculate average and reactive power for each pair of voltages and currents. Check if the element in figure is absorbing
or supplying energy.
a) v(t) = 168 cos(377t + 45o ) V, i(t) = 0.88 cos(377t) A
b) v(t) = 285 cos(2500t − 68o ) V, i(t) = 0.66 cos(2500t) A
o
c) v(t) = 168 cos(377t + 45 ) V, i(t) = 0.88 cos(377t − 60o ) A
d) v(t) = 285 cos(2500t − 68o ) V, i(t) = 0.88 sin(2500t) A

i(t)

v(t)

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.2
Derive the impedance of each element described by the following conditions:
a) V̂ = 120∠30o V, Iˆ = 20∠75o A;
ˆ = 7.5 A;
b) A = 3.3 kVA, Q = −1.8 kVAR, |I|
c) P = 3 kW, Q = 4 kVAR, |V̂ | = 880 V;
ˆ = 25.2 A, P = 3 kW.
d) |V̂ | = 294 V, |I|

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.3
For the ciruit in figure, calculate:
a) the complex power absorbed by each of the two elements connected in parallel;
b) the complex power produced by the generator and the power factor of the load seen from the generator terminals.
Data: V̂s = 15∠0o V, R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 60 Ω, ZC = −j 200 Ω.

Iˆ Iˆ2

Iˆ1 ZC

V̂s R1

R2
 123

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.4
Calculate the complex power supplied by each generator.
Data: V̂1 = 10∠0o V, V̂2 = 10∠90o V.

50 Ω j 50 Ω

V̂1 50 Ω V̂2

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.5
A series circuit consisting of R = 10 Ω, L = 2 H and C = 0.1 F, is connected to a sinusoidal voltage source with magnitude
10 V (rms) at 1 rad/s. Find the average power supplied by the source.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.6
An impedance is connected to a 80 V sinusoidal voltage source and absorbs a 12 A current. The figure indicates the phasor
diagram. Find:

a) the apparent power;

b) the power factor;

c) the dissipated average power;

d) the reactive power;

e) the impedance in rectangular form.

124

ℑ
V̂

25.5o
Iˆ

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.7
Find the power factor for the followings cases; check whether the power factor is inductive or capacitive.

a) S = (1000 + j750) VA
√
b) |V̂ | = 440 2 V, |ZL | = 30 Ω, P = 3 kW

c) |S| = 10 kVA, Q = −8 kVA, P > 0

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.8
An impedance is subject to 440 V and absorbs a 3 kVA apparent power with a power factor 0.9 (inductive). Calculate
the current flowing in the load, its average and reactive power, and the impedance.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.9
A sinusoidal voltage source vin (t), is connected in series with a resistor R = 2 Ω and with an unknown inductive impedance
Z. The magnitude of Z is 10 Ω and the impedance dissipates an average power equal to 6 W. The source supplies 8 W.
Find:

a) the magnitude of the current flowing in the circuit;

b) the power factor of Z;

c) the power factor of the load seen from the source terminals;

d) vin (t);

e) the voltage vZ (t) across the impedance Z.

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆
 125

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.10
A load subject to a 2400 V voltage absorbs an apparent power of 10 kVA with an inductive power factor equal to 0.8.
Find:

a) the average and reactive power, and the current absorbed by the laod;

b) the load impedance.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.11
An element is subject to a 24 A current and absorbs 4.2 kVAR from a 440 V 60 Hz voltage generator. Calculate the power
factor and the impedance of the element.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.12
An air conditioner is rated at 22 A and 220 V (RMS). How much is the input impedance if the power factor is equal to
0.9 (inductive)? Repeat the exercise in case the power factor is 0.8.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.13
A load consisting of a 50 Ω resistor connected in series with a 100 mH inductor is powered by a 240 V , 60 Hz voltage
generator. Find voltage and current phasors, and the complex power supplied to the load.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.14
A load consisting of a 100 Ω resistor connected in parallel to a 40 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V , 400 Hz voltage
source. Find the phasors of voltage and current, and the complex power supplied to the load.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

126

Exercise 11.15
An element consisting of a capacitor C and a resistor R connected in parallel absorbs a complex power equal to S =
(10 − j126) VA. This load is connected to a 440 V 60 Hz voltage generator. Derive the value of R and C.

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.16
The load ZL consists of a 400 Ω resistor connected in series with an inductor whose reactance is 800 Ω. The voltage V̂S
is 440 V at 60 Hz, while ZW = (1 + j10) Ω is the impedance that represents the losses in the cables. Calculate:

a) the current that flows on the line;

b) the complex power absorbed by the load and by the line;

c) the transmission efficiency η, defined as η = Pload /Pgenerated × 100.

ZW

V̂S ZL

ZW

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.17
Find the active power supplied by the voltage source.

2H
3Ω

1
10cos(3t + 30◦ ) V 9 F

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC power
 127

Exercise 11.18
Find the active and the reactive power supplied by the voltage source.

4H
2Ω

1
10 sin(2t − 30◦ ) V 6 F

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC power

Exercise 11.19
In the circuit depicted in the figure, we have V̂L = 480 V. The element Z1 absorbs a 10 kW average power, with an inductive
power factor equal to 0.8; element Z2 absorbs 12 kW with an inductive power factor equal to 0.75; the impedance of the
cables connecting the source to the load is ZW = (0.35 + j1.5) Ω.
Calculate the complex power SS supplied by the generator and the voltage V̂S .

ZW IˆL

V̂S V̂L Z1 Z2

ZW

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.20
The load ZL absorbs a 2.5 kVA apparent power, with an inductive power factor equal to 0.9. The 2400 V (rms) voltage
generator supplies a 2.65 kVA apparent power, with an inductive power factor equal to 0.88. Find line current, load
impedance, and line impedance.
128

ZW Iˆ

V̂S V̂L ZL

ZW

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Complex power

Exercise 11.21
Evaluate R, L so that generator provides his maximum available output power Pd . Evaluate |V̂ | so that Pd = 2 W.
Data: f = 1 kHz, R1 = 3 Ω, C = 40 µF.

R1
A

V C

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Maximum power transfer

Exercise 11.22
√
The expression of the voltage source is e(t) = 10 2 sin(100t) V. Verify Boucherot’s Theorem, and check that power
balance does not apply for the apparent powers.

