Functional Inequalities in Stratified Lie groups with

Sobolev, Besov, Lorentz and Morrey spaces

Diego Chamorro, Anca-Nicoleta Marcoci, Liviu-Gabriel Marcoci

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Diego Chamorro, Anca-Nicoleta Marcoci, Liviu-Gabriel Marcoci. Functional Inequalities in Stratified
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 Functional Inequalities in Stratified Lie groups with
Sobolev, Besov, Lorentz and Morrey spaces
Diego Chamorro∗, Anca-Nicoleta Marcoci†, Liviu-Gabriel Marcoci‡.

December 15, 2018

Abstract

When p > 1, using as base space classical Lorentz spaces associated to a weight from the Ariño-Muckenhoupt
class Bp , we will study Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities. As a by-product we will also consider Morrey-Sobolev
inequalities. These arguments can be generalized to many different frameworks, in particular the proofs are
given in the setting of stratified Lie groups.

Keywords: Improved Sobolev inequalities; Sobolev spaces; Besov spaces; Classical Lorentz spaces; Stratified
Lie groups.
Mathematics Subject Classification 46E35 ; 26D10 ; 46E30 ; 22E30

1 Introduction and presentation of the results

The aim of this article is to provide, in the setting of stratified Lie groups, a general proof for a
particular type of improved Sobolev inequalities of the following general form

kf kẆ s1 ,q ≤ Ckf kθẆ s,p kf k1−θ

−β,∞ , (1)
Ḃ∞

−β,∞ −β,∞
where f ∈ Ẇ s,p ∩ Ḃ∞ . Here we write Ẇ s,p for homogeneous Sobolev spaces and Ḃ∞ for
homogeneous Besov spaces (see Section 3 below for precise definitions). The parameters s, s1 , p, q
and β defining Sobolev and Besov spaces in the previous inequality are related by the conditions
1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s, but they do not depend on the
dimension and in this sense these inequalities are more general than classical Sobolev inequalities;
of course the inequalities above are sharper than classical ones. Historically, the first proof in the
Euclidean setting of these inequalities is due to P. Gérard, F. Oru and Y. Meyer [21] and is based on
a Littlewood-Paley decomposition and interpolation results applied to dyadic blocks. Another proof
of these inequalities using maximal function and Hedberg’s inequality is given in [11].

∗
Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry (LaMME) - UMR 8071. Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, 23
Boulevard de France, 91037 Evry Cedex, France. email: [email protected]
†
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Bld.
Lacul Tei, no. 124, sector 2. Romania. email: [email protected]
‡
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Bld.
Lacul Tei, no. 124, sector 2. Romania. email: [email protected]

1
 Let us mention now that in the case of Lorentz spaces Lp,q , H. Bahouri and A. Cohen [4] proved
the inequality
q/p 1−q/p 1 1 s
kf kLp,q ≤ Ckf kḂ s,q kf k s−n/q,∞ with = − . (2)
q Ḃq p q n
Remark that in this estimate, the index q defining the Lorentz and the Besov spaces is related to
the parameters p, s and the dimension n. This inequality was generalized in the Euclidean setting
by D. Chamorro & P-G. Lemarié-Rieusset [13] to other values of the parameter q using interpolation
techniques and pointwise estimates. In a recent article, V.I. Kolyada and F.J. Pérez Lázaro [23] gave
an interesting proof for inequalities of type (1) and (2) based on the use of rearrangement inequalities
and the properties of the Gauss-Weierstrass kernel.

Motivated by the use of Lorentz spaces in these previous works, in our first theorem we will provide
a generalization (in stratified Lie groups) of improved Sobolev inequalities of type (1) by considering
weighted Lorentz-based Sobolev spaces defined as the set of measurable functions f : G −→ R such
s
that the quantity k(−∆) 2 f kΛp (w) is bounded where for s > 0 the fractional power of the Laplacian is
defined in Section 2 below, and for 1 < p < +∞ the space Λp (w) denotes the classical Lorentz space
of functions introduced in [25] and [26] defined as
( Z 1/p )
+∞
Λp (w) = f : kf kΛp (w) = f ∗ (t)p w(t)dt < +∞ ,
0

where w is a weight in R+ and f ∗ denotes the non-increasing rearrangement of f (see [5] for stan-
dard notations). Many of the properties of these spaces depend on the weight w: in particular, if
w = 1 we have Λp (w) = Lp and if w(t) = tp/q−1 , with 1 ≤ q ≤ +∞, we obtain Λp (w) = Lq,p , where
Lq,p are the usual Lorentz spaces. In this work we will consider the weighted Lorentz space Λp (w)
such that the weight w satisfies the Bp condition, the reason for this is given by the fact that M. A.
Ariño and B. Muckenhoupt showed in [3] that this Bp condition characterizes the boundedness of the
Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on Λp (w) and this particular property will be intensively used
in our proofs. See Section 3 for definitions and [3], [8], [10] and [33] for more details and properties
concerning these functional spaces.

In this direction of generalization, standard Sobolev inequalities have been studied by A. Cianchi
[15] in the context of Orlicz-Sobolev spaces, but improved inequalities of the general type (3) presented
in Theorem 1 below are, to the best of our knowledge, new.

