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Advance Computer Network

About Subject ACN ( elective ) -:

In Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) diploma programs, an elective
subject is a course that students can choose from a set of options, in addition to the core
curriculum. Elective subjects allow students to tailor their education to their interests and
career goals by selecting topics that are not mandatory but are available as part of the broader
curriculum. These subjects often provide specialized knowledge and skills that can enhance a
student's expertise in a particular area of their field.

The "Advanced Computer Network" subject in a diploma or engineering program typically covers in-
depth topics related to computer networking. The curriculum aims to provide students with a
comprehensive understanding of advanced networking concepts, protocols, and technologies.

Chapters / Syllabus

1. Network Layers & Protocols

2. Next Generation IP

3. Unicast & Multicast Routing Protocols

4. Transport Layer Protocols

5. Application Layer Protocols

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Chapter 4 – Transport Layer Protocols

( Part 1 )

Transport Layer

The Transport Layer is the fourth layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model
and plays a crucial role in enabling reliable communication between devices in a network. It
is responsible for delivering data from one application to another across a network while
maintaining quality and efficiency.

Functions of the Transport Layer

1. End-to-End Communication:
o Establishes a logical connection between source and destination devices to
ensure data flows seamlessly.
2. Segmentation and Reassembly:
o Data from the application layer is divided into smaller packets for
transmission (segmentation).
o At the receiver's end, these packets are reassembled to reconstruct the original
message.
3. Error Detection and Correction:
o Ensures data integrity by detecting errors during transmission and requesting
retransmission if necessary.
4. Flow Control:
o Manages data flow to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver by
sending too much data at once.
5. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing:

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o Allows multiple applications to use the network simultaneously by assigning
unique port numbers to differentiate data streams.
6. Reliable and Unreliable Transmission:
o Reliable Transmission (e.g., TCP): Ensures error recovery and delivery of
data in the correct order.
o Unreliable Transmission (e.g., UDP): Focuses on fast transmission without
guaranteeing delivery or order.
7. Connection Management:
o Handles establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions
between devices.

Protocols in the Transport Layer

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

o Reliable, connection-oriented protocol.
o Features include error recovery, flow control, and ensuring data is delivered in
the correct order.
o Commonly used for applications like web browsing, email, and file transfers.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
o Unreliable, connectionless protocol.
o Faster and efficient for real-time applications like video streaming, gaming,
and VoIP.

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UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )

UDP is a connectionless, lightweight, and unreliable transport layer protocol used for fast
data transmission where reliability is less critical. It is commonly used for real-time
applications like video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP.

Key Features of UDP

1. Connectionless Protocol
o No need to establish or terminate a connection before data transmission.
2. Unreliable Transmission
o No error checking, acknowledgment, or retransmission; packets may be lost or
arrive out of order.
3. Faster Communication
o Minimal overhead makes it ideal for time-sensitive applications.

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4. No Congestion Control
o UDP does not regulate data flow, ensuring continuous data transmission
without delays.
5. Supports Broadcasting and Multicasting
o Enables sending data to multiple devices simultaneously.
6. Lightweight Header
o UDP's header is just 8 bytes, reducing overhead compared to TCP.
7. Port Numbers for Multiplexing
o Uses port numbers to direct data to specific applications on a device.

UDP Datagram Format

A UDP datagram consists of a simple header (8 bytes) followed by the data. It is designed for fast and
efficient communication.

Source Port (16 bits)

• Identifies the port of the sending application.

• Optional for some applications.

Destination Port (16 bits)

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• Specifies the receiving application’s port.
• Mandatory for directing data to the correct process.

Length (16 bits)

• Indicates the size of the entire datagram (header + data).

• Minimum value: 8 bytes (header only).

Checksum (16 bits)

• Optional field to verify data integrity.

• If unused, it’s set to 0.

Data (Variable)

• Contains the actual application data (payload).

• The size is determined by the length field.

UDP Services

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) offers essential transport layer services for efficient and fast
communication, prioritizing speed over reliability. Below are its key services:

1. Connectionless Communication

• Description: UDP does not establish or terminate a connection before or after data
transfer.
• Benefit: Eliminates the overhead of connection management, reducing latency.
• Example: DNS queries where speed is critical.

2. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

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• Description: Uses port numbers to identify specific applications or processes.
• Benefit: Enables multiple applications on the same device to send/receive data
simultaneously.
• Example: Video streaming on port 1234, gaming on port 5678.

3. Fast and Low Latency Communication

• Description: Minimal header and no retransmission make UDP faster than TCP.
• Benefit: Ideal for real-time or time-sensitive applications.
• Example: Live streaming, VoIP calls, and gaming.

4. Broadcasting and Multicasting

• Description: UDP supports sending data to multiple devices using broadcast or

multicast addresses.
• Benefit: Efficient for applications like IPTV or network discovery.
• Example: Sending video streams to multiple users in a local network.

5. Unreliable Data Transfer

• Description: UDP does not guarantee delivery, order, or error correction of packets.
• Benefit: Reduces processing time and overhead.
• Example: Applications like live gaming can tolerate some packet loss.

6. Checksum for Error Detection

• Description: Optional checksum field verifies the integrity of the data.

• Benefit: Ensures basic data validation without extensive recovery mechanisms.
• Example: Detecting corrupted packets in simple data transfers.

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7. Lightweight Protocol

• Description: UDP has a simple 8-byte header, making it less resource-intensive than
TCP.
• Benefit: Suitable for resource-constrained environments like IoT.
• Example: IoT sensors transmitting data to a server.

Applications of UDP Services

• DNS (Domain Name System): Quick query responses without connection overhead.
• VoIP (Voice over IP): Real-time communication without delays.
• Streaming Services: Continuous data flow with minimal buffering.
• Online Multiplayer Games: Low latency for faster interactions.

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