3Ω

e(t) 40 mH

Difficulty: ⋆
 129

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.23
Find active and reactive power absorbed by Z.

|V̂ | = 1 mV Z = (3 + j4) Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.24
Given Ee = 10 V (RMS value) and Zg = (3 − j 4) Ω, find the available power of the signal source.

Zg

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.25
Find Z such that the signal generator supplies its maximum available power.

(0.6 − j 0.2) Ω
A

1Ω Z

B
Difficulty: ⋆
130

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.26
Find the active power P supplied by the voltage source.

4Ω

5∠30o V −j 2 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.27
Fidn the active and reactive power absorbed by the impedance Z = (3 + j 4) Ω, given the RMS value of the source
|Êe | = 1 mV.

Ê Z

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC Power

Exercise 11.28
Find the active, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the voltage source.
o
Data: Eeff = 120 V, Z1 = 60e−j 30 Ω, Z2 = 40∠45o Ω

Ê Z1 Z2
 131

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: AC Power
132
Chapter 12

Frequency-domain analysis

133
134

Exercise 12.1
The transfer function of a circuit is
s2 + 2s + 2
H(s) = .
s3 + 2s2 + 3s + 1
Find the output signal y(t) at steady-state, assuming that the excitation signal is e(t) = 2 + cos(t).

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.2
V (s)
1. Find the transfer function H(s) = in symbolic form.
E(s)
2. Assuming R = R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ, C = 2 nF, L = 1 mH, find poles and zeros of H(s).

3. Setting e(t) = [2 + cos(2t + 30o)] V (with t expressed in µs), find v(t) at steady-state.

R1 C

E R v

R2

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.3
Find Z(s), R(ω), X(ω).

1Ω 1H

2F 1/2 Ω

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

 135

Exercise 12.4
From the asymptotic Bode diagram depicted below:
1. Find a possible expression for H(s).
2. Determine the output y(t) corresponding to the excitation e(t) = 5 sin(2t).

H(jω) dB

−20 dB/dec

−20 dB/dec
0 dB

−20 dB/dec

5 20 50 100 ω (rad/s)

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.5
Find the transfer function H(s) = V (s)/E(s) and sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase).

0.1H

e 0.1F 5Ω v

Difficulty: ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.6
1. Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

Y (s) 20(s + 1)(s + 5)(s + 10)

H(s) = = .
E(s) s2 (s + 80)

2. Find the output y(t) corresponding to the input e(t) = 10 sin(5t).

Difficulty: ⋆⋆
136

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.7
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s3 + s2
H(s) = .
(s2 + 2s + 1)(s + 5)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.8
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

10s 20
H(s) = + .
2s2 + 4s + 202 2s2 + 4s + 202

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.9
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

27s2
H(s) = .
3s2 + 54s + 135

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.10
1. Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

Y (s) s−3
H(s) = = 100 .
E(s) (s + 1)(s + 10)

2. Find the output y(t) corresponding to the input e(t) = 50 − 20 cos(3t).

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

 137

Exercise 12.11
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

jω
1 +1
H(j ω) =  0.5
 .
5 jω jω
+1 +1
3 10

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.12
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s2
H(s) = −200 .
s3 + 14s2 + 44s + 40

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.13
1. Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

Y (s) 3s + 18
H(s) = = 400 2 .
E(s) 2s + 20s + 800

2. Find the output y(t) corresponding to the input e(t) = cos(2t) + sin(3t).

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.14
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

−20s2
H(s) = .
(s + 104 )(s+ 2 × 1010 )

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

138

Exercise 12.15
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s2 + 101s + 100
H(s) = .
s(s + 105 )

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.16
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s2 + 1001s + 103
H(s) = .
s3 + 200s2 + 104 s

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.17
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s2 + s
H(s) = .
(s + 10)(s2 + 200s + 106 )

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.18
Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase) of

s(s + 500)
H(s) = .
(s + 1)(s + 100)(s + 2000)

Difficulty: ⋆ ⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

 139

Exercise 12.19
Find the transfer function H(s) = V (s)/E(s) and sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase).

1Ω 1Ω

e(t) 2F 2F v

Difficulty: ⋆⋆

Keywords: Frequency-domain analysis

140
Results
142

Chapter 1. Fundamental Laws

Exercise 1.1
i2 = 1 A, i1 = 25 A

Exercise 1.2
i1 = 9 A, i2 = −10 A

Exercise 1.3
i1 = −3 A, i2 = 3 A

Exercise 1.4
i1 = 4 A, i2 = 5 A, i3 = −11/3 A, i4 = −14/3 A

Exercise 1.5
ix = 4 A, iy = 5 A, iz = 2 A

Exercise 1.6
v1 = −6 V, v2 = −4 V, v3 = 2 V

Exercise 1.7
vx = −1 V, vy = −2 V, vz = 4 V, vw = 0 V

Exercise 1.8
vx = −3 V, vy = 5 V, vz = 6 V

Exercise 1.9
i1 = −15 A, i2 = 6 A

Exercise 1.10
i3 = 1.5 A, i5 = 2 A

Exercise 1.11
i4 = 1.3 A

Exercise 1.12
ib = −ia , i6 = −ia + i5 − i4 , i1 = i3 − i5 , i2 = i4 − i3

Exercise 1.13
V1 = 9 V, vad = −3 V, vbc = 4 V
 143

Exercise 1.14
i1 = 5 A, i2 = 2 A, vad = 7 V, vx = 12 V

Exercise 1.15
v2 = 9 V, v4 = 16 V

Exercise 1.16
p1 = −4 W, p2 = −4 W, p3 = 12 W, p4 = −4 W

Exercise 1.17
p1 = 20 W

Exercise 1.18
p(R = 2 Ω) = 18 W, p(R = 1 Ω) = 16 W, p(I = 3 A) = −30 W, p(E = 4 V) = −4 W

Exercise 1.19
Pe1 = 80 W, Pe2 = −13.33 W, PR1 = 40 W, PR2 = 6.67 W, PR3 = 20 W

Exercise 1.20
ia = −2 A, ib = −0.5 A, ic = 2.5 A, id = −1.5 mA, ie = 7.5 A, if = 3.75 µA