Theorem 1 Let G a stratified Lie group. Let s > 0, w ∈ Bp be a weight and let f : G −→ R be a
s −β,∞
function such that (−∆) 2 f ∈ Λp (w)(G) and f ∈ Ḃ∞ (G). Then we have the following version of
improved Sobolev inequalities:
s1 s
k(−∆) 2 f kΛq (w) ≤ Ck(−∆) 2 f kθΛp (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ , (3)
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
The choice of the weights in the Bp class is given by two important facts. First, these weights allow
us to consider general functional spaces, in particular we can easily recover standard Lorentz spaces.
Second, these weights ensure that maximal function is bounded in the spaces Λp (w) for 1 < p < +∞,
and this feature is crucial as the proof of Theorem 1 requires this property. Note in particular that

2
inequality (3) is different from inequality (2) since Lorentz-Sobolev spaces are not included in the scale
of Besov spaces.

Since our proof of Theorem 1 relies essentially on a pointwise inequality and on the boundedness
of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator, it is possible to give a related result replacing classical
Lorentz spaces by Morrey spaces Mp,a which are a useful generalization of Lebesgue spaces. Classical
Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequalities were studied in this functional framework by D. Adams [1] and
by F. Chiarenza & M. Frasca [14] and our next theorem is an improvement of these inequalities.

Theorem 2 Let G be a stratified Lie group. Let s > 0, 1 < p < +∞ and 0 ≤ a < n and let f be a
s −β,∞
function such that (−∆) 2 f ∈ Mp,a (G) and f ∈ Ḃ∞ (G). Then we have
s1 s
k(−∆) 2 f kMq,a ≤ Ck(−∆) 2 f kθMp,a kf k1−θ
−β,∞ , (4)
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
The plan of this article is the following. In Section 2 we present our general framework which is
given by stratified Lie groups. These groups are quite natural generalization of Rn but they present
some particularities that should be taken into account in the computations. In Section 3 we give
the precise definition of all the functional spaces used in the previous inequalities and in Section 4
we present the proof of Theorem 1. Finally, in Section 5 we give the proof of Theorem 2 and some
variations of the previous results.

2 Stratified Lie groups: notation and basic properties

As said in the introduction, stratified Lie groups are natural generalizations of Rn when considering
general dilation structures. Although stratified Lie groups share common features with Rn , there are
some special points that must be taken into account: for example these groups are no longer abelian
and this fact requires to be carefull in some computations, furthermore from the geometric point of
view, the inner geometric structure of these groups can be very different from the euclidean setting.
It is then necessary to recall some basic facts about stratified Lie groups, for further information see
[17], [18], [38], [35] and the references given there in.

We start with the notion of homogeneous group G which is the data of Rn equipped with a structure
of Lie group and we will always suppose that the origin is the identity. We define a dilation structure
by fixing integers (ai )1≤i≤n such that 1 = a1 ≤ ... ≤ an and by writing:

δα : Rn −→ Rn (5)
a1 an
x 7−→ δα [x] = (α x1 , ..., α xn ).

We will often note αx instead of δα [x] and α will always indicate a strictly positive real number.

Of course, the Euclidean space Rn with its group structure and provided with its usual dilations
(i.e. ai = 1, for i = 1, ..., n) is a homogeneous group. Here is another example: if x = (x1 , x2 , x3 )
is an element of R3 , we can fix a dilation by writing δα [x] = (αx1 , αx2 , α2 x3 ) for α > 0. Then,
the well suited group law with respect to this dilation is given by x · y = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) · (y1 , y2 , y3 ) =
(x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 + 12 (x1 y2 − y1 x2 )). Remark in particular that this group law is no longer

3
abelian. The triplet (R3 , ·, δ) corresponds to the Heisenberg group H1 which is the first non-trivial
example of a homogeneous
X group. The homogeneous dimension with respect to dilation structure (5)
is given by N = ai . We observe that it is always larger than the topological dimension n since
1≤i≤n
each integer ai verifies ai ≥ 1 for all i = 1, ..., n. For instance, in the Heisenberg group H1 we have
N = 4 and n = 3 while in the Euclidean case these two concepts coincide. Now we will say that a
function on G\{0} is homogeneous of degree λ ∈ R if f (δα [x]) = αλ f (x) for all α > 0. In the same way,
we will say that a differential operator D is homogeneous of degree λ if D(f (δα [x])) = αλ (Df )(δα [x]),
for all f in operator’s domain. In particular, if f is homogeneous of degree λ and if D is a differential
operator of degree µ, then Df is homogeneous of degree λ − µ. The presence of a dilation structure
is one of most important features of stratified Lie groups and the homogeneity with respect to these
dilations will play a useful role in our computations.

From the point of view of measure theory, homogeneous groups behave in a traditional way since
Lebesgue measure dx is bi-invariant and coincides with the Haar measure, thus for any subset E of G
we will note its measure as |E|. This fact also allows us to define Lebesgue spaces in a classical way
(see also Section 3 below). The convolution will be a very useful tool in our computations, and for
two functions f and g on G it is defined by
Z Z
−1
f ∗ g(x) = f (y)g(y · x)dy = f (x · y −1 )g(y)dy, x ∈ G.
G G

However, since the group law of a stratified Lie group is not necessarly commutative, we do not have
in general the identity f ∗ g = g ∗ f and we need to take care of this fact. Nevertheless, we have at
our disposal Young’s inequalities:

Lemma 2.1 If 1 ≤ p, q, r ≤ +∞ such that 1 + 1q = p1 + 1r . If f ∈ Lp (G) and g ∈ Lr (G), then

f ∗ g ∈ Lq (G) and we have the inequality kf ∗ gkLq ≤ kf kLp kgkLr .
A proof is given in [18]. A weak version of Young’s inequalities will be stated in Section 3.