Exercise 1.21
va = 6 V, vb = −32 V, vc = 20 mV, vd = −50 V, ve = 20 V, vf = −60 V

Exercise 1.22
I = 2.5 A, V = 2.5 V

Exercise 1.23
ix = 1.25 A, vx = 2.5 V

Exercise 1.24
ix = 2.5 A, vx = 2.5 V

Exercise 1.25
i3 = 3.2 A

Exercise 1.26
i1 = 8.4 A, i2 = −0.5 A, i3 = 8.9 A, i4 = −1.1 A, v5 = 99 V

Exercise 1.27
VAB = 18 V, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω
144

Exercise 1.28

Exercise 1.29
2)  
1 1 0 0 0 0
A =  0 −1 −1 1 1 0 
0 0 0 0 −1 1

3)      
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −2 0 0 0 0  0 
     2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0  
M=  N=  b= 3 
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −2 0 0  0 
     
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −2 0  0 
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

4) Tx = w, with     
0 0 A e 0
T =  −AT I 0  x = v w=0
0 M N i b

5) V1 1 0 6
R2 1 2 2
I3 0 2 2/3
R4 2 0 2
R5 2 3 2
V6 3 0 12
 145

Chapter 2. Resistive Circuits I: Basic Analysis Techniques

Exercise 2.1
R = 2Ω

Exercise 2.2
R = 632 Ω

Exercise 2.3
R = 15 Ω

Exercise 2.4
R = 8Ω

Exercise 2.5
R = 0.789 Ω

Exercise 2.6
410
Req = Ω ≈ 0.445 Ω
921

Exercise 2.7
I = −3/4 A, V = −3 V

Exercise 2.8
Req = 46/5 Ω

Exercise 2.9
v(t) = −0.25E0 sin(ωt + ϕ)

Exercise 2.10
i = 1A

Exercise 2.11
i1 = 1.5 A, i2 = 1.05 A, i3 = 0.45 A, v1 = 28.5 V, v3 = 31.5 V

Exercise 2.12
i1 = 9.6 A

Exercise 2.13
v1 = 20 V
146

Exercise 2.14
vAB = −3.33 V

Exercise 2.15
9
v(t) = e(t)
61

Exercise 2.16
R2 R4
i5 = i1
(R2 + R3 )(R4 + R5 ) + R4 R5

Exercise 2.17
va = 12 V, vb = 6 V, vc = 16 V

Exercise 2.18
i = 1.27 A

Exercise 2.19
va = 60 V, vb = −10 V, vc = 50 V

Exercise 2.20
i = −2.29 A

Exercise 2.21
Pd = 4.27 W
 147

Chapter 3. Resistive Circuits II: fundamental theorems

Exercise 3.1
v = 3V

Exercise 3.2
i = −3.2 A

Exercise 3.3
E
R +A
v= 1 1 , v|R→0 = E
R + R1

Exercise 3.4
√
2 1
i(t) = sin(ωt − π4 ) A, pR (t) = [1 − sin(2ωt)] W
4 16

Exercise 3.5
I = 1.6 A, Req = 1.33 Ω, Veq = 5.33 V

Exercise 3.6
I = 1A

Exercise 3.7
RL
Req = 1 Ω, Veq = 8 V, Ieq = 8 A, PRL = 64
(1 + RL )2

Exercise 3.8
10
i= A
15 + R

Exercise 3.9

i
10
A b

b
v
5V

Exercise 3.10
v = 2.5 V
148

Exercise 3.11
80
i=
12 + 5RL

Exercise 3.12
Icc = 2.75 A, Req = 10 Ω

Exercise 3.13
2 8 1
Veq = − V, Req = Ω, i = − A
3 3 16

Exercise 3.14
Req = 3 Ω, VT H = 11/2 V, IN = 11/6 A

Exercise 3.15
Req = 3 Ω, VT H = −7 V, IN = −7/3 A

Exercise 3.16
10 1 7 13
i1 = A, i2 = A, i3 = − A, i4 = A
9 18 6 9

Exercise 3.17
149
i= A ≈ 0.31 A
485

Exercise 3.18
18
i= A ≈ 2.6 A
7

Exercise 3.19
15
iR = − A
5+R
 149

Chapter 4. Circuits with dependent sources

Exercise 4.1
ix = 20 A, vx = −40 V

Exercise 4.2
ix = 10 A, vx = 10 V

Exercise 4.3
ix = 30 A, vx = −20 V

Exercise 4.4
Req = 0 Ω

Exercise 4.5
Req = 5/3 Ω

Exercise 4.6
v = 0.857 V

Exercise 4.7
i = 5.57 A

Exercise 4.8
20
iR =
2 − R1

Exercise 4.9
v2 = 20 V

Exercise 4.10
v = −8 V

Exercise 4.11
Req = 48.54 Ω, Veq = 0.099 V

Exercise 4.12
i = 2.576 A

Exercise 4.13
Req = 100 kΩ
150

Exercise 4.14
rR µRvs
Req = , Veq =
r + R(1 + µ) r + R(1 + µ)

Exercise 4.15
Req = −5 Ω

Exercise 4.16
i = 5.57 A

Exercise 4.17
v = 79.7 mV

Exercise 4.18
e + 2a (k + 1)e − 2a
ia = ,v=
2(k + 2) k+2

Exercise 4.19
hf e Ru
vu = − e
Rs + Rie

Exercise 4.20
RL ghf e vso
vu = − ,
1 + gRe (1 + hf e )
g = 1/(hie + Rs kRb ),
vso = vs Rb /(Rb + Rs )

Exercise 4.21
Req = 5 Ω, VT H = −2 V, IN = −2/5 A
 151

Chapter 5. Automatic methods of analysis

Exercise 5.1
     
3/10 −1/10 1 V2
G · v = j with: G = S, j = A, v =
−1/10 3/10 1 V3

Exercise 5.2
     
7/20 −1/5 1 V1
G · v = j with: G = S, j = A, v =
−1/5 1/5 2 V3

Exercise 5.3
     
2 −1 0 −1 100 V1
1  −1 3 −1 0  0  V2 
G · v = j with: G =   S, j = 
 0  mA, v = V3 
  
1000  0 −1 3 −1
−1 0 −1 2 −100 V4

Exercise 5.4
VX = 0.105 V, IX = 0.420 mA, PR2 = 0.411 mW

Exercise 5.5
VX = 9.09 V, IX = −0.364 mA, PR1 = 82.6 µW

Exercise 5.6
va = 20 V, vb = 16 V

Exercise 5.7
(G1 + G2 )v1 − G1 v3 = −iA
(G3 + G4 )v2 − G4 v3 = iA − iB
−G1 v1 − G4 v2 + (G1 + G4 + G5 )v3 = 0

Exercise 5.8
v1 = 12.083 V, v2 = 4.583 V, v3 = 1.667 V, i = 0.479 A

Exercise 5.9
101
− 3 r8m − 30
13 71
− 112rm
    
60
e1 6
13 43 =
− 30 30
e2 − 10
3

Exercise 5.10
!
1
+ R1b + h1ie − h1ie Vs
  
Rs e1 Rs
h hf e =
− h1ie − hfiee 1
hie + R1e − hie
e2 0

Exercise 5.11
va = −0.11 V, vb = 0.9 V
152

Exercise 5.12
I = −0.667 A

Exercise 5.13
I = 10.5 A

Exercise 5.14
The MNA system is Gv = j, with
1
− 21 0
  
  
2 1 0 v1 0
 −1
3 1  2 
2 −2 0 0  v2 
 21 1
    3 
 0 −2 2
G= 0 1  v3 
v=  0 
j=
 

 1 0 0 0 0  i1   6 
0 0 1 0 0 i3 12

Exercise 5.15
The MNA system is Gx = Bu, with

x = (v̂1 , v̂2 , v̂3 , v̂4 , i2 , i3 , i4 )T

T
u = 10 2 5 · 10−3

0.333 · 10−3 −0.333 · 10−3

 
0 0 0 1 1
−3 −3

 0 0.2 · 10 −0.2 · 10 0 1 0 0 

 0 −0.2 · 10−3 0.2 · 10−3 0 0 2 −1 

−3
 −0.333 · 10
G= 0 0 0.333 · 10−3 0 −2 0 

 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 
 1 3 −3 0 0 0 0 
1 0 −1 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 −1
0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 
 
B= 0 0 1 

1 0 0 
 
0 0 0 
0 1 0

Exercise 5.16
The MNA system is Gx = Bu, with
T
x = (v̂1 , v̂2 , v̂3 )

u = 2 cos (t)

 
2 −2 0
G =  0 7 −4 
0 −4 9
 153

 
1
B= 0 
−1
154

Chapter 6. Resistive multi-terminal elements

Exercise 6.1
 
R1 + R2
vu = vi
R2

Exercise 6.2
v0 (t) = −5 sin(500 t) V

Exercise 6.3
 
R1 + R2
vu = vs
R1

Exercise 6.4
Req = −R2 /R1

Exercise 6.5
Req = R2

Exercise 6.6
vu
= 1, PL = 3 mW, Ps = 0 W
vs

Exercise 6.7
 
R R R
vu = − v1 + v2 + v3
R1 R2 R3

Exercise 6.8
   
R2 R4
vout = 1+ v1 − v2 − + v2
R1 R3

Exercise 6.9
v0
= 20
v1

Exercise 6.10
v0 = 0

Exercise 6.11
v0
= −1 Ω
is

Exercise 6.12
V0 = −11.43 V
 155

Exercise 6.13
R = 10 Ω

Exercise 6.14
Vout = 12 V

Exercise 6.15
Vout = −11 V

Exercise 6.16
The MNA system is Gv = j, with
 
G1 0 0 −G1 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 G2 0 −G2 0 0 0 1 0 0
 
 0 0 G3 0 −G 3 0 0 0 1 0
 
 −G1 −G2 0 G1 + G2 + G5 0 −G5 0 0 0 0 
 
 0 0 −G3 0 G3 + G4 0 0 0 0 0 
G=
 
 0 0 0 −G5 0 G5 0 0 0 1 

 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
G1 = , G2 = , G3 = , G4 = , G5 =
5kΩ 10kΩ 2kΩ 5kΩ 20kΩ

T
v = e1 e2 e3 e− e+ eo i1 i2 i3 i0

T
j = 0 0 0 0 0 0 v1 (t) v2 (t) v3 (t) 0
156

Chapter 7. Dynamic elements

Exercise 7.1
di
a) v = (L1 + L2 )
dt
L1 L2 di
b) v =
L1 + L2 dt

Exercise 7.2
C1 C2 dv
a) i =
C1 + C2 dt
dv
b) i = (C1 + C2 )
dt

Exercise 7.3

 0V t<0
 A t2


a) v(t) = CT · 2 V 0≤t<T
 AT + A · (t − T ) V


t≥T

2C C
0 t<0



 A
L T 0<t<T



b) v(t) = 0 T < t < 2T

 A

 −L 2T < t < 3T
T



0 t > 3T

Exercise 7.4

i(t) [A]


 0A t<0
0.25 A 0<t<2

i(t) = 0.25

 −0.25 A 2<t<3
0A t>3


1 2 3 t [s]
−0.25

p(t) [W]


 0W t<0
12.5 t W 0≤t<2

p(t) = 25
 12.5(t − 4) W
 2<t<3
0W t>3


−12.5 1 2 3 t [s]
−25

E(t) [J]

 0J t<0
6.25 t2 J 25

0≤t<2

E(t) =
 6.25(t − 4)2 J
 2≤t<3

6.25 J t≥3 6.25
1 2 3 t [s]
 157

Exercise 7.5
Ceq = 4 mF

Exercise 7.6
Leq = 9 mH

Exercise 7.7

v(t)
50 mV

0V t<0
v(t) =
50 e−t mV t>0

1s t

p(t)
62.5 mW

0W t<0
p(t) =
250 (1 − e−t ) e−t mW t≥0

0.693 s t

E(t)
125 mJ

0J t<0
E(t) = 2
125 (1 − e−t ) mJ t≥0
31.25 mJ inflection point
0.693 s t

Exercise 7.8

i(t)
25A

2 3
t, s
−1 1

−50A

E(t) 500J

t, s
−1 1 2 3
158

Chapter 8. First order circuits

Exercise 8.1
τ = 0.83 ms

Exercise 8.2
τ = 1s

Exercise 8.3
τ =R·C

Exercise 8.4
L
τ =−
R

Exercise 8.5
τ = 1.5 s

Exercise 8.6
τ = 15 ms

Exercise 8.7
τ = 0.625 ms, iL (0) = 2 mA

Exercise 8.8

1) Open-to-closed vC (t)
a) vC (0) = 0 V VA R2
VA R2 R1 + R2
1
b) vC (∞) =
R1 + R2
c) τ = (R1 kR2 ) · C
VA R2 2
d) vC (t) = (1 − e−t/τ ) t
R1 + R2
2) Closed-to-open
VA R2
a) vC (0) =
R1 + R2
b) vC (∞) = 0 V
c) τ = R2 · C
VA R2 −t/τ
d) vC (t) = e
R1 + R2
 159