For a homogeneous group G = (Rn , ·, δ) we consider now its Lie algebra g whose elements can be
conceived in two different ways: as left-invariant vector fields or as right-invariant vector fields. The
left-invariant vectors fields (Xj )1≤j≤n are determined by the formula

∂f (x · y) ∂f X ∂f
(Xj f )(x) = = + qjk (x) ,
∂yj y=0 ∂xj ∂xk
j<k

where qjk (x) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree ak − aj and f is a smooth function on G. By

this formula one deduces easily that these vectors fields are homogeneous of degree aj and we have
Xj (f (αx)) = αaj (Xj f )(αx). We will note (Yj )1≤j≤n the right invariant vector fields defined in a
totally similar way:
∂f (y · x)
(Yj f )(x) = .
∂yj y=0

A homogeneous
L group G is stratified if its Lie algebra g breaks up into a sum of linear sub-
spaces g = 1≤j≤k Ej such that E1 generates the algebra g and [E1 , Ej ] = Ej+1 for 1 ≤ j < k
and [E1 , Ek ] = {0} and Ek 6= {0}, but Ej = {0} if j > k. Here [E1 , Ej ] indicates the subspace of

4
g generated by the elements [U, V ] = U V − V U with U ∈ E1 and V ∈ Ej . The integer k is called
the degree of stratification of g. For example, on Heisenberg group H1 , we have k = 2 while in the
Euclidean case k = 1.

We will suppose from now on that G is stratified with homogeneous dimension1 N ≥ 4. Within
this framework, we will fix once and for all the family of vectors fields

X = {X1 , ..., Xm },

such that a1 = a2 = . . . = am = 1 (m < n), then the family X is a base of E1 and generates the
Lie algebra of g, which is precisely the Hörmander’s condition (see [18] and [38]) and this particular
choice ensures several important properties, in particular to the family X is associated the Carnot-
Carathéodory distance d which is left-invariant and compatible with the topology on G (see [38] for
more details) and for any x ∈ G we will denote by |x| = d(x, e) and for r > 0 we form open balls by
writing B(x, r) = {y ∈ G : d(x, y) < r}. By simple homogeneity arguments we obtain that stratified
Lie groups have polynomial volume growth since we have |B(·, r)| = r N |B(·, 1)|.

The main tools of this paper depend on the properties of the gradient, the Laplacian and the
associated heat kernel, but before introducing them, we make here some remarks on general vectors
fields Xj and Yj . Let us fix some notation: for any multi-index I = (i1 , ..., in ) ∈ Nn , one defines X I by
X I = X1i1 . . . Xnin and Y I by Y I = Y1i1 . . . Ynin , furthermore we denote by |I| = i1 + . . . + in the order
of the derivation of the operators X I or Y I and d(I) = a1 i1 + . . . + an in the homogeneous degree of
these ones. Now, for ϕ, ψ ∈ C0∞ (G) we have the equality
Z Z
ϕ(x)(X I ψ)(x)dx = (−1)|I| (X I ϕ)(x)ψ(x)dx.
G G

The interaction of operators X I and Y I with convolutions is clarified by the following identities:

X I (f ∗ g) = f ∗ (X I g), Y I (f ∗ g) = (Y I f ) ∗ g, (X I f ) ∗ g = f ∗ (Y I g). (6)

Finally, one will say that a function f ∈ C ∞ (G) belongs to the Schwartz class S(G) if the following
semi-norms are bounded for all k ∈ N and any multi-index I: Nk,I (f ) = sup (1 + |x|)k |X I f (x)|.
x∈G

Remark 2.1 To characterize the Schwartz class S(G) we can replace vector fields X I in the semi-
norms Nk,I above by right-invariant vector fields Y I .
For a proof of these facts and for further details see [18] and [19].

We define now the gradient on G from vectors fields of homogeneity degree equal to one (i.e.
those composing the family X) by fixing ∇ = (X1 , ..., Xm ). This operator is of course left in-
variant and homogeneous of degree 1. The length of the gradient is given by the formula |∇f | =

1/2
(X1 f )2 + ... + (Xm f )2 e = (Y1 , ..., Ym ), and using
. We also define the right invariant gradient ∇
(6) we have the identity (∇f ) ∗ g = f ∗ (∇g). e We define now the Laplacian we are going to work
with. Let us notice that in this setting there is not a single way to build a Laplacian, see for example
1
The lower bound N ≥ 4 corresponds to the homogeneous dimension of the Heisenberg group H1 , which is the simplest
non-trivial stratified Lie group.

5
[19]. In this article we will use the Laplacian, denoted by J , which is given from the family X in the
following way
Xm
J = ∇∗ ∇ = − Xj2 . (7)
j=1

This is a positive self-adjoint, hypo-elliptic operator (since the family X satisfies the Hörmander’s
condition), having as domain of definition L2 (G). Its associated heat operator on G×]0, +∞[ is given
by ∂t + J . We recall now some well-known properties of the heat operator and its associated kernel.