Exercise 8.9

1) Open-to-closed iL (t)
a) iL (0) = 0 A VA
VA R1
1
b) iL (∞) =
R1
L
c) τ =
R1 kR2 2
VA t
d) iL (t) = (1 − e−t/τ )
R1
2) Closed-to-open
VA
a) iL (0) =
R1
b) iL (∞) = 0 A
L
c) τ =
R2
VA −t/τ
d) iL (t) = e
R1

Exercise 8.10
vC (t)
2
1) Open-to-closed VA
a) vC (0) = VA
R2
b) vC (∞) = VA R2
R1 + R2 VA
R1 + R2
c) τ = (R1 kR2 ) · C 1
VA R2
d) vC (t) = (1 − e−t/τ ) + VA e−t/τ t
R1 + R2
2) Closed-to-open
R2
a) vC (0) = VA
R1 + R2
b) vC (∞) = VA
c) τ = R1 · C
VA R2 −t/τ
d) vC (t) = e + VA (1 − e−t/τ )
R1 + R2

Exercise 8.11

a) iL (0) = VA /R1

b) iL (∞) = VA /R1

L L
c) τA→C = , τC→A =
R1 kR2 R1

d) iL (t) = VA /R1
160

Exercise 8.12
vC (t)
1) A→B VA
vC (t) = −VA + 2VA e−t/τ , τ = R · C 2
2) B→A
t
vC (t) = VA − 2VA e−t/τ , τ = R · C

1
−VA

Exercise 8.13
iL (t)
1) A→B VA
VA VA −t/τ L R
2
iL (t) = − +2 e ,τ=
R R R
2) B→A t
VA VA −t/τ L
iL (t) = −2 e ,τ=
R R R 1
VA
−
R

Exercise 8.14
t
i(t) = [5(1 + e− 1.5 s )] A

Exercise 8.15
t
v(t) = [−5e− 6 s + 10] V

Exercise 8.16
vL (0+ ) = −10 V, vL (∞) = 0 V

Exercise 8.17
vR (0+ ) = 2 V, vR (∞) = 0 V

Exercise 8.18
v(t)

v(t) = −3 e−t/τ + 6 V, τ = 2 ms
6V

3V

t
 161

Exercise 8.19
i(t)
i(t) = 2.5 e−t/τ − 5 A, τ = 1 s
t

−2.5 A

−5 A

Exercise 8.20

i(t) = 0.5 e−t/τ − 2 A, τ = 0.44 s i(t)

−1.5 A
−2 A

Exercise 8.21
t
v(t) = [10(1 + e− 1.5 s )] V

Exercise 8.22
t
i(t) = 2.5e− 6 s A

Exercise 8.23
ix (t) = 7e2t − 4 A

Exercise 8.24
(
0A t<0
iL (t) =
3 1 − e−5t/9 A


t>0
iL (t)
ix (t) = for t > 0.
3

Exercise 8.25
v(t) = −10e−40t V

Exercise 8.26
i(t) = 10 + 75e−4t A


162

Exercise 8.27
(
3.1 A t<0
iL (t) =
3 + 0.1e−4t/3 A


t≥0
(
2.9 A t<0
i(t) =
3 + 0.1e−4t/3 A


t>0

Exercise 8.28
 
4 −3t/2 2
vu (t) = e + V
3 3

Exercise 8.29
 
1 −3t/4
vu (t) = 1 − e V
4

Exercise 8.30
vx (t) = −7e−3t V

Exercise 8.31
 
E 1 −t
v(t) = e +1
3 2

Exercise 8.32
(
4e−2t V 0 < t < 0.4 s
v(t) =
−5.5e−5(t−0.4) V t > 0.4 s

Exercise 8.33
R1 t
i(t) = A e − R2 C
R1 + R2

Exercise 8.34
v(t) = −3 e−t/5 V

Exercise 8.35
i(t) = 2 1 − e−5t/3 A

Exercise 8.36
ix (t) = 0.182 e−11(t−2)/2 − 1 A for t > 2 s

Exercise 8.37
(
5
A t<0
iL (t) = 35 −2t/3
e A t>0
 3
0 V t<0
v(t) = 10
−2iL (t) = − e−2t/3 V t>0
3
 163

Exercise 8.38
(
−0.5 A t<0
iL (t) = −5t/6
−0.5 e A t>0
(
−1.5 V t<0
v(t) = −5t/6
e V t>0

Exercise 8.39

0 A t<0
iL (t) = 5
 1 − e−2t A t > 0


 4
0V t<0
v(t) =

15 5 −2t
 + e V t>0
4 4

Exercise 8.40
(
V0 1 − e−t/RC


0 ≤ t ≤ T0
vC (t) =
V0 1 − e−T0 /RC e−(t−T0 )/RC


t > T0

2
E = 12 CV02 1 − e−T0 /RC

Exercise 8.41
E E
iL (0+ ) = 0 A, vC (0+ ) = 0 V, i(R1 ) = , i(R2 ) = , i(R3 ) = 0 A, i(R4 ) = 0 A
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

Exercise 8.42
iL (0+ ) = 5 A, vC (0+ ) = 10 V, i(R1 ) = 0 A, i(R2 ) = 5 A, i(R5 ) = 5 A

Exercise 8.43
iL (0+ ) = 1 A, vC (0+ ) = 8 V, i(R2 ) = 1 A, i(R3 ) = 0 A, i(R6 ) = 1 A

Exercise 8.44
iL (0+ ) = 0.8 A, vC (0+ ) = 0 V, i(R1 ) = 3.093 A, i(R2 ) = 0.907 A, i(R3 ) = 0.107 A
164

Chapter 9. Second Order Circuits, State Equations

Exercise 9.1
 
−R1 /L1 −R1 /L1
A=
−R1 /L2 −(R1 + R2 )/L2
 
1/L1 0
B=
1/L2 −1/L2


C = −R1 , −(R1 + R2 )


D = 1, 0

Exercise 9.2
vC (t) = −12e−4t + 12e−2t V, iL (t) = 2e−4t − 4e−2t + 2 A

Exercise 9.3
iL (t) = 5e−t − 5e−3t A, vC (t) = −15e−t + 5e−3t + 10 V
 165

Chapter 10. Sinusoidal steady-state I: foundations

Exercise 10.1
 √ 
a) V̂ = 10 − j 10 3 V

b) V̂ = −10 V
c) Iˆ = (−4 − j 3) A

Exercise 10.2
a) v(t) = 169 cos(120πt − 45o ) V
b) v(t) = 66 cos(104 t) V
√
c) i(t) = 5 2 cos(103 t + 45o ) mA

Exercise 10.3
q
2
a) v1 (t) = 10 13 cos(ωt + 101.31o) V
√
b) v2 (t) = 5 73 cos(ωt − 129.44o) V
√
c) i1 (t) = 10 cos(ωt − 71.57o ) A
d) i2 (t) = cos(ωt + 143.13o) A

Exercise 10.4
v3 (t) = 69.95 cos(ωt + 120.36o) V

Exercise 10.5
v1 (t) = 5 cos(ωt) V
v2 (t) = 10 cos(ωt − 135o ) V
v3 (t) = 7.37 cos(ωt − 106.32o) V

Exercise 10.6
V̂1′ = (6.196 + j 1.268) V

Exercise 10.7
f = 7.18 MHz

Exercise 10.8
a) V̂1 has a larger magnitude
b) v3 (0) = 10.70 V
c) t∗ = 4.44 ms
166

Exercise 10.9
11 10
1. −j
17 17
r
13
2.
5
3. 3 − j
4. j
5. 0
π
6.
2
7. j
8. −1
√ √
2 2
9. −j
2 2

Exercise 10.10
√ 7π
1. 2 2 ej 4
2π
2. 2 ej 3

π
3. 4 ej 4
π
4. e−j 2

5. 4 ej π
7π
6. 4 ej 6
√
7. 2
√ 5π
8. 3 ej 3

Exercise 10.11
√ π
1. 2, −
4
π
2. 1, −
2
3. 3, π
√ 3π
4. 2, −
4
5π
5. 1,
6

Exercise 10.12
o
1. X̂1 = 3 ej 120
o
2. X̂2 = e−j 114
3. does not exist
o
4. X̂4 = −j ω 3 e−j 60
 167

Exercise 10.13
π
1. 1, −
4
310
2. √ , −135o
2

Exercise 10.14
1. x1 (t) = 10 cos(ωt)
2. x2 (t) = −10 sin(ωt)
3. x3 (t) = 10 cos(ωt) + 10 sin(ωt)
 π
4. x4 (t) = −5 cos ωt −
3

Exercise 10.15
1. x1 (t) = 0
√
 
p 1
2. x2 (t) = 10 + 3 3 cos t + tan−1 √
6+ 3

Exercise 10.16

ℑ
2

3 ℜ

ℑ
4
120◦

Exercise 10.17
Z = (0.22 + j 124.36) Ω

Exercise 10.18
Z = (20 + j 40) Ω

Exercise 10.19
a) ZL = j 12 kΩ
b) V̂L = j 240 V
c) vL (t) = −240 sin(106 t) V
168

Exercise 10.20
Any instant tk = (k + 0.25) s, with k integer

Exercise 10.21
√
a) Veff = 1 V; b) Veff = 2V

Exercise 10.22
Zeq = (100 + j 10) Ω

Exercise 10.23
Zeq,1 = (100 + j 90) Ω, Zeq,2 = (100 − j 90) Ω, Zeq,3 = 100 Ω

Exercise 10.24
Zeq = (10 + j 5) Ω

Exercise 10.25
Zeq,2 = (1 + j 0.00628) Ω

Exercise 10.26
Zeq,2 = (24.7045 − j 155.223) Ω

Exercise 10.27
G = 0.004 S, B = 0.008 S

Exercise 10.28
f1 = 50 Hz: X1 = 31.4 Ω, Z1 = j 31.4 Ω, Y1 = −j (1/31.4) S
f2 = 0.5 MHz: X1 = 3.14 MΩ, Z1 = j 3.14 MΩ, Y1 = −j (1/3.14) µS

Exercise 10.29
 
315 15
Zeq = +j Ω
13 13

Exercise 10.30
YAB = (0.02 − j 0.0245) S

Exercise 10.31
a) ZC = −j 50 kΩ
b) V̂C = −j 15 V
c) vC (t) = 15 sin(106 t) V
 169

Exercise 10.32
√  π
i(t) = 5 2 cos ωt + A
4

Exercise 10.33
v(t) = 56.47 cos(1000t + 8.07o ) V

Exercise 10.34
i(t) = 3.36 cos(377t − 9.89o ) A

Exercise 10.35
V̂A = 10 V
V̂B = −j 10 V
V̂AB = (10 + j 10) V
Iˆ1 = (−1 + j ) A
Iˆ2 = (1 − j ) A
Iˆ3 = −j A
Iˆ4 = 1 A

Exercise 10.36
Zin (ω1 ) = (1.55 − j 1.01) kΩ, Zin (ω2 ) = (0.0052 + j 59.45) Ω

Exercise 10.37
√  
E0 1+(ωCR2 )2
i1 (t) = |Iˆ1 | cos(ωt + ∠Iˆ1 ), with |Iˆ1 | = √ , ∠Iˆ1 = −90◦ + arctan(ωCR2 ) − arctan ωCR1 R2
R1 +R2
(R1 +R2 )2 +(ωCR )2
1 R2
 
E 0 R2 ωCR1 R2
v(t) = |V̂ | cos(ωt + ∠V̂ ), with |V̂ | = √ , ∠ V̂ = −90 ◦
− arctan R1 +R2
(R1 +R2 )2 +(ωCR1 R2 ) 2