Theorem 3 There exists a unique family of continuous linear operators (Ht )t>0 defined on L1 +
L∞ (G) with the semi-group property Ht+s = Ht Hs for all t, s > 0 and H0 = Id, such that:
1) the Laplacian J is the infinitesimal generator of the semi-group Ht = e−tJ ;
2) Ht is a contraction operator on Lp (G) for 1 ≤ p ≤ +∞ and for t > 0;
3) the semi-group Ht admits a convolution kernel Ht f = f ∗ht where ht (x) = h(x, t) ∈ C ∞ (G×]0, +∞[)
is the heat kernel which satisfies the following points:
Z
(a) (∂t + J )ht = 0 on G×]0, +∞[, and h(x, t) = h(x−1 , t), h(x, t) ≥ 0 and h(x, t)dx = 1,
G
(b) ht has the semi-group property: ht ∗ hs = ht+s for t, s > 0 and we have h(δα [x], α2 t) =
α−N h(x, t),
(c) For every t > 0, x 7→ h(x, t) belong to the Schwartz class in G.
4) For f ∈ C ∞ (G) and for t > 0 we have J Ht (f ) = Ht J (f ).

For a detailed proof of these and other important facts concerning the heat semi-group see [18] and [31].

To close this section we recall the definition of the Laplacian’s fractional powers. If s > 0 we write
Z +∞
1
J s f (x) = tk−s−1 J k Ht f (x)dt, (8)
Γ(k − s) 0

for all f ∈ C ∞ (G) with k an integer greater than s. The interaction between this operator and the
heat kernel is given by the following lemma.

1)
s+N(1− p
s
−
Lemma 2.2 If 1 ≤ p ≤ +∞, for s > 0 and for t > 0 we have the estimate kJ ht k 2 Lp ≤ Ct 2 .

See [31] for a proof.

3 Functional spaces
We give in this section the precise definition of all the functional spaces involved in Theorems 1 and
2. In a general way, given a norm k · kX , we will define the corresponding functional space X(G) by
{f ∈ S ′ (G) : kf kX < +∞}. The constant that appear in this paper such as C may change from one
occurrence to the next.

6
• Lebesgue spaces Lp (G). For a measurable function f : G −→ R and for 1 ≤ p < +∞ we
Z 1/p
define Lebesgue space by the norm kf kLp = |f (x)|p dx , while for p = +∞ we have
G
kf kL∞ = ess sup|f (x)|. Let us notice that we also have the following characterization using the
x∈G
Z +∞
distribution function kf kpLp = p αp−1 |{x ∈ G : |f (x)| > α}|dα.
0
• weak-Lebesgue spaces Lp,∞ (G). We define them as the set of all measurable functions f :
G −→ R such that kf kLp,∞ = sup{α · |{x ∈ G : |f (x)| > α}|1/p } is finite. We will need the
α>0
following version of Young’s inequality where weak Lp spaces are involved:

Lemma 3.1 Let p, q, r > 1. If f ∈ Lp,∞ (G) and if g ∈ Lr (G), then f ∗ g ∈ Lq (G) with
1 + 1q = 1p + 1r and we have the inequality kf ∗ gkLq ≤ kf kLp,∞ kgkLr .

See a proof of this Lemma in [22], Theorem 1.4.24.

s
• Sobolev spaces Ẇ s,p(G). If 1 < p < +∞ and for s > 0 we have kf kẆ s,p = kJ 2 f kLp , while if
p = s = 1 we will note kf kẆ 1,1 = k∇f kL1 . We recall classical Sobolev inequalities in this setting:

kf k N = k∇f kL1 and kf kLq = kf kẆ s,p , where 1 < p < q and − Nq = s − N
p. (9)
L N−1

s,p
• weak Sobolev spaces Ẇ∞ (G). These spaces are defined just as classical Sobolev spaces, but
we replace the L norm by the weak Lp one as follows:
p

s
kf kẆ∞
s,p = kJ 2 f kLp,∞ with 1 < p < +∞ and s > 0.

• Besov spaces Ḃps,q (G). There are many different (and equivalent) ways to define these spaces
in the setting of stratified Lie groups. In this article we will mainly use the thermic definition
given by
Z +∞ m q 1/q
(m−s/2)q ∂ Ht f dt
kf kḂps,q = t (·) ,
0 ∂tm Lp t
for 1 ≤ p, q ≤ +∞, s > 0 and m an integer such that m > s/2. For Besov spaces of indices
(−β, ∞, ∞) which appear in all the improved Sobolev inequalities we have:

kf kḂ −β,∞ = sup tβ/2 kHt f kL∞ .

∞
t>0

Recall that for 0 < s < 1 we have the inequality

s
kJ 2 f kḂ −β−s,∞ ≤ M kf kḂ −β,∞ , (10)
∞ ∞

where M is a universal constant.

• Lorentz spaces Λp (w)(G). Let f : G −→ R be a measurable function. We define f ∗ , the
non-increasing rearrangement of the function f , by the expression f ∗ (t) = inf{α ≥ 0 : |{x ∈ G :
|f (x)| > α}| ≤ t}. We will say that a nonnegative locally integrable function w : R+ −→ R+
belongs to the Ariño-Muckenhoupt class Bp for 1 ≤ p < +∞, if there exists C > 0 such that
Z +∞  p Z r
r
w(t)dt ≤ C w(t)dt, for all 0 < r < +∞.
r t 0

7
 It is not difficult to see that if 0 < p < q < +∞, then we have the inclusion of classes Bp ⊂ Bq .
We define the Lorentz spaces Λp (w) with 1 ≤ p < +∞ by the formula
Z +∞  1p
∗ p
kf kΛp (w) = (f (t)) w(t)dt .
0

As said in the introduction, the choice of the Bp class is due to the fact that this class of
weights characterizes the boundedness of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator MB , given for
a measurable function f by
Z
1
MB f (x) = sup |f (y)|dy, where B is an open ball, (11)
B∋x |B| B

on the spaces Λp (w) for 1 < p < +∞: kMB f kΛp (w) ≤ Ckf kΛp (w) , where C is depending on the
quantity  Z +∞  Z r 
w(t) 
[w]Bp = sup r p dt w(t)dt .
r>0 r tp 0

For more properties of these weights and the associated classical Lorentz spaces see [3], [8], [33]
and [10].
• Lorentz-Sobolev spaces Λ̇s,p (w)(G). Once we have fixed the base space Λp (w), the homoge-
neous Lorentz-Sobolev spaces are easy to define and are given for 1 < p < +∞ and for s > 0 in
the following way
Z +∞  p1
s
∗

p
kf kΛ̇s,p (w) = (J 2 f ) (t) w(t)dt .
0

• weak Lorentz spaces Λp,∞ (w)(G). Let w a weight in R+ . For 0 < p < +∞, the weak Lorentz
space Λp,∞ (w) is the class of all measurable functions f : G −→ R such that

kf kΛp,∞ (w) = sup f ∗ (t)W 1/p (t) < +∞,

t>0

Z t
where W (t) = w(s)ds. The weak Lorentz spaces were introduced in [8] and further investigated
0
in [7], [6] and [9]. The problem of characterizing when the weak type Lorentz spaces Λp,∞ (w),
0 < p < +∞ are Banach spaces was studied in [33].
• weak Lorentz-Sobolev spaces Λ̇s,p,∞(w)(G). For 1 < p < +∞ the homogeneous weak Lorentz-
Sobolev spaces are given by
Z t 1/p
s
∗
kf kΛ̇s,p,∞ (w) = sup(J f ) (t)
2 w(s)ds .
t>0 0

• Morrey spaces Mp,a (G). For 1 < p < +∞ and 0 ≤ a < N , we define Morrey spaces as the
space of locally integrable functions such that

Z !1
p
1
kf kMp,a = sup sup |f (x)|p dx < +∞.
x0 ∈Rn 0<r<+∞ ra B(x0 ,r)

8
 Morrey spaces are indeed a generalization of Lebesgue spaces since when a = 0 we have Mp,0 ≃
Lp . The use of Morrey and Morrey-Sobolev spaces in this article is due to the fact that the
Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator (11) is also bounded in such spaces. See more details in
[14] in the framework of Rn and [2] in the setting of stratified Lie groups. See also [32] and the
references given there in for other interesting generalizations.
• Morrey-Sobolev spaces Ṁs,p,a(G). For 0 < s and 1 < p < +∞ with 0 ≤ a < N we consider
the homogeneous Morrey-Sobolev spaces Ṁs,p,a by the quantity
s
kf kṀs,p,a = kJ 2 f kMp,a .

4 Proof of Theorem 1
We will prove here, in the framework of stratified Lie groups, the inequality

kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,p (w) kf k1−θ

−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

−β,∞
where f : G −→ R is a function such that f ∈ Λ̇s,p (w)(G) ∩ Ḃ∞ (G) with 1 < p < q < +∞,
θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s. We will always assume here that w is a weight in the
Ariño-Muckenhoupt class Bp . The reason for this particular choice of weights relies on the fact that
we will need the boundedness of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on Lorentz Λp (w) spaces
and this is ensured by the condition w ∈ Bp . See [3] and [10] for details.

By the definition of Lorentz-Sobolev spaces given in Section 3, this inequality can be rewritten in
the following way s1 s
kJ 2 f kΛq (w) ≤ CkJ 2 f kθΛp (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

For the proof of this inequality, we will use a variant of Hedberg’s inequality. Indeed, since 0 < s1 < s,
we use the characterization of the positive powers of the Laplacian given in (8) and we have for
k > s/2 > s1 /2
Z +∞
s1 1 s1
J 2 f (x) = tk− 2 −1 J k Ht f (x)dt
Γ(k − s1 /2) 0
Z T Z +∞ 
1 k−
s1
−1 k k−
s1
−1 k
= t 2 J Ht f (x)dt + t 2 J Ht f (x)dt ,
Γ(k − s1 /2) 0 T

where T will be defined below. In particular we have

Z T Z +∞ 
s1 1 k−
s1
−1 k k−
s1
−1 k
|J 2 f (x)| ≤ t 2 |J Ht f (x)|dt + t 2 |J Ht f (x)|dt . (12)
Γ(k − s1 /2) 0 T

For the first integral of the right-hand side of the previous formula we will use the following fact.

Lemma 4.1 Let f ∈ S ′ (G) and ϕ ∈ S(G). We denote by Mϕ (f ) the maximal function of f (with
respect to ϕ) which is given by the expression

Mϕ f (x) = sup {|f ∗ ϕt (x)|}, with ϕt (x) = t−N/2 ϕ(t−1/2 x).

0<t<+∞

9
If the function ϕ is such that |ϕ(x)| ≤ C(1 + |x|)−N −ε for some ε > 0, then we have the following
pointwise inequality
Mϕ f (x) ≤ CMB f (x),
where MB f (x) is the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function defined by (11).

For a proof of this lemma see [22] or [18]. With this lemma in mind, and since k > s/2, we remark that
s s s
we have the identity

J k Ht f (x) = J k− 2 ht ∗ J 2 f (x). Now,
by homogeneity we obtain J k− 2 (ht )(x) =
s s s
t−k+ 2 J k− 2 ht (x) and if we denote ϕt by ϕt (x) = J k− 2 ht (x) we have that ϕt (x) = t−N/2 ϕ(t−1/2 x),
moreover, since the heat kernel ht is a smooth function, with the previous notation we obtain |ϕ(x)| ≤
C(1 + |x|)−N −ε . Then we can write
s s
J k Ht f (x) = t−k+ 2 ϕt ∗ J 2 f (x),

and applying the Lemma 4.1 we have the following pointwise inequality for the first term of (12):
s
 s 
|J k Ht f (x)| = t−k+ 2 MB J 2 f (x).