Exercise 10.38
C = 27.57 nF

Exercise 10.39
Zeq = j 45 Ω, V̂eq = j 150 V

Exercise 10.40

j6 Ω
2 Ω Iˆ

o
10 e−j 120 V -4j Ω

Exercise 10.41
v(t) = 3.16 cos(2t − 71.57◦ ) V
170

Exercise 10.42
i(t) = 0.48 sin(3t + 121.4◦) A

Exercise 10.43
v(t) = 5.55 cos(2t + 56.3◦ ) + 10 cos(4t + 135◦) V

Exercise 10.44
v(t) = [4.89 + 0.31 cos(ωt + 24.70o )] V

Exercise 10.45
1
ω= p
LC − (CR)2

Exercise 10.46
Zeq = 0 Ω, veq (t) = 3.37 · 10−5 cos(314t − 60o ) V

Exercise 10.47
b) Iˆ = 0.39 ej 56.31 A
o

o
c) V̂R = 19.41 ej 56.31 V
o
V̂C = 38.83 e−j 33.69 V
o
V̂L = 9.71 ej 146.31 V
d) vR (t) = 19.41 cos(1000t + 56.31o) V
vC (t) = 38.83 cos(1000t − 33.69o ) V
vL (t) = 9.71 cos(1000t + 146.31o) V
i(t) = 0.39 cos(1000t + 56.31o ) A

Exercise 10.48
o
b) V̂ = 39.53 e−j 71.57 V
c) IˆR = 35.36 e−j 135 mA
o

o
IˆL = 35.36 e−j 135 mA
o
IˆC = 79.06 ej 18.43 mA
d) iR (t) = 35.36 cos(2000t − 135o ) mA
iL (t) = 35.36 cos(2000t − 135o) mA
iC (t) = 79.06 cos(2000t + 18.43o) mA
v(t) = 39.53 cos(2000t − 71.57o) V

Exercise 10.49
i(t) = 200 cos(2000t + 53.13o) mA
iC (t) = 189.74 cos(2000t + 71.57o) mA
iR (t) = 63.25 cos(2000t − 18.43o) mA
 171

Exercise 10.50
vR (t) = 226.51 cos(5000t − 47.86o ) V

Exercise 10.51
Vm

iL (t) = √ cos ωt − arctan(2ωL/R)
2 2
R + 4ω L 2

Exercise 10.52
Im R

vR (t) = √ sin ωt − arctan(2ωRC)
2 2
1 + 4ω R C 2

Exercise 10.53
vX (t) = 2.5 cos(1000t − 45o ) V

Exercise 10.54
i(t) = 24 cos(106 t − 53.13o)mA
v(t) = 12 cos(106 t − 53.13o) V

Exercise 10.55
a) The unknwon element is a capacitor.
b) C = 186 µF
c) Ip = 6.88 A
d) The current i(t) leads the voltage v(t) by 35.53o.

Exercise 10.56
E0 E0 R
cos 2ωt − tan−1 (ωL/R)


v(t) = + p
2 2 2
R + (ωL)2

Exercise 10.57
i(t) = 5[sin(100t) − cos(100t)] A

Exercise 10.58
v(t) = −200 sin(1000t) V

Exercise 10.59
V̂ = −j 60 V

Exercise 10.60
Iˆ = j 2 A

Exercise 10.61
V̂eq = 20 V, Zeq = 10 Ω
172

Exercise 10.62
√
vg (t) = 206 2 cos(500t + 76o ) V

Exercise 10.63
i(t) = 3.4 cos(377t − 7.3o ) A

Exercise 10.64
XL = 23 Ω

Exercise 10.65
120
R= Ω
32

Exercise 10.66
 
36 9
i(t) = − cos(2t) + sin(2t) A,
 17 17 
27 45
i1 (t) = 5 − cos(2t) + sin(2t) A
34 34
 173

Chapter 11. Sinusoidal steady-state II: applications

Exercise 11.1
a) The element absorbs energy.
b) The element absorbs energy.
c) The element supplies energy.
d) The element absorbs energy.

Exercise 11.2
o
a) Z = 6 e−j 45 Ω
o
b) Z = 117.33 e−j 33.06 Ω
o
c) Z = 77.44 ej 53.13 Ω
o
d) Z = 11.69 e±j 35.9 Ω

Exercise 11.3
a) S1 = 1.125 W
o
S2 = 0.54 e−j 73.30 VA
o
b) S = 1.38 e−j 21.96 VA
PF = 0.93

Exercise 11.4
S1 = (0.2 + j 0.4) VA, S2 = (0.8 + j 0.6) VA

Exercise 11.5
P = 6.1 W

Exercise 11.6
a) |S| = 480 VA
b) PF = 0.903
c) P = 433.44 W
d) Q = 206.23 VAR
e) Z = (6.02 + j 2.87) Ω

Exercise 11.7
a) Inductive, PF=0.8.
b) It is not possible to specify the type of load, PF=0.46.
c) Capacitive, PF=0.6.
174

Exercise 11.8
o o
Iˆ = 13.64 e−j 25.84 A, P = 2700 W, Q = 1307.7 VAR, Z = 32.27 ej 25.84 Ω

Exercise 11.9
ˆ = 1.41 A
a) |I|
b) PFZ = 0.6
c) PFG = 0.71
d) vin (t) = 16 cos(ωt) V
e) vZ (t) = 14.1 cos(ωt + 8.13o ) V

Exercise 11.10
a) PZ = 8 kW
QZ = 6 kVAR
ˆ = 8.33 A
|I|
o
b) Z = 288 e j 36.87 Ω

Exercise 11.11
o
PF = 0.61, Z = 18.33 ej 52.70 Ω

Exercise 11.12
o o
Z = 10 e j 25.84 Ω for PF=0.9, Z = 10 e j 36.87 Ω for PF=0.8

Exercise 11.13
o o o o
Iˆ = 3.83 e−j 37.02 A, V̂R = 191.63 e−j 37.02 V, V̂L = 144.49 ej 52.98 V, S = 459.6 ej 37.02 VA

Exercise 11.14
V̂S = 110 V, IˆC = j 11.06 A, IˆR = 1.1 A, S = 611.1 e−j 84.32 VA
o