Now, for the second integral of the right-hand side of (12) we simply use the fact that kJ k f kḂ −β−2k,∞ ≃
∞
kf kḂ −β,∞ and the thermic definition of Besov spaces to obtain
∞

−β−2k
|J k Ht f (x)| = |Ht J k f (x)| ≤ Ct 2 kJ k f kḂ −β−2k,∞ .
∞

With these two inequalities at hand, we apply them in (12) and one has
Z T  s  Z +∞ 
s1 C s
k− 21 −1 −k+ 2s k−
s1
−1 −β−2k
k
|J 2 f (x)| ≤ t t MB J 2 f (x)dt + t 2 t 2 kJ f kḂ −β−2k,∞ dt
Γ(k − s1 /2) 0 T
∞

C  s−s1
 s
 −β−s1

≤ T 2 MB J 2 f (x) + T 2 kJ k f kḂ −β−2k,∞ .
Γ(k − s1 /2) ∞

We fix now the parameter T by the condition

  2
β+s
kJ k f kḂ −β−2k,∞
T =  s ∞  ,
MB J 2 f (x)

and we obtain the following inequality

s1 C  s 1− 1 s−ss−s1
β+s
|J 2 f (x)| ≤ MB J 2 f (x)kJ k f k β+s
−β−2k,∞ .
Γ(k − s1 /2) Ḃ∞

s−s1
Since β+s = 1 − θ and using again the fact kJ k f kḂ −β−2k,∞ ≃ kf kḂ −β,∞ we have
∞ ∞

s1 C  s θ
|J 2 f (x)| ≤ MB J 2 f (x)kf k1−θ
−β,∞ . (13)
Γ(k − s1 /2) Ḃ∞

Once we have obtained this pointwise inequality, we will use the following properties of the non-
increasing rearrangement function.

10
Lemma 4.2 If f, g : G −→ R are two measurable functions, we have
1) if |g| ≤ |f | a.e. then g ∗ ≤ f ∗ ,
2) if 0 < θ, then (|f |θ )∗ = (f ∗ )θ .
For a proof see Proposition 1.4.5 of [22]. Recalling that θ = p/q and applying these facts to the
inequality (13) we obtain
 s1 q   s  p
(J 2 f )∗ (t) ≤ C (MB J 2 f )∗ (t) kf kq−p−β,∞ . (14)
Ḃ∞

Multiplying the previous inequality by a weight w from the Ariño-Muckenhoupt class Bp and inte-
grating with respect to the variable t we obtain
Z +∞  q Z +∞   s  p
s1
(J 2 f )∗ (t) w(t)dt ≤ C (MB J 2 f )∗ (t) w(t)dt kf kq−p
−β,∞ ,
0 0 Ḃ∞

and then, by the definition of classical Lorentz spaces given in Section 3 we have
s1 s
kJ 2 f kΛq (w) ≤ CkMB (J 2 f )kθΛp (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

Now, since the weight w belongs to the class Bp with 1 < p < +∞, we have that the Hardy-Littlewood
maximal operator is bounded on the space Λp (w) and we obtain
s s
kMB (J 2 f )kΛp (w) ≤ kJ 2 f kΛp (w) ,

and finally we have the desired inequality for classical Lorentz spaces:
s1 s
kJ 2 f kΛq (w) ≤ CkJ 2 f kθΛp (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

Now we will state in the following corollaries some interesting consequences of this previous theo-
rem.

Corollary 4.1 Let w ∈ Bp be a weight and let f : G −→ R be a function such that f ∈ Λ̇s,p,∞(w)(G)∩
−β,∞
Ḃ∞ (G). Then we have the following version of improved Sobolev inequalities of weak type:

kf kΛ̇s1 ,q,∞ (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,p,∞ (w) kf k1−θ

−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
Proof . We start again with the pointwise inequality (14):
 s1 q   s  p
(J 2 f )∗ (t) ≤ C (MB J 2 f )∗ (t) kf kq−p
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

Now, we multiply both parts of this inequality by W (t) and we take the supremum in the variable t:
s1
 s1 q n s
p o
kJ 2 f kqΛq,∞ (w) = sup W (t) (J 2 f )∗ (t) ≤ C sup MB (J 2 f )∗ (t) W (t) kf kq−p
−β,∞
t>0 t>0 Ḃ∞
s
≤ CkMB (J 2 f )kpΛp,∞ (w) kf kq−p
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

11
since it is known (see e.g. [33]) that for w ∈ Bp the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator MB is
bounded on Λp,∞ (w), therefore we obtain that
s1 s
kJ 2 f kΛq,∞ (w) ≤ CkJ 2 f kθΛp,∞ (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

Now we will study other variations of the previous results by considering a different type of weights.
To be more precise, we will study two-weighted inequalities and in what
Z follows, for v and w two
Z weigths
t t
and for t > 0, we will denote by V (t) and W (t) the quantities V (t) = v(s)ds and W (t) = w(s)ds.
0 0

Our first two-weighted improved Lorentz-Sobolev inequality is given in the following corollary.

Corollary 4.2 Let 1 < p < q < +∞ and let (v, w) be a pair of positive weights satisfying the following
properties

Z 1/p Z !1/p′
+∞ t ′
W (t)1/p w(s) v(s)sp
sup < +∞ and sup ds ′ ds < +∞.
t>0 V (t)
1/p
t>0 t sp 0 V (s)p

−β,∞
If f : G −→ R is a function such that f ∈ Λ̇s,p (v) ∩ Ḃ∞ with s > 0, then we have a two-weighted
version of improved Sobolev inequalities

kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,p (v) kf k1−θ

−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.

This inequality is interesting since it is possible, under some hypotheses, to consider different weights
in the left-hand side and in the right-hand side of the inequality.
Proof . Using the pointwise inequality (14) and the fact that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator

MB : Λp (v) −→ Λp (w)

is bounded for such weights (see [37] for details) we obtain the desired inequality. 

If we are allowed to change the weights that define the Lorentz spaces in the previous inequalities,
it is then also possible to change, with specific conditions on the weights, the parameters of these
spaces. In the following corollary we gather some results where we consider different Lorentz spaces in
the right-hand side of the inequality. Indeed, the first point is a generalization of the previous corollary
and we will consider in the right-hand side Lorentz-Sobolev spaces of type Λ̇s,q0 (v) instead of Λ̇s,p (v)
where 1 < q0 ≤ p < +∞. The second point allows us to study the case when 1 < p < q0 < +∞ and
finally, the third point treats the case when 0 < q0 < 1.

Corollary 4.3 Let 0 < q0 < +∞, s > 0, let f : G −→ R be a measurable function and let (v, w) be a
pair of weights.

12
 1) If 1 < q0 ≤ p < +∞ and if (v, w) are satisfying the following conditions
W (t)1/p
sup < +∞ (15)
t>0 V (t)1/q0
and Z 1/p !
t Z t ′
w(s) v(s)sq0
sup ds < +∞, (16)
t>0 0 sp 0
′
V (s)q0
−β,∞
then, if f ∈ Λ̇s,q0 (v)(G) ∩ Ḃ∞ (G), we have the following inequality
kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,q0 (v) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
2) If 1 < p < q0 < +∞ and (v, w) are satisfying
!1/r
Z +∞  r/q0
W (s)
w(s)ds < +∞
0 V (s)

and  
Z Z 1/p Z !1/p′ r 1/r
+∞ +∞ t ′ q0 ′
  w(t) v(t)tq0  v(s)s
dt dt ds < +∞,
0 s tp 0 V (t)q0 ′ V (s)q0 ′
1 1 1 1 1 −β,∞
where r is given by r = p − q and q0 + q0 ′ = 1. Then, if f ∈ Λ̇s,q0 (v)(G) ∩ Ḃ∞ (G), we have

kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,q0 (v) kf k1−θ

−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
3) If 0 < q0 < 1 and 1 < p < +∞ and if (v, w) are satisfying (15) and
Z +∞ 1/p
t w(s)
sup ds < +∞,
t>0 V (t)
1/q0
t sp
−β,∞
then, assuming that f ∈ Λ̇s,q0 (v)(G) ∩ Ḃ∞ (G), we obtain
kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,q0 (v) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

where 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
Proof. From the pointwise inequality (14) we obtain that
s1 s
kJ 2 f kΛq (w) ≤ CkMB (J 2 f )kθΛp (w) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

Now, under all these hypotheses on the weights v and w, we have that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal
operator MB : Λq0 (v) −→ Λp (w) is bounded (see [37] and [7]) and then we obtain
kf kΛ̇s1 ,q (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,q0 (v) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

We have also the following two-weighted version of improved Sobolev inequalities of weak type:

13
Corollary 4.4 Let 1 < p < +∞, 0 < q0 < +∞. Let (v, w) be a pair of weights such that
Z
W (t)1/p t −1/q0
sup V (s)ds < +∞, (17)
t>0 t 0
−β,∞
and let f : G −→ R be a function such that f ∈ Λ̇s,q0,∞ (v)(G)∩ Ḃ∞ (G). Then we have the following
inequality
kf kΛ̇s1 ,q,∞ (w) ≤ Ckf kθΛ̇s,q0 ,∞ (v) kf k1−θ
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞
where 0 < q0 < +∞, 1 < p < q < +∞, θ = p/q, s1 = θs − (1 − θ)β and −β < s1 < s.
Proof . It is enough to follow the same lines of the Corollary 4.1 to obtain
s1 s
kJ 2 f kqΛq,∞ (w) ≤ CkMB (J 2 f )kpΛp,∞ (w) kf kq−p
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

since the pair of weights (v, w) satisfies the condition (17) it implies that the operator MB : Λq0 ,∞ (v) −→
Λp,∞ (w) is bounded (see [33]) and we obtain
s1 s
kJ 2 f kqΛq,∞ (w) ≤ CkJ 2 f kpΛq,∞ (v) kf kq−p
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

which is the desired inequality. 

5 Generalizations
In this section we give some generalizations of Theorems 1 and we prove Theorem 2. These gen-
eralizations are made possible since the techniques developed in our proofs are based on general
harmonic analysis arguments and since many of the tools used in this article are available in other
frameworks. Indeed, the spectral theory associated to the Laplace operator, the boundedness of the
Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator and the use of appropiate weights in order to define well suited
functional spaces are intensively studied and many interesting properties were generalized to different
settings.

5.1 Morrey spaces

We prove now Theorem 2 in the setting of stratified Lie groups. Morrey spaces were studied in this
framework by many authors, see for example the articles [2], [30] and the references there in.