Exercise 11.15
R = 9.68 kΩ, C = 3.45 µF

Exercise 11.16
a) Iˆ = 0.48 e−j 63.88 A
o

b) SL = (46.08 + j 92.16) VA
SW = (0.23 + j 2.30) VA
c) η = 99.5%

Exercise 11.17
P = 8.33 W
 175

Exercise 11.18
S = P + j Q = 3.45 + j 8.62 VA

Exercise 11.19
SS = (26.93 + j 39.21) kVA
VS = (770.23 + j 222.27) V

Exercise 11.20
Iˆ = 1.10 e−j 28.36 A (rms)
o

o
ZW = 77.02 ej 64.11 Ω
o
ZL = 2.05 ej 25.84 kΩ

Exercise 11.21
R = 1.91 Ω, L = 0.23 mH, |V̂ | = 6.92 V

Exercise 11.22
Pe = 12 W, PR = 12 W, PL = 0 W,
Qe = 16 VAR, QR = 0 VAR, QL = 16 VAR,
|Se | = 20 VA, |SR | = 12 VA, |SL | = 16 VA

Exercise 11.23
P = 0.06 µW, Q = 0.08 µVAR

Exercise 11.24
100
Pd = W
12

Exercise 11.25
Z = (1 + j ) Ω

Exercise 11.26
P = 2.5 W

Exercise 11.27
P = 0.12 µW, Q = 0.16 µVAR

Exercise 11.28
P = 464.2 W, Q = 134.6 VAR, A = 481.6 VA
176

Chapter 12. Frequency-domain analysis

Exercise 12.1
y(t) = 4 + 0.6 cos(t) + 0.8 sin(t)

Exercise 12.2
CRs(R2 + sL)
1. H(s) =
s2 CL(R1 + R) + s[L + C(RR1 + RR2 + R1 R2 )] + R + R2

2. z1 = 0, z2 = −1 Mrad/s; p1 = −1.39 Mrad/s, p2 = −0.36 Mrad/s

3. v(t) = 0.452 cos(2t + 48.3o ) V

Exercise 12.3
4s2 + 4s + 3
Z(s) =
2(1 + s + 2s2 )
3 − 6ω 2 + 8ω 4
R(ω) = ℜ{Z(j ω)} =
2(1 − 3ω 2 + 4ω 4 )
ω(1 − 4ω 2 )
X(ω) = ℑ{Z(j ω)} =
2(1 − 3ω 2 + 4ω 4 )

Exercise 12.4
40(s + 5)(s + 50)
1. H(s) =
s(s + 20)(s + 100)

2. y(t) = −12.80 cos(2t) + 3.97 sin(2t)

Exercise 12.5
100
H(s) = 2
s + 2s + 100

Bode Diagram
20

10
Magnitude (dB)

-10

-20

-30
True
Asymp
-40
0
True
-30 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-60

-90

-120

-150

-180
1 10 100
Frequency (rad/s)
 177

Exercise 12.6

Bode Diagram
120
True
Asymp
100
Magnitude (dB)

80

60

40

20

0
90

45
Phase (deg)

-45

-90

-135 True
Asymp
-180
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)

y(t) = −22.1 cos(5t) + 33.6 sin(5t)

Exercise 12.7

Bode Diagram
20

0
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60 True
Asymp
-80

-100
-180
True
Asymp
-225
Phase (deg)

-270

-315

-360
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (rad/s)
178

Exercise 12.8

Bode Diagram
10
True
Asymp

0
Magnitude (dB)

-10

-20

-30
90
True
60 Asymp
Phase (deg)

30

-30

-60

-90
0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (rad/s)

Exercise 12.9

Bode Diagram
20
10
0
Magnitude (dB)

-10
-20
-30
True
-40 Asymp

-50
-60
-180
True
-210 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-240

-270

-300

-330

-360
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)
 179

Exercise 12.10

Bode Diagram
30

20
Magnitude (dB)

10

-10

-20
True
Asymp
-30
180
True
135 Asymp
Phase (deg)

90

45

-45

-90
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)

y(t) = −1500 − 176 cos(3t) + 187 sin(3t)

Exercise 12.11

Bode Diagram
10

0
Magnitude (dB)

-10

-20

-30
True
Asymp
-40
90
True
60 Asymp
Phase (deg)

30

-30

-60

-90
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)
180

Exercise 12.12

Bode Diagram
30

20
Magnitude (dB)

10

-10

-20
True
Asymp
-30
0
True
-45 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-90

-135

-180

-225

-270
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)

Exercise 12.13

Bode Diagram
40

30
Magnitude (dB)

20

10

0
True
Asymp
-10
90
True
60 Asymp
Phase (deg)

30

-30

-60

-90
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (rad/s)

y(t) = 9.22 cos(2t) − 2.56 sin(2t) + 3.87 cos(3t) + 9.50 sin(3t)

 181

Exercise 12.14

Bode Diagram
40

0
Magnitude (dB)

-40

-80

-120 True
Asymp
-160

-200
0
True
-30 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-60

-90

-120

-150

-180
10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12
Frequency (rad/s)

Exercise 12.15

Bode Diagram
0

-10
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-30

-40

-50
True
Asymp
-60
90
True
60 Asymp
Phase (deg)

30

-30

-60

-90
0.01 1 100 10000 1000000
Frequency (rad/s)
182

Exercise 12.16

Bode Diagram
40
True
20 Asymp

0
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0
True
-30 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-60

-90

-120

-150

-180
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (rad/s)

Exercise 12.17

Bode Diagram
-40

-60

-80
Magnitude (dB)

-100

-120
True
-140 Asymp
-160

-180
180

135
Phase (deg)

90

45

-45 True
Asymp
-90
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (rad/s)
 183

Exercise 12.18
Bode Diagram
-50

-60
Magnitude (dB)

-70

-80

-90 True
Asymp
-100

-110
90
True
60 Asymp
Phase (deg)

30

-30

-60

-90
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (rad/s)

Exercise 12.19
1
H(s) = 2
4s + 6s + 1
Bode Diagram
0

-20
Magnitude (dB)

-40

-60

-80
True
Asymp
-100
0
True
-30 Asymp
Phase (deg)

-60

-90

-120

-150

-180
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (rad/s)