As said in the introduction, once we have at our disposal the fact that the Hardy-Littlewood
maximal operator is bounded in the convenient functional framework, it is possible to improve Sobolev
inequalities in the following way. The starting point of our proof is the pointwise inequality (13):
s1 C  s θ
|J 2 f (x)| ≤ MB J 2 f (x)kf k1−θ −β,∞ .
Γ(k − s1 /2) Ḃ∞

Since θ = p/q we have for r > 0 and for 0 ≤ a < N the inequalities
Z Z !
1 s1 1  s p
q(1−θ)
|J 2 f (x)|q dx ≤ C MB J 2 f (x)dx kf k −β,∞
r a B(x0 ,r) r a B(x0 ,r) Ḃ∞

Z ! 1/q Z ! 1/q
1 s1 1  s p
q
|J 2 f (x)| dx ≤ C MB J 2 f (x)dx kf k1−θ
−β,∞ ,
r a B(x0 ,r) r a B(x0 ,r) Ḃ∞

14
from which we derive the estimate
s1
 s 
kJ 2 f kMq,a ≤ CkMB J 2 f kθMp,a kf k1−θ
−β,∞ .
Ḃ∞

In order to conclude, we use the fact that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded in
Morrey spaces and we obtain
s1 s
kJ 2 f kMq,a ≤ CkJ 2 f kθMp,a kf k1−θ
−β,∞ ,
Ḃ∞

which is the desired inequality stated in Theorem 2.

Remark 5.1 The boundedness of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator was studied for generalized
Morrey spaces in [2], [29] and [32]. As long as this boundedness property is satisfied it should be
possible to generalize Theorem 2. Indeed, from the pointwise inequality (13) it should be easy (taking
into account the necessary precautions) to reconstruct the corresponding norms in order to obtain an
improved Sobolev-like inequality.

5.2 Nilpotent Lie groups

We consider now a more general framework than the one given by stratified Lie groups. Indeed, going
one step further in the process of generalization, it is possible to consider nilpotent Lie groups since
all the tools used in the proof of Theorem 1 are available in these settings.

We recall for the sake of completness this framework. Let G be a connected unimodular Lie group
endowed with its Haar measure dx. Denote by g the Lie algebra of G and consider a family (that will
be fixed from now on) of left-invariant vector fields on G

X = {X1 , ..., Xk },

satisfying the Hörmander condition 2 . We endow the group G with a metric structure by considering
the Carnot-Carathéodory metric associated with X. See [38] for details. We will denote kxk the
distance between the origin e and x and ky −1 · xk the distance between x and y. For r > 0 and x ∈ G,
denote by B(x, r) the open
Z ball with respect to the Carnot-Carathéodory metric centered in x and of
radius r, and by V (r) = dx the Haar measure of any ball of radius r. When 0 < r < 1, there
B(x,r)
exists d ∈ N∗ , cl and Cl > 0 such that, for all 0 < r < 1 we have

cl r d ≤ V (r) ≤ Cl r d .

The integer d is the local dimension of (G, X). When r ≥ 1, two situations may occur, independently
of the choice of the family X: either G has polynomial volume growth and there exist D ∈ N∗ , c∞
and C∞ > 0 such that, for all r ≥ 1 we have

c∞ r D ≤ V (r) ≤ C∞ r D ,

or G has exponential volume growth, which means that there exist ce , Ce , α, β > 0 such that, for all
r ≥ 1 we have
ce eαr ≤ V (r) ≤ Ce eβr .
2
which means that the Lie algebra generated by the family X is g.

15
When G has polynomial volume growth, the integer D is called the dimension at infinity of G. Re-
call that nilpotent groups have polynomial volume growth and that a strict subclass of the nilpotent
groups consists of stratified Lie groups where d = D.

Once we have fixed the family X, we define the gradient on G by ∇ = (X1 , ..., Xk ) and we consider
a Laplacian J on G defined in the same way as in (7)
k
X
J =− Xj2 ,
j=1

which is a positive self-adjoint, hypo-elliptic operator since X satisfies the Hörmander’s condition, see
[38]. Its associated heat operator on ]0, +∞[×G is given by ∂t + J and we will denote by (Ht )t>0 the
semi-group obtained from the Laplacian J . It is worth noting that many of the properties given in
Theorem 3 remain true for the heat semi-group Ht in this general setting. For more details concerning
nilpotent Lie groups see the books [38], [18], [35] and the articles [19], [31], [12] and the references
there in. Fractional powers of the Laplacian can be defined in a completely similar way using the ex-
pression (8). It is then possible to define all the functional spaces given in Section 3 in the framework
of nilpotent Lie groups.

With all these preliminaries, we see that we have at our disposal all the ingredients needed in order
to perform the computations done in Sections 4, and thus Theorem 1 can be generalized to the setting
of nilpotent Lie groups.

Acknowledgments. A part of this work was performed while the second and third authors visited
the University of Evry Val d’Essonne. We express our gratitude to the Laboratoire de Mathématiques
et Modélisation d’Evry (LaMME) of the University of Evry Val d’Essonne for the hospitality and ex-
cellent conditions. The second named author was partially supported by POSDRU/159/1.5/S/137750.

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Diego Chamorro Anca Marcoci & Liviu Marcoci

Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

(LaMME) UMR 8071, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne Technical University of Civil Engineering
23 Boulevard de France, 91037 Evry Cedex Bucharest, Bld. Lacul Tei, no. 124, sector 2.
France Romania
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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